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Jewish name

A Jewish name refers to the given names and surnames used by Jewish individuals and communities, which have developed over more than two millennia through a blend of biblical Hebrew origins, religious customs, and adaptations to local languages and cultures across the diaspora.^[1] These names hold profound significance in Judaism, serving not merely as identifiers but as embodiments of personal values, spiritual aspirations, and familial legacies, often selected to honor deceased relatives or invoke divine attributes.^[1] Historically, in biblical and ancient periods from approximately 2000 BCE to 587 BCE, Jews primarily used unique Hebrew given names without repetition or foreign influences, typically paired with a patronymic such as "ben" (son of) for identification.^[1] Following the Babylonian exile (587 BCE onward), Aramaic and other foreign names emerged alongside traditional Hebrew ones, reflecting periods of assimilation and cultural exchange, while by medieval and early modern Europe (from around 950 CE onward), double naming became common: a sacred Hebrew name (Shem HaKodesh) for religious rituals and a vernacular nickname or European-derived name for daily use.^[1] Family names, absent in antiquity, first appeared as non-hereditary surnames among scholars in North Africa, Spain, France, and Italy during the 10th and 11th centuries CE, evolving into fixed hereditary surnames by the late 18th to early 19th centuries due to government mandates for taxation and census purposes across Europe, including Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia.^[2]^[3] Jewish surnames draw from diverse etymological sources, categorized broadly as patronymics (e.g., Abramson from Abraham, or Mendelsohn from Menachem Mendel), toponyms indicating places of origin (e.g., Toledano from Toledo, or Epstein from Eppstein), occupational designations (e.g., Schneider for tailor, or Chazan for cantor), and descriptive nicknames based on physical traits or characteristics (e.g., Klein for small, or Schwartz for black-haired).^[3] Sephardic names often incorporate Arabic or Romance language elements like "ibn" (son of), while Ashkenazic names reflect German, Slavic, or Yiddish influences, such as suffixes like "-ovitch" or house signs (e.g., Rothschild from a red shield).^[3] In modern times, particularly with the establishment of Israel in 1948, many Jews Hebraized their surnames to reconnect with ancient roots, resulting in thousands of name changes.^[3] Naming traditions continue to emphasize continuity with the past, such as avoiding names of living relatives to prevent confusion of souls in Jewish folklore, underscoring the enduring cultural and spiritual role of names in Jewish identity.^[1]

History and Origins

Biblical and Ancient Jewish Names

Biblical Jewish names originated in the Hebrew language, often deriving from roots that conveyed attributes, events, or divine references, as seen in the Torah and Tanakh. These names typically reflected personal characteristics, family lineage, or theological concepts, establishing a foundation for Jewish onomastics. For instance, the patriarch Abraham's original name, Abram, is interpreted as "exalted father" from the Hebrew elements ab (father) and ram (exalted), later changed to Abraham, meaning "father of a multitude," symbolizing his covenantal role.^[4] Similarly, Sarah, originally Sarai, derives from sar (prince or ruler), signifying "princess" or "noblewoman," emphasizing her status.^[5] Theophoric names, incorporating elements of the divine name Yahweh (often as Yah or El), were common, such as Isaiah (Yeshayahu), meaning "Yahweh is salvation," from yasha (to save) and Yah.^[6] Naming practices in the biblical texts included patronymics to denote lineage, using ben (son of) for males and bat (daughter of) for females, as in "Joshua ben Nun" or references to Miriam bat Amram, which helped identify individuals within tribal structures.^[7] Names also often commemorated circumstances surrounding birth or events, like Isaac (Yitzchak), from the root tzachak (to laugh), given because Sarah laughed at the promise of a child in her old age (Genesis 21:6). Tribal identifiers, such as Levi (from lavah, to join, denoting the priestly tribe) or Judah (from yadah, to praise, for the royal tribe), transitioned from collective labels to personal given names, reflecting communal identity.^[8] Early Jewish names show influences from surrounding ancient Near Eastern cultures, particularly during periods of contact like the Exodus and Babylonian exile. Egyptian borrowings appear in names like Moses (Moshe), from the Egyptian ms (born of), as in Thutmose, indicating adoption during the Israelite sojourn in Egypt.^[9] Akkadian and Babylonian elements emerged more prominently in the exile, with Judeans adopting or adapting names like Mordecai (from Marduk, a Babylonian god) or the transformed names of Daniel's companions—Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego—reflecting cultural assimilation while retaining Hebrew forms in scripture.^[10] By the Second Temple period (c. 516 BCE–70 CE), naming evolved from primarily tribal and descriptive identifiers to more individualized personal names, influenced by Aramaic and Hellenistic contacts post-exile. Biblical theophoric names persisted, but new forms emerged, such as those derived from exegesis or foreign adaptations like Esther (from Persian/ Babylonian Ishtar), marking a shift toward diverse, context-specific usage while preserving Hebrew roots.^[7] This period laid groundwork for later diaspora variations, though core biblical practices remained central to Jewish identity.

