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KV7

KV7, also known as the tomb of Ramesses II, is a large rock-cut burial chamber located in the main wadi of the Valley of the Kings on the west bank of the Nile near Luxor, Egypt.^[1] Constructed during the Nineteenth Dynasty around 1279 BCE for Pharaoh Ramesses II, often called Ramesses the Great, it served as his final resting place before his mummy was relocated to the Deir el-Bahari cache (DB320) in antiquity.^[1]^[2] The tomb features a bent-axis layout typical of royal burials from this period, spanning approximately 820 square meters with a series of sloping corridors, a pillared hall, side chambers, and a vaulted burial chamber measuring about 181 square meters.^[1]^[2] Its decorations include elaborate scenes from the Book of Gates, Amduat, Litany of Ra, Book of the Dead, and Book of the Divine Cow, along with rituals such as the Opening of the Mouth, vividly illustrating Ramesses II's journey to the afterlife and his divine status.^[1]^[2] As one of the largest tombs in the Valley, KV7 reflects the pharaoh's monumental reign, which lasted 66 years and saw extensive building projects across Egypt.^[2] Historically, KV7 was looted in antiquity, leading to the reuse of its sarcophagus by later figures, including High Priest Menkheperre around 1000 BCE during the Third Intermediate Period.^[3] The site also attracted ancient tourists, as evidenced by Greek inscriptions on its walls, and was explored by European scholars like Henry Salt, Jean-François Champollion, and Karl Richard Lepsius in the 19th century.^[1] Artifacts recovered include fragments of the original granite sarcophagus bearing Ramesses II's cartouche, shabtis, faience vessels, and glass items, now housed in institutions such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the British Museum.^[1] In modern times, the tomb has suffered from at least seven flooding events and moisture damage, causing poor preservation of its shale walls and paintings, though excavations by Christian Leblanc in 1991 and ongoing conservation efforts have stabilized parts of the structure.^[2] A significant 2024 discovery by Sorbonne University archaeologists identified a sarcophagus fragment from KV7—previously found in Abydos in 2009—as belonging to Ramesses II, underscoring ancient Egyptian practices of tomb reuse and preservation amid looting.^[3] Ramesses II's mummy, examined in Paris in 1976, revealed details like possible red hair, adding to the tomb's enduring archaeological value.^[2]

Location and Discovery

Geographical Position

KV7 is located in the East Valley of the Kings, the primary section of the royal necropolis on the west bank of the Nile River near modern Luxor, Egypt. The tomb occupies a position in the main wadi at approximately 25°44′26″N 32°36′6″E. It served as the burial site for Pharaoh Ramesses II of the Nineteenth Dynasty.^[4]^[5] The entrance to KV7 lies opposite KV5, the extensive tomb of Ramesses II's sons, and is adjacent to KV8, the burial place of his successor Merenptah. This clustering reflects the spatial organization of late Nineteenth Dynasty royal interments in the East Valley.^[4] Geologically, KV7 is carved into the Theban limestone formation characteristic of the Theban hills, with deeper sections of the tomb, including the burial chamber, penetrating the underlying Esna shale layer. The Esna shale's expansive properties when wet exacerbate structural instability in the tomb's lower levels.^[6]^[7] The tomb's low elevation in the East Valley exposes it to recurrent flash floods originating from seasonal rains in the surrounding highlands, leading to silt accumulation and erosion that have compromised its preservation over millennia. Such environmental factors are amplified by the valley's topography, a narrow wadi flanked by steep limestone cliffs that channel floodwaters directly toward the tomb entrances.^[8]^[9]

