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Junta

A junta is a committee or council, typically comprising military officers, that seizes and wields executive power in a state following a coup d'état or analogous forceful overthrow of civilian authority, suspending constitutional norms until a successor regime is installed.^[1]^[2] The term derives from Spanish and Portuguese words denoting a meeting or assembly, originally applied to deliberative bodies in colonial administration before evolving in the 20th century to signify authoritarian military governance, prevalent in regions like Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia amid institutional fragility.^[3] Juntas are defined by collective leadership among high-ranking officers, which can constrain individual dictators through shared decision-making, though power often centralizes over time; empirical analyses indicate that collegial structures, as in 1970s Argentina and Brazil, correlate with moderated internal repression compared to single-leader military rule, yet frequently entail economic restructuring and anti-communist purges justified as stabilizing measures.^[4]^[5] Controversies surrounding juntas center on their suppression of political opposition and civil liberties to maintain order, with post-coup repression empirically linked to heightened state violence regardless of success in quelling immediate threats, as regimes prioritize regime survival over broad legitimacy.^[6] While some juntas have overseen infrastructural development or macroeconomic stabilization in chaotic contexts, their tenure often perpetuates dependency on coercion, yielding mixed long-term outcomes dependent on power diffusion within the ruling cadre rather than inherent ideological coherence.^[4]

Political and military governance

Etymology and definition

A junta denotes a deliberative or administrative council, especially a military-led committee that seizes and exercises governmental authority following a coup d'état, prior to the establishment of a constitutional regime.^[7] In political contexts, it typically involves a small group of high-ranking officers or officials consolidating power through extralegal means, often suspending civil liberties and democratic institutions to maintain order or pursue ideological objectives.^[2] This structure contrasts with elected assemblies, emphasizing hierarchical command over representative deliberation.^[1] The term originates from Spanish junta, meaning "meeting" or "joined," borrowed into English in the early 17th century via Spanish and Portuguese influences.^[8] It stems from Latin iuncta, the feminine past participle of iungere ("to join"), reflecting Proto-Indo-European roots *yeug- associated with yoking or uniting.^[8] Initially applied to any advisory body or faction, its connotation shifted in the 19th and 20th centuries toward provisional ruling cliques amid upheaval, as seen in Iberian and Latin American contexts where local councils formed during invasions or independence struggles.^[9] By the mid-20th century, "junta" had become synonymous in English with military dictatorships, particularly in decolonizing or unstable regions.^[7]

Historical development

The concept of the junta as a governing body traces its roots to medieval and early modern Spain, where it denoted provisional councils or assemblies formed to address crises, often comprising nobles, clergy, and local officials advising the monarchy. These bodies gained prominence during periods of royal incapacity or external threat, evolving from ad hoc committees to more structured entities for collective decision-making. By the 16th and 17th centuries, juntas operated in colonial administration across Spanish America, handling regional governance and fiscal matters under viceregal oversight.^[10] A pivotal shift occurred during the Peninsular War (1808–1814), when Napoleon's invasion and the abdication of Ferdinand VII prompted the formation of provincial juntas across Spain to organize resistance and assume sovereign authority in the king's absence. The Junta Suprema Central, established in September 1808 at Aranjuez, centralized these efforts, declaring itself the legitimate government, raising armies, imposing taxes, and allying with Britain; it relocated to Cádiz amid French advances and convened the Cortes of Cádiz, influencing liberal constitutionalism. This usage extended to Spanish colonies, where autonomy movements spawned juntas suprema, such as the one in Caracas on April 19, 1810, which deposed the viceroy and initiated Venezuela's independence war, alongside similar bodies in Buenos Aires (May 25, 1810), Bogotá, and Santiago, marking juntas as instruments of revolutionary provisional rule against imperial authority.^[11]^[12] In the 20th century, amid post-colonial instability and economic turmoil in new republics, juntas transitioned toward military-dominated structures, often seizing power via coups to impose order. Portugal's 1926 coup d'état exemplified this, as army officers overthrew the First Republic on May 28, establishing a military dictatorship that evolved into the corporatist Estado Novo under António de Oliveira Salazar by 1933, prioritizing stability over parliamentary chaos. In Latin America, this pattern proliferated: Chile's 1924 military intervention toppled President Arturo Alessandri amid hyperinflation and labor unrest, installing a junta that ruled briefly before civilian transitions; Brazil's 1964 coup installed an initial military junta under generals like Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, suspending democracy for 21 years of authoritarian rule; and Bolivia's 1936 regime under David Toro introduced "military socialism" post-Chaco War defeat, blending nationalism with state intervention. These cases reflected juntas' adaptation to modern praetorianism, where armed forces justified intervention as guardians against perceived communist threats or governance failures, often with U.S. tacit support during the Cold War.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Characteristics and structure