Medieval Developments and Diaspora Influences

During the Middle Ages, Jewish naming practices evolved significantly under the pressures of diaspora life, as communities dispersed across Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa adapted ancient biblical traditions to local linguistic and cultural environments while navigating external constraints. Building on the foundational Hebrew names from biblical times, Jews in diaspora settings often maintained a dual naming system: a sacred Hebrew name used in religious contexts and a secular name in the vernacular of the host society. This adaptation allowed for integration while preserving religious identity, though it was shaped by migrations and interactions with ruling powers.^[11] In Christian Europe, early restrictions imposed by authorities aimed to distinguish Jews from the majority population, influencing naming conventions. The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, convened by Pope Innocent III, mandated that Jews and Muslims wear distinctive clothing to avoid confusion with Christians, a decree that extended in practice to other forms of identification in regions like 13th-century Germany, where local edicts reinforced separation through record-keeping that highlighted Jewish status via names or descriptors. For instance, in German imperial territories, Jewish individuals were often recorded with patronymics or occupational bynames that underscored their distinct community ties, such as "Ysaac der Iude" in municipal documents, reflecting administrative pressures to mark Jewish identity amid rising antisemitism following the Crusades. These measures, while not always directly regulating personal names, encouraged the retention of Hebrew elements alongside local ones to affirm communal boundaries.^[12]^[13] The expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492, decreed by Ferdinand and Isabella, profoundly impacted Sephardi naming, leading to retention and adaptation of Iberian elements in the diaspora across the Ottoman Empire, North Africa, and Western Europe. Displaced Sephardim preserved Spanish and Portuguese surnames like Toledano (from Toledo) or names evoking Ladino linguistic heritage, such as those derived from professions or locations, while incorporating host-country influences; for example, in the Netherlands and England, names like Abarbanel evolved with anglicized or dutchified forms to facilitate resettlement. This event scattered over 200,000 Jews, prompting a hybrid nomenclature that symbolized resilience and cultural continuity amid persecution. Similar expulsions, such as from Portugal in 1497, further propelled these adaptations, with communities in Salonika and Amsterdam blending Sephardi traditions with local customs.^[14] Ashkenazi Jews, migrating eastward from the Rhineland to Poland-Lithuania between the 11th and 15th centuries amid pogroms and economic opportunities, integrated local Slavic and emerging Yiddish elements into their names. Biblical Hebrew names like Avraham became Slavic variants such as Avram or Abram, while new formations blended with Yiddish diminutives, exemplified by names like Berl (from Baruch) or Feige (from Feiga, meaning bird). This period saw the rise of kin-based bynames, such as Segal (from segan leviyah, a Levite title), reflecting community structures in Eastern Europe where Yiddish, a fusion of Hebrew, German, and Slavic, became the lingua franca. Tax records and responsa from 14th-century Poland illustrate this blending, with over half of given names showing Slavic phonetic influences, aiding assimilation while honoring sacred roots.^[15]^[16] In the Middle East and North Africa, Mizrahi Jewish names during the Islamic Golden Age (8th-13th centuries) incorporated Arabic integrations, reflecting cultural symbiosis under Muslim rule. Drawing from the Cairo Geniza documents, men's names often paired Hebrew classics like Ibrahim (Abraham) with Arabic forms such as Abu al-Hasan or patronymics like Ibn Ezra, while women's names favored Arabic descriptors like Jamila (beautiful) or Umm Kulthum (mother of Kulthum). This era of relative tolerance under Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates allowed for Arabic poetic and trait-based names, with Judeo-Arabic script preserving Hebrew essence; for example, scholars like Maimonides used Arabicized names like Musa ibn Maymun. Such influences, documented in merchant letters and contracts, highlight how Mizrahi communities in Baghdad, Cairo, and Fez wove Arabic vocabulary into naming to navigate multicultural societies, comprising up to 10% of urban populations in some areas.^[17]

Given Names

Traditional Practices Across Communities

Traditional Jewish naming practices for given names emphasize shared principles rooted in religious texts and folklore, aiming to invoke protection, honor, and spiritual merit. A core superstition involves avoiding names associated with the wicked or biblical villains, such as Nimrod, to prevent negative influences on the child's character or fate, as derived from Proverbs 10:7, which states that "the name of the wicked shall rot."^[18] Conversely, parents are encouraged to select names of virtuous figures to draw upon their merits and ensure the child's redemption, reflecting a belief in the mystical power of names to shape destiny.^[19] This honor-based approach underscores the idea that names carry divine energy, linking the individual to ancestral piety and communal identity.^[18] Names play a vital role in preserving family lineage and religious identity, often drawing from the patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—or matriarchs like Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, and Leah—to honor forebears and maintain continuity across generations.^[20] By bestowing such names, families invoke the spiritual legacy of these figures, believing it instills similar qualities of faith and resilience in the child.^[19] This practice reinforces Jewish heritage, serving as a subtle yet profound marker of belonging amid diaspora challenges.^[21] Jewish holidays and significant life events frequently inspire naming choices, infusing the tradition with seasonal or narrative symbolism. For instance, births around Purim often lead to names like Mordechai or Esther, commemorating the heroes of the Book of Esther and their triumph over adversity.^[20] Similarly, names such as Nissim (miracles) may be chosen for Hanukkah arrivals, highlighting themes of divine intervention celebrated during these observances.^[20] These selections tie the child's identity to pivotal moments in Jewish history, fostering a sense of communal memory and joy. Cross-community commonalities include the use of protective names and gender-specific patterns to convey wisdom or protection. Protective names like Alter, meaning "elder" or "old one," are employed to symbolize accumulated wisdom and safeguard against misfortune, such as the Angel of Death.^[20] Gender distinctions are typically observed, with masculine forms like Zev for boys and feminine ones like Leora for girls, ensuring names align with traditional roles while maintaining biblical or virtuous origins.^[21] These elements provide a universal framework, often complementing the sacred Hebrew names used in ritual contexts.^[19]

