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Elizabeth

Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was of the and 14 other realms from 6 1952 until her , making her the longest-serving in with a reign of 70 years and 214 days. Born as the elder daughter of King George VI and , she acceded to the throne following her father's death at age 25, during a period when her husband, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, supported her transition from princess to sovereign. Her tenure as emphasized constitutional neutrality and ceremonial duties, overseeing the UK's evolution from imperial power to a post-colonial within a modernizing of over member states that she helped sustain through personal diplomacy and annual summits. Key achievements included her wartime as a mechanic and driver in the Auxiliary Territorial Service during World War II, symbolizing resilience, and her global travels to more than 100 countries, fostering international relations amid decolonization waves that reduced direct realms under the crown from dozens to 15 by her death. She marked milestones like the 1953 coronation, the first televised in history, and the 2022 Platinum Jubilee, reflecting public endurance of the institution despite republican sentiments in realms like Australia and Canada. Controversies arose from , including the 1992 marital breakdowns of three of her four children—publicized as her ""—and the 1997 of , which prompted of the family's delayed public and perceived , though institutional constraints limited her . Later scandals, such as Andrew's with leading to his 2019 public from duties, highlighted tensions between private conduct and public , with the queen stripping his titles in 2022 amid legal settlements. These events fueled ongoing debates on the monarchy's taxpayer and , yet empirical polling often showed majority for its stabilizing over elective alternatives during turbulent decades.

People

Monarchs and nobility

Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) reigned as from 17 November 1558 to her death, a period marked by the consolidation of through the of 1559, which established the and reduced Catholic influence amid ongoing religious tensions. Her government defeated the in 1588, a naval victory that thwarted Philip II's invasion plans and bolstered England's maritime dominance, setting the stage for its colonial expansion. This era's cultural flourishing, including patronage of exploration and literature, stemmed from fiscal policies that funded naval reforms and privateering, causal factors in England's transition from a peripheral European power to a global contender. Elizabeth II (21 1926 – 8 2022) acceded to the throne on 6 1952, reigning until her death as the Kingdom's longest-serving at 70 years and 214 days, during which she navigated the empire's into the . Her oversight of processes, including independence grants to in 1947 (pre-reign but continued) and African territories in the 1960s, preserved symbolic ties through voluntary associations rather than , adapting to post-imperial realities amid economic shifts and pressures. She advised or received 15 British prime ministers, from to Liz Truss, upholding constitutional neutrality that stabilized through crises like the of 1956 and Brexit negotiations. Empress Elizabeth Petrovna of Russia (29 December 1709 [O.S. 18 December] – 5 January 1762 [O.S. 24 December 1761]) overthrew the infant Emperor Ivan VI in a bloodless coup on 6 December 1741 [O.S. 25 November], securing the Romanov throne through Guard regiment support and her father Peter I's legacy, ending the brief regency of Anna Leopoldovna. Her autocratic rule expanded Russian influence via entry into the Seven Years' War in 1756 against Prussia and Austria, capturing East Prussia temporarily but straining resources without decisive gains, as military campaigns prioritized territorial ambition over sustainable logistics. Domestically, she fostered Enlightenment arts and architecture, founding Moscow University in 1755, yet enforced serfdom and luxury spending that exacerbated fiscal imbalances. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 – 11 February 1503) served as to from their on 18 January 1486, a that symbolically ended of the Roses by merging Yorkist and Lancastrian claims, stabilizing the nascent dynasty against pretender threats like in 1487. As to , , and Tudor, her ensured dynastic , with her diplomatic efforts and providing political in a court rife with factionalism. Her death from puerperal fever after giving birth to Katherine Tudor underscored the era's high maternal mortality, yet her role as a unifying figure causally underpinned Tudor legitimacy for over a century.

