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Indian Secular Front


The Indian Secular Front (ISF), registered as All India Secular Front, is a regional political party in India primarily operating in West Bengal, founded on 21 January 2021 by Pirzada Abbas Siddiqui, a cleric from the Furfura Sharif Sufi shrine, to promote secularism and secure social justice for Muslims, Dalits, and other marginalized communities.
The party emerged amid concerns over the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) rising influence in the state following the Trinamool Congress's (TMC) 2011 victory, positioning itself as an alternative voice for minority interests in electoral politics.
In its debut at the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections, ISF allied with the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Front and Congress, contesting 30 seats and securing one assembly seat held by MLA Naushad Siddiqui, who assumed leadership after Abbas Siddiqui's death in 2022.
Subsequent alliances fractured, with ISF contesting independently or in limited pacts, achieving third-place finishes behind BJP and TMC in several 2024 Lok Sabha constituencies and notable gains in 2023 panchayat polls, signaling its consolidation among Muslim voters in urban and rural pockets.
The party's election symbol is an envelope, reflecting its grassroots mobilization efforts despite limited statewide penetration.

History

Founding and Early Organization

The Indian Secular Front (ISF), registered with the Election Commission of India as the All India Secular Front, was established in early 2021 by Pirzada Abbas Siddiqui, a prominent cleric associated with the Furfura Sharif Sufi shrine in West Bengal. The formation stemmed from Siddiqui's dissatisfaction with the ruling Trinamool Congress (TMC) for failing to adequately protect minority interests amid the 2019-2020 Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) protests and subsequent NRC exercises, as well as the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) perceived anti-Muslim policies at the national level. Siddiqui positioned ISF as a vehicle for "social justice" targeting Muslims and Dalits, communities he argued were underserved by mainstream parties' "pseudo-secularism." The party's early organization leveraged Siddiqui's influence within Bengal's Muslim clerical networks, particularly drawing support from Furfura Sharif's traditional base of followers disillusioned with TMC's handling of communal tensions post-CAA. ISF adopted the envelope as its election symbol, allocated by the for unrecognized parties, symbolizing a contained yet assertive political outreach. Initial mobilization focused on Muslim-majority districts such as and , where the party recruited candidates and built grassroots cadre emphasizing representation for marginalized groups over broader ideological alliances. This phase involved rapid assembly of local committees, with Siddiqui publicly critiquing both TMC's and BJP's centralizing tendencies as threats to regional minority . Critics, including BJP and TMC leaders, labeled the effort as communal vote-splitting, though ISF framed it as a corrective to electoral marginalization.

Expansion and Internal Dynamics

Following its debut in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections, where it garnered approximately 1.35% of the vote share and secured one seat in Bhangar, the Indian Secular Front intensified cadre-building efforts within the state to consolidate its organizational base. These initiatives primarily targeted rural and semi-urban areas with substantial Muslim populations, leveraging the influence of the sufi shrine to mobilize supporters around issues such as agricultural distress, , and unemployment. By , the party demonstrated incremental growth during the panchayat elections, clinching seats across multiple districts including , , and Malda, thereby establishing a foothold as a localized challenger to the in minority-heavy constituencies. However, ISF's expansion remained geographically constrained to , with negligible documented outreach or organizational penetration into neighboring states like , reflecting limited success in transcending its core demographic strongholds. The party's rank-and-file and leadership, predominantly comprising , have hindered broader cadre recruitment outside Muslim enclaves, despite public assertions of a secular platform aimed at all marginalized groups including Dalits and poor farmers. This demographic skew has confined electoral gains to pockets where minority voters predominate, underscoring challenges in scaling beyond identity-based mobilization. Internally, the post-2021 period saw a pivot toward , the Bhangar MLA, who assumed a prominent role in steering the party's direction amid the founder's continued association with the lineage. Restructuring efforts focused on sustaining momentum from assembly and panchayat outcomes, including enhanced rally mobilization in and southern districts, but lacked formalized initiatives like dedicated youth wings or expansive digital strategies evident in up to 2024. Tensions over balancing minority advocacy with claims of wider secular appeal persisted implicitly through the party's operational focus, though no major factional splits or public debates on diluting communal emphasis materialized in documented statements from 2022-2023.