Sephardi and Mizrahi Customs

In Sephardi and Mizrahi communities, given names are frequently chosen to honor living relatives, particularly grandparents, in a deliberate sequence that underscores a cultural emphasis on invoking blessings for vitality and longevity rather than commemorating the deceased. This practice contrasts with Ashkenazi traditions that avoid naming after the living to ward off misfortune. The firstborn son is typically named after the paternal grandfather, the firstborn daughter after the paternal grandmother, the second son after the maternal grandfather, and the second daughter after the maternal grandmother, with subsequent children possibly honoring aunts, uncles, or other kin.^[22]^[23]^[24] These customs persisted among Sephardim after the 1492 expulsion from Spain and 1497 from Portugal, as communities resettled in the Ottoman Empire and North Africa, retaining Iberian-influenced given names like Vidal (meaning "life") alongside biblical ones such as Abraham or Rachel. In Ottoman Sephardic centers like Istanbul and Salonika, where Ladino (Judeo-Spanish) flourished, families continued this sequential naming to strengthen familial ties and cultural continuity, often using the full Hebrew name of the honored relative for ritual purposes. Mizrahi Jews, originating from Middle Eastern and North African regions, similarly integrated local linguistic elements into given names, such as Arabic-derived forms like Salim (peaceful) or variations of traditional Hebrew names like Shimon, reflecting harmonious adaptations in diverse environments.^[24]^[22]^[23] The preference for naming the living stems from a worldview that associates such choices with optimism and the transmission of positive attributes, minimizing associations with death observed in other Jewish groups. In modern Ladino-speaking Sephardic communities, this tradition echoes through the occasional use of nature-inspired names like Flor (flower), evoking beauty and renewal while honoring ancestral patterns.^[24]^[25]

Ashkenazi Customs

Ashkenazi Jews traditionally name children after deceased relatives as a way to honor their memory and perpetuate their legacy, a custom that emerged in medieval German Jewish communities and became widespread in Eastern Europe by the 12th century.^[26]^[27] This practice prioritizes naming after a recently deceased grandparent, particularly if the parent died in childbirth or shortly before the baby's birth, and avoids naming after living individuals to prevent confusion with the Angel of Death, who might mistakenly take the child instead.^[26]^[22] In contrast to Sephardi customs, which often honor living relatives, Ashkenazi naming emphasizes the deceased to safeguard the newborn's life.^[27] A distinctive feature of Ashkenazi given names is the use of Yiddish kinuim, or secular nicknames, which serve as everyday calling names alongside the sacred Hebrew name (shem ha-kodesh) given at circumcision.^[27] These kinuim often derive from animal associations in biblical blessings, such as Velvel (a diminutive of Wolf, linked to Benjamin) or Feigele (a diminutive of Feiga, meaning bird, associated with Zipporah), and frequently incorporate affectionate Yiddish suffixes like -ele, -ke, or -l to create endearing forms.^[28]^[27] The double naming system became particularly prevalent among Ashkenazi Jews during the 19th and 20th centuries, especially amid mass immigrations to Western Europe and America, where children received a Hebrew name for religious purposes alongside a secular Yiddish or English name for daily and legal use.^[29]^[27] This duality allowed for cultural adaptation while preserving Jewish identity; for instance, a child might be ritually Yitzhak but civilly Isaac or Itzik, with over 40% of Polish Jewish children in the late 19th century bearing such combined forms like Yude Leyb to honor multiple relatives.^[27] Regional variations existed within Ashkenazi communities, particularly between Polish and Lithuanian Jews, influenced by local linguistic and cultural environments.^[15] Polish Ashkenazim often preferred names with saint-like or Slavic adaptations, such as Berek (from Baruch, akin to Christian forms) or those incorporating Polish suffixes like -ek, reflecting greater acculturation and proximity to Christian naming patterns.^[15]^[27] In contrast, Lithuanian Jews favored strictly biblical names like Moyshe or Itskhok, sometimes using protective substitute kinuim such as Khayem (meaning "life") to ward off evil, adhering to a more insular tradition that avoided vernacular borrowings.^[27]^[15]

