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Isomaltulose

Isomaltulose, also known as palatinose, is a naturally occurring reducing disaccharide composed of a glucose unit linked to a fructose unit via an α-1,6 glycosidic bond, with the chemical name 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose and a molecular weight of 360.3.^[1]^[2] It appears as a white, crystalline powder with a melting point of 122–124°C, solubility in water that increases with temperature (about 85% of sucrose at 80°C), and a sweetness level approximately 48–50% that of sucrose.^[1]^[2] Found in trace amounts in honey (0.1–1%) and sugarcane juice, isomaltulose is valued for its low glycemic index of 32, which results from slower enzymatic hydrolysis in the small intestine compared to sucrose, leading to a more gradual release of glucose and fructose.^[1]^[3] Commercially, isomaltulose is produced through the enzymatic isomerization of food-grade sucrose using the enzyme sucrose-6-glucosylmutase derived from the non-pathogenic bacterium Protaminobacter rubrum (or similar strains like CBS 574.77), achieving a yield of about 80% isomaltulose on a dry matter basis after purification and crystallization.^[2]^[1] The process ensures high purity (≥98% isomaltulose, with ≤2% other saccharides, ≤6% water, and minimal impurities like ≤0.1 ppm lead), making it suitable for food applications.^[1] This method highlights its stability under acidic and thermal conditions, greater than that of sucrose, which reduces non-enzymatic browning and supports its use in processed foods.^[1] Isomaltulose serves as a functional nutritive sweetener in a wide range of products, including beverages, baked goods, cereals, confectionery, and sports nutrition formulations, typically replacing sucrose at equivalent levels (up to 99% in some applications) and providing 17 kJ/g of energy.^[2]^[1] Its low cariogenicity stems from resistance to fermentation by oral bacteria, positioning it as a tooth-friendly alternative to sucrose.^[1] In terms of health benefits, clinical trials demonstrate that it reduces postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses by 20–52% and 30–50%, respectively, compared to high-glycemic-index carbohydrates like sucrose or maltodextrin, making it suitable for managing diabetes and supporting stable energy levels during exercise.^[3] Additional effects include enhanced fat oxidation during physical activity and improved cognitive performance, such as better memory and attention in children and adults.^[3] Safety assessments confirm isomaltulose is well-tolerated, with no adverse effects observed in human studies at intakes up to 50 g/day or 1 g/kg body weight, and a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 4.5–15 g/kg body weight/day in rodent toxicity studies.^[2]^[1] It is not genotoxic and poses no risk to the general population, though caution is advised for individuals with sucrase-isomaltase deficiency or hereditary fructose intolerance.^[1] Regulatory approvals include Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status by the U.S. FDA since 2006, authorization as a novel food in the European Union since 2005, approval in Japan since 1985 for specific health uses, and permission in Australia and New Zealand.^[2]^[1]

Chemical structure and properties

Molecular structure

Isomaltulose is a disaccharide composed of a glucose and a fructose moiety, with the chemical formula C12H22O11 and a molar mass of 342.297 g/mol. Its systematic IUPAC name is 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose.^[4] The molecule features an α-1,6-glycosidic bond connecting the anomeric carbon (C1) of the α-D-glucopyranosyl unit to the C6 hydroxyl group of the D-fructose unit, distinguishing it as a structural isomer of sucrose, which instead possesses an α-1,2-glycosidic linkage between the anomeric carbons of both monosaccharides.^[4] This configuration positions isomaltulose within the family of reducing disaccharides.^[2] The trade name for isomaltulose is Palatinose, reflecting its commercial application as a functional carbohydrate.^[5] As a reducing sugar, isomaltulose exhibits chemical reactivity characteristic of its free anomeric carbon on the glucose moiety, enabling it to participate in reactions such as the Maillard reaction or reduction of metal ions under alkaline conditions.^[6] This property arises from the structural arrangement where the glycosidic linkage does not involve both anomeric centers, unlike in non-reducing disaccharides.

Physical and chemical properties

Isomaltulose appears as a white crystalline powder with a faint odor, resembling sucrose in its physical form.^[2]^[7] It exhibits high solubility in water, forming a 29% w/w aqueous solution at 20°C, equivalent to approximately 41 g per 100 g of water, though this is lower than sucrose and increases with temperature to about 85% of sucrose's solubility at 80°C.^[1]^[8] Solubility in ethanol is notably lower, limiting its dissolution in alcoholic media.^[9] The sweetness of isomaltulose is approximately 45-50% that of sucrose on a weight basis, delivering a clean, sucrose-like taste without aftertaste, which rises slightly with increasing concentration in solution.^[10]^[1]^[7] Isomaltulose demonstrates excellent stability, melting at 123-124°C and remaining heat-stable during typical food processing up to around 150°C without significant decomposition.^[1] It is highly resistant to acid hydrolysis compared to sucrose—for instance, a 20% solution at pH 2.0 remains stable for over 60 minutes at 100°C, while sucrose fully inverts under the same conditions—and maintains integrity across a pH range of 2.5 to 7.^[11]^[10]^[7] As a fully metabolizable disaccharide, isomaltulose provides an energy content of 4 kcal/g (17 kJ/g), equivalent to other digestible carbohydrates like sucrose.^[10]^[1]^[7] Isomaltulose is characterized by low hygroscopicity, absorbing virtually no moisture at relative humidities up to 85% at 25°C, which contributes to its excellent flow properties as a free-flowing powder suitable for industrial handling and instant product formulations.^[1]^[8]

