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John Chandos

Sir John Chandos (c. 1320 – 31 December 1369) was an English and military commander of the , celebrated for his valor, tactical acumen, and close companionship with . Born into the minor gentry in Radbourne, Derbyshire, he rose from modest origins to become a founding of the Garter in 1348, embodying the chivalric ideals of 14th-century England. His career was marked by participation in key naval and land battles, including Sluys in 1340 and Crécy in 1346. Chandos served as a trusted advisor and to the Black Prince, contributing to decisive English triumphs such as the in 1356, where his scouting and counsel helped secure victory over the French, and the in 1364, during which he captured the renowned Breton commander for a substantial . He later led the at the in 1367, again capturing du Guesclin, and held significant administrative roles, including of and of from 1363 until his death, where he managed regional defenses, negotiated truces, and suppressed Free Companies. These positions granted him estates like the Viscountcy of Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte following the in 1360, enhancing his influence in and . His death came during a skirmish at Lussac-les-Châteaux on 31 December 1369, where he was mortally wounded while defending against forces led by du Guesclin, and he succumbed either that day or the following. Without heirs, Chandos left a legacy as a paragon of knightly conduct, praised by chroniclers for his fairness as a and military prowess; he was mourned across and even respected by some adversaries, with 5,300 masses commissioned for his soul.

Early Life

Family Background

John Chandos was the son and heir of Sir Edward Chandos, a of modest standing within the who held the manor of Radbourne in as part of the Duchy of Lancaster's Tutbury lordship. The elder Chandos, possibly knighted by Edward III around 1327, traced his roots to obscure northern English families without notable ancestry or extensive estates beyond local fiefs in areas like Mugginton and Egginton. His mother was (sometimes recorded as ), the daughter of Sir Robert Twyford, though records provide few additional insights into her lineage or background. The family's holdings remained limited to such provincial properties as Radbourne Hall, reflecting their position among the lower echelons of the knightly class rather than the higher nobility. Chandos himself never married, and there is no historical evidence of him having children; upon his death, his estates, including the valuable Norman holding of Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, passed to the heirs of his sisters, and . This familial status as heir to a household provided the foundation for his early training toward knighthood.

Birth and Upbringing

John Chandos was born around 1320 in Radbourne, , to a family of minor holding lands in the local wapentake of Appletree, including fiefs at Radbourne, Mugginton, Egginton, and Attlow. His father, Sir Edward Chandos, had been knighted, likely by Edward III around 1327, establishing the household's martial orientation within the Duchy of Lancaster's Tutbury lordship. Raised in this northern English environment near , Chandos' upbringing centered on practical preparation for knighthood amid a society shaped by ongoing conflicts such as the Scottish and early Hundred Years' Wars. Sons of the typically received informal training at home or in noble households, focusing on essential skills like riding, weapons handling, , and to build physical prowess and discipline. This hands-on education emphasized martial readiness over scholarly pursuits, with boys often serving as pages from age seven to learn service and basic combat techniques. Through family ties and interactions with regional , Chandos was immersed in chivalric ideals of honor, to , and courteous conduct, reinforced by exposure to romances, tournaments, and courtly customs prevalent in Edward III's . Such preparation aligned gentry youth for royal service, prioritizing battlefield competence and noble demeanor without formal academic study.

Rise to Knighthood

Early Military Engagements

John Chandos' earliest documented military involvement came in 1340 at the , a pivotal naval engagement in the opening stages of the , where he participated in the English assault against the French fleet. This battle crippled French naval power in the Channel and secured English dominance at sea for years. Following Sluys, Chandos engaged in the early phases of the under Edward III, participating in minor skirmishes and operations throughout the 1340s that honed his skills as a soldier. A notable example was his role in the siege of in 1339, just prior to Sluys, where he defeated a French in at Buironfosse, demonstrating his prowess and earning his knighthood on the field from the king himself. These low-stakes actions, often involving raids and defensive maneuvers in the and northern , allowed Chandos to gain practical experience in warfare while serving in the royal household. Through consistent displays of loyalty and tactical insight in these formative operations, Chandos steadily built a reputation as a reliable commander, transitioning from a novice to a figure of trust within English forces. His promotion to , granting him the right to lead under his own banner, occurred in 1367 during the campaign in . During this early period, Chandos' association with began to develop, laying the foundation for their lifelong companionship.