A military junta is characteristically structured as a committee or council composed of high-ranking officers from the armed forces, who assume control following a coup d'état and exercise collective executive authority.^[5] ^[16] This organizational form aims to distribute power among members, typically drawn from different military branches or services, to foster internal checks and prevent the rise of a singular dictator, though empirical patterns show frequent evolution toward personalist rule by a dominant figure.^[4] Decision-making occurs through consensus or majority voting within the junta, with policies enacted via decrees rather than legislative processes, bypassing civilian institutions.^[17] Key structural features include centralized command over security apparatus, where the military retains direct control of key ministries such as defense, interior, and intelligence, while subordinating or purging civilian bureaucracies.^[18] Juntas often establish provisional governing bodies, such as revolutionary councils, to legitimize rule temporarily, but these rarely transition swiftly to democratic governance, with average durations exceeding five years in historical cases.^[4] Leadership rotation or term limits may be nominally imposed to maintain collegiality, yet loyalty to the junta supersedes merit in appointments, fostering patronage networks within the officer corps.^[17] Characteristic governance traits encompass authoritarian centralization, with suspension of constitutions, dissolution of parliaments, and imposition of states of emergency or martial law to consolidate power.^[18] Regimes prioritize internal security, employing the military for policing and suppressing dissent through media censorship, arbitrary detentions, and persecution of opponents, often rationalized as defenses against subversion or chaos.^[17] ^[18] Economic policies vary but commonly feature state intervention, nationalization of industries, and anti-corruption purges targeting pre-junta elites, though corruption within the junta itself remains prevalent due to unchecked authority.^[4] Foreign relations emphasize alignment with sympathetic powers for military aid, while isolating from adversaries perceived as threats to regime stability.^[17]

Notable historical examples

One prominent example is the Greek military junta, which seized power through a coup on April 21, 1967, overthrowing the democratic government amid fears of communist influence and political instability. Led initially by Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos, the regime—known as the "Regime of the Colonels"—suspended the constitution, imposed martial law, and suppressed political opposition through mass arrests and torture, ruling until its collapse on July 24, 1974, following the failed invasion of Cyprus.^[19]^[20] In Argentina, a military junta established after the coup on March 24, 1976, ousted President Isabel Perón and governed until 1983, under leaders including General Jorge Rafael Videla. The regime conducted the "Dirty War," systematically targeting suspected left-wing subversives, resulting in an estimated 30,000 disappearances through state-sponsored kidnappings, torture, and extrajudicial killings, often justified as counterinsurgency against guerrilla groups like the Montoneros.^[21]^[22] The junta's rule ended after military defeat in the 1982 Falklands War, leading to trials for human rights abuses.^[23] The Chilean military junta formed on September 11, 1973, following a coup that overthrew socialist President Salvador Allende, with General Augusto Pinochet emerging as de facto leader of the four-man body comprising army, navy, air force, and police heads. It dismantled democratic institutions, implemented neoliberal economic reforms under the "Chicago Boys" advisors, and repressed opposition, causing over 3,000 deaths or disappearances and widespread torture as documented in the 1991 Rettig Report.^[24]^[25] Pinochet consolidated power by 1974, ruling as president until a 1988 plebiscite defeat forced a transition to democracy in 1990.^[26] Brazil's military regime began with a coup on March 31, 1964, deposing President João Goulart, initially governed by a short-lived triumvirate junta before transitioning to sequential presidents under military oversight until 1985. The government enacted Institutional Acts to curb civil liberties, suppressed leftist movements, and oversaw torture and censorship, with an estimated 434 deaths or disappearances per official records, while pursuing economic developmentalism that achieved growth but widened inequality.^[15]^[27] The regime ended through gradual redemocratization amid economic crises and public protests.^[28]