Sources and production

Natural occurrence

Isomaltulose, a disaccharide isomer of sucrose, was first observed in 1952 during experiments on dextran synthesis from sucrose using the bacterium Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and it was subsequently named palatinose in 1957 by researchers investigating bacterial sucrose metabolism.^[12] This discovery occurred in the context of sucrose processing studies, where microbial enzymes were found to rearrange the glycosidic linkage in sucrose from α-1,2 to α-1,6.^[3] Isomaltulose occurs naturally in small amounts in honey and sugarcane extracts. In honey, concentrations typically range from 0.1% to 0.7%, though higher levels up to 3.1% have been reported in specific samples from bee colonies foraging on certain plants like alfalfa and red clover.^[1]^[12] Similarly, it is present at low levels in sugarcane juice and extracts, as well as in beet products, but these natural quantities are insufficient for commercial extraction.^[1] Trace amounts can also be found in products derived from sugarcane, such as molasses, and in certain fermented beverages produced from these sources.^[12] The natural presence of isomaltulose arises primarily from microbial action, including enzymatic isomerization by bacteria such as Erwinia rhapontici and Enterobacter species during the metabolism of sucrose in environments like sugarcane fields or bee digestion.^[12] In bees, this process contributes to its accumulation in honey through the activity of microbial enzymes in the hive or during nectar processing.^[12] Such biological conversions mimic the industrial enzymatic production but occur at negligible scales in nature.^[3]

Industrial production

Isomaltulose is primarily produced through enzymatic isomerization of sucrose using sucrose isomerase (also known as isomaltulose synthase, EC 5.4.99.11) derived from bacteria such as Protaminobacter rubrum CBS 574.77 or Erwinia species.^[2]^[13] This method rearranges the glycosidic bond in sucrose to form the α-1,6 linkage characteristic of isomaltulose, with the enzyme typically sourced from microbial fermentation and immobilized for industrial efficiency.^[14]^[15] The process begins with a high-concentration sucrose solution, often derived from beet sugar, which is incubated with the immobilized enzyme in a column reactor. Optimal conditions include temperatures of 45–55°C and a pH of 6–7 to achieve conversion yields of 70–80%, with the reaction typically completing in several hours.^[16]^[17] Following isomerization, the reaction mixture is purified through ion-exchange deionization to remove impurities, followed by concentration via evaporation and either chromatographic separation or crystallization to isolate isomaltulose crystals with purity levels exceeding 99%.^[2]^[18] The enzyme and production method were discovered in the 1950s by researchers at Südzucker, a German sugar company, through studies on microbial sucrose metabolism, with initial documentation in 1957.^[19] Commercialization occurred in the 1980s, led by Südzucker (now via its subsidiary BENEO GmbH), enabling large-scale production for food applications, starting with markets in Japan in 1985.^[19]^[20] Product quality is assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with refractive index detection to confirm isomaltulose content and purity (≥99% on a dry basis), alongside enzymatic kits for residual glucose and fructose quantification.^[2]^[21] Microbial contamination is monitored through standard plate counts and pathogen-specific tests to ensure compliance with food safety standards.^[2] The process generates minimal byproducts, primarily trehalulose (up to 5% of the isomerized product), which can be separated during purification.^[15] Industrial scalability supports annual production in the range of thousands of tons, facilitated by reusable immobilized enzyme systems that maintain activity over multiple batches.^[17]^[22]

Metabolism and digestion

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Isomaltulose undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis in the small intestine primarily by the sucrase-isomaltase complex, a membrane-bound α-glucosidase anchored at the brush border of enterocytes. This enzyme cleaves the α-1,6-glycosidic linkage between the glucose and fructose moieties, releasing equimolar amounts of these monosaccharides for subsequent absorption.^[23] The hydrolysis rate of isomaltulose is notably slower than that of sucrose owing to the structural configuration of its α-1,6 bond, which is less accessible to the enzyme's active site compared to sucrose's α-1,2 linkage; in human small intestinal mucosa, this rate is approximately 30% of that for sucrose.^[23] In vitro assays using brush border membrane preparations from various species, including humans, rats, and pigs, confirm this reduced velocity, with glucose release from isomaltulose occurring at about 25-30% the speed of sucrose hydrolysis.^[24] Due to this proximal and complete breakdown in the small intestine, isomaltulose exhibits no significant fermentation in the colon, as evidenced by breath hydrogen tests in humans showing negligible microbial activity.^[23] This efficient small intestinal absorption contributes to its lower glycemic index relative to sucrose.^[23]

Absorption and glycemic index

Isomaltulose is fully absorbed in the small intestine following enzymatic hydrolysis into its constituent glucose and fructose monomers, which are gradually released into the portal vein, providing a sustained supply to the systemic circulation.^[3] This slower absorption rate results in peak plasma glucose levels occurring approximately 15–30 minutes later than with sucrose, typically at 60–90 minutes post-ingestion compared to 30–45 minutes for sucrose, with peak concentrations reduced by 20–52%.^[25] The delayed and moderated glucose appearance contributes to a more stable postprandial profile, with nearly complete digestibility exceeding 95% in humans.^[25] The glycemic index (GI) of isomaltulose is 32, classifying it as a low-GI carbohydrate, in contrast to sucrose (GI of 65) and glucose (GI of 100).^[26] This value is determined by measuring the area under the curve (AUC) of the blood glucose response over 2 hours following ingestion of 50 g of the carbohydrate, relative to a glucose reference.^[3] The low GI reflects the reduced and prolonged glucose excursion, with mean postprandial levels 20–50% lower in the first 60 minutes compared to sucrose.^[3] The insulin index of isomaltulose is similarly low, with postprandial insulin concentrations approximately 30–50% lower than those elicited by sucrose, supporting its minimal impact on insulin demand.^[3] These responses are dose-dependent, as observed in studies using 50 g doses, and can be influenced by meal context, such as co-ingestion with other macronutrients that may further modulate absorption kinetics.^[26]