Excavation History

KV7 was accessible and visited shortly after its construction, with records indicating attempted robberies during the reign of Ramesses III as documented in the Turin Strike Papyrus from his 29th year.^[4] Further evidence of ancient reuse and visitation appears from the Third Intermediate Period onward, including secondary burials, as well as Greek and Roman tourists who left behind potsherds and graffiti, such as names like Herakleos and Echeboulos of Rhodes.^[4] In the early 19th century, British consul-general Henry Salt sponsored the initial clearance of debris accumulated in the tomb during the early 1800s.^[4] This effort was followed in 1829 by French scholar Jean-François Champollion, who visited the site, sketched its features, and contributed to further interior excavation.^[4] Mid-century documentation came in 1844–1845 through the Prussian expedition led by Karl Richard Lepsius, who explored the tomb, recorded its condition, and produced the first precise plan.^[4] Early 20th-century work began with American patron Theodore M. Davis and photographer Harry Burton, who excavated the site from 1913 to 1914, uncovering fragments of royal funerary furniture and other objects.^[4] These efforts were extended by Howard Carter, who conducted systematic excavations between 1917 and 1921, targeting both the tomb's interior and its surrounding terrain.^[4] Flood damage from seasonal wadi runoff has repeatedly affected the site, hindering clearance and preservation.^[4] In the late 20th century, a joint French-Egyptian mission directed by Christian Leblanc initiated conservation and excavation in 1991 under the auspices of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), continuing through multiple seasons into the early 2000s.^[10] This project focused on structural stabilization and yielded key insights into the tomb's construction chronology—beginning before regnal year 2 and completing in 10 to 12 years—along with the recovery of fragmented reliefs, shabtis, faience items, glass, and vessels, many of which are now held in institutions such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the British Museum.^[4]

Architecture and Layout

Overall Design

KV7 exemplifies the bent-axis tomb design prevalent in the 19th Dynasty, characterized by an initial linear descent followed by a sharp right-angle turn to the burial chamber, a layout intended to disorient potential robbers and adapt to the local geology.^[11] The tomb measures approximately 168 meters in total length, with a cumulative descent of about 58 meters into the bedrock at slopes ranging from 12 to 22 degrees, making it one of the larger royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings.^[12] This configuration begins with a simple doorway excavated directly into the Theban limestone hillside, leading immediately to the first corridor (A), after which the axis bends abruptly to the right following the antechamber.^[11] The primary construction material is Theban limestone, which provides structural integrity in the upper sections, but transitions to softer Esna shale in the deeper areas, including the burial chamber floor, leading to notable instability and damage over time due to the shale's susceptibility to moisture.^[11] This material shift influenced the tomb's planning, as the bent axis helped avoid extensive excavation into the unstable shale layers.^[4] KV7 deviates from typical New Kingdom norms in its relatively eastern position within the main wadi of the Valley of the Kings, situated opposite KV5 and near KV8, rather than in the more common central or western clusters.^[4] Additionally, east of the main pillared chamber (F), the plan includes two side rooms that remain inaccessible, possibly intended for storage or ritual purposes but never fully completed or opened.^[4]

Key Chambers and Features

The layout of KV7 progresses through a series of corridors and descents that facilitate a deep burial while incorporating security measures. The entrance consists of Corridor A, a divided stairway descending 13.91 meters into the hillside, leading to Gate B with its lintel featuring protective solar disk and goddess motifs. This connects to Corridor B, a steep 12.33-meter descent averaging 2.82 meters high and 2.61 meters wide, designed to impede unauthorized access. Corridor C follows as a second descent, comprising a 7.37-meter gently sloping stairwell with trapezoidal niches, culminating in the pillared hall F via intermediate gates and steps.^[1]^[2] Pillared hall F measures 8.4 meters by 8.4 meters with two pairs of 3.23-meter-high pillars supporting the ceiling, serving as a grand transitional space with a central divided stairway for ritual procession. From this hall, the well room E extends as a 3.65-meter-long shaft cut through the floor, functioning as a symbolic and physical barrier against malevolent forces, though it remains partially filled with debris. Annexes G and H branch off as elongated corridors—G at 8.54 meters long and H at 6.38 meters—primarily for storing funerary goods and equipment. Two blocked rooms on the eastern side of hall F, postulated since the 19th century, remain unexplored due to collapse and unstable debris.^[1]^[2] The burial chamber J, the tomb's deepest and largest room at approximately 181 square meters, features a sunken central area with a vaulted ceiling hewn into friable Esna shale and four doorways opening to subchambers Ja, Jb, Jc, and Jd, planned to accommodate multiple sarcophagi for the pharaoh and associated burials. These subchambers, each around 5-7 meters in dimension, provided space for additional interments or ritual items. The overall design incorporates a bent axis with a 90-degree turn near chamber I for enhanced protection, alongside the steep descents to complicate navigation by tomb robbers. Unfinished sections, evident in rough wall preparations and incomplete cuttings, indicate construction accelerated in haste near Ramesses II's death after over 60 years of work.^[2]^[13] Periodic flash floods have profoundly affected KV7's structure, with Esna shale erosion causing roof collapses and wall degradation, most severely in burial chamber J where silt accumulation and instability have rendered parts inaccessible.^[1]^[2]