Modern examples and recent developments

In the 21st century, military juntas have reemerged prominently in Africa and Asia, often amid claims of combating insecurity, corruption, and ineffective governance. Since 2020, at least eight African nations have experienced successful coups leading to junta rule, including Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad, Guinea, Niger, Sudan, and Gabon, with juntas frequently citing jihadist insurgencies and state fragility as justifications.^[29] ^[30] These developments reflect a regional pattern in the Sahel and West Africa, where juntas have delayed promised transitions to civilian rule, as seen in Mali's postponement of elections originally slated for February 2024.^[31] Myanmar's State Administration Council (SAC), established following the February 1, 2021, coup against the elected government of Aung San Suu Kyi, exemplifies an ongoing Asian junta. Led by Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, the SAC has faced widespread resistance, including armed insurgencies from ethnic militias and the National Unity Government, resulting in over 5,000 deaths and displacement of millions by mid-2025.^[32] Despite international sanctions and UN reports documenting atrocities, the junta announced plans in August 2025 for elections to transition to a "disciplined multiparty democratic system," though critics argue these would entrench military dominance under the 2008 constitution.^[33] In West Africa, Mali's National Committee for the Salvation of the People (CNSP), under Colonel Assimi Goïta, seized power in coups on August 18, 2020, and May 24, 2021, promising to address jihadist threats and economic woes exacerbated by prior civilian mismanagement.^[34] Similar dynamics unfolded in Burkina Faso with the September 2022 coup by the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration (MPSR), led by Captain Ibrahim Traoré, who ousted a prior junta amid escalating Islamist violence that killed over 1,000 in 2022 alone. Niger's July 26, 2023, coup by the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland (CNSP), headed by General Abdourahamane Tchiani, followed protests against President Mohamed Bazoum's handling of insecurity and alleged foreign influence.^[29] Recent developments as of October 2025 highlight junta consolidation and external alliances, with several regimes expelling Western forces in favor of Russian Wagner Group or Africa Corps mercenaries for counterinsurgency support, as in Mali and Burkina Faso.^[31] Madagascar's October 14, 2025, military ouster of President Andry Rajoelina by elite army units amid protests marks a potential addition to this trend, though the transitional authority's structure remains fluid.^[30] These juntas have broadly suspended constitutions, restricted media, and faced ECOWAS sanctions, yet public support in some cases stems from disillusionment with democratic predecessors' failures in delivering security and development.^[35]

Causes, outcomes, and evaluations

The emergence of military juntas is commonly triggered by civilian governments' failures to address acute crises, such as economic mismanagement, rampant corruption, and ineffective responses to security threats including terrorism and insurgency.^[36] ^[37] Politicization of the armed forces plays a pivotal role, as officers leverage institutional grievances over weak civilian control and resource allocation to justify intervention, often rationalizing coups as necessary restorations of order.^[38] ^[39] These conditions foster environments where juntas form collegial ruling bodies, drawing on military hierarchies to consolidate power rapidly amid public disillusionment with democratic processes.^[40] Outcomes under junta rule invariably feature authoritarian consolidation, with suppression of dissent through emergency decrees, media censorship, and deployment of pro-government militias, leading to widespread human rights abuses including thousands of political imprisonments and enforced disappearances in cases like Latin American regimes of the 1970s-1980s.^[41] ^[42] Economically, results diverge: some juntas pursued orthodox fiscal austerity and market-oriented reforms, yielding GDP growth in isolated instances, while others encountered hyperinflation, debt defaults, and recessions, as evidenced by per capita GDP declines exceeding 40% in certain South American contexts during the period.^[43] ^[44] Transitions often occur after 5-15 years, prompted by internal fractures, international sanctions, or military defeats, yielding hybrid regimes rather than full democracies.^[4] Evaluations highlight juntas' limited efficacy, with short-term gains in order frequently outweighed by entrenched repression and institutional erosion that hinder sustainable development. Political science analyses note that collegial juntas, unlike personalized dictatorships, struggle with internal cohesion, contributing to higher rates of democratic backsliding post-rule due to militarized state legacies and diminished civil society.^[4] ^[45] In Africa and Asia, empirical records underscore failures in governance delivery, perpetuating poverty and conflict cycles, as military interventions rarely resolve root causes like elite predation absent broader reforms.^[46] ^[47] Overall, while justified by proponents as bulwarks against chaos, juntas' causal pathways—rooted in coercive hierarchies—systematically undermine long-term stability and prosperity, per cross-regional studies.^[38]