Physiological effects

Energy provision and release

Isomaltulose provides a full caloric availability of 4 kcal/g, equivalent to that of sucrose and other digestible carbohydrates, as it is completely metabolized following hydrolysis into glucose and fructose in the small intestine.^[27] Once absorbed, these monosaccharides are oxidized through standard carbohydrate pathways, including glycolysis to generate pyruvate and subsequent entry into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle for complete energy production via oxidative phosphorylation.^[28] This process yields no difference in total energy output compared to other carbohydrates, contributing to normal energy-yielding metabolism in the body.^[29] The distinctive feature of isomaltulose lies in its sustained energy release, achieved through slower enzymatic hydrolysis by sucrase-isomaltase, which delays the delivery of glucose and fructose into the bloodstream.^[3] This results in stable plasma glucose levels for approximately 2 to 4 hours post-ingestion, avoiding the rapid spikes and subsequent crashes associated with faster-digesting sugars.^[3] Clinical studies demonstrate that equicaloric replacement of glucose or sucrose with isomaltulose prolongs plasma glucose maintenance; for instance, one trial showed 35% less systemic glucose appearance over 2 hours compared to sucrose, with overall postprandial glucose levels 20% to 52% lower in the initial 60 minutes but sustained longer thereafter.^[3] Another study confirmed lower peak glucose excursions and extended availability when isomaltulose was substituted for maltodextrin or sucrose in healthy subjects.^[3] These findings underscore isomaltulose's role in providing steady carbohydrate-derived energy without altering the ultimate caloric yield.^[29]

Insulin and blood glucose response

Ingestion of isomaltulose elicits a reduced peak insulin response compared to sucrose, typically 20-40% lower, attributable to its slower rate of hydrolysis and subsequent glucose influx into the bloodstream.^[30] In human trials involving healthy subjects, a 50 g dose of isomaltulose resulted in peak insulin concentrations approximately 52% lower than those observed with an equivalent dose of sucrose, with maximum levels occurring at 45-60 minutes post-ingestion versus around 20 minutes for sucrose.^[31] This delayed and attenuated insulin secretion aligns glucose delivery more closely with the pancreas's capacity for insulin production and release, minimizing hyperinsulinemia.^[25] The blood glucose response to isomaltulose features a flatter curve with a more gradual rise and fall compared to sucrose, reflecting its lower glycemic impact.^[30] Specifically, the area under the curve (AUC) for blood glucose is 30-50% lower following isomaltulose consumption, as demonstrated in multiple crossover trials with 50 g doses in healthy adults.^[3] For instance, one study reported a glucose AUC of 118 min × mmol/L for isomaltulose versus 184 min × mmol/L for sucrose, representing about a 36% reduction.^[31] These dynamics contribute to sustained energy availability without the sharp fluctuations associated with rapid-digesting carbohydrates.^[25]

Fat oxidation and metabolic impacts

Isomaltulose consumption has been shown to enhance postprandial fat oxidation compared to sucrose, primarily due to its slower hydrolysis and lower insulinemic response, which reduces the inhibition of lipid mobilization. In a randomized crossover study involving overweight individuals, indirect calorimetry measurements revealed that fat oxidation rates were 14% higher after ingesting isomaltulose with a mixed meal versus sucrose (P = 0.02).^[32] Similarly, during moderate-intensity exercise, isomaltulose ingestion increased fat oxidation by promoting greater reliance on lipid substrates, as evidenced by spiroergometric assessments showing elevated beta-oxidation relative to glucose-based carbohydrates.^[33] These effects stem from stable blood glucose levels that spare glycogen and favor lipid utilization, with post-meal fat oxidation elevated by 15-20% in various protocols.^[34] Beyond acute substrate shifts, isomaltulose influences broader lipid metabolism by modulating key metabolites associated with fatty acid pathways. In patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, supplementation with isomaltulose led to significant reductions in arachidonic acid levels and increases in taurodeoxycholic acid, suggesting improved lipid homeostasis and potentially lower de novo lipogenesis through altered bile acid signaling.^[35] This aligns with observations in impaired glucose tolerance, where isomaltulose minimized the postprandial decline in fat oxidation by 22% compared to sucrose, preserving non-esterified fatty acid availability.^[36] Isomaltulose also exhibits prebiotic effects that may indirectly support metabolic health via gut microbiota modulation. In rodent models, it increased the abundance of beneficial genera such as Faecalibacterium and Phascolarctobacterium while reducing pathogens like Shuttleworthia, leading to elevated short-chain fatty acid production, including propionate and butyrate.^[37] These changes enhance gut barrier function and may contribute to reduced inflammation in metabolic contexts. Over longer periods, such as 7-day interventions in healthy adults, isomaltulose better preserved insulin sensitivity (as measured by HOMA-IR and Matsuda-ISI) compared to high-glycemic alternatives, potentially mitigating metabolic risk factors.^[38] Recent research as of 2025 has demonstrated that isomaltulose enhances the secretion of gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) in adults with metabolic syndrome, leading to improved satiety, reduced blood glucose peaks, and a "second-meal effect" for better postprandial glucose control.^[39]

Health applications

Diabetes management

Isomaltulose has demonstrated potential in diabetes management by attenuating postprandial glucose excursions in individuals with type 2 diabetes. In a randomized crossover study involving adults with type 2 diabetes, ingestion of 50 g isomaltulose resulted in a 20% lower peak blood glucose concentration compared to an equivalent amount of sucrose, alongside a 55% reduction in insulin secretion. This slower glycemic response is attributed to isomaltulose's low glycemic index (GI) of approximately 32, which promotes more gradual carbohydrate absorption. A 2025 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials further confirmed that isomaltulose significantly lowers plasma glucose levels at 60 minutes post-meal by about 8 mg/dL in diabetic populations, while also improving glycemic variability through reduced peak fluctuations, though effects were more pronounced with pure sugar loads than mixed meals.^[40]^[41]^[42] In type 1 diabetes, particularly during exercise, isomaltulose supports reduced insulin demand to maintain glycemic stability. A study in adults with type 1 diabetes showed that consuming 0.6 g/kg body mass of isomaltulose two hours before high-intensity running allowed for a reduction in rapid-acting insulin doses while improving blood glucose responses and preserving performance equivalent to dextrose. Insulin requirements were lowered by approximately 50-75% in similar protocols, minimizing hypoglycemia risk without compromising energy provision. These findings highlight isomaltulose's role in aiding insulin adjustment for active individuals with type 1 diabetes.^[43]^[3] Clinical evidence from randomized controlled trials supports isomaltulose's contribution to lower postprandial responses in diabetes. However, a key RCT found no significant improvement in long-term glycemic control (HbA1c) after 12 weeks of replacing 50 g/day sucrose with isomaltulose in type 2 diabetes patients under free-living conditions. The European Union authorized a health claim in 2012 under Regulation (EU) No 432/2012, recognizing isomaltulose's role in promoting normal energy-yielding metabolism through its low-GI properties, based on evidence of sustained lower blood glucose responses. Typical dosages in these studies range from 20-50 g per day, often incorporated into meals or beverages to replace sucrose.^[3]^[44]^[26]