Decoration and Iconography

Wall Scenes and Texts

The walls of KV7 are adorned with a rich array of religious and funerary texts and vignettes, primarily drawn from New Kingdom underworld literature, intended to guide Ramesses II through the afterlife and ensure his eternal rejuvenation.^[12] The primary texts include scenes from the Book of Gates, which depict the sun god's nocturnal journey and the division of the underworld into twelve gates guarded by deities, inscribed along the corridor walls to symbolize the pharaoh's passage through perilous realms.^[2] In the burial chamber, the Amduat illustrates the twelve hours of the night, portraying the sun god's transformation and battles against chaos, with Ramesses II integrated as a participant in these cosmic events.^[1] Side rooms and annexes feature selected spells from the Book of the Dead, such as Chapter 125 (the weighing of the heart) in the antechamber and Chapter 110 in a two-pillared annex, emphasizing judgment and offerings for the deceased king's vindication.^[12] Additional decorations include scenes from the Book of the Divine Cow in side chambers, depicting the sun god's creation and protection.^[1] The Litany of Ra appears prominently in the second corridor (B), consisting of 75 invocations praising the sun god's manifestations and protective powers, recited to invoke divine favor for the pharaoh's resurrection.^[2] This text underscores themes of solar renewal and the king's identification with Ra. In the third and fourth corridors (H and I), vignettes of the Opening of the Mouth ritual depict priests performing rites on statues or the mummy of Ramesses II, enabling sensory revival and communion with the gods in the afterlife.^[1] The descent corridors overall present journey-to-underworld scenes, with Ramesses II offering to deities like Osiris and Anubis amid processional motifs of the solar barque navigating Duat. Chamber J, an antechamber-like space, incorporates hours of the night from the Amduat, focusing on the sun's emergence and the pharaoh's role in maintaining cosmic order.^[12] Many of these scenes and texts are fragmented or obliterated due to repeated flash floods that washed away painted plaster layers, with moisture further causing structural flaking and pigment loss.^[2] Surviving fragments, including partial vignettes of deities and hieroglyphic inscriptions, were meticulously documented by Howard Carter during his clearance work from 1917 to 1921, providing essential records for reconstruction and study despite the tomb's poor preservation.^[1]

Symbolic Elements

The symbolic elements in KV7 emphasize theological themes of protection, regeneration, and divine kingship, conveyed through deity figures, royal representations, and protective motifs that underscore Ramesses II's eternal role in the afterlife. On the lintel of Gate B, the solar disk—painted yellow on the outside to represent the daytime sun and red on the inside for the nighttime sun—is flanked by the goddesses Nephthys (symbolizing the north) and Isis (symbolizing the south), marking the first appearance of this bicolored solar motif in a royal tomb.^[6] The jambs feature Ma’at kneeling above the heraldic plants of Upper and Lower Egypt, with the goddess supported by a lily (south) and papyrus (north), evoking cosmic balance and the pharaoh's dominion over unified Egypt.^[6] Royal imagery portrays Ramesses II in close association with major deities, reinforcing his deified status and alignment with solar and chthonic powers. At the entrance, the king is shown greeting Ra-Horakhty, linking him to solar renewal, while in corridor B, he faces the falcon-headed god, emphasizing his role in the cosmic cycle.^[6] In the Osiris shrine of the burial chamber, Ramesses II appears in Osirian form, protected by a frieze of uraeus cobras—one facing oppositely to ensure universal safeguarding—highlighting his transformation into the god of resurrection.^[6] Protective symbols abound to ensure stability and vitality in the afterlife, with djed pillars and ankh signs recurring as emblems of endurance and eternal life; for instance, in the upper pillared hall, Ptah extends an ankh toward the king's nose, granting breath and renewal.^[6] Uraeus cobras adorn doorways and friezes, embodying royal authority and warding off threats, as seen in the Osiris shrine where they encircle the deity to shield the deceased pharaoh.^[6] These elements collectively stress solar and regenerative motifs, mirroring Ramesses II's exceptionally long reign of over six decades and his efforts to portray himself as a living god whose legacy endures beyond death.^[6]