Cultural depictions

In arts and entertainment

The term "junta" features in cinema primarily through portrayals of historical military regimes, emphasizing themes of repression, disappearances, and resistance. Costa-Gavras's Z (1969) dramatizes the 1963 assassination of Greek deputy Grigoris Lambrakis and the ensuing investigation thwarted by the military junta that seized power in 1967, reflecting outrage at the regime's suppression of dissent.^[48] ^[49] The film, banned by the junta until its fall in 1974, earned Academy Award nominations for Best Foreign Language Film and Best Picture.^[50] Similarly, Costa-Gavras's Missing (1982) recounts the real-life 1973 disappearance of American journalist Charles Horman amid the Chilean military junta's coup against Salvador Allende, critiquing U.S. complicity in the ensuing authoritarian rule under Augusto Pinochet.^[51] ^[52] Argentine cinema addresses the 1976–1983 junta's "Dirty War," during which an estimated 30,000 opponents were disappeared. Luis Puenzo's The Official Story (1985) follows a teacher's unraveling discovery that her adopted daughter may originate from junta victims, earning the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.^[53] ^[54] More recent works include Santiago Mitre's Argentina, 1985 (2022), which depicts the federal trial of junta leaders like Jorge Videla for systematic human rights violations.^[55] In literature, juntas appear in novels exploring personal and societal trauma. Natalie Bakopoulos's The Green Shore (2012) traces a family's resistance and exile during Greece's 1967–1974 junta, blending memoir-like elements with fiction.^[56] Isabel Allende's Of Love and Shadows (1984) is set against an unnamed South American military dictatorship modeled on Chile's 1973 junta, following journalists uncovering state atrocities.^[57] Argentine-focused works, such as Daniel Loedel's Hades, Argentina (2020), examine the long-term scars of the 1976–1983 regime through a protagonist confronting his role in abductions.^[58] Beyond film and prose, the board game Junta (first published 1978 by Vincent Tsao) satirizes power struggles in a fictional Central American republic, where players as elite families navigate coups, assassinations, and resource control amid junta-like instability.^[59] The game's mechanics emphasize betrayal and corruption, drawing from stereotypes of banana republic governance without direct historical ties.^[60]

Fictional representations

In cinema, military juntas are frequently portrayed as instruments of abrupt authoritarian seizure, emphasizing themes of conspiracy, repression, and moral corruption among ruling officers. The 1969 French-Greek-Algerian film Z, directed by Costa-Gavras, dramatizes the prelude to Greece's 1967–1974 junta through the fictionalized investigation of a left-wing politician's assassination, uncovering military-orchestrated plots to suppress democracy and justify a coup.^[61] Similarly, the 1985 Argentine film The Official Story (La historia oficial), directed by Luis Puenzo, centers on a middle-class woman's unraveling discovery that her adopted daughter was likely seized during the 1976–1983 junta's "Dirty War," highlighting systemic child abductions and state terror against perceived subversives.^[62] The 1964 American film Seven Days in May, adapted from Fletcher Knebel and Charles W. Bailey II's novel, depicts a near-coup by U.S. military leaders against a president pursuing nuclear disarmament, envisioning a junta-like cabal of generals imposing martial law under the guise of national security. These portrayals often draw causal links between juntas' internal power dynamics—such as factional rivalries among officers—and broader societal fallout, including censorship and extrajudicial violence, though critics note some films romanticize resistance while understating economic motivations for coups in source material. In literature, juntas appear in political thrillers and historical fiction, underscoring their instability and reliance on coercion. Ken Puddicombe's 2014 novel Junta, set on a fictional Caribbean island post-independence, follows an expatriate professor entangled in a military takeover, portraying the junta's rule as a volatile alliance of ambitious officers prone to betrayal and foreign intrigue.^[63] Lawrence Thornton's 1987 novel Imagining Argentina employs magical realism to evoke the 1976 Argentine junta's abductions of dissidents, with a clairvoyant narrator aiding families of the "disappeared," based on documented estimates of 30,000 victims amid the regime's anti-communist purge.^[58] Daniel Loedel's 2020 Hades, Argentina fictionalizes a survivor's reflections on the same junta, attributing its rise to Peronist instability and U.S.-backed anti-leftist policies, while critiquing the regime's torture networks as extensions of elite self-preservation.^[57] Such depictions prioritize juntas' human costs over structural analyses, frequently sourcing from survivor testimonies and declassified records, though some novels amplify individual heroism at the expense of verified collective failures in opposition movements.^[58]