Surnames

Origins and Historical Adoption

In ancient Jewish society, tribal affiliations served as precursors to surnames, particularly among the descendants of the twelve tribes of Israel. The terms Kohen, denoting priestly lineage from Aaron, Levi, indicating membership in the tribe of Levi, and Yisrael, referring to general Israelite descent, were used as identifiers in biblical and post-biblical contexts, passed down patrilineally to maintain religious roles such as Temple service.^[30]^[27] These designations, often prefixed with "ha-" (the) in Hebrew documents, represented hereditary status rather than fixed family names but laid the foundation for later surname adoption.^[27] Sephardic Jews in the Iberian Peninsula adopted hereditary surnames earlier than their Ashkenazi counterparts, with usage emerging around the 10th century CE amid broader societal trends in Christian, Muslim, and Jewish communities. By the 11th century, names like Toledano, derived from the city of Toledo, became common as locative identifiers reflecting geographic origins.^[31] Mizrahi Jews, originating from Middle Eastern and North African communities, developed surnames influenced by Arabic and local languages, often as early as the medieval period under Islamic rule, with adoption becoming more standardized in the 19th and 20th centuries due to Ottoman reforms and European colonial administrations. Examples include names like Sasson (joy) or Hakim (wise), reflecting descriptive or occupational roots.^[32] In contrast, Ashkenazi Jews in Central and Eastern Europe rarely used fixed surnames until the 14th and 15th centuries, when isolated examples of place-based names appeared in larger communities, influenced briefly by medieval diaspora migrations from Western Europe.^[3] Permanent adoption remained sporadic due to smaller, more insular populations.^[3] The widespread mandatory adoption of Jewish surnames occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries through European governmental decrees aimed at taxation, conscription, and administrative control. In 1787, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II issued an edict in the Habsburg Empire, including Galicia and Bucovina, requiring Jews to assume fixed family names, often German-sounding ones chosen or assigned by officials.^[3]^[27] Prussia followed with a 1812 law mandating hereditary surnames for settled Jews in exchange for partial emancipation, extending earlier local requirements like the 1790 Breslau ordinance.^[3]^[27] In the Russian Empire, Czar Alexander I's 1804 edict compelled Jews in the Pale of Settlement to adopt permanent surnames during censuses, with enforcement continuing into the 1830s to ensure unique identifiers across households.^[33] Jewish communities often resisted these impositions, viewing them as intrusive, and exercised creativity in selection to mitigate persecution or derogatory assignments. In the Habsburg territories, Galician Jews initially ignored surnames in private life, using traditional patronymics like "Abraham ben Moses" on tombstones and documents, while officials invented ornamental compounds such as Goldstein or Rosenberg to evoke positive imagery.^[34]^[27] Similar patterns emerged in Prussia and Russia, where Jews favored locative or neutral names to preserve dignity and avoid forced pejorative ones, leading to widespread use of geographic or artificial descriptors by the early 19th century.^[34]^[33]

Types and Meanings in Jewish Surnames

Jewish surnames, particularly among Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi communities, can be broadly categorized into several etymological types based on their linguistic and historical roots, reflecting influences from Yiddish, German, Hebrew, Spanish, Arabic, and other languages. These categories include patronymic, occupational, locative, and ornamental forms, each providing insight into family lineage, profession, geography, or symbolic aspirations.^[35]^[3] Patronymic surnames, which derive from a father's or ancestor's given name, are among the most prevalent in Ashkenazi Jewish nomenclature, often using suffixes like "-son," "-vich," or "-witz" to indicate "son of." For instance, Abramson means "son of Abraham," a common structure in Eastern European Jewish communities that parallels non-Jewish European naming conventions but draws from Hebrew biblical names.^[35]^[36] Similarly, names like Mendelson ("son of Mendel") highlight this tradition, emphasizing patrilineal descent.^[3] Occupational surnames reference a family's trade or profession, frequently appearing in Ashkenazi contexts due to medieval European guild systems and later diaspora restrictions on Jewish livelihoods. Schneider, meaning "tailor" in German and Yiddish, is a widespread example denoting expertise in garment making.^[37] Another is Goldschmidt, translating to "goldsmith," which points to metalworking skills often associated with Jewish artisans in Central Europe.^[38] Locative surnames indicate geographic origins, such as towns or regions, and vary between Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi traditions based on migration patterns. In Ashkenazi usage, Berliner derives from the city of Berlin, signifying residence or ancestry there.^[39] Horowitz stems from Hořovice in Bohemia (modern Czech Republic), adopted by families tracing back to that locale in the 14th century.^[40] Among Sephardi Jews, Franco often refers to origins in Spanish towns like El Franco or implies a French connection, reflecting Iberian diaspora movements.^[41] Likewise, Navarro originates from the Kingdom of Navarre in northern Spain, a name borne by Sephardi families during the medieval period.^[42] For Mizrahi Jews, locative names like Baghdadi indicate origins in Baghdad, common among Iraqi Jewish communities. Ornamental and symbolic surnames, particularly common in Ashkenazi communities, were frequently assigned or chosen for their aesthetic or virtuous connotations, often inspired by nature, animals, or positive attributes to comply with naming mandates while evoking beauty or strength. Rosenthal, meaning "rose valley" in German, exemplifies this poetic style, combining floral imagery with landscape elements.^[43] Adler, translating to "eagle," symbolizes nobility and vision, derived from house signs or aspirational motifs in medieval Jewish quarters.^[44] These names highlight a cultural preference for euphemistic or uplifting expressions amid historical constraints.^[35]

Hebrew Names

Religious Significance and Usage

In Jewish tradition, the Hebrew name serves as a profound identifier of the individual's soul, channeling divine vitality and sustenance throughout life. It is invoked in essential religious practices, including personal and communal prayers, where it connects the person directly to G-d's blessings and protection. For instance, during an aliyah to the Torah—when a congregant is called up to recite blessings over a portion of the scripture—the individual is announced using their Hebrew name followed by their father's Hebrew name, emphasizing spiritual lineage and communal honor. Similarly, in legal-religious documents such as the get (bill of divorce), precise Hebrew names of both parties are required to ensure the document's validity under halakhah, underscoring the name's role in binding sacred obligations.^[45]^[46]^[47] A distinctive feature of many Hebrew names is their theophoric nature, incorporating elements that reference the divine, such as the suffix "-el" (meaning "God") in names like Michael ("Who is like God?") and Gabriel ("God is my strength"). These elements are not merely linguistic but carry deep kabbalistic meanings, believed to encapsulate the bearer's spiritual essence, destiny, and connection to the divine attributes. Kabbalistic teachings hold that the specific combination of Hebrew letters in a name influences the soul's path, reflecting G-d's will and the individual's potential for righteousness.^[48]^[49]^[50] Unlike secular or vernacular names used in everyday life, the Hebrew name is reserved exclusively for religious contexts, such as synagogue services and inscriptions on tombstones in Jewish cemeteries, where it affirms the deceased's eternal spiritual identity. This separation highlights the name's sacred status, preventing dilution of its ritual potency. In healing rituals, the Hebrew name holds particular power; it is explicitly called out in the Mi Sheberach prayer, recited during Torah reading, to petition for "refuah sheleimah" (complete healing) of body and soul, often formatted as "[Name] ben/bat [Mother's Name]" to invoke maternal spiritual transmission.^[51]^[52]^[53]