Entertainers

Elizabeth Taylor (1932–2011) achieved prominence as a leading actress in Hollywood, earning the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Butterfield 8 (1960). She starred as Cleopatra in the 1963 epic film of the same name, which became notorious for its production overruns and high costs exceeding $40 million. In the 1980s, Taylor emerged as a pioneering advocate for HIV/AIDS research, co-founding the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) in 1985 and using her celebrity to combat stigma and raise funds amid widespread public fear of the epidemic. Her humanitarian efforts earned her the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1993. Taylor later diversified into business, launching perfumes and jewelry lines under the House of Taylor brand, which generated significant revenue through licensing deals. Elizabeth Banks (born 1974) is an American actress, director, and producer recognized for her multifaceted roles in major franchises. She portrayed Effie Trinket in The Hunger Games series (2012–2015), contributing to films that collectively grossed over $2.9 billion worldwide. Banks made her directorial debut with Pitch Perfect 2 (2015), which opened to $69 million domestically, setting a record for a first-time director at the time. As a producer on the Pitch Perfect trilogy (2012–2017), she oversaw a franchise that earned approximately $916 million globally, surpassing her financial returns from The Hunger Games, Spider-Man, or The Lego Movie series. Her production credits extend to theatrical and streaming projects, emphasizing commercially viable entertainment properties. Elizabeth Olsen (born 1989) transitioned from cinema to stardom, debuting in the Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011), where her portrayal of a escapee earned critical acclaim and a 90% approval on . She assumed the of Maximoff, the , in the starting with Avengers: (2015), reprising it through WandaVision (2021) and Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), her final live-action appearance in the franchise to date. Olsen's MCU tenure involved high-stakes action sequences and character-driven narratives, elevating her from indie roots to global recognition, though she has expressed preference for theatrical releases over streaming-only projects. Elizabeth Hurley (born 1965) gained international fame as Vanessa Kensington in Austin Powers: of (1997), a satirical spy that parodied tropes and launched a successful . She established the swimwear line in 2005, focusing on sustainable and flattering designs that expanded into a broader lifestyle brand emphasizing wellness and fitness. Hurley sustained her career through modeling campaigns, including long-term associations with Estée Lauder, and television appearances, such as starring in the series The Royals (2015–2018), while continuing to model into her 50s with photoshoots highlighting her enduring physical fitness. Her business acumen has supported a net worth estimated at $50 million as of 2025.

Musicians and composers

, Woolridge , released her major-label debut on , , which peaked at number 2 on the . The fused retro Americana influences with themes of and cinematic , establishing her as a distinctive in pop. By , Del Rey's overall had surpassed million equivalent sales worldwide, with alone accounting for over 7 million units. Elizabeth Fraser, lead vocalist of the Cocteau Twins, contributed to the band's 1984 album Treasure, which refined their signature "ethereal" sound through layered guitars, reverb-heavy production, and Fraser's glossolalic vocals, laying groundwork for the ethereal wave subgenre and later dream pop acts. Fraser's vocal style, often described as wordless or invented-language singing, influenced ambient and shoegaze music. In 1998, she provided vocals for Massive Attack's "Teardrop," a trip-hop track that reached number 10 on the UK Singles Chart and exemplified her ability to blend emotive, abstract delivery with electronic rhythms. Elizabeth Mitchell, born in 1968, is a and Americana musician specializing in family-oriented acoustic recordings, releasing You Are My Little Bird in 2006 via , which emphasized simple instrumentation like guitar, , and percussion alongside traditional and original for children. Her work prioritizes authentic, unpolished rooted in and traditions, earning two Grammy nominations for best children's . Mitchell's discography includes over ten releases, focusing on communal singing and natural themes to foster early musical engagement without electronic production.

Scientists and intellectuals

Elizabeth (–) became the to earn a medical degree, graduating from on January 23, 1849, after overcoming widespread institutional resistance to female admission in medical education. In 1857, she co-founded the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children with her , establishing the first in the U.S. staffed and operated by women to provide clinical opportunities for female physicians and address barriers in medical practice. Her efforts emphasized practical medical education for women, drawing on empirical needs for expanded healthcare access amid opposition from male-dominated professional bodies. Elizabeth Loftus (born 1944), a cognitive psychologist, pioneered research on the misinformation effect in the 1970s, demonstrating through experiments—such as the 1974 car-crash study—how post-event information alters eyewitness recollections, revealing memory's susceptibility to suggestion rather than fixed recording. She has provided expert testimony or consultation in hundreds of legal cases, including high-profile trials, underscoring empirical evidence against overreliance on eyewitness confidence in judicial determinations of guilt. Her work, grounded in controlled laboratory paradigms, has empirically challenged presumptions of memory infallibility, influencing reforms in evidentiary standards by highlighting causal pathways from external cues to reconstructive errors. Elizabeth Gould, a at , provided key empirical evidence in the 1990s for in , including marmosets and macaques, showing new generation in the and neocortical association areas via bromodeoxyuridine labeling and histological analysis. Her publications, such as those in Science (1999) and Nature Neuroscience (1999), documented hippocampal plasticity mechanisms, including stress-induced dendritic remodeling and learning-enhanced survival, overturning prior doctrines of immutable adult structure through direct observational data from non-human . These findings established causal links between environmental factors and neural adaptability, advancing understandings of resilience and pathology.