People

Individuals associated with the term

Georgios Papadopoulos (1919–1999) emerged as the primary architect and leader of the Greek military junta that seized power on April 21, 1967, through a coup d'état against the democratically elected government, serving as prime minister from 1967 to 1973 and imposing authoritarian rule marked by suppression of political opposition and civil liberties.^[64] ^[65] Under his direction, the regime, often called the "Regime of the Colonels," centralized power among a small cadre of officers, including Stylianos Pattakos and Nikolaos Makarezos, while facing international criticism for human rights abuses.^[66] Jorge Rafael Videla (1925–2013) commanded the Argentine military junta that ousted President Isabel Perón on March 24, 1976, assuming the role of de facto president until 1981 and overseeing the regime's "National Reorganization Process," which involved widespread state terrorism, including the disappearance of an estimated 30,000 people during the Dirty War.^[67] ^[68] Videla's leadership emphasized anti-communist security doctrine, justified by the junta as necessary to combat leftist insurgency, though later trials convicted him of crimes against humanity for systematic torture and extrajudicial killings.^[69] Augusto Pinochet (1915–2006) headed the Chilean military junta following the September 11, 1973, coup that toppled President Salvador Allende, becoming supreme chief of the armed forces and de facto ruler until transitioning to a formalized presidency in 1974, maintaining control through 1990 amid policies of economic liberalization intertwined with repression that resulted in over 3,000 documented deaths or disappearances.^[26] The junta under Pinochet dissolved Congress, banned political parties, and implemented neoliberal reforms advised by the "Chicago Boys," while international reports, including from Amnesty International, highlighted institutionalized torture via the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA).^[25] Than Shwe (born 1933) chaired Myanmar's State Peace and Development Council, the military junta that governed from 1992 to 2011 after consolidating power from earlier regimes, enforcing strict control over media, opposition, and ethnic minorities while relocating the capital to Naypyidaw in 2005 and suppressing the 2007 Saffron Revolution protests.^[70] ^[71] His tenure perpetuated isolationist policies, including the 1990 nullification of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy election victory, prioritizing military dominance over democratic transitions despite nominal reforms.^[72]

Places

In the United States

La Junta is a city and the county seat of Otero County in southeastern Colorado, situated along the Arkansas River approximately 60 miles (97 km) east of Pueblo.^[73] The name "La Junta," derived from Spanish meaning "the junction," reflects its historical role as a railroad crossroads and meeting point for transportation routes.^[74] Established initially as a construction camp for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in the 1870s, the settlement was formally incorporated on February 28, 1881.^[74] As of recent estimates, the city's population stands at around 7,100 residents, supporting an economy centered on agriculture, rail transport, and tourism, with irrigated farming in the surrounding Arkansas River Valley producing crops like sugar beets, onions, and livestock.^[73]^[75] La Junta serves as a key junction on U.S. Highway 50 and the Amtrak Southwest Chief route, facilitating trade and travel in the region.^[76] The city hosts institutions such as Otero College, a community college established in 1941, and is home to cultural sites including the Koshare Indian Museum, which preserves Native American artifacts and hosts ceremonial dances.^[77] Nearby attractions draw visitors to historical landmarks like Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site, a reconstructed 1830s fur trading post, underscoring La Junta's position at the northern terminus of the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail.^[78] Elsewhere in the United States, "Junta" denotes a defunct settlement in Summers County, West Virginia, located along the New River west of Indian Mills; established in the 19th century amid logging and rail development, it has since vanished with no remaining structures or population. This site exemplifies transient frontier communities in Appalachia tied to resource extraction.

In other countries

La Junta is a small village in the Aysén Region of Chile, situated at the confluence of the Rosselot and Palena rivers, serving as a strategic point along the Carretera Austral highway between Chaitén and Coyhaique.^[79] Known locally as the "Meeting Point Town," it functions as the northernmost settlement in the region, surrounded by steep mountains and accessible via Ruta 7, with a population primarily engaged in agriculture, tourism, and river-based activities.^[80] In Honduras, La Junta refers to a locality within the municipality of San Pedro Sula in the Cortés Department, located near neighborhoods such as Buenos Aires and serving as a residential and possibly commercial area in the urban sprawl of this major industrial city.^[81] Nicaragua features a pueblo named La Junta in the Rivas Department, a rural settlement amid the country's southern Pacific coastal region, characterized by agricultural communities and proximity to Lake Nicaragua's influences.^[82] In Mexico, La Junta de los Cerros is a geographical feature and local landmark in the municipality of Aramberri, Nuevo León, consisting of rugged hills that attract hikers and represent typical semi-arid terrain in northeastern Mexico.^[83] Additionally, the historical region of La Junta de los Ríos extends into Chihuahua state, denoting the fertile area around the Río Conchos' junction with the Río Grande near Ojinaga, a site of early Spanish colonial missions and indigenous settlements from the 17th century onward.^[84]

