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Intentional Software

Intentional Software Corporation was a technology company founded in 2002 by Charles Simonyi, a former Microsoft executive renowned for his work on applications like Excel and Word.^[1]^[2] Based in Bellevue, Washington, the company specialized in developing tools and platforms grounded in the principles of intentional programming, a paradigm that emphasizes representing programmers' original computational intent through self-describing abstractions rather than traditional code syntax.^[1]^[3] The core innovation of Intentional Software revolved around creating extensible software environments that separated domain-specific content from implementation details, enabling more efficient collaboration and productivity applications.^[1] This approach allowed for the construction of tree-like structures of intentions that could be transformed into executable code across various languages and platforms, fostering an "ecology" of evolving abstractions without the constraints of rigid programming languages.^[3] Initially aimed at simplifying complex software creation, the company's efforts later expanded to team-oriented productivity tools designed for future workforces.^[1] In April 2017, Microsoft announced its acquisition of Intentional Software to bolster its productivity suite, including integrations with tools like Microsoft Teams and Surface Hub.^[1] The deal, completed shortly thereafter, integrated the company's expertise into Microsoft's broader vision for collaborative software innovation.^[1] Under CEO Eric Anderson, Intentional Software had been quietly advancing these technologies, drawing on Simonyi's pioneering ideas to make knowledge more accessible and actionable in organizational settings.^[1]^[4]

Company Overview

Founding and Mission

Intentional Software was founded in September 2002 in Bellevue, Washington, by Charles Simonyi and Gregor Kiczales.^[5]^[6] The company emerged from Simonyi's vision to transform software creation, drawing on his extensive experience in the field. Charles Simonyi served as the primary founder, bringing a distinguished background as a former Microsoft executive who led the development of key applications including Word and Excel.^[7] Prior to Microsoft, Simonyi worked at Xerox PARC, where he contributed to early innovations in graphical user interfaces and object-oriented programming; he later introduced Hungarian notation—a variable naming convention—and concepts foundational to intentional programming during his Microsoft tenure.^[3] Gregor Kiczales, the co-founder, complemented this expertise with his pioneering research in aspect-oriented programming at Xerox PARC, where he developed AspectJ to enhance modularity in software systems, and played a key role in conceptualizing Intentional Software's approach.^[8]^[5] The mission of Intentional Software was to revolutionize software development by empowering non-programmers to construct complex applications through intentional programming, a paradigm that prioritizes expressing high-level intentions in domain-specific languages over traditional imperative coding.^[3] This approach aimed to bridge the gap between domain experts and software implementation, making development more accessible and aligned with user needs. The company's vision focused on creating a robust platform for a new generation of team productivity applications, enabling direct articulation of user intentions without reliance on low-level code structures.^[1]

Organizational Structure

Intentional Software was headquartered in Bellevue, Washington, located adjacent to Microsoft's Redmond campus, which facilitated the recruitment of experienced talent from the regional tech ecosystem.^[6]^[9] The company was founded and initially led by Charles Simonyi as CEO from 2002 until 2010, when Eric C. Anderson was appointed CEO; Simonyi continued as Chairman and Chief Technology Officer.^[10]^[11] Simonyi, a former Microsoft executive, co-founded the firm with Gregor Kiczales, who served as chief scientist until his departure in 2003.^[5] Eric C. Anderson was appointed CEO in 2010, bringing expertise from his background in space technology and entrepreneurship.^[12] Subsequent key hires included engineers with backgrounds from Microsoft and academic institutions, such as the University of Washington, emphasizing deep knowledge in software engineering.^[13] The team consisted of a small, elite group of 20-30 engineers and researchers during much of its independent operation, with an early focus on a core of about a dozen programmers split between Bellevue and Budapest, Hungary.^[7] This composition prioritized research-intensive development, drawing on expertise in programming languages, aspect-oriented programming, and domain-specific modeling to advance intentional programming concepts.^[13] Funding for Intentional Software came entirely from Simonyi's personal wealth, with no public venture capital rounds or external investors disclosed throughout its history.^[7] The company's culture was highly secretive to safeguard its intellectual property, resulting in limited public disclosures, few demonstrations, and sparse external visibility into its work, even as it progressed over 15 years.^[7]