Sports and exercise nutrition

Isomaltulose serves as a low-glycemic-index carbohydrate source in sports nutrition, providing sustained energy release during prolonged physical activities lasting over 60 minutes, which helps maintain stable blood glucose levels and supports endurance performance in athletes.^[30] Clinical trials have demonstrated that pre-exercise ingestion of isomaltulose leads to a gradual carbohydrate oxidation profile, reducing the rate of decline in carbohydrate-derived energy expenditure during endurance exercise compared to higher-glycemic alternatives like sucrose.^[45] For instance, in a randomized controlled trial involving trained cyclists, ingestion of 75 g of isomaltulose 90 minutes before a 3-hour cycling session at 50% maximal power output resulted in attenuated exercise-induced drops in blood glucose and improved time-trial performance by approximately 2.7% in the final sprint phase.^[46] This sustained energy provision delays the onset of fatigue by promoting more efficient substrate utilization, with studies showing performance enhancements in endurance tasks through reduced glycemic fluctuations and better preservation of energy stores.^[30] In cycling protocols exceeding 60 minutes, isomaltulose consumption has been associated with stable blood glucose profiles and enhanced subjective measures of alertness during exercise, contributing to overall performance maintenance without the peaks and crashes seen with rapid-digesting carbohydrates.^[46] Additionally, post-exercise assessments in these trials indicate improved recovery of anaerobic power, as evidenced by higher peak and mean power outputs in subsequent Wingate tests following prolonged endurance efforts.^[45] Isomaltulose also boosts fat oxidation rates during moderate-intensity exercise, improving metabolic flexibility and substrate utilization in athletes by shifting energy reliance toward lipids early in the session, which spares glycogen for later stages.^[30] A double-blind study with endurance-trained individuals found fat oxidation to be significantly higher (p = 0.005) during cycling after isomaltulose intake compared to maltodextrin, leading to enhanced endurance capacity.^[46] Recommendations for athletes include consuming 50-75 g of isomaltulose approximately 45-90 minutes prior to endurance activities to optimize these benefits, based on dosing protocols from multiple intervention trials.^[30]

Weight control and body composition

Isomaltulose, a low-glycemic-index disaccharide, has shown potential in supporting weight management by promoting favorable changes in body composition during energy-restricted diets. In a randomized, double-blind, controlled 12-week trial, 64 overweight and obese adults (50 completed) consuming 40 g/day of isomaltulose added to an energy-reduced diet experienced a mean weight loss of 3.2 kg, compared to 2.1 kg in the sucrose group, though the between-group difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.258).^[47] This greater weight reduction in the isomaltulose group was accompanied by a more pronounced decrease in fat mass (-2.5 kg vs. -1.2 kg) and a significant increase in fat-free mass, indicating support for lean mass retention while targeting fat loss.^[47] The potential for isomaltulose to enhance satiety and reduce calorie intake stems from its slower digestion, which leads to prolonged blood glucose stability and lower insulin excursions compared to sucrose. This profile may indirectly curb hunger by minimizing rapid fluctuations that trigger appetite signals. Although direct measures of subjective hunger and ad libitum energy intake in acute crossover trials showed no significant differences between isomaltulose- and sucrose-sweetened foods, the greater weight loss observed in longer-term interventions suggests possible reductions in overall energy intake over time.^[48] Furthermore, isomaltulose stimulates the secretion of satiety-promoting gut hormones, including GLP-1 and PYY, which inhibit appetite and gastric emptying; in a 2024 clinical study, a mixed meal containing isomaltulose nearly tripled PYY response in individuals with type 2 diabetes compared to sucrose, with similar enhancements in healthy controls.^[49] Mechanistically, the lower insulin response to isomaltulose facilitates fat mobilization by reducing inhibitory effects on lipolysis, contributing to decreased fat storage and improved body composition on high-carbohydrate diets. This is supported by consistent findings across clinical trials showing higher postprandial fat oxidation rates with isomaltulose, as indicated by a lower respiratory quotient. In animal models, such as Zucker fatty rats fed isomaltulose for 8 weeks, visceral fat mass and adipocyte size were significantly reduced compared to sucrose.^[50] Overall, these effects position isomaltulose as a beneficial sweetener for weight control strategies focused on sustainable body composition improvements.

Oral health

Isomaltulose exhibits non-cariogenic properties due to its limited fermentation by oral bacteria, particularly Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiological agent of dental caries. Unlike sucrose, which is readily metabolized to produce substantial lactic acid, isomaltulose yields negligible lactic acid during S. mutans fermentation, amounting to less than 10% of that generated from sucrose.^[51] This reduced acid production prevents the lowering of plaque pH below the critical threshold of 5.7, thereby minimizing enamel demineralization and tooth decay risk.^[52] Furthermore, isomaltulose does not support the synthesis of insoluble glucans by glucosyltransferases in S. mutans, leading to reduced biofilm adhesion and plaque formation compared to sucrose.^[51] In vivo plaque pH telemetry studies demonstrate that exposure to isomaltulose maintains plaque pH levels above 5.7, with mean values around 6.19–6.38, confirming no significant demineralization occurs.^[52] Animal models, such as rats infected with S. mutans, have shown markedly lower caries incidence with isomaltulose diets, with only sulcal caries observed after extended feeding periods, in contrast to extensive bucco-lingual and proximal lesions from sucrose.^[53] These attributes have led to regulatory recognition of isomaltulose as tooth-friendly. The U.S. FDA has authorized its inclusion in non-cariogenic carbohydrate sweeteners eligible for dental health claims, based on evidence of insufficient fermentation by oral microorganisms.^[52]