Other uses

Organizational and miscellaneous applications

In Spanish-speaking countries, the term junta denotes a council, committee, or deliberative body formed by individuals to make decisions or oversee operations, extending beyond political spheres to corporate and associative governance.^[85] ^[86] The word derives from Latin iuncta, signifying "joined" or "together," reflecting its application to grouped entities for collective action.^[87] A prominent organizational use is junta directiva, which translates to "board of directors" or "executive committee" in entities such as companies, non-profits, and sports clubs. This body comprises appointed or elected members responsible for strategic direction, policy approval, and oversight, with functions outlined in the organization's statutes; for instance, it convenes to deliberate on mergers, budgets, or leadership appointments. ^[88] In practice, the junta directiva holds meetings (juntas) to vote on resolutions, ensuring accountability to shareholders or members, as seen in statutes of Spanish corporations where it supersedes individual executives in key decisions.^[89] In community and neighborhood associations, junta de vecinos (neighbors' council) functions as a grassroots organizational committee managing local issues like maintenance, events, or disputes in residential areas, often formalized under municipal regulations in Latin America.^[87] ^[90] These bodies elect representatives for terms, handling budgets from dues and interfacing with authorities, exemplifying junta's role in decentralized, voluntary governance.^[90] Miscellaneous applications include specialized boards like junta examinadora (examining board), used in professional certification or academic evaluations to assess qualifications through standardized processes.^[91] In historical administrative contexts, such as 19th-century provincial systems, juntas oversaw charitable institutions, controlling funds and compliance without governmental overthrow connotations.^[92] These uses underscore junta's neutral etymological sense of a convened assembly, distinct from its militarized associations elsewhere.^[3]