Formation and Ceremonies

In Jewish tradition, Hebrew names are typically constructed in the format of a given name followed by "ben" (son of) or "bat" (daughter of) a parent's Hebrew name. For Torah readings, legal documents, and general lineage, the father's name is used for both males and females (e.g., Miriam bat Yosef); in prayers for healing, the mother's name is used (e.g., Miriam bat Leah). This structure reflects patrilineal and matrilineal elements in religious contexts, with the full name used in rituals like Torah readings or prayers.^[54]^[55]^[56] The public assignment of a Hebrew name for boys occurs during the brit milah, the ritual circumcision ceremony held on the eighth day after birth, unless health concerns delay it.^[57] Following the circumcision, the mohel or rabbi recites a Mi Sheberach blessing, announcing the child's name in the traditional format, often accompanied by a brief explanation of its significance or the inspiration behind the choice.^[58] This moment integrates the child into the covenant of Abraham, marking the name as prophetic and binding for religious life.^[57] For girls, the Hebrew name is assigned through ceremonies such as simchat bat (celebration of the daughter), typically held between the seventh and thirtieth day after birth, though it can occur later.^[59] These events, varying by community—such as brit bat in Reform or egalitarian traditions—take place at home or synagogue and include prayers, blessings, and the formal naming, often during a reading from Song of Songs or a parental vow.^[59] The name is proclaimed in the bat format, emphasizing joy and inclusion in the Jewish people.^[60] Parents select Hebrew names to often parallel the child's secular given name, using direct Hebrew equivalents or Yiddish variants for compatibility in daily and religious use, such as Avraham for Abraham or Miriam for Mary.^[61] This choice honors family traditions, biblical figures, or virtues while ensuring the name's ritual applicability.^[62] Hebrew names may incorporate additions for lineage or circumstances, such as "HaLevi" appended to indicate Levite descent, used in synagogue honors like aliyot.^[63] In cases of serious illness, a new name evoking vitality, like Chaim (life) for males or Chaya for females, is added before the existing name to invoke mercy and recovery, typically through a communal prayer or Torah blessing.^[64]

Modern Jewish Names

Legal and Cultural Adaptations

During the 19th century, as part of Jewish emancipation in Europe, governments mandated the adoption of fixed surnames to integrate Jews into civic life, often leading to Germanization for assimilation. In Prussia, the 1812 Emancipation Edict required Jews to adopt permanent family names, encouraging the selection of German-sounding ones to facilitate social and legal equality.^[65] By the 1840s, reforms in German states like Baden and Württemberg further permitted name changes, allowing Jews to replace Hebrew or Yiddish-derived names with equivalents such as "Stein" from "Even" (both meaning "stone") to align with local customs and reduce discrimination.^[2] In Israel from the 1950s, Hebraization policies promoted the replacement of diaspora names with Hebrew ones to foster national identity, spearheaded by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion. Ben-Gurion established a governmental names committee in 1951 and ordered military officers to Hebraize their surnames, exemplified by Golda Mabovitch (later Meyerson) adopting "Meir" upon becoming foreign minister in 1956.^[66] The 1956 Names Law formalized this by requiring all citizens to register a first and family name, implicitly favoring Hebrew forms, though not mandating them for citizenship; this encouraged widespread adoption among immigrants to symbolize rebirth in the Jewish state.^[66] Holocaust survivors, particularly hidden children, often underwent name changes during the war for concealment, with post-war decisions varying between restoration and retention for reintegration. Many children received Christian names to blend into non-Jewish households, such as Pola Weinstein living under a Polish identity without formal baptism.^[67] After liberation, organizations like the Central Committee of Polish Jews (Koordynacja) facilitated the return of about 600 children to Jewish communities, restoring original names where possible, though some retained new identities to avoid trauma or ease adaptation into survivor networks.^[67] Jewish immigrants to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries frequently anglicized names to combat antisemitism and simplify integration, while preserving Hebrew names in private religious contexts. Common alterations included "Cohen" becoming "Cowan" or variations like "Collins" and "Cone," reflecting phonetic or translational shifts among Central European refugees.^[68] This practice, estimated at 4-15% of arrivals, was most prevalent among young professionals seeking employment, yet many families maintained dual naming systems to honor traditions amid cultural assimilation.^[68]