Membership in the Order of the Garter

John Chandos was selected as one of the founding members of the , established by III in 1348. The order, limited to twenty-five knights plus the sovereign, marked Chandos as the twentieth knight installed that year, recognizing his early contributions to English military endeavors. His elevation stemmed from demonstrations of valor in initial campaigns, particularly his service at the in 1346, where he fought alongside . This placed Chandos among an elite cadre of knights, including the Black Prince as the first member, selected for their prowess and loyalty during the opening phases of the . The symbolized the pinnacle of English , with its —a buckled blue garter emblazoned with the gold motto Honi soit qui mal y pense ("Shame on him who thinks ill of it")—reflecting Edward III's aspirations for knightly honor and his claim to the French throne. It fostered a chivalric dedicated to martial excellence and royal service, with Chandos' stall plate in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, bearing the inscription affirming him as a "first founder." Membership enhanced Chandos' prestige, strengthening his ties to the royal household and opening avenues for advancement, such as his later appointments as Constable of and key advisor to the Black Prince. This honor underscored his status as one of the "bravest in ," solidifying his role in England's continental campaigns.

Military Career

Major Battles and Strategies

John Chandos served as a close confidant and chief to , throughout the early phases of the , contributing to English successes through his emphasis on innovative tactics such as the coordinated use of archers and dismounted men-at-arms in formations. This approach maximized the effectiveness of English forces against larger French armies by integrating missile firepower with close-quarters infantry, a strategy Chandos helped refine and deploy in key engagements. At the in 1346, Chandos fought in the Black Prince's vanguard division on the English right flank, alongside the Earls of Warwick and Oxford, where he provided counsel to the young prince during the intense fighting against the French assault. His advisory role supported the strategic positioning of English forces on elevated terrain near the village of , which allowed longbowmen to deliver devastating volleys from protected positions, decimating the advancing and French knights. This deployment of archers, informed by Chandos' experience, was pivotal in halting the French advance and securing a decisive English victory. Chandos' tactical acumen shone at the in 1356, where he acted as the Black Prince's deputy and urged the launch of a mounted on the disorganized French center after initial barrages had disrupted their formations. Leading the final charge alongside James Audley, Chandos helped rout the remaining French forces, directly contributing to the capture of King John II of France and much of the French nobility, which forced the negotiation of the king's surrender terms under English supervision. For his valor in saving the prince's life during the , Chandos received royal grants, including the manor of Kirkton in . In 1364, Chandos commanded the English contingent supporting John de Montfort at the , orchestrating a siege that drew out the opposing Breton-French army under Charles de Blois and . Employing tactics once more, with archers weakening the enemy lines before a coordinated assault by dismounted knights, Chandos' forces defeated the Franco-Breton alliance, resulting in de Blois' death on the field and du Guesclin's capture for a 100,000-franc ransom. This victory ended the Breton War of Succession in Montfort's favor, securing the duchy as an English ally and bolstering Edward III's continental position. Chandos continued his service in the 1367 campaign in , where he led the English at the on 3 April. Supporting the restoration of Peter of against , Chandos advised the Black Prince on tactics, including the use of longbowmen to disrupt the enemy and a decisive charge. His leadership contributed to the English victory, during which he again captured , who was ransomed for 100,000 francs. Despite the triumph, the campaign strained English resources and finances.

Administrative Roles and Titles

John Chandos held several key administrative positions in English-held territories in during the 1360s, reflecting his trusted status as a close advisor to . In 1361, he was appointed of , overseeing the governance and defense of the enlarged duchy ceded to under the , including the collection of taxes, maintenance of order, and coordination of local officials across regions from the to the . By 1362, Chandos had advanced to the role of of Guienne (), where he managed garrisons, such as at , and administered justice while navigating tensions between English overlords and Gascon nobility resistant to heavy taxation. Later, after March 1369, he served as of , further extending his responsibilities over western French territories. As a reward for his services, particularly in the campaigns leading to the 1360 peace, Chandos was granted the viscountcy of Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte in the of , a strategic holding that included castles and lands previously under French control. This title, conferred directly by Edward III, elevated his status and provided revenues from the estate, which he administered amid ongoing border skirmishes, though he spent little time there due to his broader duties. Chandos also engaged in diplomatic efforts supporting English interests in . He played a role in the negotiations surrounding the in 1360, which delineated the vast territories and facilitated the release of French King John II, earning him the viscountcy as part of the settlement. In the War of Succession, Chandos advised and supported John IV de Montfort's claim against Charles de Blois, contributing to the diplomatic maneuvering that aligned with and culminated in Montfort's recognition as duke in 1365. Additionally, in 1367, he negotiated safe passage for the Black Prince's army through during the campaign in , demonstrating his skill in interstate diplomacy. Throughout his career, Chandos acquired and managed multiple French estates, including those in and , but his peripatetic existence—divided between military commands, court duties in , and oversight in —left little opportunity for settled administration. Unmarried and without direct heirs, he bequeathed his holdings, such as the Saint-Sauveur viscountcy, to his niece Isabella and her husband Sir John Annesley upon his death in 1369, ensuring the continuity of English influence in these territories.