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[39]
[PDF] A Theory of Military Dictatorships† | MIT Economics
The successful demo- cratic consolidation of Costa Rica since the mid-twentieth century stands in con- trast to the different political development paths ...
[40]
Coups in Africa – Why They Happen, and What Can (Not) Be Done ...
Sep 28, 2023 · While coup causes are always country-specific, three conditions have been key drivers: acute crises, politicized armed forces and an ...Missing: scholarly | Show results with:scholarly
[41]
[PDF] Pro-Government Militias and the Legacy of Military Rule in Latin ...
Pro-government militias were used by military governments in Latin America to suppress opposition, and are believed to contribute to varying levels of violence.
[42]
A Legacy of Political Violence: Political Imprisonment in Latin ...
Jul 3, 2024 · In Argentina, the military junta that controlled the country from 1976 to 1983 imprisoned and disappeared thousands of suspected dissidents in ...
[43]
Economic Crises, Military Rebellions, and Democratic Survival
Aug 18, 2022 · Real wages fell by 41.3 percent between 1975 and 1982 (Graña and Kennedy 2008, table 7). Per capita GDP was lower in 1983 than it had been in ...
[44]
Defence expenditure and economic growth in Latin American ...
Feb 9, 2017 · For example, in 1982, military spending as a share of GDP in Chile reached 8.9%. Following the collapse of the regime, it dropped appreciably in ...
[45]
Previous Military Rule and Democratic Survival - Nam Kyu Kim, 2021
Sep 9, 2020 · Empirical analysis reveals that democracies after collegial military rule are more likely to collapse than other democracies, including those ...
[46]
The terrible record of military rule in Africa
Oct 5, 2023 · In most cases, however, the attempts by military governments to play politics have been unsuccessful, because these organisations and leaders ...
[47]
Rethinking the Resurgence of Military Coups in Africa
Jan 27, 2024 · These three examples of the first sets of successful military coups are linked to poor service delivery, economic constraints and limited civil ...
[48]
Film as Witness in Costa-Gavras's Z – Perisphere
Aug 11, 2023 · Costa-Gavras's 1969 film Z is a fictionalized account of the 1963 assassination of the Greek politician Grigoris Lambrakis by the Greek government.
[49]
Z (1969) - Turner Classic Movies - TCM
... junta that remained in place until free elections returned in 1974. Made not long after the junta took power, Z was promptly banned by the regime. As a ...
[50]
GREECE SEES 'Z' AND GETS EXCITED - The New York Times
Jan 13, 1975 · The film “Z” was released in 1969 it was banned by the military junta then ruling Greece. It is now playing here for the first time and its showing has become ...
[51]
Missing movie review & film summary (1982) | Roger Ebert
Rating 3/4 · Review by Roger EbertThe story involves the disappearance in the early 1970s of a young American journalist in a country (not named) that is obviously intended to be Chile.
[52]
Missing, Costa-Gavras' socially charged point of view regarding the ...
May 23, 2017 · The feature film recounts the true story of Charles Horman, an American journalist working in Chile who suddenly disappears after Pinochet overthrows Salvador ...Missing: junta | Show results with:junta
[53]
The Official Story - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 100% (13) This Argentine drama focuses on Alicia (Norma Aleandro), a high school history teacher who is leading a comfortable life with her husband.
[54]
La historia oficial: Argentina's warning from the past
One such film is La historia oficial (1985) by Argentine director Luis Puenzo. The script was written when the junta was still in place. Screenwriter Aida ...
[55]
The Best Political Movie Since Z Is Up for an Oscar - Jacobin
Feb 26, 2023 · Your film almost seems like what would have happened in Greece if the military junta had not overthrown the government and had stood trial.<|separator|>
[56]
The Green Shore: A Novel: Bakopoulos, Natalie - Books
30-day returnsAn Entertainment Weekly “Must Read,” this masterful debut tells one family's tumultuous story of love and resistance during the Greek military junta of the ...<|separator|>
[57]
7 Books About Argentina's “Disappeared” - Electric Literature
Aug 26, 2024 · Rebecca J. Sanford recommends memoirs and novels that illuminate the lives of those captured during the military dictatorship.
[58]
6 Novels Touched by Argentina's Dirty War | BookTrib.
Feb 17, 2022 · Hades, Argentina by Daniel Loedel · Perla by Carolina De Robertis · The Confessional by Claudia Ermey · The Ministry of Special Cases by Nathan ...
[59]
How to play Junta | Official Rules - UltraBoardGames
The game consists of two parts. The first is a political- satirical card game in which the players attempt to influence the course of events in their favor with ...
[60]
Junta | Board Game - BoardGameGeek
In stock Rating 3.3 (5,934) The game is for 4 to 7 players (although there are 2 and 3 player variants). A president for life (El Presidente) is elected and then she or he allocates roles ...
[61]
Z (1969) - IMDb
Rating 8.1/10 (33,274) After the fall of the military junta, Z was worshiped, although we saw ... One of the few, however great, films concerning a dark period of Greek history.
[62]
The Official Story (1985) - IMDb
Rating 7.7/10 (11,543) During the final months of Argentinian Military Dictatorship in 1983, a high school teacher sets out to find out who the mother of her adopted daughter is.
[63]
Junta: a novel set in the Caribbean - Amazon.com
Kenneth Puddicombe's new book, Junta, is much more than just another political thriller. It is an insightful and sometimes cynical look at what happens in a ...
[64]
Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos - A History of Greece
Colonel George Papadopoulos, the leader of the right-wing military junta which overthrew the Greek government on April 21 1967 and tortured and jailed ...