Cognitive function

Isomaltulose, a low-glycemic-index disaccharide, provides a sustained release of glucose into the bloodstream, which supports cognitive function by maintaining stable blood glucose levels and avoiding the rapid fluctuations associated with high-glycemic-index sugars like sucrose. This stability is particularly beneficial for attention and memory tasks performed 1 to 2 hours post-ingestion, as it prevents the hypoglycemic dips that can impair mental performance.^[30]^[54] In children, clinical trials have demonstrated enhanced cognitive outcomes with isomaltulose compared to sucrose or higher-glycemic-index alternatives. A 2015 double-blind study involving 75 children aged 5 to 11 years found that an isomaltulose-based breakfast improved immediate and delayed memory performance at 3 hours post-ingestion, with no such benefits observed after a glucose-based meal, which led to a decline in memory scores. Similarly, a 2013 crossover trial with 49 Indonesian children aged 5 to 6 years using isomaltulose-enriched growing-up milk showed superior numeric working memory and delayed episodic memory accuracy versus standard milk containing higher-glycemic carbohydrates. These effects align with isomaltulose's role in providing sustained energy to the brain without the peaks and troughs that disrupt focus in young learners.^[55]^[56] Studies in adults and older populations further support isomaltulose's cognitive advantages, particularly in mood and alertness during low-energy states. A 2023 randomized, double-blind crossover trial with 64 healthy adults (mean age 48 years) reported that 10 grams of palatinose (isomaltulose) significantly reduced reaction times in attention tasks at 1, 2, and 3 hours post-ingestion compared to glucose, alongside increased cerebral blood flow in prefrontal areas linked to executive function. In middle-aged and older adults (aged 45 to 80 years), a 2014 randomized trial of 155 participants found that isomaltulose-based meals improved episodic and working memory, as well as mood, at 105 and 195 minutes post-consumption, with benefits most pronounced in those with good glucose tolerance versus sucrose or glucose equivalents. These mood enhancements, including reduced fatigue and greater alertness, stem from the avoidance of hyperglycemic swings that can induce mental lethargy.^[54]^[57] The mechanisms underlying these cognitive benefits involve isomaltulose's slower hydrolysis by intestinal enzymes, which results in a gradual glucose supply to the brain, mitigating hypo- and hyperglycemic episodes known to negatively affect neuronal activity and neurotransmitter function. This contrasts with sucrose, which causes sharper glucose excursions that may overload or deplete cognitive resources over time.^[30]^[55]

Commercial uses

In food and beverage products

Isomaltulose is incorporated into various food and beverage products as a functional carbohydrate that serves as a partial or full replacement for sucrose, offering similar technological properties while addressing demands for reduced glycemic impact in everyday consumables.^[2] In beverages, particularly sports drinks, it is commonly used at concentrations of 6-10% to provide sustained energy release without rapid osmotic effects, maintaining isotonic profiles comparable to body fluids.^[58] For bakery items such as breads and muffins, isomaltulose can replace traditional sugars on a 1:1 basis by weight, enabling stable dough handling and consistent baking outcomes due to its heat stability.^[59] In confectionery products like chews and fondants, it prevents unwanted crystallization by forming a non-crystalline phase when blended appropriately, allowing for smoother textures and extended shelf life without altering visual appeal.^[60] Key benefits of isomaltulose in these applications include its clean, sucrose-like taste profile with no lingering aftertaste, which enhances overall sensory acceptance in formulated products.^[61] Additionally, as a reducing sugar, it participates effectively in the Maillard reaction during baking and processing, promoting desirable browning and flavor development similar to sucrose, though at a potentially enhanced rate in certain mixtures.^[62] The market for isomaltulose in food and beverages is expanding, driven by its role in low-GI formulations for functional foods, with global demand projected to grow from approximately USD 1.2 billion in 2024 to USD 1.6 billion by 2030 at a CAGR of 5.4%, reflecting trends toward steady-energy products in 2025 and beyond.^[63] However, adoption faces challenges, including higher production costs than sucrose due to enzymatic conversion processes, and limited solubility in high-sugar mixtures at ambient temperatures, which may require heating for higher concentrations.^[64]^[27]

In nutritional supplements

Isomaltulose is incorporated into various nutritional supplements designed for targeted health and performance needs, particularly in forms such as powders, energy bars, and gels. These supplements typically provide 30-50 grams of isomaltulose per serving to deliver sustained carbohydrate energy without rapid blood sugar spikes, making them suitable for athletes during endurance activities and for individuals with diabetes managing glycemic control.^[14]^[65]^[66] In meal replacement products, isomaltulose is often combined with proteins like whey or casein isolates and dietary fibers such as chicory root to enhance satiety and support weight management while maintaining stable energy levels. For instance, protein-energy bars blend isomaltulose with 16 grams of whey and casein proteins per serving to provide prolonged fuel during physical exertion. These combinations leverage isomaltulose's low glycemic index to complement protein and fiber for better postprandial metabolic responses in users seeking balanced nutrition.^[67]^[68]^[69] The market for isomaltulose in nutritional supplements has seen notable growth, especially within the sports nutrition segment and diabetes support aids, driven by demand for low-glycemic functional ingredients. Estimates for the global isomaltulose market as of 2025 vary, with one projection valuing it at approximately USD 865 million and anticipating steady expansion through 2035 due to increasing adoption in performance and health-focused products.^[70]^[64] Branded isomaltulose, such as Palatinose, is prominently featured in energy gels like Amix Performance Slow Palatinose Gel and Z2 Energy Gel, which combine it with other carbohydrates for sustained release during exercise.^[71]^[72] This sustained energy provision aligns with sports nutrition benefits, supporting fat oxidation and endurance without performance dips.^[73]