Death in Battle

John Chandos met his death on 31 December 1369, during a minor night skirmish near the bridge at Lussac-les-Châteaux in , , at the approximate age of 50. As of , Chandos had led a small English patrol of around 300 men from to counter French raiding parties that had been harassing the region and stealing livestock. The encounter occurred amid a broader period of English military setbacks in , where routine patrols carried significant risks due to increasing French incursions under commanders like . In the skirmish against French forces led by captains such as Louis de St. Julien and Carnet le , Chandos taunted the enemy from horseback before dismounting to fight on foot with a battle-axe. Slipping on the frozen ground due to the long robe he wore over his armor, he was struck in the face below the eye by a thrust from a named James de St. Martin (also recorded as Jacques de Saint-Martin in some accounts), with the weapon penetrating to his brain. While some accounts mention a possible contribution or the skirmish occurring near a where he fell after the wound, the thrust to the face is the most consistently reported cause in contemporary chronicles like Froissart. Chandos' men recovered his body from and carried it on shields to the nearby English-held at Morthemer, where he succumbed to his injuries early on 1 January 1370. He was initially buried at the chapel of Les Aubaniaux in Mazerolles, near the site of the skirmish, where a was later erected. The loss of Chandos, a key strategist in earlier English victories, exacerbated the deteriorating position of English forces in the region during this phase of the .

Legacy

Contemporary Assessments

Following his death shortly after the skirmish at Lussac on 31 December 1369, John Chandos was eulogized by the chronicler as a paragon of chivalric virtues, described as "sweet-tempered, courteous, benign, amiable, liberal, courageous, prudent and loyal." further praised Chandos's exceptional valor and strategic acumen, noting his pivotal role in victories such as in 1356, where he loyally guarded the Black Prince without seeking personal prisoners, and in 1364, where his "valour and prudence" secured triumph for the English. He emphasized that "not since a hundred years did there exist among the English one more courteous, nor fuller of every virtue," highlighting Chandos's embodiment of loyalty and honor amid the . The news of Chandos's death elicited profound mourning among the English, particularly from the Black Prince, who was described as "sorely dismayed" by the loss of his closest advisor and companion. Froissart recorded that English knights felt they "had now lost everything," reflecting the widespread grief that underscored Chandos's indispensable role in military councils and campaigns. This sentiment was echoed in other contemporary accounts, such as Knighton's Chronicle, which noted the deep impact on the English forces in . Chandos was consistently noted by chroniclers for his personal qualities of wisdom, bravery, and administrative skill, which set him apart from more impulsive knights of the era. His prudence shone in advising the Black Prince at critical moments, such as urging restraint and tactical strikes at , and in managing complex administrative duties as and of , including treaty enforcement and regional governance. Froissart portrayed him as "so wise and full of devices," a balanced leader whose —evident in fierce combats like wielding a battle-axe at —tempered with discretion contrasted sharply with the recklessness often seen among peers.