[65]
Georgios Papadopoulos | | The Guardian
Jun 27, 1999 · Georgios Papadopoulos, who has died aged 80, acquired notoriety as the moving force in the troika of colonels that seized power in Greece in the April 1967 ...
[66]
A Southern European Dictatorship with Western Backing
Jul 23, 2024 · In August 1968, the first armed action against the Colonels took place with the attempted assassination of junta leader Georgios Papadopoulos.
[67]
Argentine dictatorship 40 years on - ECCHR
Forty years ago, on 24 March 1976, a military junta led by General Jorge Rafael Videla staged a putsch and formally took power in Argentina.
[68]
Death of Argentina's Videla evokes painful memories - BBC News
May 17, 2013 · Former dictator Jorge Rafael Videla, who has died in prison at the age of 87, still has the power to open wounds in Argentine society, ...
[69]
Jorge Rafael Videla, Argentina Military Leader in 'Dirty War,' Dies at 87
May 17, 2013 · General Videla was serving a life sentence for abuses in a campaign of political killings and forced disappearances during Argentina's ...<|separator|>
[70]
The world's enduring dictators: Than Shwe, Myanmar (Burma)
Jun 2, 2011 · Shwe appointed himself Senior General of the ruling military junta in 1992. However, last November, Shwe allegedly gave up his senior post to ...
[71]
Than Shwe, the Burmese junta's "old fox" - Reuters
Oct 4, 2007 · "Than Shwe is a such an old fox and a psychological warfare guy, I don't believe he will personally cave in. I don't see him as a compromiser.
[72]
https://www.newint.org/columns/worldbeaters/2005/09/01/than_shwe
[73]
Information - City of La Junta
La Junta is located in Southeast Colorado, about 60 miles east of Pueblo. The county seat of Otero County, La Junta has for more than a hundred years formed a ...
[74]
About - Visit La Junta
La Junta began as a railroad construction camp, incorporated in 1881, and is a small town on Highway 50, with a name meaning "junction" in Spanish.
[75]
La Junta | Historic Town, Otero County, Agriculture | Britannica
La Junta, founded in 1875, is located along the Arkansas River. It's a railroad junction and shipping point, with irrigated farming and cattle auctions.
[76]
Visit La Junta, Colorado
La Junta is located in the beautiful Arkansas River Valley, one of the best kept secrets in Colorado, on US Highway 50 and Amtrak's Southwest Chief Route.
[77]
La Junta Vacations, Activities & Things To Do | Colorado.com
"the junction" in Spanish — is a welcome sight to travelers who have crossed the vast great ...Missing: United States
[78]
La Junta: Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail - Road Trip USA
La Junta is a busy railroad town on the Arkansas River, a key crossroads and the start of the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail. It has a museum, and is a ...
[79]
La Junta - Ruta de los Parques de la Patagonia
La Junta, also called the «Meeting Point Town,» is located at the confluence of the Rosselot and Palena rivers, at a strategic point between Chaitén and ...
[80]
La Junta - Bicycle Patagonia
La Junta is a village and the northernmost settlement in Chile's Aysén Region. Steep mountains separate the village from Lago Rosselot to the east.
[81]
La Junta - Mapa - Localidad - San Pedro Sula, Honduras - Mapcarta
La Junta. La Junta es una localidad en San Pedro Sula, Departamento de Cortés. La Junta se encuentra cerca de la localidad de Buenos Aires, así como de La ...
[82]
La Junta - Mapa - Pueblo - Departamento de Rivas, Nicaragua
Lugares con el mismo nombre ; La JuntaColorado, Estados Unidos · Estación Lic. Adolfo López Mateosvilla en Estado de Chihuahua, México ; La Juntapueblo en Chile.
[83]
Junta de los Cerros en Aramberri NL - YouTube
Sep 24, 2023 · ... Junta de los Cerros en Aramberri NL. 61K views · 2 years ago #nuevoleon #senderismo #aramberri ...more. 2 Regios por el Mundo. 42.3K.
[84]
La Junta de Los Ríos - Texas State Historical Association
Aug 25, 2023 · Located at 29 degrees latitude and 104 degrees longitude, La Junta forms a roughly triangular shape extending from the rivers' juncture to ...Missing: geographic | Show results with:geographic
[85]
Junta - meaning & definition in Lingvanex Dictionary
Group of people that come together to deliberate or make decisions. The board of directors will meet tomorrow. La junta directiva se reunirá mañana.
[86]
English Translation of “JUNTA DIRECTIVA” - Collins Dictionary
Oct 15, 2025 · junta · 1. (= reunión) meeting. celebrar o convocar una junta to hold a meeting · 2. (= comité). (gen) council ⧫ committee · 3. (Military) junta.
[87]
Meaning of the name Junta De Vecinos
Jul 7, 2025 · "Junta" comes from the Latin "iuncta," meaning "joined" or "together," referring to a gathering or committee. "De" simply means "of" in Spanish, ...
[88]
JUNTA DIRECTIVA in English - Cambridge Dictionary
Sep 24, 2025 · management [noun] or noun plural the managers of a firm etc as a group. (Translation of junta directiva from the PASSWORD Spanish–English ...
[89]
junta directiva - English translation – Linguee
junta directiva noun, feminine— · board of directors n · management board n · Examples: presidente de la junta directiva m—. chairman of the board n. miembro de ...
[90]
The Junta Directiva in action! | Austin in El Salvador - WordPress.com
Feb 1, 2013 · I'm going to try to start the process of describing the organizational structure of the community councils (called a Junta Directiva) here ...
[91]
junta examinadora - English translation - Linguee.com
Many translated example sentences containing "junta examinadora" – English-Spanish dictionary and search engine for English translations.
[92]
Examples of "Junta" in a Sentence | YourDictionary.com
All charitable institutions were under the protection of provincial administrative junta, existing in every province, and empowered to control the management of ...