Leadership

Founders and Key Figures

, a Sufi cleric and head of the shrine in West Bengal's , founded the Indian Secular Front in January 2021. Born in 1987 as the son of Pirzada Ali Akbar Siddiqui and great-grandson of Siddiqui, who established the Furfura Sharif order, leveraged his position as an Islamic scholar and theologian to mobilize Muslim communities, drawing large crowds through Bengali-language discourses on religious and social issues. His clerical stature from the historic Sufi shrine, known for its syncretic traditions, provided the personal influence central to the party's formation, positioning it as a for advocating Muslim and interests amid perceived marginalization. Naushad Siddiqui, Abbas Siddiqui's younger brother and also from the Furfura Sharif lineage, serves as the party's chairman and primary organizational leader. Hailing from Bhangar in district, Naushad, whose father Ali Akbar Siddiqui was the son of Pir Ali, has focused on operational roles including negotiations and coordination, complementing Abbas's public-facing clerical . As the party's sole MLA from Bhangar, his background in local community leadership underscores the familial and shrine-based clerical network driving ISF's structure, rather than prior mainstream political experience. Beyond the Siddiqui brothers, the party's key figures remain rooted in community and clerical networks from Furfura Sharif, with limited emergence of independent leaders outside this core. Local candidates and organizers, often drawn from Muslim clerical or activist circles, reflect the party's reliance on the shrine's influence for cadre mobilization, prioritizing religious authority over conventional political hierarchies.

Succession and Current Structure

The Indian Secular Front's leadership continuity relies heavily on the Siddiqui clerical family from Furfura Sharif, with Pirzada Naushad Siddiqui assuming the role of chairman and de facto operational leader by 2025, following the party's founding by his brother, Pirzada Abbas Siddiqui, in 2021. This familial power-sharing reflects the party's origins in Sufi shrine networks, where decision-making remains centralized among kin rather than through formalized electoral processes within the organization. No explicit succession mechanism or transition triggered by health concerns involving Abbas Siddiqui has been documented as of October 2025, though his public visibility in party events has diminished; for instance, the party's fifth foundation day rally on January 21, 2025, in Kolkata occurred without participation from either Abbas or Naushad Siddiqui. Abbas Siddiqui continues to exert ideological influence, as evidenced by attributions of incitement in communal incidents as late as April 2025. Organizationally, the ISF operates with a lean , featuring a central leadership core dominated by figures and rudimentary state units concentrated in , where holds the sole MLA seat from Bhangar as of 2025. Decision-making prioritizes clerical consensus over broad committees, limiting professionalization; no public announcements of new appointments or structural reforms aimed at the 2026 West Bengal assembly elections have emerged, though has actively pursued electoral strategies, including alliance overtures to parties like the CPI(M) in August 2025. This setup underscores adaptations toward sustaining minority mobilization amid stagnant organizational growth.

Ideology and Positions

Claimed Secular Framework

The Indian Secular Front (ISF) articulates a secular ideology centered on opposition to communal forces, positioning itself as a bulwark against the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) perceived promotion of Hindu majoritarianism. Founded on January 21, 2021, by Pirzada Abbas Siddiqui, the party draws from the syncretic Sufi heritage of Furfura Sharif, a prominent shrine in West Bengal known for blending Islamic mysticism with local Bengali traditions, to advocate interfaith harmony and social justice for marginalized groups across castes, including Dalits, tribals, Brahmins, and Muslims. In practice, this framework prioritizes minority protections, particularly for Muslims, as evidenced by ISF's vehement resistance to the Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2024, which it views as an assault on Islamic endowments; protests in Kolkata on April 14, 2025, led to clashes, injuries, and arrests of party leaders including MLA Naushad Siddiqui. While claiming broad inclusivity, the party's emphasis on waqf safeguards and critiques of "saffronization"—a term denoting Hindu nationalist influences in state institutions—lacks equivalent condemnation of Islamist extremism, diverging from India's constitutional secularism of equal respect for all religions (sarva dharma sambhava). Siddiqui's public statements underscore this selective focus, such as his October 2021 call to "behead" those insulting , which aligns more with orthodox defenses than syncretic moderation, despite alliances with secular parties like the Communist Party of India (Marxist) that defend ISF against communal labels. The absence of explicit support for a , coupled with implied exemptions for personal laws via minority advocacy, further highlights tensions with uniform legal , though the party nominally endorses justice for all castes without documented policy details on implementation.