Historical Development

Early Years and Key Milestones

Intentional Software was founded in September 2002 by Charles Simonyi, a veteran Microsoft executive known for his work on early versions of Word and Excel, in collaboration with Gregor Kiczales, a prominent researcher in aspect-oriented programming from Xerox PARC and the University of British Columbia.^[10] The company was established in Bellevue, Washington, with an initial team of about a dozen programmers, many recruited from Hungary, to pursue Simonyi's long-standing vision of intentional programming—a paradigm aimed at making software development more accessible by allowing domain experts to directly manipulate high-level representations of software intent rather than low-level code.^[7] Kiczales, who served as a co-founder, departed the company in early 2003 due to disagreements over development approaches, particularly open-source versus proprietary strategies, transitioning to a consulting role while returning to academia.^[5]^[7] From 2004 to 2010, Intentional Software focused on a research-intensive phase, developing prototypes of its intentional programming tools without any public product releases. The team built the Domain Workbench, an early platform that enabled the creation of domain-specific workbenches for visualizing and editing software in multiple views, such as data structures and user interfaces.^[7] Private demonstrations of these prototypes were conducted for select partners, including consulting firms like ThoughtWorks and Capgemini, showcasing capabilities like the Kaleidoscope tool for multi-perspective software editing during conferences in late 2006.^[7] This period emphasized iterative prototyping in a secretive environment, funded primarily by Simonyi's personal resources, to refine the core technology before broader application.^[7] Between 2011 and 2016, the company shifted emphasis toward practical productivity applications, developing internal tools to enhance team collaboration and software customization for non-technical users. This evolution aligned with growing interest in domain-specific languages and generators to streamline business software development. A notable hiring push during this time brought on numerous former Microsoft engineers, bolstering the team's expertise in productivity software and large-scale development. By 2016, the workforce had grown steadily to approximately 40 employees, reflecting limited but focused expansion. The company also invested in its Bellevue facilities, establishing a dedicated campus in a modern office building to support ongoing research and tool-building efforts.^[4]^[14]

Challenges and Secrecy

Intentional Software employed a deliberate strategy of secrecy to safeguard its intellectual property, eschewing public product announcements, whitepapers, and open discussions to prevent potential theft of proprietary ideas. Instead, the company relied heavily on nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) for all external interactions, including demonstrations of its Domain Workbench tool to potential partners and early customers such as ThoughtWorks and Capgemini.^[7] This closed approach limited opportunities for broader partnerships and external feedback, fostering an insular development environment that contrasted sharply with prevailing open-source trends in software engineering.^[7] The secrecy posed significant challenges in attracting and retaining top talent, as the lack of visibility hindered recruitment and sparked internal tensions. A notable example was the early 2003 departure of co-founder Gregor Kiczales, a University of British Columbia professor and former PARC researcher who advocated for open-source elements to accelerate adoption and validation; his exit stemmed from disagreements over the closed development process and language choices, such as Simonyi's preference for C# over Java.^[7] Without public demonstrations or external validation, progress toward commercialization remained slow, with early adopters reporting no production-ready prototypes by 2007 despite years of effort, leading to internal debates on whether to selectively open-source components for greater momentum.^[7] Financial pressures further compounded these issues, as the company operated on self-funding from founder Charles Simonyi's personal wealth—estimated at around $1 billion in 2007—necessitating conservative budgeting that delayed the creation of scalable prototypes until the mid-2010s.^[7] In a competitive landscape where low-code platforms like OutSystems gained prominence during the 2010s by offering rapid visual development tools for business users, Intentional's emphasis on profound intentionality—allowing domain experts to directly manipulate software abstractions—proved harder to market without unrestricted demos to illustrate its value over simpler alternatives.^[15] Ultimately, the secrecy strategy enabled undisturbed research and development, allowing the team to pursue ambitious productivity innovations unencumbered by market distractions, but it also steered the company toward a strategic acquisition by Microsoft in 2017 as an exit path rather than an independent public offering or widespread commercialization.^[1]^[7]