Monuments and Honors

A commemorating John Chandos's death in battle stands in the commune of Mazerolles in the of , near the site along the Vienne River where he was mortally wounded on December 31, 1369. The , originally possibly an 11th-century tombstone from the nearby churchyard at Civaux that was adapted for this purpose, was relocated from Lussac-les-Châteaux and is now situated at Les Aubeniaux in a garden along Rue Jean Chandos. It features no but bears an inscription honoring Chandos as a prominent English , and it was classified as a historic in 1909 by authorities. In , Chandos's primary posthumous recognition is preserved in the archives and physical records of the , of which he was a founding in 1348. His enameled brass stall plate, located in St. George's Chapel at on the eleventh stall of the Sovereign's side, displays his —argent, a pile —encircled by the Garter in , "Hony soy qui mal y pense," along with his , , and of a Saracen's head. The plate's inscription identifies him as "Sir John Chandos, first founder," affirming his foundational role in the order established by Edward III. Following his death, fellow knights funded 5,300 masses for his soul, underscoring the esteem in which he was held within the chivalric institution. Chandos's heraldic achievements are also evident in family connections at Radbourne in , the seat of his lineage since the . While no dedicated to him exists in St. Andrew's Parish Church there, the church houses tombs and memorials to his descendants, including the Chandos-Pole family, who adopted the Chandos name in 1807 to honor their ancestor's legacy; Chandos's arms appear in heraldic records tied to these estates. In , where he held the viscountcy of Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte granted in 1360 under the , the keep of the castle—known today as the John Chandos Tower—serves as a modern historical marker of his administrative and military oversight in the region.

Chandos Herald

Authorship and Content

The Chandos Herald, an anonymous biographer who served as the domestic herald to Sir John Chandos, a prominent English and close companion of , (known as the Black Prince), is best known for his verse chronicle documenting the prince's military life. Likely of Hainault origin and active in military circles from around 1360, the herald accompanied Chandos on campaigns and performed ceremonial duties, providing him with an intimate view of events during the . Following Chandos's death in 1369, the herald appears to have shifted focus toward memorializing the Black Prince in his writing. The herald's primary work, La Vie du Prince Noir (The Life of the Black Prince), was composed around 1385, shortly after the Black Prince's death in 1376, and survives in a single late-14th-century manuscript held at Worcester College, Oxford. Written in Anglo-Norman French verse using octosyllabic lines in rhyming couplets, the chronicle adopts an epic style with rubricated section headings and an appendix listing the prince's officers. It is divided into two main parts: the prince's campaigns in France and his expedition to Spain, presented in a chronological narrative that emphasizes chivalric ideals, noble conduct, and the valor of English forces. The content spans the Black Prince's exploits from 1346 to 1376, offering detailed accounts of major engagements such as the (1346), the siege of Calais, the (1356), and the (1367) during the Iberian campaign. These descriptions highlight tactical prowess and personal bravery, with a particular focus on Sir John Chandos's pivotal roles, including his service as and of . As an eyewitness to many events—especially the Spanish expedition of 1366–1367—the herald provides an insider's perspective, drawing on firsthand observations to portray Chandos and the prince as exemplars of .

Historical Value

The Chandos Herald's La Vie du Prince Noir, composed shortly after the death of in 1376, stands as one of the few contemporary eyewitness accounts of key events in the , providing invaluable firsthand insights into English military campaigns from the 1340s to the 1360s. As a herald likely in the service of the Black Prince or , the author offers detailed descriptions of major battles such as Crécy (1346), (1356), and Nájera (1367), including tactical maneuvers, prisoner exchanges like the capture of II at , and aspects of daily military life among knights and soldiers. This proximity to events enhances its status as a , offering a rare personal perspective on 14th-century warfare that is absent in later chronicles. Despite its strengths, the chronicle exhibits clear biases that shape its narrative, primarily a pro-English stance that glorifies the Black Prince and English martial superiority while emphasizing chivalric ideals of knightly valor and noble conduct. Written under within the English courtly circle, it romanticizes triumphs and downplays setbacks, reflecting the knightly of its author and intended audience rather than objective reporting. These biases align with broader medieval chronicling traditions, where to patrons influenced portrayals of conflict. Scholars extensively utilize the text for reconstructing the war's , particularly for details on tactics, sieges like those of and , and the lived experiences of combatants, which illuminate the chivalric culture underpinning English operations. It serves as a key resource in studies of the period's warfare, influencing analyses of Edward III's campaigns and the interplay between and aristocratic values. For instance, its accounts of battle formations and knightly exploits provide essential context for understanding the evolution of English tactics. However, the work's limitations stem from its , form, which prioritizes literary embellishment and rhythmic over factual precision, often introducing interpretive flourishes that obscure exact details. This stylistic choice, influenced by chivalric , reduces its reliability for precise , necessitating corroboration with other sources. Compared to Jean Froissart's more expansive Chronicles, the Herald's biography is concise and tightly focused on the Black Prince but lacks Froissart's broader contextual depth and inclusion of non-noble viewpoints, making it a complementary rather than standalone authority.