Stances on Communal Issues and Governance

The Indian Secular Front (ISF) has consistently opposed the of 2019, characterizing it as discriminatory toward by excluding them from fast-track citizenship provisions extended to non-Muslim refugees from neighboring countries. Party leaders, including founder Pirzada Abbas Siddiqui, have advocated for the CAA's repeal and pledged that an ISF-led government would refrain from implementing either the CAA or the (NRC) in , aligning with broader Muslim community concerns over potential disenfranchisement of undocumented migrants. This stance was reiterated during the 2021 West Bengal assembly elections, where ISF campaigned against the laws as tools of exclusion, though the party has not publicly endorsed violent protests associated with anti-CAA agitations. Regarding Hindu nationalism, the ISF has accused the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) of fostering majoritarianism through policies perceived as prioritizing Hindu interests, such as the promotion of Hindutva ideology and the CAA itself, which the party frames as steps toward eroding India's secular fabric. ISF rhetoric positions the BJP's governance model as antithetical to minority rights, with leaders like Abbas Siddiqui warning that BJP rule would marginalize Muslims and other minorities, drawing parallels between it and Trinamool Congress tactics in appealing to Hindu voters. This opposition manifests in electoral strategies aimed at consolidating Muslim votes to counter BJP advances, yet critics note an internal tension: while decrying BJP "majoritarianism," the ISF, founded and led by Islamic clerics from Furfura Sharif, implicitly endorses sharia-influenced personal laws and community-specific protections, potentially undermining uniform civil code principles central to national integration. In governance, the ISF advocates for decentralized , measures, and enhanced reservations for minorities and backward classes, emphasizing equitable resource distribution to address perceived neglect of Muslim-majority areas in . The party opposes any shift toward a "Hindu rashtra" framework, viewing it as a threat to India's constitutional , and prioritizes policies safeguarding minority educational institutions and cultural practices. However, lacking a standalone , ISF positions largely derive from platforms with leftist parties, which promise reforms via and of opposition , revealing a focus on communal equity over broader economic restructuring and highlighting inconsistencies with pan-Indian secular uniformity amid clerical influence on policy preferences.

Electoral Performance

2021 West Bengal Assembly Elections

The Indian Secular Front (ISF) entered the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election as a partner in the Sanyukta Morcha alliance alongside the and , securing nomination rights for 30 constituencies through seat-sharing agreements finalized in late February 2021. The party strategically targeted Muslim-majority areas, such as Bhangar in district and Metiabruz in , to mobilize minority voters disillusioned with the ruling (TMC) and appeal to communities. Despite this focus, ISF candidates won no seats in the 294-member assembly, where TMC secured 213 and the (BJP) 77. The party's statewide performance yielded a limited vote share, but it registered stronger results in select Muslim-dominated pockets, drawing support primarily from voters who might otherwise have backed the alliance partners or TMC. This debut highlighted ISF's niche appeal among specific demographics but underscored challenges in broader consolidation against TMC's incumbency advantage. ISF's entry fragmented the opposition vote in alliance-designated seats, particularly where communal intensified anti-TMC sentiment; observers attributed part of BJP's advances in adjacent Hindu-majority areas to the diversion of minority votes away from a unified front. The outcome reflected tactical limitations in the seat-sharing model, as ISF's independent branding failed to overcome TMC's organizational edge and welfare schemes in targeted locales.