Safety and regulation

Toxicology and safety data

Isomaltulose exhibits a favorable safety profile in acute toxicity studies, with low toxicity and no adverse effects observed at high doses in rats.^[6] Similarly, subacute administration in rats at doses equivalent to 1.7–8.1 g/kg body weight per day for 13 weeks resulted in no signs of toxicity, including normal clinical observations, body weight gain, and organ histopathology.^[2] In chronic toxicity evaluations, isomaltulose showed no evidence of genotoxicity in standard in vitro assays, such as the Ames test, and no mutagenic potential.^[2] No carcinogenicity studies specific to isomaltulose have been conducted, but long-term feeding trials in rats up to 26 weeks at doses of 4.5 g/kg body weight per day revealed no treatment-related neoplastic or non-neoplastic effects.^[20] The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has not established a numerical acceptable daily intake (ADI) for isomaltulose, classifying it as safe for use analogous to other digestible sugars without specified limits. Human studies demonstrate good tolerance of isomaltulose at daily intakes up to 50 g, with no significant adverse effects reported in healthy adults or children across multiple clinical trials.^[27] Mild gastrointestinal effects, such as bloating or loose stools, may occur osmotically at higher doses exceeding 100 g per day, but these are comparable to those from equivalent sucrose intake and resolve quickly.^[2] In 2024, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) evaluated isomaltulose syrup (dried) as a novel food and concluded it is as safe as sucrose based on comprehensive literature review, including toxicological data from animal and human studies.^[6]

Regulatory approvals

Isomaltulose received its initial regulatory approval as a food additive in Japan in 1985, marking the first country to authorize its use in food products.^[12] In the European Union, it was approved as a novel food ingredient under Commission Decision 2005/457/EC, permitting its placement on the market for use in foodstuffs.^[74] In June 2024, the European Commission authorized isomaltulose syrup (dried) as a novel food under Regulation (EU) 2024/1611.^[75] The United States Food and Drug Administration issued a letter of no objection for its generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status in 2006 via GRAS Notice No. 184, allowing its use as a nutritive sweetener in various food categories and beverages.^[76] Food Standards Australia New Zealand granted novel food approval in 2007 through Application A578, enabling its incorporation into general foods.^[1] Regarding health claims, the European Food Safety Authority has approved assertions related to the non-cariogenic properties of isomaltulose, recognizing its low potential to contribute to dental caries based on its minimal acid production in the oral environment.^[77] However, no specific authorized claim exists in the EU for reduction of postprandial glycaemic responses, despite supporting scientific evidence from human intervention studies demonstrating lower blood glucose peaks compared to sucrose. Safety assessments underpinning these approvals confirm its tolerability at typical intake levels.^[44] As of 2025, regulatory frameworks in Asia have seen expanded applications for isomaltulose in functional foods, driven by growing demand for low-glycaemic sweeteners in health-oriented products across markets like Japan, South Korea, and China.^[64] The global market for isomaltulose is forecasted to reach USD 2,189.56 million by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 5.4% from 2025 onward, fueled by approvals and consumer trends toward sugar alternatives.^[64] Labeling requirements specify isomaltulose or its trade name Palatinose™ on product packaging, with no quantity-based restrictions in most approved regions; it is treated as a carbohydrate but qualifies for exclusion from "added sugars" declarations in the US pending final guidance, due to its distinct metabolic profile.^[78]