Contemporary Trends and Globalization

In the 21st century, Jewish naming practices have increasingly embraced unisex and revived biblical names, reflecting feminist influences and a broader push for gender fluidity, particularly in Israel and the United States. Names like Noa, derived from the biblical figure who advocated for women's inheritance rights, and Ariel, traditionally masculine but now commonly unisex, have surged in popularity among Jewish families.^[69]^[70] In Israel, unisex names such as Noam, Amit, and Adi have transitioned from predominantly male to shared usage, aligning with cultural shifts toward gender equality that gained momentum in the late 20th century and continued into the 2000s.^[71]^[72] Similarly, in the U.S., Noa has risen internationally among Jewish parents, often chosen for its empowering biblical connotations and modern appeal.^[73] Multicultural blending has become prominent in diaspora communities, especially through interfaith marriages and ethnic fusions, leading to hyphenated surnames and hybrid identities. In the U.S., where intermarriage rates among non-Orthodox Jews reached 72% for those married between 2010 and 2020, many couples opt for hyphenated last names to preserve both heritages, such as combining a Jewish surname with a non-Jewish one for children.^[74]^[75] These practices extend mid-20th-century legal adaptations by emphasizing personal choice in diverse global contexts. Digital tools and social media have further shaped naming trends by reviving obscure names and amplifying contemporary favorites. Online genealogy platforms like JewishGen have enabled millions of users to access historical records, uncovering and resurrecting rare Jewish surnames and given names from Eastern Europe and the Middle East that were nearly lost to assimilation.^[76] In the 2020s, social media has influenced choices like Zion, evoking Zionist ideals, and Hadassah, a vintage revival symbolizing strength, with platforms accelerating their spread through viral discussions and influencer endorsements.^[73]^[77] Statistics illustrate the ongoing revival of Hebrew names among American Jews, building on post-1967 momentum from the Six-Day War. A 2022 survey found that only 14% of Jews over 65 have names of Jewish origin, compared to 63% of those under 18, indicating a sharp increase in Hebrew usage over recent decades.^[78] In the 2000s, biblical names like Noah, Jacob, and Hannah dominated U.S. Jewish baby name lists, with Hebrew-speaking children's proportion doubling since 1980 to about 11 per 10,000.^[79] Post-2023 events, such as the October 7 attacks, boosted names like Or (light) and Oz (strength) in both Israel and the U.S., per Israeli statistics showing surges of up to 140 instances for related variants.^[80]^[81]