2024 Lok Sabha Elections and Beyond

In the 2024 elections, the Indian Secular Front (ISF) contested multiple seats in , focusing on constituencies with significant Muslim populations such as , Baharampur, and , often in coordination with the (AIMIM) to avoid among minority voters. The party fielded candidates independently in several others, aiming to capitalize on dissatisfaction with both the (TMC) and (BJP) among Muslim communities. Despite these efforts, ISF secured zero seats across its contests, with candidates typically finishing third or lower behind TMC and BJP nominees. Vote shares for ISF in contested constituencies hovered around 1-2%, reflecting limited penetration beyond core supporter bases in rural and semi-urban Muslim enclaves but indicating some success in fragmenting opposition votes that might otherwise consolidate under TMC. Post-election analyses attributed the negligible wins to ISF's organizational constraints and the dominance of TMC's targeted schemes, such as Lakshmir Bhandar and stipends, which retained loyalty among lower-income Muslim voters despite perceptions of communal favoritism. The party's performance nonetheless signaled ongoing Muslim vote fragmentation, potentially pressuring larger alliances in future polls by drawing 1-3% from traditional secular fronts. Following the 2024 results, ISF shifted focus to the Assembly elections, initiating outreach in mid-2025 for broader coalitions to amplify its bargaining power. Led by MLA , the party formally approached the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led for an electoral tie-up, proposing joint contests in Muslim-heavy segments to challenge TMC's . By October 2025, negotiations remained pending, with ISF emphasizing shared anti-BJP stances while analyzing 2024 data to refine targeting of urban Muslim belts like and parts of , where and perceived minority neglect could yield gains. Projections for 2026 highlight ISF's potential to secure 2-5 seats in concentrated pockets if alliances materialize, bolstered by its role in vote consolidation amid TMC's welfare dominance and BJP's Hindu polarization tactics. However, sustained challenges include internal leadership strains post-Abbas Siddiqui's death and competition from TMC's direct beneficiary transfers, which empirical data shows correlate with 70-80% retention of Muslim votes in recent cycles. ISF's strategy adjustments emphasize and critiques of major parties' communal maneuvering to sustain its niche as a minority-focused alternative.

Alliances and Rivalries

Initial Coalitions with Opposition Parties

The Indian Secular Front (ISF) formed an initial electoral coalition with the —primarily the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))—and the under the banner of the Sanyukta Morcha ahead of the 2021 elections. This pact, announced on March 5, 2021, involved seat-sharing where the received 165 constituencies, Congress 92, and ISF 37, focusing on areas with significant Muslim populations to consolidate opposition strength. The primary motivation was to unite fragmented anti-Trinamool Congress (TMC) forces by leveraging ISF's appeal among and Dalits, who were reportedly dissatisfied with TMC's governance on issues like and economic marginalization, while countering the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) growing influence in minority areas post-2019 polls. The alliance provided immediate benefits by amplifying ISF's platform in Muslim-dominated districts such as and , where its leadership from the sufi lineage could mobilize voters otherwise at risk of splitting toward TMC or BJP, potentially enhancing the opposition's overall bargaining power in a multi-cornered contest. However, drawbacks were evident from the outset, including ideological tensions between ISF's religiously oriented secularism—rooted in its clerical founders' emphasis on faith-based —and the Left's staunch and materialist , which some CPI(M) cadres viewed as compromising the alliance's progressive credentials. Additionally, Congress faced internal divisions, with state leader criticizing the tie-up as "communal" and potentially aiding BJP narratives, reflecting leadership egos and differing priorities on secular framing. Early negotiations underscored these frictions, as ISF pushed for viable seats like to maximize impact, while the Left offered limited options, leading to haggling over candidate selections and highlighting mismatched expectations on despite the shared goal of unseating TMC. This initial , though short-lived in cohesion, marked ISF's debut as a junior partner in a broader opposition effort to challenge incumbency through tactical unity.

Strains and Independent Contests

Following the 2021 Assembly elections, where the Indian Secular Front (ISF) allied with the and , tensions emerged over ISF's appeal primarily to Muslim voters, which Congress leaders viewed as fostering communal divisions rather than broad secular unity. These strains intensified ahead of the 2024 polls, as the -led proposed allocating six seats to ISF, prompting unease among allies who feared it would fragment anti-Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) votes and inadvertently aid BJP's Hindu consolidation. By early 2024, ISF severed ties with the Congress-Left combine, opting for independent candidacies across multiple constituencies, including high-profile contests like against Trinamool Congress (TMC) leader Abhishek Banerjee. While no formal nationwide pact formed, ISF coordinated informally with the (AIMIM) on select seats, contesting together in areas with significant Muslim demographics to challenge TMC dominance. This autonomy positioned ISF as a rival to TMC, often labeled a "vote-cutter" that diluted opposition tallies against both TMC and BJP, as evidenced by its role in splitting anti-TMC votes in Muslim-heavy regions during the polls. In 2025, amid preparations for the next state assembly elections, ISF chairman dispatched formal proposals to the CPI(M) seeking renewed coalitions, emphasizing shared anti-TMC objectives. However, responses remained muted, with partners expressing skepticism that partnering with ISF—perceived as prioritizing minority mobilization—could polarize electorates further, potentially boosting BJP's gains by consolidating Hindu votes against a fragmented opposition. This hesitation underscored ISF's pivot toward selective or autonomous strategies, amid ongoing clashes with TMC supporters in constituencies like Sashan.