Core Technology

Intentional Programming Principles

Intentional Programming is a programming paradigm that enables developers and domain experts to express high-level intentions using domain-specific languages (DSLs), which are then automatically transformed into executable code through mechanical processes.^[16] This approach treats the programmer's intent as the primary artifact, stored in a structured, self-describing format such as an XML-like tree or graph, allowing for multiple notations and implementations derived from the same core content.^[3] Unlike traditional coding, where source code mixes intent with implementation details, Intentional Programming separates these concerns to facilitate easier maintenance and evolution.^[16] The key principles of Intentional Programming emphasize this separation of intent from implementation, where the intent is captured invariantly while implementations can evolve independently via transformations.^[3] Projections provide multiple domain-specific views of the underlying data, such as graphical interfaces or textual representations tailored to different stakeholders, enabling flexible interaction without altering the core intent.^[16] Magnification allows users to zoom between high-level abstractions and low-level details, parameterizing and optimizing expressions to avoid repetitive coding in complex domains.^[3] Additionally, intention validation replaces traditional syntax errors with semantic checks, ensuring that expressions align with domain rules before transformation, thus reducing common programming pitfalls.^[16] Historically, Intentional Programming evolved from Charles Simonyi's work on graphical user interfaces and notation systems during the 1970s at Xerox PARC, where he led the development of Bravo, the first WYSIWYG word processor, and later at Microsoft in the 1980s and 1990s, building on innovations like Hungarian notation for code readability.^[3] It contrasts with imperative and object-oriented paradigms by prioritizing human-readable, domain-focused expressions over low-level instructions, aiming to enhance maintainability and accessibility for non-professional coders.^[16] Among its advantages, Intentional Programming enables collaboration between business domain experts, who define intentions in familiar terms, and technical implementers, who focus on transformations, thereby streamlining software development workflows.^[16] It also supports software evolution by allowing changes to requirements or implementations to propagate mechanically, without necessitating full rewrites of the codebase, which improves long-term adaptability.^[3] However, the paradigm has limitations, including the need for robust DSL design to effectively capture domain complexities, which demands significant upfront investment in vocabulary and transformation rules.^[16] Furthermore, managing projections and magnification introduces a steep initial learning curve, as users must navigate multiple abstraction levels and ensure consistency across views.^[3]

Platform and Tools

The core platform developed by Intentional Software, known internally as the Intentional Platform, served as a meta-tool for creating and managing domain-specific languages (DSLs), enabling the definition of domain schemas that specify the structure and semantics of intentions—named pieces of domain-specific information. This platform facilitated the construction of intention editors for authoring content in various notations and code generators that automatically produced executable software from these intentions, separating domain content from implementation details to allow concurrent work by domain experts and programmers.^[17]^[18] Key tools within the platform included the Projection Editor, which provided reversible, multi-view editing capabilities for intentions across interconnected domains, allowing users to manipulate the same underlying semantic model through customizable projections that resembled traditional code or domain-specific forms. The Validator ensured the consistency and integrity of intentions against domain schemas, preventing errors without requiring runtime execution, while supporting transformations and integrations during development. These tools were built around the principles of projections, where multiple editable views of intentions could be defined for purposes such as schema design, content editing, or code generation.^[19]^[17]^[18] The architecture of the Intentional Platform was initially based on the .NET framework, utilizing languages like C# for its core components, and later evolved to incorporate web-based interfaces for broader accessibility and integration with cloud services. It supported multi-domain modeling by representing separate domains—such as user interfaces, business logic, and data—within a unified intentional tree structure, where intentions from different domains could be interlinked and projected cohesively. This design enabled the platform to handle large-scale applications by distributing domain-specific content across collaborative environments, such as interactive documents shared via tools like Surface Hub.^[17] Development of the platform involved iterative prototyping starting around 2005, with early versions of the Domain Workbench—a central component for defining, editing, and integrating multiple domains—demonstrated in production contexts by 2007.^[18]^[17]