Politicians and public figures

( July 29, ) served as U.S. of from to under , overseeing initiatives that enhanced and standards, including efforts to standardize truck braking systems and promote air traffic control modernization, which contributed to measurable reductions in transportation-related fatalities during the period. Her advocacy for market-oriented reforms aligned with the Reagan administration's deregulation of surface transportation modes, where empirical data from the era indicate increased competition led to efficiency gains and lower shipping costs, fostering broader economic expansion in logistics sectors. Dole later held the position of U.S. Senator from from to , prioritizing legislation on family support, rural access, and fiscal restraint, though her defeat in the reelection reflected voter shifts amid the . Elizabeth Warren (born June 22, 1949) has represented in the U.S. since 2013, emerging as a proponent of financial regulatory expansion following her role in conceptualizing the (CFPB) established by the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act to address predatory lending practices exposed in the 2008 . The CFPB's enforcement actions have returned over $16 billion to consumers through redress by 2023, yet analyses from regulatory economists highlight overreach, with compliance expenditures exceeding $20 billion annually for banks, correlating with reduced lending to small businesses and higher operational costs passed to customers per industry-reported data. Warren's 2020 presidential campaign and subsequent proposals, targeting households with net worth over $50 million at rates 3 percent on fortunes above $1 billion, have drawn scrutiny for incentivizing asset relocation, as historical evidence from European wealth taxes—repealed in 12 countries since 1990—shows capital outflows exceeding 10 percent of targeted wealth in some cases, distorting investment and yielding net revenue shortfalls after evasion adjustments. Elizabeth May (born June 9, 1954) led the from 2006 to 2019 and resumed leadership in 2023, serving as the party's sole for [Saanich—Gulf Islands](/page/Saanich—Gulf Islands) since her 2008 election victory, which marked the first federal in Canadian . May has championed policies emphasizing decarbonization, including carbon and opposition to expansions, influencing cross-party on aligned with the , though Canada's emissions share remains under 2 percent of global totals, limiting unilateral impact per international energy agency assessments. In early 2025, amid House of Commons disruptions, she advocated for stricter procedural reforms to restore debate civility, including proposals to curb heckling and enhance Speaker authority, while navigating internal party challenges such as leadership transitions and past harassment allegations that prompted governance reviews. Her environmental platform has elevated biodiversity protections, yet critiques from economic analyses point to potential output losses from stringent regulations, with modeling indicating GDP reductions of 1-2 percent under full Green policy implementation due to energy sector contractions without equivalent foreign emission offsets.

Business leaders and innovators

Elizabeth , Florence Graham (–), established a pioneering enterprise beginning with a on Fifth in in , which evolved into a global brand emphasizing scientific skincare formulations and distinctive red-door branding. Her innovations included early adoption of pH-balanced creams and comprehensive beauty regimens tailored to skin types, which differentiated her products from competitors reliant on basic cold creams, enabling expansion to over 100 international salons by the mid-20th century. By the time of her death in , the company generated annual revenues equivalent to approximately $500 million in today's dollars, reflecting successful franchising and product diversification amid limited female access to capital and markets. Elizabeth Holmes (born 1984) launched in 2003 after of , promoting a purportedly capable of hundreds of blood tests from finger-prick samples to revolutionize diagnostics with minimal invasiveness and cost. The technology, however, failed to deliver on these claims due to inaccurate results and reliance on third-party equipment misrepresented as , leading to regulatory scrutiny and investor losses exceeding $700 million. In January 2022, Holmes was convicted on four counts of wire fraud and for deliberately deceiving investors, partners, and patients about the 's efficacy, resulting in a sentence of 11 years and 3 months in federal prison imposed on November 18, 2022, with restitution ordered alongside her former executive Ramesh Balwani. This case exemplifies the perils of prioritizing narrative-driven hype over rigorous empirical testing, as internal validations were suppressed and demonstrations rigged to sustain valuations peaking at $9 billion.