Controversies

Criminal and Legal Challenges

Naushad Siddiqui, an MLA from the (ISF) and brother of party founder Pirzada Abbas Siddiqui, faced multiple legal proceedings related to allegations of instigating violence during protests. On January 21, 2023, Siddiqui and 17 ISF supporters were arrested following clashes in , where demonstrators protesting evictions engaged in illegal assembly and damaged public property, leading to charges under relevant sections of the . He was remanded to judicial custody for 15 days, with the police citing his role in escalating the unrest. The granted bail to on March 3, 2023, in the January violence case, after he had spent over 40 days in custody; the court noted procedural aspects but upheld the 's validity based on evidence of disruption. In April 2025, he was named in a () alongside others for orchestrating violence in Bhangar during protests against the Amendment Act, including attacks on police vehicles and injuries to officers, resulting in 17 arrests by local authorities. ISF leadership denied direct involvement, attributing the incidents to spontaneous public anger rather than party directives. Further legal scrutiny arose in August 2025 when was arrested during a protest against a proposed Special Investment Region, charged with and obstructing public servants; he received the following day from a local court. Police in Bhangar bypolls and panchayat elections, such as those in June 2023, documented recurring clashes involving ISF activists, including the use of crude bombs and illegal firearms by unidentified groups amid rivalries with workers, though ISF contested the attributions as politically motivated. These cases highlight a pattern in reports linking ISF-affiliated protests in Muslim-majority areas like Bhangar to involvement of local criminal elements, with citing rioting and possession of explosives, despite the party's claims of peaceful mobilization. No convictions have been reported as of October 2025, with outcomes pending trial or resolved via , reflecting ongoing tensions between electoral and assessments of public order threats.

Ideological and Communal Criticisms

Critics have accused the Indian Secular Front (ISF) of advancing a de facto Muslim-centric agenda despite its secular branding, citing its origins in —a clerical hub with a history of issuing fatwas and promoting education—as evidence of prioritizing Islamist interests over inclusive governance. ISF Pirzada Abbas Siddiqui, a cleric, has faced backlash for inflammatory rhetoric, including demands for beheading in response to violence against in , which opponents label as anti-Hindu incitement exacerbating communal tensions. Such actions, critics argue, reveal a selective that shields minority separatism while opposing integrationist policies like the Citizenship Amendment Act of 2019, which fast-tracks citizenship for non-Muslim refugees from neighboring countries. From a right-leaning , the ISF undermines by rejecting assimilation norms and amplifying minority grievances, thereby polarizing electorates along religious lines and indirectly bolstering the (BJP) through reverse polarization—where fragmented minority votes consolidate Hindu support for BJP candidates. In West Bengal's 2021 assembly elections, ISF's contesting of 28 seats primarily appealed to Muslim voters in select pockets, securing just 1 seat and approximately 1.1% of the statewide vote, which analysts contend fragmented opposition unity without denting BJP gains in Hindu-majority areas. Left-leaning commentators, including allies like the Communist Party of India (Marxist), have critiqued ISF for supplanting class-based mobilization with religious identity politics, which dilutes broader anti-fascist coalitions and splits progressive votes, as seen in the 2021 polls where ISF's entry into the Left-Congress alliance yielded negligible joint success against the Trinamool Congress. This approach, they contend, prioritizes communal patronage—such as madrasa advocacy—over economic equity, fostering a "rabidly communal" dynamic that erodes secular left unity without addressing underlying socioeconomic divides among minorities.