Construction and Historical Use

Building Process

The construction of KV7 commenced before the end of Ramesses II's second regnal year, likely during his first year on the throne around 1279 BCE, as evidenced by early cartouche inscriptions of the royal name User-Maat-Re Setep-en-Re found in the tomb's initial corridors.^[4] This early start aligns with the pharaoh's immediate assertion of monumental projects upon accession, positioning KV7 in close proximity to other royal tombs like KV8 of his son Merenptah.^[14] The tomb's completion occurred within an unusually rapid 10–12 years, a timeline shorter than many comparable New Kingdom royal sepulchers, which often spanned decades due to their scale and elaboration.^[14] This accelerated pace is attributed to efficient state mobilization during Ramesses II's exceptionally long reign of 66 years, underscoring the urgency to establish a grand burial site early amid the pharaoh's anticipated longevity.^[4] The workforce comprised organized teams of skilled quarrymen and artisans drawn from the state-sponsored village of Deir el-Medina, whose records from the 19th Dynasty document labor assignments for royal tomb projects, including those under Ramesses II.^[15] Excavation techniques relied on traditional rock-cutting methods suited to the Valley's limestone geology, employing copper chisels and mallets for initial rough hewing of corridors and chambers, followed by finer smoothing to prepare surfaces for relief carving and painting.^[16] Beam holes along passage walls facilitated the lowering of heavy sarcophagi, while divided stairways aided descent into deeper sections. Signs of haste appear in the unfinished side chambers off the burial hall and irregular cuttings in the lower levels, where preparatory work was abandoned before full decoration, as revealed by archaeological surveys.^[17]

Burial and Post-Interment Events

Ramesses II was interred in KV7 around 1213 BCE, following his 66-year reign as pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty, with his mummy placed in burial chamber J alongside multiple nested sarcophagi crafted from materials such as red granite and quartzite.^[18]^[1] The tomb's layout facilitated this arrangement, with the sarcophagi positioned to protect the king's remains amid a wealth of funerary goods intended for his afterlife journey.^[1] An early break-in attempt occurred during the 29th year of Ramesses III's reign (c. 1157 BCE), as documented in ancient Egyptian records of tomb inspections, prompting officials to transfer the mummy to KV17, the tomb of his father Seti I, for safekeeping amid rising threats from robbers.^[19] This relocation formed part of broader efforts in the late Twentieth Dynasty to shield royal burials from desecration. Later, in the Third Intermediate Period, priests moved the mummy again to the Deir el-Bahri cache (TT320) for further protection, where it remained hidden until its discovery in 1881 by Émile Brugsch-Bey of the Egyptian Antiquities Service.^[20]^[1] During the Third Intermediate Period, around 1000 BCE, the tomb's sarcophagus was reused by High Priest Menkheperre. In 2024, archaeologists from Sorbonne University identified a sarcophagus fragment previously discovered in Abydos in 2009 as originating from KV7 and belonging to Ramesses II, illustrating ancient practices of tomb reuse following looting.^[3] Evidence of extensive looting is evident throughout KV7, with scattered fragments of canopic jars and shabti figurines recovered from the site, indicating systematic plundering that stripped the tomb of much of its original contents. Surviving funerary items, such as calcite vases and other vessels associated with Ramesses II's burial, are now held in institutions including the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the British Museum.^[1] These artifacts highlight the tomb's vulnerability despite its grandeur. The tomb saw visitation in Roman times, when ancient tourists left graffiti and potsherds on the walls, transforming parts of the structure into a site of informal exploration rather than solely a sacred space. Flash flood damage has also contributed to the tomb's deterioration over time.^[1]^[21]