Other individuals

Elizabeth Griscom Ross (January 1, 1752 – May 30, 1836), commonly known as , was a upholsterer and seamstress active during the . Business records document her shop's contracts to produce tents, sails, and flags for the Pennsylvania Navy and , reflecting her contributions to wartime logistics. A legend originating from her grandson's 1870 affidavit asserts that Ross designed and sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag in 1776 after a visit from and others seeking a circle of 13 stars, but no contemporaneous documents or eyewitness accounts corroborate this, positioning the tale as unsubstantiated folklore amid scarce primary evidence for the flag's early design. Elizabeth Ann Gilmour Smart (born November 3, 1988) is an American advocate for child safety. On June 5, 2002, the 14-year-old was abducted at knifepoint from her bedroom by Brian David Mitchell, a prophet, and his wife Wanda Barzee, who held her captive for nine months across and , subjecting her to repeated and forced labor. Smart was rescued on March 12, 2003, after bystanders recognized Mitchell from wanted sketches; her testimony at trial led to Mitchell's federal conviction on and charges, resulting in a life sentence in 2010, while Barzee received a reduced term after cooperating. In 2011, she established the Elizabeth Smart Foundation to fund prevention technologies and lobby for laws strengthening AMBER Alerts and prosecuting child exploitation, influencing federal expansions like the 2003 PROTECT Act.

Arts and media

Films and television

Elizabeth is a 1998 British biographical drama film directed by , starring as I of , depicting her ascension to the throne in 1558 and early challenges including religious conflicts and court intrigues. The film had a of $30 million and grossed $82 million worldwide. It received for Best Makeup and Best Costume Design. Elizabeth R is a 1971 miniseries consisting of six episodes, portraying the life of from her imprisonment under Mary I to her later reign, with in the title role emphasizing the queen's political acumen and personal isolation. Jackson's performance earned her two : Outstanding Lead in a Drama Series and Outstanding Lead in a Limited Series or Movie. The production prioritized historical fidelity, recreating costumes from contemporary portraits such as the Darnley and Phoenix portraits. The Elizabeth Smart Story is a 2003 American made-for-television film directed by , dramatizing the June 2002 kidnapping of 14-year-old from her home by Brian David Mitchell and Wanda Barzee, who held her captive for until her . portrayed , with the focusing on the family's search efforts and surrounding the case. The film aired on and drew from real , including Smart's abduction at knifepoint and subsequent attempts by her captors.

Literature and theater

In literature, Queen Elizabeth I the of extensive biographical works, including Alison Weir's The Life of Elizabeth I (1998), which examines her reign through primary documents such as papers and , portraying her as a shrewd who navigated religious conflicts and foreign threats while maintaining England's stability. Weir's analysis highlights Elizabeth's strategic use of marriage negotiations as diplomatic tools rather than personal commitments, supported by archival evidence of her interactions with suitors like Robert Dudley. Fictional portrayals include , the protagonist of Jane Austen's (1813), depicted as an intelligent and independent young woman whose quick wit and moral judgment challenge Regency-era social norms on class and marriage. Bennet's , marked by overcoming initial prejudices through and evidence-based reassessment of others, underscores Austen's critique of superficial judgments, with her refusal of unsuitable proposals emphasizing personal agency over economic security. In theater, Maxwell Anderson's Elizabeth the Queen (1930), written in , centers on the tension between and her advisor , exploring the constraints of on desires amid plots like the Essex Rebellion. The play draws from historical records of their relationship to depict Elizabeth's prioritization of national security over romance, reflecting her documented policies against factionalism and her reliance on loyal counselors.