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[15]
(PDF) Jewish Given Names in Eastern Europe - Academia.edu
A very large part of mentioned names are Slavic forms of biblical names: Avram (Abraham), Danilo (Daniel), Esip (Joseph), Iguda (Juda), Ilja (Eliah), Lazar' ( ...Missing: Ashkenazi | Show results with:Ashkenazi
[16]
(PDF) Jewish Given Names in Eastern Europe - ResearchGate
Aug 7, 2025 · Examples are: Ajzik, Bendet, Berman, Fajviš, Fišel', Gerš, Kgec, Kolman, Mendel', Merkel', Mixel', Šmerlja, Vol'f, Zelikman,
[17]
Jewish Names in the World of Medieval Islam
This paper will attempt to analyze the form and function of the names of Jews in the medieval Islamic world and compare those naming practices to their Muslim ...Missing: influence scholarly
[18]
The Laws of Jewish Names - Parshat Shemot - Chabad.org
There are various customs regarding who chooses children's names. In some circles, the father chooses a name for the first child, the mother chooses a name for ...
[19]
Naming a Jewish Baby: Ceremony, Rules, & Customs - Aish.com
Naming a baby in Judaism is a profound spiritual moment. Read on to learn about the naming ceremony, how to choose a name, and the Jewish customs involved.
[20]
A Historical View of Choosing a Jewish Name
Naming a child can reflect ancestry, associations with the baby's arrival, and hopes and dreams for his or her future.
[21]
Jewish Naming Practices - Kveller
not law ...
[22]
Naming Traditions - JewishGen
The first son is named for the father's father, the first daughter for the father's mother.
[23]
Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jewish genealogy differences
Among Sephardim, the convention is to name the eldest son after the paternal grandfather and the eldest daughter frequently after the paternal grandmother.<|control11|><|separator|>
[24]
Sephardic Baby Naming
Hebrew Names: When naming after a living relative, Sephardic families use the person's actual Hebrew name, rather than simply using the same first letter of the ...
[25]
Message: "Ladino names - the ultimate list revised"
Jun 18, 2005 · Fava (fah-vah), “fava bean”? Ferera (fair-air-ah), “blacksmith” Fermoza (fair-moh-zah), "beautiful" Flor (flohr), “flower” – variations: Flora
[26]
Jewish Names
In Ashkenazi Judaism, the custom arose to name a child after a deceased relative. Infants were not named after the living because the angel of death might ...Missing: avoid | Show results with:avoid
[27]
https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/names_and_naming
[28]
The Names of the Jews - JewishGen
Shmuel: Jewish Personal Names: Their Origin, Derivation and Diminutive Forms. ... The kinnui can be a name in the vernacular language (German, Yiddish, Polish ...
[29]
The History of Jews Giving Their Children Both Hebrew and English ...
Jun 22, 2022 · The History of Jews Giving Their Children Both Hebrew and English First Names. Jewish history has always known periods in which double naming ...Missing: system | Show results with:system
[30]
The Tribes Today - Kohens, Levis & Yisraels - Jewish Virtual Library
Today, Leviim are believed to be the direct patrilineal descendents of Levi, while Kohanim are Leviim who descend directly, through their fathers, from Aaron.
[31]
Sephardic Jewish Surnames - Common Last Names in ... - MyHeritage
In the Iberian peninsula, surnames began being used around the 10th century CE, with almost everyone having a hereditary surname by the 15th century ...History of Sephardic Jewish... · Turkification of Sephardic...Missing: 11th | Show results with:11th
[32]
[PDF] History, Adoption, and Regulation of Jewish Surnames in the ...
Sep 21, 2014 · Prussia mandated the adoption of Jewish surnames soon after Austria, beginning with the city of Breslau in 1790, the Breslau administrative ...
[33]
Did Jews Buy Their Last Names? - The Forward
Jan 3, 2018 · In 1787, the Emperor Joseph II signed a law that forced all Jews from the Habsburg Empire to adopt fixed hereditary surnames.
[34]
10 Keys to Understanding Many Ashkenazi Surnames - Chabad.org
For Ashkenazic Jewry, the wholesale introduction of surnames began in 1787, when a new law established by Emperor Joseph II of Austria mandated that all Jews ...Missing: 14th- | Show results with:14th-
[35]
Ashkenazi Jewish (Ashkenazic) Surnames - FamilyEducation
Aug 16, 2024 · The following are some of the most common Ashkenazi surnames: Abramson - Meaning "son of Abram." Often indicates descent from a person named ...
[36]
Schneider Family History - FamilySearch
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic): occupational name for a tailor, literally 'cutter', from Middle High German snīder, German Schneider, Yiddish ...
[37]
Jewish Family Names - BJE
HOLTZ (wood) (used for someone whose occupation involved wood) · HOLTZHACKER (wood chopper) · GOLDSCHMIDT (goldsmith) · SCHNEIDER (tailor) · METZGER (butcher) ...
[38]
BERLIN Origin of surname - ANU – Museum of the Jewish People
The name Berlin is associated with Berlin, the capital city of Germany, where Jews are first mentioned in 1295, or with the village of Berlin in Galicia.
[39]
What Does the Jewish Last Name Horowitz Mean? - Chabad.org
But they all trace their way back to a single town, Hořovice, in what is now the Czech republic. Many, but not all people with this name, including many great ...
[40]
Franco Name Meaning and Franco Family History at FamilySearch
Spanish and Jewish (Sephardic): habitational name from one of the Spanish towns called (El) Franco. Jewish (Sephardic): adoption of the Spanish ...
[41]
'You don't look Jewish': New study traces lost Sephardi names
Aug 9, 2020 · Another ancient Jewish surname that came up during the study is the name Navarro or Navaro. According to the findings of the Union Sefardi ...Missing: locative Berliner Horowitz Franco
[42]
Jewish Last Names and Meanings - FamilyEducation
May 28, 2025 · Discover Jewish last names & learn about the origins, history & Hebrew meanings of Jewish surnames, including Ashkenazi, Sephardic, & Old ...Missing: locative ornamental Beider
[43]
ADLER Origin of surname | Databases - Museum of the Jewish People
Adler is the Yiddish/German for "eagle". In some cases, Adler is derived from a medieval house-sign, as for example in the Jewish quarter (Judengasse) of ...Missing: ornamental Rosenthal
[44]
Aliya to the Torah - Calling by Name - Dalet Amot of Halacha
It is an ancient[1] custom to call a person by his Hebrew name, along with the Hebrew name of his father, when calling him to the Torah.
[45]
You Name It - Hadran
Jun 5, 2023 · The third chapter of Gittin begins by explaining the importance of writing the proper names of the man and woman in the divorce document.
[46]
What You Need to Know About Giving a Jewish Name - Chabad.org
Oct 25, 2023 · The Hebrew name is a conduit through which G‑d provides the individual's vitality, energy and sustenance.Missing: aliyot | Show results with:aliyot
[47]
The Hebrew Name - All About Jewish Names - Chabad.org
The Kabbalists say that a person's destiny is wrapped up in the combination of Hebrew letters that make up his or her name.<|control11|><|separator|>
[48]
[PDF] THEOPHORIC NAMES IN THE BIBLE