Significance and Preservation

Cultural Importance

KV7 exemplifies the 19th Dynasty's sophisticated burial practices, particularly under Ramesses II, whose long reign (1279–1213 BCE) allowed for extensive preparations emphasizing eternal life and divine kingship. The tomb's elaborate design, spanning over 690 square meters with multiple corridors, pillared halls, and a burial chamber, underscores the pharaoh's commitment to a monumental afterlife, featuring decorations from key funerary texts such as the Book of Gates, Book of the Dead, and Litany of Ra to ensure his safe passage and eternal sustenance in the underworld.^[1] In Egyptology, KV7 offers critical insights into tomb construction dynamics for long-reigning pharaohs, with work commencing early in Ramesses II's second regnal year and continuing for approximately 66 years, reflecting adaptive planning amid political stability and resource allocation. This contrasts with the nearby KV5, the vast multi-chambered tomb for his sons symbolizing familial legacy, and KV8 for his successor Merenptah, which adopted similar but refined layouts; together, these tombs illustrate hierarchical burial strategies in the Theban necropolis during the dynasty's peak.^[1] KV7's siting has profoundly influenced studies of Theban necropolis planning, revealing vulnerabilities to environmental hazards like flash floods due to its low position in the main wadi, with evidence of at least seven flooding events causing debris accumulation and decoration damage, prompting modern analyses of ancient site selection risks in arid yet episodic rainfall regions.^[2]^[8]

Current Condition and Conservation

The tomb of Ramesses II (KV7) has endured severe damage from recurrent flash floods since antiquity, with at least seven major incidents documented through layers of silt, gravel, and soil debris that have eroded walls, ceilings, and decorations throughout the structure.^[12] In particular, the burial chamber J exhibits significant structural instability, including cracked ceilings and partial collapse of walls, rendering much of the original raised relief and painted plaster decorations irreparable due to water infiltration and sediment accumulation.^[22] These floods, exacerbated by the tomb's low-lying position in the main wadi of the Valley of the Kings, have also affected corridors and side chambers, such as Fa, where debris has filled spaces up to 50 cm from the ceiling in some areas.^[1] Modern threats to KV7 include persistent humidity from groundwater seepage and residual flood moisture, which continue to promote salt crystallization and further deterioration of remaining surfaces, though the restricted access has minimized direct tourist-related damage like abrasion or vibration.^[23] The Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities monitors the site closely, employing periodic inspections to assess environmental conditions and structural integrity.^[22] Conservation efforts began intensifying in the late 20th century, with a joint Franco-Egyptian mission led by Christian Leblanc in 1991 focusing on initial stabilization of the entrances and preliminary excavation to evaluate flood impacts.^[1] Leblanc's subsequent work from 1993 onwards included reinforcing the cracked ceilings of burial chamber J using stainless steel rods and plates, alongside clearance of debris to reveal architectural features like limestone lion-head fragments. The Theban Mapping Project, initiated by the American Research Center in Egypt, contributed detailed documentation starting with a 1979 survey and evolving into post-1990s digital mapping efforts that cataloged damage patterns and supported reconstruction of fragmented scenes.^[22] KV7 has remained closed to the public since its early 20th-century assessments due to ongoing instability, with access limited to authorized researchers and conservators under Egyptian antiquities oversight.^[24] Recent studies, including a 2023 photogrammetry-based 3D scan, have enabled virtual documentation and analysis without physical intrusion, highlighting the need for advanced laser scanning to monitor micro-cracks and erosion.^[24] Additionally, recommendations from geotechnical evaluations emphasize installing flood barriers and drainage systems along the wadi to mitigate future inundation risks, drawing on models from broader Valley of the Kings protection strategies.^[25]