Music works

"Elizabeth" is a song by the American country group the Statler Brothers, released in 1983 as the title track from their album Today. The track, written by Don Schlitz and Randy Travis, features sentimental lyrics about lost love and reached number 12 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. Frank Sinatra recorded "Elizabeth" for his 1970 concept album Watertown, composed by Bob Gaudio and Jake Holmes with lyrics evoking youthful romance and disillusionment. The song's melancholic arrangement reflects the album's theme of suburban regret. The band released "Elizabeth" in 1981 on their Go for It, a satirical track critiquing British monarchy and institutional privilege through raw, lyrics. Instrumental works include "" by , a jazz-influenced from their 1970 live At Fillmore East, named after a woman involved in a 1909 lynching and often performed in extended improvisational sets. Albums titled Elizabeth encompass the self-titled debut by the American psychedelic rock band Elizabeth, released in 1968 on , blending folk, prog, and elements in tracks like "Listen" and "Pretty Song from Way Out West." Japanese singer issued Elizabeth in 2003 under , her third studio charting at number 60 on the with pop and R&B influences. In classical and light music, Ronald Binge's "Elizabethan Serenade" (1951), originally titled "Andante Cantabile," is an orchestral piece evoking Tudor-era , popularized by the orchestra and used in . John Tavener's "Elizabeth – Full of Grace" (2002) is a choral composition honoring Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, incorporating Russian Orthodox liturgical styles to depict her martyrdom.

Places

In Australia

Elizabeth is a northern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, developed as a planned satellite city to address post-World War II housing shortages and accommodate migrant workers. The South Australian Housing Trust initiated the project in 1954 by acquiring approximately 1,200 hectares of land near Salisbury, with construction of the township beginning that year; it was officially inaugurated on 16 November 1955 by Premier Sir Thomas Playford and named in honor of Queen Elizabeth II during her reign. The suburb's population was recorded as 10,820 at the 2021 Australian Census. Elizabeth evolved into an center, anchored by the General Motors vehicle assembly plant established in 1963, which produced models including and Cruze vehicles until its on 20 October 2017, ending Australia's automotive manufacturing era and leading to over 900 direct job losses. Post-closure, the local economy has shifted toward , advanced , and , supported by proximity to major routes like the Northern Expressway, though unemployment rates in the broader Playford area remain elevated compared to state averages.

In the Bahamas

Elizabeth Harbour is a large harbor located on the island of Great Exuma in the Exuma district of , situated between Great Exuma and the barrier island of Stocking Island. approximately one mile in width and seven miles in length, it offers sheltered anchorages protected from the open Exuma Sound, making it one of the largest and most secure harbors in the region. The harbor's clear, waters and surrounding cays have historically facilitated activities, including and . Historically, Elizabeth Harbour served as a strategic site for maritime operations beginning in the 17th century, when it functioned as a hideout for pirates, providing protected waters for resupply and evasion. By the 18th century, following the decline of widespread piracy, the harbor became integral to colonial routes in the Bahamas, supporting the export of goods such , cotton, and timber from Exuma's plantations to British and American markets after the islands' Loyalist settlement in the 1780s. George Town, the principal settlement on Great Exuma's shore along the harbor, was established as the Port of Exuma around 1793, enhancing its role in regional commerce. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the harbor continued as a refitting for , underscoring its geographic advantages for ship amid and needs. In , the utilized Elizabeth Harbour as a seaplane , leveraging its calm waters for and operations in the . Today, the harbor remains a vital hub for tourism and local boating, with George Town serving as a gateway for visitors exploring the Exumas' cays and reefs. Nearby, Elizabeth Island is a small, privately owned 38-acre cay positioned within or adjacent to the harbor, approximately three miles east of George Town, valued for its waterfront access and but lacking significant historical beyond its .