References

[1]
[PDF] FINAL ASSESSMENT REPORT APPLICATION A578 ...
May 23, 2007 · Isomaltulose is a disaccharide comprised of glucose and fructose joined by an α-1,6 glycosidic bond. Isomaltulose is naturally present at very ...
[2]
[PDF] GRAS Notice 681, Isomaltulose - FDA
Nov 15, 2016 · Isomaltulose is a reducing disaccharide consisting of a glucose and a fructose moiety linked by an alpha-1,6-glucosidic bond. Isomaltulose has ...
[3]
Low Glycemic Index Prototype Isomaltulose—Update of Clinical Trials
Apr 13, 2017 · Given potential health benefits including a reduced caloric content, reduced or no effect on blood glucose levels, and non-cariogenic effect ...
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Safety of isomaltulose syrup (dried) as a novel food pursuant ... - NIH
Jan 22, 2024 · Isomaltulose is a reducing disaccharide and a structural isomer of sucrose. It is composed of a glucose and a fructose moiety linked through an ...
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Palatinose | C12H22O11 | CID 83686 - PubChem - NIH
Palatinose ; Primary Hazards. Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary (LCSS) Datasheet ; Molecular Formula. C12H22O ; Synonyms. 13718-94-0; V59P50X4UY; ISOMALTULOSE ...
[6]
Safety of isomaltulose syrup (dried) as a novel food pursuant to ...
Jan 22, 2024 · Isomaltulose is a reducing disaccharide and a structural isomer of sucrose. ... Chemical (IUPAC) name, α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-d-fructofuranose.
[7]
[PDF] APPLICATION FOR THE APPROVAL OF ISOMALTULOSE
Oct 22, 2003 · isomaltulose, would not produce any adverse health effects. Isomaltulose is produced by enzymatic rearrangement of sucrose, using non ...
[8]
[PDF] PALATINOSE™ –
The solubility of PALATINOSE™ is 29 % (20°C; aqueous solution) and the melting temperature is lower (120°C–128°C) compared with sucrose (160°–185°C). In an ...
[9]
Solid–Liquid Equilibrium of Isomaltulose in Five Pure Solvents and ...
Feb 20, 2019 · The isomaltulose solubility in water was relatively high, followed by methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and acetone. Polarity is a critical factor ...
[10]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409720/
[11]
Isomaltulose - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
A 20% (w/w) solution of isomaltulose adjusted to pH 2.0 was stable for 1 h at 100°C, while a sucrose solution was completely inverted under the same conditions.
[12]
Isomaltulose: From origin to application and its beneficial properties
Isomaltulose regulates glucose metabolism and improves the insulin response. •. Isomaltulose stimulates probiotics growth and modulates the intestinal ...
[13]
US4359531A - Production of isomaltulose - Google Patents
Isomaltulose is produced by a process in which at least the isomaltulose-forming enzyme system of an isomaltulose-forming micro-organism genus Erwinia is ...
[14]
Palatinose™ | The better alternative to common sugars - BENEO
PalatinoseTM is a very low hygroscopic powder. It absorbs virtually no moisture and remains stable at a temperature of 25 °C and relative humidity up to 85 %.
[15]
Isomaltose Production by Modification of the Fructose-Binding Site ...
Sucrose isomerase (SI) is widely used in industries for the production of isomaltulose and trehalulose (4, 5, 9, 18). The bacteria known to produce these sugar ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[16]
Isomaltulose (Palatinose) - An Emerging Carbohydrate | Request PDF
Aug 6, 2025 · Currently, isomaltulose is mainly produced through bioconversion processes ... temperature and pH at 45 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. In ...
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Robust enzyme immobilizates for industrial isomalt production
The production of isomaltulose from sucrose is catalyzed by the enzyme sucrose isomerase (SI) [EC 5.499.11], also named isomaltulose synthase or sucrose α- ...Missing: enzymatic | Show results with:enzymatic
[18]
A process comprising a continuous crystallization of isomaltulose
To increase the yield, the mother liquor is further evaporated and subjected to a second cooling crystallization. Alternatively, the mother liquor is mixed with ...Missing: Südzucker BENEO pH
[19]
History – Isomaltulose
Isomaltulose was first identified and documented by researchers Weidenhagen and colleagues 1 at a SUEDZUCKER sugar production facility in Germany's Palatinate ...
[20]
Isomaltulose (Palatinose): a review of biological and toxicological ...
Isomaltulose is a natural occurring disaccharide composed of alpha-1,6-linked glucose and fructose. Commercial isomaltulose is produced from sucrose by ...Missing: honey sugarcane pineapple fermented
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Rapid HPLC Method for Determination of Isomaltulose in the ... - NIH
Aug 24, 2020 · This paper presents a rapid HPLC method for the separation of isomaltulose (also known as Palatinose) from other common edible carbohydrates such as sucrose, ...Missing: kits | Show results with:kits
[22]
Sustainable isomaltulose production in Corynebacterium ... - Frontiers
Aug 9, 2022 · Besides, the production method of isomaltulose also affects the thermostability of SI to a certain extent. ... thermal stability modification.
[23]
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00105-9
[24]
Novel findings on the metabolic effects of the low glycaemic ...
Mar 9, 2010 · The slow digestible disaccharide isomaltulose (iso; Palatinose™) is available as novel functional carbohydrate ingredient for manufacturing ...
[25]
Metabolic Effects of Replacing Sucrose by Isomaltulose in Subjects ...
May 11, 2012 · Short-term studies have consistently shown a reduced glycemic and insulin response after isomaltulose compared with sucrose/glucose ingestion in ...Results · Conclusions · Acknowledgments
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Novel Food Information: Isomaltulose (Palatinose™) - Canada.ca
Sep 28, 2022 · The chemical name for isomaltulose is 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose. The Food Directorate has a legislated responsibility for the pre- ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[27]
Effects of isomaltulose on insulin resistance and metabolites in ... - NIH
Both isomaltulose and sucrose are digested into glucose and fructose by α-glucosidase in the small intestine and contribute the same caloric value of 4 kcal/g ...
[28]
Isomaltulose and normal energy‐yielding metabolism - EFSA
Oct 20, 2021 · EFSA concluded that isomaltulose contributes to normal energy-yielding metabolism, but this is not specific to it, as all energy-containing ...Missing: sustained | Show results with:sustained
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Low Glycemic Index Prototype Isomaltulose—Update of Clinical Trials
Physicochemical properties of isomaltulose allow the substitution of sucrose in existing recipes and processes [12,16]. Isomaltulose has good heat stability ...
[30]
Novel findings on the metabolic effects of the low glycaemic ...
The temperature program was 80°C for 1 min, 30°C/min to 170°C, 10°C/min to ... Isomaltulose (Palatinose): a review of biological and toxicological studies.
[31]
implications for postprandial substrate use - PubMed
We hypothesised that the reduced digestion and absorption rate of isomaltulose would result in lower glycaemic and insulinaemic responses when compared with ...
[32]
Substrate Utilization and Cycling Performance Following Palatinose ...
Jun 23, 2016 · PSE maintained a more stable blood glucose profile and higher fat oxidation during exercise which resulted in improved cycling performance compared with MDX.
[33]
A Low Glycaemic Index Diet Incorporating Isomaltulose Is ... - PubMed
May 9, 2017 · Lower GI mixed meals incorporating isomaltulose are able to acutely reduce the glycaemic response and variability and promote fat oxidation.
[34]
Effects of isomaltulose on insulin resistance and metabolites in ...
Jun 26, 2018 · Isomaltulose, a naturally‑occurring disaccharide, is reported to improve glucose and lipid metabolisms in obese patients.
[35]
implications for postprandial substrate use in impaired glucose ...
Reduced glycaemic and insulinaemic responses following trehalose and isomaltulose ingestion: implications for postprandial substrate use in impaired glucose- ...
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Isomaltulose Exhibits Prebiotic Activity, and Modulates Gut ...
Apr 23, 2021 · Isomaltulose Exhibits Prebiotic Activity, and Modulates Gut Microbiota, the Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids, and Secondary Bile Acids in ...
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Effect of low-glycemic-sugar-sweetened beverages on glucose ...
Both, fasting and postprandial fat oxidation declined on inactivity, with no difference between high-GI and low-GI SSBs. Conclusions: Compared with high-GI SSB, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[38]