Products and Applications

Development Environment

The primary development environment offered by Intentional Software was the Domain Workbench, a language workbench serving as a visual integrated development environment (IDE) for constructing domain-specific languages (DSLs) and defining intentions through projectional editing.^[20] This tool enabled users to model domains using a hierarchical "intentional tree" structure, which separated domain knowledge from implementation details, allowing for multi-view editing where changes in one projection automatically updated others.^[21] Key features included drag-and-drop interfaces for domain modeling, customizable notations (such as tables, diagrams, or formulas), and real-time projection updates across views like XML, Ruby, or C#, facilitating the creation and refinement of semantic models without traditional text-based coding.^[22] The workbench also incorporated built-in version control on the intentional tree, supporting conflict resolution and reuse of intention libraries—predefined domain schemas that could be shared across projects for consistent modeling.^[20] Additionally, it featured automated code generation to multiple targets, including C# and JavaScript equivalents, via programmable generators that transformed domain code into executable outputs.^[21] Targeted at both professional developers and domain experts, such as financial analysts or actuaries, the Domain Workbench lowered the barrier for non-programmers to contribute by providing intuitive, notation-specific interfaces akin to familiar tools like spreadsheets or word processors.^[22] Developers used it to design schemas, implement generators, and define notations, while domain experts directly edited intentions in their preferred views, enabling parallel collaboration on evolving requirements.^[19] The environment supported groupware-style concurrent editing, allowing multiple users to work on shared domain models with integrated testing and code completion for validation.^[19] A representative example of its application was in building a custom DSL for pension workflow automation at Capgemini, where domain experts visually defined complex business rules using table-based notations and formulas, bypassing direct SQL scripting or low-level programming; this generated integrated C# and SQL code for production systems.^[22] Other demonstrations included electronic circuit modeling with impedance calculations and state machine designs, showcasing how the workbench handled mixed domains like grammar rules and tree-building templates to produce parsers.^[20]^[21] Adoption of the Domain Workbench remained limited to internal use within Intentional Software and select pilot projects with partners like Capgemini, with no public release due to the company's emphasis on secrecy and proprietary development.^[22] Version 1.0 was announced in 2009, but production deployments were confined to private betas, primarily for high-stakes domains like financial services, where it demonstrated benefits in rapid evolution of business logic without full recoding.^[20]

Productivity Solutions

Intentional Software developed customizable applications for team collaboration built on its intentional platform, enabling non-technical users to create and manage software solutions through high-level intentions rather than traditional coding. These productivity solutions included intention-based project management tools that allowed teams to define workflows and objectives in domain-specific languages, facilitating collaborative planning and execution without requiring programming expertise.^[1]^[23] A key prototype demonstrated this approach in enterprise reporting, where users could specify data intentions—such as "sales trends by region"—and the system would automatically generate interactive dashboards and visualizations, eliminating the need for custom code development. This intention-driven method supported data visualization platforms that integrated disparate data sources into cohesive, real-time views, promoting efficient analysis and decision-making within teams. The prototypes emphasized real-time co-editing of intentions, allowing multiple users to refine shared models simultaneously, which enhanced collaborative workflows and reduced coordination overhead.^[23]^[19] Designed for seamless integration into existing ecosystems like Office 365, these solutions aimed to embed intention-based tools directly into familiar productivity environments, enabling broader adoption across organizations. Targeted primarily at business teams in sectors such as finance, healthcare, and software development, the applications sought to minimize IT dependency by empowering domain experts to maintain and evolve their own tools, as illustrated in prototypes for complex systems like pension fund management. By 2016, these remained pre-release prototypes, with a focus on scalability to support teams of 100 or more users through efficient domain transformations and groupware features.^[1]^[19]

Acquisition by Microsoft

Deal Details

On April 18, 2017, Microsoft Corporation announced its agreement to acquire Intentional Software, a Bellevue, Washington-based company specializing in productivity software platforms.^[1] The financial terms of the deal were not disclosed, and the acquisition was subject to regulatory approval, which was completed on May 5, 2017.^[4]^[24] Microsoft's motivations centered on bolstering its productivity ecosystem, particularly by integrating Intentional Software's innovations to enhance collaboration tools like Office 365 and Microsoft Teams.^[1] The acquisition aimed to empower teams working across geographies and disciplines in an information-rich environment, building on Microsoft's existing efforts in group productivity applications.^[1] Charles Simonyi, Intentional Software's founder and a former Microsoft executive who led the development of Word and Excel, was set to rejoin the company to apply his expertise in intentional programming to these initiatives.^[4] Key assets acquired included Intentional Software's intellectual property on its intentional platform for building domain-specific productivity applications, along with prototypes and the company's engineering team.^[24] The team was to integrate fully into Microsoft's Office product group, with no layoffs announced.^[4] The announcement generated positive industry reactions, with commentators highlighting the acquisition as a homecoming for Simonyi and a strategic move to bridge his legacy in Microsoft productivity tools with emerging collaboration needs.^[24] Microsoft executive Rajesh Jha described the team as "exceptional" and expressed enthusiasm for their contributions, while Simonyi stated he was "excited, stoked, amped, and elated" to collaborate again with Microsoft.^[1] Intentional Software CEO Eric Anderson noted the potential for greater impact within Microsoft's scale.^[24]