Theophoric names are names derived from a god, built using Hebrew names of God, often with the first two letters of Elohim or the first two consonants of the ...
[49]
Godly Nomenclature: Theophoric Names in the Hebrew Bible
Sep 21, 2023 · Theophoric names embed a word for 'god' or God's name, reflecting a person's relation to that deity, primarily El and Yah in the Hebrew Bible.
[50]
Jewish Names - Judaism 101 (JewFAQ)
Within the Jewish community, we used patronymics, such as David ben (son of) Joseph or Miriam bat (daughter of) Aaron. Names in that form are still used in ...
[51]
How to Read a Hebrew Tombstone - JewishGen
A Hebrew name always includes a patronymic, the person's father's given name. This is a unique feature of Jewish tombstones, and a great boon to Jewish ...
[52]
Prayers for Healing - Judaism 101 (JewFAQ)
Two main prayers for healing are "Refuah Shleima," a communal prayer, and "Mi Shebeirach," a prayer for a specific person's healing.
[53]
How Are Hebrew Names Formatted? - Reform Judaism
The customary format for the Hebrew name of a Jewish male is [First name] ben [Jewish parent's name] v'[other Jewish parent's name].
[54]
Why Use the Mother's Name When Praying for Someone?
ben (or bat) Sarah," referring to the matriarch Sarah, who is the mother of all Jewish people. When praying for a non-Jew, we mention the person's name along ...
[55]
https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/761128/jewish/Why-Use-the-Mothers-Name-When-Praying-for-Someone.htm
[56]
Naming the Newly Circumcised Baby - Giving the Jewish name
A baby boy is given his Jewish name at the brit, ritual circumcision.1 The name chosen by the parents is considered prophetic.Missing: details | Show results with:details
[57]
What to Expect at a Brit Milah - Chabad.org
A rabbi or the baby's parents may give a short speech, often about the name and why it was chosen. If the child was named after a departed relative or mentor, ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
[58]
B'rit Bat: Ceremony for Welcoming a Baby Girl - Reform Judaism
Ceremonies that celebrate the birth of a daughter and her entry into the covenant of the Jewish people are known by a variety of names, including b'rit bat and ...Prayers Of Welcome And... · Baby Naming · Priestly BlessingMissing: ben milah<|control11|><|separator|>
[59]
Planning and Celebrating Your Daughter's Brit Bat
Simchat bat, which means “Rejoicing in a Daughter” or “celebration for a daughter,” is the most popular and general term for such a ceremony.Missing: ben | Show results with:ben
[60]
I Was Never Given a Jewish Name - Chabad.org
Do you like the ring of your existing (secular) name? You can find a Hebrew name that sounds similar, like Miriam for Marney, Kreina for Claire, etc. You ...Missing: mirroring | Show results with:mirroring
[61]
Choosing a Hebrew Name | My Jewish Learning
As with a literal newborn, the convert as a spiritual newborn selects a Hebrew name and adopts Abraham and Sarah as spiritual parents.
[62]
Who Were the Levites? - Chabad.org
... Levite. When they are called up, the words HaKohen or HaLevi are appended to their Hebrew names. The male kohen is still to avoid contact with the body of a ...Missing: addition | Show results with:addition
[63]
Changing the Name of a Person Who Is Ill - Chabad.org
When we add a name for someone who is gravely ill, we often choose life-affirming names like Chaya (for females) or Chaim (for males), which mean “life” in ...
[64]
The Production of Legal Identities Proper to States - Academia.edu
Prussia's law, passed in 1812, encouraged the adoption of patronyms by all members of the Jewish faith. Ostensibly in the progressive spirit of the ...
[65]
(PDF) The Israeli Names Law: National Integration and Military Rule
The Names Law adopted by the Israeli Knesset in July 1956 established that Israeli citizens must bear a first name and family name. The adoption of Hebrew ...
[66]
Non-Jews Rescuing Children – difficulties Before and After Liberation
What happened to their identity with the changes of names, homes (parents) and religions they had experienced? ... The Survivors of the Holocaust · The Anguish of ...
[67]
None
Summary of each segment:
[68]
Noa - Jewish Girl Baby Name Meaning - Kveller
a biblical figure who challenged inheritance laws in a surprisngly ahead-of-her-time feminist move. The name means ...Missing: influences | Show results with:influences
[69]
Noa - Baby Name Meaning, Origin and Popularity - TheBump.com
As the story goes, Noa and her sisters influenced a new law that allowed women to inherit property, despite traditionary customs at the time. Paving the way for ...
[70]
Why do Israelis love unisex names? - The Jewish Chronicle
Nov 18, 2009 · Almost every one of the most popular cross-gender names - Noam, Amit, Ariel, Daniel and Adi - moved from being a boys' name to being a boys' and a girls' name.
[71]
Gender-Bending Baby Names Take Off in Israel - The Forward
Nov 17, 2011 · The most popular female name, given to 3.6% of girls, is Noa, and the most popular male name, given to 3% of boys, is Noam. Free morning ...
[72]
Modern Jewish Baby Names Pay Homage to Heritage | Nameberry
Apr 14, 2025 · And Noa is a name that's rising internationally among Jewish and non-Jewish families alike. Below, popular and up-and-coming girl names among ...
[73]
What We Talk About When We Talk About “Intermarriage”
Jun 30, 2021 · Overall, 41% of American Jews are now married to non-Jews (though among Orthodox Jews, the number is just 2%). While a similar finding in 2013 ...
[74]
What's in a Name? For Jewish Couples, the Answer is Changing
Oct 19, 2022 · However, some couples have decided to change both their last names, forging a new identity for future generations. Josh and Rachael ...
[75]
Buscando America: A Sephardic Pre-History of Jewish Latin America
Mar 19, 2021 · My listeners generally know that Sephardim are Jews who lived in medieval Iberia from the Roman period to their expulsion in 1492, a date ...
[76]
JewishGen - The Home of Jewish Genealogy
Welcome to JewishGen - The Global Home for Jewish Genealogy · Explore millions of records from around the world, identify relatives, discover the towns of your ...
[77]
Stop Giving Your Jewish Kids Dumb Names - Tablet Magazine
Oct 29, 2025 · Jews are already inherently unique. We don't need to prove it by naming our kids Cinnamon, Aqua, or Afternoon.
[78]
Survey of American Jewish Personal Names
14% of Jews in the oldest age group have names of Jewish origin, compared to 63% in the youngest group.Missing: increase 2000-2025
[79]
New Study Determines the Top Jewish Names | Nameberry
Sep 16, 2023 · Classic Jewish boy names Samuel and Jacob saw the most popularity in the 2000s, along with Noah, Jonah, Gabriel, Adam, and Eli. Girls. 1Hannah.Missing: Six- Day War
[80]
The Jewish Baby Names That Gained Meaning and Popularity After ...
Feb 24, 2025 · Here are some names that have gained popularity since October 7 in Israel, and others that we've noticed have become more popular and meaningful here in the US ...
[81]
The rise of Jewish boys' names in the US - Family Inequality
Jan 3, 2019 · Here I look at the trends for seven Jewish boys' names I found on various naming websites: Shlomo, Chaim, Eliezer, Mordechai, Moshe, Yosef, and ...