People with health issues: Diabetes mellitus – Isomaltulose
Lower blood glucose responses with isomaltulose have been observed in adults with non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus, in comparison to sucrose ( ...
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https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/15/2539
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Impact of Isomaltulose on Glycemic Response in Diabetic ... - MDPI
The meta-analysis showed that isomaltulose significantly reduced plasma glucose ... low-GI sugar alternatives, such as fructose or glucose derivatives.1. Introduction · 3. Results · 4. DiscussionMissing: end | Show results with:end
[41]
Isomaltulose improves glycemia and maintains run performance in ...
Consumption of isomaltulose alongside rapid-acting insulin reduction improves BG responses to exercise and produces a similar high-intensity run performance.Missing: human | Show results with:human
[42]
Isomaltulose and normal energy‐yielding metabolism: evaluation of ...
Oct 20, 2021 · The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the intake of isomaltulose and contribution to energy-yielding metabolism.
[43]
Pre-exercise isomaltulose intake affects carbohydrate oxidation ...
Jul 24, 2023 · Ingestion of low-glycemic index (GI) isomaltulose (ISO) not only suppresses subsequent carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation but also inversely retains ...
[44]
Substrate Utilization and Cycling Performance Following Palatinose ...
The hypothesis was that isomaltulose ingestion before exercise would favor fat oxidation during the initial endurance exercise leading to glycogen sparing in ...
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https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10364385/
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https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/7/390
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https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102367
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Effect of isomaltulose on acid production and insoluble glucan ...
Effect of isomaltulose on acid production and insoluble glucan synthesis by Streptococcus mutans. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 1983 Feb;24(1):1-11.Missing: lactic | Show results with:lactic
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Food Labeling; Health Claims; Dietary Noncariogenic Carbohydrate ...
Sep 17, 2007 · Therefore, FDA has concluded that isomaltulose does not promote dental caries, and it is amending the regulation authorizing a health claim ...Missing: rating | Show results with:rating
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Cariogenicity of isomaltulose (palatinose), sucrose and mixture of ...
Cariogenicity of isomaltulose (palatinose), sucrose and mixture of these sugars in rats infected with Streptococcus mutans E-49. Swed Dent J. 1985;9(4):149 ...Missing: health potential
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Sugar replacers xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, maltitol, lactitol, isomalt, erythritol, D-tagatose, isomaltulose, sucralose and polydextrose related health claims
### Summary of EFSA Opinion on Isomaltulose and Dental Health Claim
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https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2007/09/17/E7-18196/food-labeling-health-claims-dietary-noncariogenic-carbohydrate-sweeteners-and-dental-caries
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3864267/
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148553
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-014-0779-8
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A comparison of isomaltulose versus maltodextrin ingestion during ...
Sep 19, 2017 · Blood glucose concentrations at 60 min were similar (P = 0.239). At 75 and 90 min, blood glucose was greatest in PSE versus MDX (P = 0.010 ...
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Isomaltulose - Nutr!Break - NutriBreak
It delivers the same amount of energy, namely 4kcal/g, but in a more gradual way avoiding blood sugar peaks and supplying the body with energy for much longer.<|control11|><|separator|>
[58]
Fondant having a noncrystalline phase comprising isomaltulose and ...
The solubility of isomaltulose is 32 g per 100 g water at 20° C., whereas sucrose has a solubility of 67 g per 100 g water. Contrary to sucrose ...<|separator|>
[59]
What is Palatinose™ (Isomaltulose)? - BENEO
Just like sucrose, Isomaltulose consists of one glucose and one fructose unit. The difference lies in the bond between these parts. With its α-1.6-glycosidic ...
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[PDF] Non-enzymatic browning reaction of isomaltulose - Food Research
Feb 9, 2024 · Isomaltulose is a naturally occurring reducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose monomers. It is gaining interest as an ...
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https://www.beneo.com/human-nutrition/human-nutrition-products/functional-carbohydrates/palatinose/the-science-behind
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Isomaltulose Market Growth - Size, Trends & Forecast 2025 to 2035
Apr 5, 2025 · The global isomaltulose market is on track to grow steadily between the years 2025 and 2035 owing to demand for low-glycemic, functional sweeteners in various ...
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Quantification of Isomaltulose in Food Products by Using ... - Frontiers
Jun 26, 2022 · The following enzymatic assay kits were used and carried out according to the manufacturer's specifications: D-glucose/ D-fructose and lactose/ ...
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https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/isomaltulose-market
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Postprandial substrate use in overweight subjects with the metabolic ...
Isomaltulose has been shown to decrease postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses and improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes ...Missing: demand | Show results with:demand
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People with Health Issues – Isomaltulose - Dietary Fiber
After 2 weeks of total meal replacement with the isomaltulose-containing formula, participants experienced significant weight loss. After 8 weeks (with ...
[67]
Biotest FINi Protein-Energy Bar - Fueled with Performance ...
Steady Performance Energy -- Whey/Casein Blend (16g) + Isomaltulose (12g) delivers smooth, sustained fuel without crash, supporting cortisol control during ...
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Isomaltulose Market Size, Share, Trends & Analysis, 2033
Jun 18, 2025 · The global isomaltulose market size is expected to reach USD 1309.89 million by 2033 from USD 865.26 million in 2025. The market is growing ...
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Performance Amix® SLOW Gel 40x45g - citrus fruits
Performance Slow Palatinose™ Gel is a super concentrated gel with content of Palatinose™ enriched with vitamin C and B6. This gel is able to give you energy
[70]
Z2 Tropical Fruit Energy Gel Performance - 25g Carb, 105mg ...
(POWERFUL CARB BLEND FOR LONG-LASTING ENERGY)Each Z2 Energy Gel sachet delivers 25g of carbs, combining maltodextrin, fructose, and palatinose in a 2:1:1 ratio.
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Sports People & Athletes – Isomaltulose
Isomaltulose has shown to provide carbohydrate energy in a steady and sustained energy, and thereby allows for higher fat burning rates in energy metabolism.Missing: yield | Show results with:yield
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Decision - 2005/457 - EN - EUR-Lex - European Union
2005/457/EC: Commission Decision of 4 April 2005 authorising the placing on the market of isomaltulose as a novel food or novel food ingredient under Regulation ...
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Isomaltulose - GRAS Notices - FDA
Intended Use: Nutrative sweetener in a variety of food categories and beverages. Basis: Scientific procedures. Notifier: SUDZUCKER AG Mannheim/Ochsenfurt.
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Isomaltulose: Recent evidence for health benefits - ScienceDirect.com
Given that the digestion of IM is complete, IM provides the same calories as all digestible carbohydrates (4 kcal/g) (EFSA, 2011). IM is also well-tolerated ...
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Isomaltulose should be excluded from total and added sugar labeling
Sep 16, 2021 · The FDA – which said in spring 2019 that allulose does not have to be listed as added or total sugar on food labels – went on to invite ...