Integration and Outcomes

Following the acquisition's completion in May 2017, the Intentional Software team integrated into Microsoft, bringing their expertise in advanced productivity platforms to bolster the company's collaboration and team-oriented tools within the Microsoft 365 ecosystem.^[1] The team's focus aligned with enhancing user experiences for modern work environments, leveraging Intentional's innovations in domain-specific software development to support broader productivity capabilities.^[1] Charles Simonyi, Intentional Software's founder, rejoined Microsoft as a technical fellow, where he led the Intentional Exploration group within the Experiences and Devices organization.^[25] In this role, Simonyi contributed to projects like Microsoft Whiteboard, a digital collaboration app designed for intuitive team interactions, applying principles from his prior work on intentional programming to improve real-time idea sharing and visualization.^[25] The integration addressed prior constraints at Intentional Software, where development had been conducted under significant secrecy to protect proprietary concepts, by providing access to Microsoft's extensive resources and ecosystem for accelerated scaling and deployment.^[4] This enabled the team's technologies to influence productivity enhancements, coinciding with the rapid expansion of Microsoft's low-code offerings; for instance, the Power Platform reached 10 million monthly active users as of September 2020.^[26]

Legacy and Impact

Contributions to Industry

Intentional Software, through its development of intentional programming, pioneered a paradigm shift in software engineering by emphasizing the direct representation and manipulation of high-level intentions and abstractions, rather than traditional syntactic code structures. This approach, articulated by founder Charles Simonyi, decoupled domain-specific content from implementation details, enabling software to evolve independently across computational and business domains. By treating programs as ecosystems of reusable abstractions—governed by principles like the "first law" of intentional programming, which mandates balanced abstractions and concretions—the company laid groundwork for more maintainable and adaptable software systems.^[3] A core innovation was the introduction of projectional editing, where users interact directly with an abstract syntax tree to generate multiple notations, bypassing conventional text-based parsing and allowing seamless integration of diverse domain-specific languages (DSLs). This facilitated parallel collaboration between domain experts and developers, as seen in tools like the Intentional Domain Workbench, which automated code regeneration akin to WYSIWYG editors. These concepts advanced generative programming practices, influencing the design of modern visual and structural editing environments by popularizing tree-based representations with graph-like interconnections for legacy code integration and optimization via "enzymes." Simonyi's concepts continue to influence tools like JetBrains MPS, which uses projectional editing for DSLs, as noted in industry analyses as of 2025.^[18]^[27]^[28] The company's work significantly contributed to the evolution of DSLs in software development, with Simonyi's invited talk on intentional programming at the 1997 USENIX Conference on Domain-Specific Languages serving as a seminal reference in academic literature, including ACM proceedings on object-oriented programming and generative techniques. Charles Simonyi held key patents on intentional programming concepts from his Microsoft era (US Patent Nos. 5790863, 5911072, 6070007, 6078746, 6097888, 6189143), which were cross-licensed to Intentional Software. The company itself secured 6 patents related to its technologies.^[18]^[29]^[30] By reducing the technical barriers to software creation—enabling non-programmers to contribute via intention-focused tools—Intentional Software's contributions aligned with broader industry trends toward democratized development, fostering a "Cambrian Explosion" of shareable abstractions and enhancing productivity across sectors. This legacy is evident in the sustained citation of its principles in discussions of DSL modularity and reuse, promoting higher-quality software without exhaustive recoding.^[3]^[21]

Post-Acquisition Influence

Following the 2017 acquisition, Intentional Software's team and technologies were integrated into Microsoft, with operations ceasing as the expertise supported enhancements to productivity tools.^[1] The core technology from Intentional Software, centered on intentional programming principles for domain-specific languages and collaborative editing, contributed to Microsoft's evolution in productivity tools. Members of the Intentional Software team joined Microsoft and contributed to productivity enhancements. Post-acquisition, Microsoft's productivity tools like Copilot Studio and Teams evolved to include AI-assisted low-code and collaborative features, building on broader innovations in domain-specific abstractions.^[1] Charles Simonyi continued in an advisory capacity as a Technical Fellow at Microsoft until approximately 2020, guiding integration efforts before his involvement tapered.^[25] In 2025, Power Automate includes AI-driven flow generation from natural language descriptions, reflecting advances in automation.^[31]

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