Cultural Depictions

Literature

John Chandos has been romanticized in 19th-century as an exemplar of and military prowess, frequently drawing inspiration from the vivid accounts in Jean Froissart's Chronicles and the Life of the Black Prince attributed to the Chandos Herald. These depictions emphasize his role as a loyal companion to , portraying him as a noble warrior whose strategic insight shaped English triumphs in the . A notable example is David Murray Smith's short story "The Death of Sir John Chandos," included in the collection Tales of and the Olden Time (circa 1900), which centers on his dramatic final battle at Lussac-les-Châteaux, highlighting themes of bravery and tragic fate. Arthur Conan Doyle gave Chandos a prominent role in his historical novels (1891) and its prequel (1906), presenting him as a wise, battle-hardened renowned for his counsel and command. In , Chandos acts as the authoritative mentor to the young protagonist Nigel Loring, guiding him through the rigors of knighthood and warfare in , where his tactical brilliance is showcased in skirmishes reflective of Chandos's real-life exploits. Similarly, in , Chandos appears as a seasoned leader among the English forces, embodying the era's ideals of honor and strategic acumen, with his character underscoring the novel's celebration of medieval camaraderie. These portrayals, grounded in Chandos's historical participation in major battles like Crécy and , elevate him as a symbol of English martial excellence. In 20th-century literature, Chandos features in Gordon R. Dickson's Dragon Knight series, which reimagines medieval in a fantasy context starting with (1976). Here, he is depicted as a powerful, intelligent and key ally to the , serving as a reasonable authority figure who aids in quests blending historical warfare with magical elements. His character retains echoes of the strategic mind chronicled in historical sources, adapted to support the series' themes of heroism and interdimensional adventure. Beyond these central appearances, Chandos receives minor mentions in various other Hundred Years' War novels, where authors highlight his reputation for tactical genius to add authenticity to scenes and interactions.

Modern Interpretations

In recent historiography, John Chandos has been reexamined as a quintessential example of the professional soldier-knight whose remains largely enigmatic due to sparse records. Stephen Cooper's 2011 biography, Sir John Chandos: The Perfect Knight, portrays him as a lifelong who never married and had no known children, with his ultimately passing to his sisters and their heirs upon his death, as documented in the Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem for Edward III. Cooper highlights Chandos's nomadic existence as a peripatetic household knight, constantly traveling between and for campaigns and administrative duties in and , often delegating local responsibilities while maintaining a mobile of knights, squires, and servants; this lifestyle, marked by extended periods in the field and limited time at bases like Radbourne in or Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, underscores his dedication to military service over domestic settlement. The work addresses historiographical gaps by drawing on Gascon Rolls and contemporary chronicles to depict Chandos not merely as a chivalric ideal praised by Froissart and Chaucer, but as a profit-driven tactician whose opposition to unpopular taxes demonstrated political acumen, though earlier critics like Delisle () labeled him perfidious. Chandos features prominently in modern visual media focused on the , where he is depicted as a loyal companion to and a master strategist. In the 2009 video game Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War developed by , Chandos appears as a playable historical character and the prince's right-hand guardian, emphasizing his role in battles like and through tactical command mechanics that reflect his real-life prowess in leading English contingents. He also appears in the manga Hawkwood (2010–2015) by Tommy Ohtsuka, portrayed as the Black Prince's mentor. Documentaries on the conflict, such as the 2020 YouTube historical analysis "John Chandos: The Knight of the Greatest Glory," underscore his contributions to English victories, presenting him as a noble yet formidable warrior whose emblem of "Our Lady in Blue" symbolized chivalric devotion amid the war's chaos. These portrayals often draw from primary sources like the Chandos Herald to humanize his itinerant life, contrasting it with more settled contemporaries. Popular online historical discussions and articles further emphasize Chandos's unmarried, wandering persona as emblematic of the era's transient knighthood, influencing views of him as a "knight cut from a different cloth" unbound by family ties. For instance, analyses on dedicated medieval history sites note how his lack of heirs and constant mobility—spanning proxy wars in and —allowed undivided focus on martial exploits, filling narrative voids left by chronicles with inferences of a self-reliant, adventure-driven ethos. This interpretation aligns with broader scholarly trends, as seen in David Green's assessments of Chandos as a "mere bachelor " on the aristocracy's fringes, whose lifestyle enabled rapid rises through merit in Edward III's campaigns.

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