In the United States

, is a and of , located on . Founded in 1664 as Elizabethtown by English settlers who purchased land from the , it became the first permanent English settlement in the . The settlement was named for Elizabeth Carteret, wife of Sir George Carteret, a proprietor of the colony. It served as New Jersey's first capital under provisional government before the state capital moved to Perth Amboy. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 137,298, reflecting a diverse community with residents from over 50 countries. The features a major deep-water port as part of the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, handling significant container shipping via the Arthur Kill waterway and supporting industrial manufacturing and logistics. Elizabeth, Colorado, is a statutory town in Elbert County, southeast of . Established as a along Running in 1855 and relocated after flooding, it was formally incorporated on October 10, 1890, with an initial of about 300. The town's growth accelerated in the late 20th and early 21st centuries due to its proximity to the , attracting commuters and new development. As of the , the was 1,675, with projections estimating around 2,980 by 2025 amid annual growth rates exceeding 9%. Smaller unincorporated communities and hamlets named Elizabeth exist in states including , , , , and , but lack significant population or historical prominence; for example, Elizabeth in , had 724 residents in 2020.

In other countries

, a in South Africa's province, was known as Port Elizabeth from its establishment on May 6, 1820, until its official renaming on February 23, 2021. The original name commemorated Elizabeth Frances Somerset, wife of Lord Charles Henry Somerset, acting governor of the , following the arrival of British settlers at . Founded as a provisioning station for the —around 4,000 British emigrants dispatched to bolster the frontier against incursions—it evolved into a key port for wool exports and later automobile manufacturing, with the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality encompassing over 1.2 million residents as of the 2011 census. The 2021 redesignation to Gqeberha, derived from a word approximating "the bay" or referencing the region's watery origins, aimed to restore pre-colonial linguistic roots amid post-apartheid efforts to deanglicize place names, though the Elizabeth moniker persists in informal and commercial usage.

Transportation

Ships and vessels

The RMS Queen Elizabeth was an built for the by in Clydebank, Scotland, and entered on 3 March 1940 primarily as a during , rather than for commercial transatlantic voyages. During the war, she transported over 750,000 Allied troops across multiple trooping voyages, including to the Middle East and Pacific theaters, often zigzagging unescorted at high speeds to evade U-boats. She did not begin regular passenger until October 1946, after refitting in Southampton, but faced declining viability in the jet age; sold in 1970 for conversion to a floating hotel in Hong Kong, the project failed, leading to her scrapping in 1972 at Hong Kong's Inverkeithing yards. The MS Queen Elizabeth, a Vista-class cruise ship built by Fincantieri in Monfalcone, Italy, for Cunard Line, was launched in 2010 with a capacity for 2,091 passengers and entered service on 12 October 2010 after maiden voyages from Southampton. In February–March 2025, she underwent a major refit at Seatrium's Admiralty Yard in Singapore from 25 February to 13 March, introducing updated suites, new dining venues, and enhanced public spaces to modernize amenities while maintaining Art Deco styling. Post-refit, the vessel resumed operations with itineraries emphasizing regions like the Caribbean and Alaska, accommodating up to 2,000 guests in luxury configurations. The Elizabeth II is a 69-foot replica sailing vessel constructed in 1983 at Manteo, North Carolina, representing the smaller flyboats used in the English Roanoke Voyages of 1584–1587, with a square-rigged design and period-appropriate features for historical demonstration. Launched as part of the North Carolina state's 400th anniversary commemoration of the 1585 voyage, she undertook her maiden sailing voyage on 19 September 1985 from Manteo to ports including Ocracoke and Beaufort, serving educational purposes. Moored permanently at Roanoke Island Festival Park in the Outer Banks since 2012, she functions as an interactive exhibit for visitors to explore Elizabethan maritime history and the Lost Colony narrative, with costumed interpreters aboard.

Other transport

The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Princess Royal Class included locomotive No. 6201 Princess Elizabeth, a 4-6-2 Pacific steam engine constructed at Crewe Works in 1933 at a cost of £11,675. Named for the seven-year-old Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II), daughter of the Duke and Duchess of York, it entered service on the West Coast Main Line and hauled express passenger trains until withdrawal from British Railways stock in 1961. The locomotive was preserved shortly thereafter and is now operated by the volunteer-maintained 6201 Princess Elizabeth Society, which restored it to mainline standard by 2007 after prior overhauls in 1991 and 1969; it has since participated in heritage rail tours, including the 2013 Bloodhound SSC runs and annual runs on the Settle-Carlisle line. In the United States, saddle-tank switcher SEH No. 4, built in 1929 at the Clare Shops as a 0-6-0T oil-burning , was nicknamed St. Elizabeth or Little Lizzie for its frequent use in shop duties at the railroad's Clare facility in . Weighing 28 tons with 30-inch drivers and capable of speeds up to 20 mph, it served until retirement in the mid-20th century and remains preserved at the , exemplifying early 20th-century industrial switching locomotives. No major commercial aircraft have been prominently named Elizabeth, though WWII-era Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress 42-102547 of the U.S. Army Air Forces 306th Bomb Group was christened Rose of York in 1943 specifically to honor Princess Elizabeth during her visit to an RAF base, reflecting wartime Allied naming practices for morale and diplomacy.