References

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Tomb KV7 (Tomb of Ramesses II) - Madain Project (en)
Tomb KV7 in the Valley of the Kings was the final resting place of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II ("Ramesses the Great") of the Nineteenth Dynasty.
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The KV7 is perhaps the largest in the valley, the whole tomb covering more than c.820 m2 and the burial chamber alone some c.181 m2.
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KV7, Royal tomb in Valley of the Kings, Egypt ; Location:Luxor ; Length: 168.05 m ; GPS coordinates: 25.74075,32.60166 ; Latest update: May 27, 2025 ...Missing: geographical tombs geology
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[PDF] Valley of the Sun Kings - The University of Arizona
surface of the Esna Shale and was excavated in limestone containing layers of expan- sive shale. The burial chamber shown on Section B-B has been partly ...
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... limestone that lies within a discontinuous stratum of Esna shale. The Valley lies about 70m above the level of the River Nile (140m above mean sea level) ...
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[PDF] Egypt: The First 5000 Years Fall 2021 Tom Wukitsch, Instructor
KV7. Ramesses II. KV39 Amenhotep I ?? KV8. Merenptah. KV42 Hatshepsut Meryet ... Christian Leblanc is excavating the tomb of Rameses II (KV 7) for the CNRS ...
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May 30, 2023 · The entrance to KV7 is dug into the Theban limestone. The corridors descend for about 58 m (190 feet) into the bedrock at an angle of 12 to 22 ...Missing: length dimensions<|control11|><|separator|>
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Jun 22, 2011 · However, the French are back under Christian Leblanc, once again excavating this tomb but apparently with some success. Today the tomb is ...
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Description: KV 7, located in the main wadi, is one of the larger tombs in the Valley of the Kings. Three sloping corridors (B, C, D) lead to a well chamber (E) ...
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... Nefertari as gods, which suggests that they founded the village. 2 ... Tomb: KV7. 63 Oxford 278. 64 Following the estimates of Von Beckerath in ...
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None
### Summary of KV7 Construction (Tomb of Ramesses II)
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The Valley of the Kings is located on the west bank of the Nile River near Luxor (ancient Thebes) in Upper Egypt, approximately 670 kilometers south of Cairo.
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Quarrying in Ancient Egypt | Middle East And North Africa
Metal tools such as picks and chisels seem to have been employed in some part of the process of cutting the wedge holes, given the distinctive marks left by ...
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Leblanc, Christian. The Tomb of Rameses II. In: Kent R. Weeks (ed.). The Treasures of the Valley of the Kings: Tombs and Temples of ...
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Stela (Commemorative Stone) Depicting the Funeral of Ramose
Date: New Kingdom, Dynasty 19, reign of Ramesses II (about 1279–1213 BCE). Artist: Egyptian; Probably Armant or Thebes (now Luxor), Egypt. About this artwork.
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Tomb KV 7 is one of the largest tombs in the Valley. It covers 686 square meters and extends 168 meters into the hillside.
[21]
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The body of Ramesses II remained in his father's tomb for over 80 years before the KV17 cache was moved to the tomb of Ahmose-Inhapi. This latter tomb was used ...
[22]
Saturday Lecture Series: The Afterlife of Ramses II's Tomb
Jan 15, 2024 · Tomb KV7 had a life that extended beyond a pharaonic burial chamber. Ancient tourists inscribed their names and impressions on its walls ...
[23]
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KV 7, located in the main wadi, is one of the larger tombs in the Valley of the Kings. Three sloping corridors (B, C, D) lead to a well chamber (E) and a ...
[24]
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Feb 8, 2021 · The Valley of the Kings was a burial place for Egypt's pharaohs during the reign of the new king from 1550 to 1070 BC. KV is a small valley cut ...Missing: KV7 | Show results with:KV7
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Mar 28, 2023 · KV7 in the Valley of the Kings is a large tomb with sloping corridors leading to the burial chamber and a complex of side chambers. Due to its ...
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The tombs in the Valley of the Kings can be protected from damage by flash floods by planning for emergencies, monitoring and maintaining tomb conditions.Missing: KV7 | Show results with:KV7<|control11|><|separator|>