Impact and Analysis

Voter Mobilization Effects

The Indian Secular Front (ISF), founded by cleric in 2020, sought to mobilize Muslim voters disillusioned with the (TMC)'s governance, particularly on issues of economic neglect and inadequate representation despite perceived appeasement policies. In the 2021 West Bengal Assembly elections, ISF contested 77 seats, primarily in Muslim-concentrated districts like , Malda, and , securing approximately 287,000 votes or 0.76% of the statewide total. In several contested constituencies with high Muslim populations, such as Bhangar, ISF candidates polled 15-25% of votes, drawing from voters who previously supported TMC or abstained, thus fragmenting the minority vote that had consolidated more uniformly for TMC in 2016. This shift reflected ISF's emphasis on grassroots campaigning against TMC's alleged failures in delivering tangible benefits like and for Muslim youth, contrasting with pre-2021 patterns where minority votes scattered across and without a dedicated alternative. Empirical evidence from booth-level analysis in 2021 indicates tighter vote consolidation for ISF in its strongholds compared to the dispersed opposition support in earlier elections; for instance, in Muslim-heavy segments of Uttar Dinajpur and , non-TMC opposition shares rose by 5-10% where ISF fielded candidates, correlating with appeals to apathetic younger voters critical of TMC's networks. Siddiqui's rhetoric, focusing on "" for marginalized Muslims amid rising communal tensions, resonated in areas with rates exceeding 20%, as per state labor data, prompting higher participation among first-time voters in these pockets despite overall state turnout stabilizing around 78%. However, this mobilization remained localized, with ISF failing to significantly elevate turnout beyond baseline trends driven by competitive multipolarity. Despite initial outreach to Dalits and Adivasis through inclusive selection across castes, ISF's voter base stayed predominantly Muslim, garnering negligible —under 5%—in Hindu or -majority seats, underscoring its niche as a minority-focused entity rather than a broad coalition. Post-2021 analyses highlight that attempts to bridge -Muslim divides, evident in 2019 patterns where tilted toward BJP, did not materialize, limiting ISF to protest votes without crossover appeal and reinforcing its role as a in minority electorates rather than a transformative force. By the 2024 polls, ISF's persistence in similar seats showed sustained but static minority mobilization, with vote shares hovering at 2-4% in targeted areas, unable to expand beyond communal lines amid broader opposition fragmentation.

Broader Political Repercussions

The entry of the Indian Secular Front (ISF) into West Bengal's electoral arena has fragmented the opposition landscape, particularly among minority communities, by contesting as a distinct Muslim and Dalit-focused entity, thereby contributing to multi-cornered contests that dilute unified waves against the (TMC). This dynamic has been observed to inadvertently bolster the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP) strategy of Hindu vote consolidation in competitive seats, as divided minority votes reduce the TMC's margins in Muslim-heavy areas without correspondingly strengthening a cohesive alternative to the BJP elsewhere. Analyses from the 2021 assembly elections highlight how such splits prevented a TMC-BJP alignment in several constituencies, allowing the BJP to capitalize on polarized Hindu turnout amid the noise of third-party fragmentation. ISF's challenge to the TMC's monopoly on minority mobilization risks entrenching communal voting patterns over broader developmental or class-based appeals, as evidenced by its emphasis on identity-specific grievances in and central Bengal districts. While this positions ISF as a to perceived TMC neglect of Muslim concerns, it has drawn scrutiny for amplifying religious , with critics arguing it mirrors vote-bank tactics long attributed to the TMC but now contested on explicitly sectarian grounds. Empirical patterns from post-2021 reviews indicate that such fragmentation sustains a cycle where Hindu-majority responses to minority assertion further solidify BJP gains, shifting discourse from to in a state historically wary of overt . In the longer term, ISF holds potential as a pressure group influencing secular-leaning parties like the TMC or Left alliances to prioritize , as demonstrated by its overtures for coalitions ahead of future polls, including the 2026 assembly elections. However, sustained irrelevance in seat wins could lead to its marginalization, akin to other niche parties that fail to transcend community limits, unless it broadens beyond ; as of mid-2025, its role remains confined to bargaining leverage in Muslim-dominated belts without broader statewide traction. Expert assessments underscore that without electoral breakthroughs, ISF may reinforce rather than disrupt entrenched bipolarity between TMC and BJP, perpetuating polarization as an unintended structural outcome.

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