Other uses

Brands and products

Elizabeth Arden is a cosmetics, skincare, and fragrance brand founded in 1910 by Florence Nightingale Graham, who adopted the professional name Elizabeth Arden and opened her first salon on Fifth Avenue in New York City. The company pioneered modern beauty industry practices, including the use of celebrity endorsements—such as partnering with figures like Gene Tierney in the mid-20th century—and expanded to over 100 countries with product lines emphasizing scientific formulations for skin care and makeup. By 2016, Elizabeth Arden, Inc. generated annual revenue of $967 million before its acquisition by Revlon. Purely Elizabeth is a natural foods brand specializing in , , and mixes made with and superfoods, founded in 2009 by Elizabeth in her . The company grew through retail partnerships with chains like Whole Foods and reported annual revenue of $147 million as of early 2025, emphasizing clean-label products of artificial additives. Elizabeth Grant International is a skincare brand offering anti-aging serums, creams, and treatments, established by chemist and available through direct sales and retailers. It focuses on products incorporating hexapeptide technology for reduction, with a presence in North American markets since the early .

Fictional characters and works

Elizabeth Bennet is the protagonist of Jane Austen's novel , first published on January 28, 1813. As the second eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, she demonstrates keen intelligence, quick wit, and a reluctance to conform to the marriage expectations of Regency-era England, navigating social intricacies and personal misjudgments in her pursuit of authentic connection. Her character arc, involving initial prejudice against the wealthy Mr. Darcy followed by self-reflection, underscores themes of individual merit over class prejudice. Elizabeth Swann, portrayed by , features prominently across the five films released from 2003 to 2017 by . Initially the daughter of Swann in colonial , she transitions into an adventurous pirate, invoking the "" to claim leadership as Pirate King in At World's End (2007), symbolizing rebellion against rigid societal and constraints in a swashbuckling narrative. Her alliance with and Captain drives plots centered on curses, betrayals, and naval pursuits. Liz Lemon serves as the central figure in the NBC sitcom 30 Rock, which aired from October 11, 2006, to January 31, 2013, created and portrayed by . As head writer for the fictional sketch show TGS with , Lemon embodies the harried navigating production demands, eccentric colleagues like Morgan's , and insecurities, often through self-deprecating humor and improvised problem-solving. The role draws from Fey's experiences at , highlighting backstage television dynamics and work-life imbalances. Elizabeth, also known as Anna DeWitt, is the in the 2013 BioShock Infinite developed by . Confined since infancy in the floating city of due to her reality-tearing abilities, she aids protagonist Booker DeWitt in unraveling conspiracies tied to religious zealotry and quantum anomalies, evolving from sheltered captive to empowered agent in subsequent Burial at Sea episodes. Her narrative role critiques and paternalistic control, with integrating her powers for dynamic environmental interactions.

Miscellaneous

In typography, the "Elizabeth set" refers to a collection of 16th-century typefaces associated with the , characterized by their use in English presses during I's , influencing early modern book production with Gothic and styles adapted for texts. These sets, often hand-cut and limited in variety, facilitated the of and documents, though specific attributions to printers remain debated due to inconsistent archival . The name Elizabeth maintains cultural relevance in contemporary naming trends, as demonstrated by its inclusion in celebrity births signaling enduring appeal. On March 6, 2025, British actors and Mark Wright announced the birth of their daughter, Palma Elizabeth Wright, highlighting a resurgence of compound names combining unique first elements with classic middles like Elizabeth for 2025 predictions. This choice aligns with data showing Elizabeth's consistent top-tier popularity, derived from its meaning "God is my oath," without notable decline despite modern variants.

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