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Kamboj

The Kamboj (also spelled Kamboh) is an Indo-Aryan community claiming descent from the ancient Kambojas, a southeastern Iranian tribe of Iron Age warriors located in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent, known for their expertise in cavalry, horse breeding, and trade. Mentioned extensively in Sanskrit epics like the Mahabharata and Puranic texts, the Kambojas were one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas, with territories likely extending from the Hindu Kush region into parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Jammu in India.^[1] In contemporary society, the Kamboj form a prominent agrarian caste primarily residing in the Punjab and Haryana regions of northern India and eastern Pakistan, where they engage in farming, business, and government service while following Hinduism, Sikhism, or Islam.^[2] The ancient Kambojas appear in the Mahabharata as a northern tribe, with some allied to the Pandavas and others, under King Sudakshina, contributing a full akshauhini army to the Kauravas during the Kurukshetra war.^[1] Their capital is associated with Rajapura (modern Rajouri in Jammu and Kashmir), and they were frequently grouped with neighboring peoples like the Yavanas, Sakas, and Gandharas, reflecting interactions between Indian and Iranian cultures.^[1] Scholarly analyses link them to southeastern Iranian origins, with evidence from Achaemenid inscriptions and classical sources like Ptolemy, positioning their homeland south of the Oxus River and near the Indus Valley.^[3] Renowned for their "Kamboja-asva" horses, which were prized in ancient Indian armies from the Guptas to the Pratiharas, the Kambojas played key roles in resisting invasions, including those by Alexander the Great in 326 BCE.^[3] In modern times, the Kamboj community maintains a distinct identity across religious lines, with the Sikh Kamboh subgroup numbering around 506,000 in India as of recent estimates (394,000 in Punjab and 32,000 in Haryana).^[2] Hindu and Muslim Kamboj populations are similarly agrarian, historically serving as soldiers and cultivators, and are noted for their tenacity in Punjab's socio-economic landscape. The community has produced notable figures in politics, military, and sports, while preserving traditions tied to their warrior heritage through gotras and regional festivals.^[2]

Origins and Etymology

Ancient Roots

The Kambojas were an ancient Indo-Iranian tribe recognized as a southeastern Iranian people who inhabited the northeastern territories of the Iranian cultural sphere, extending into regions bordering Central Asia and the northwestern Indian subcontinent. Ancient Avestan texts position them among the eastern Iranian groups in areas such as Arachosia (modern-day southern Afghanistan and parts of Pakistan), where they served as a cultural buffer between Iranian and Indo-Aryan populations. Vedic literature similarly describes them as a distinct tribal entity in these frontier zones, emphasizing their role in cross-regional interactions during the late Bronze Age.^[4] Later Vedic literature, such as the Vamsa Brahmana, associates the Kambojas with skilled horse-related activities and interactions with Indo-Aryan groups, supplying superior breeds of horses essential for chariot warfare and commerce along early trade routes. While direct mentions are absent in the Avesta, scholarly views place the Kambojas within the eastern Iranian cultural sphere based on linguistic and geographical inferences. These textual evidences highlight the Kambojas' position at the Indo-Iranian linguistic divide, where they maintained Iranian affinities while engaging with Vedic society. The language of the ancient Kambojas remains debated, with some evidence suggesting an eastern Iranian dialect, while others propose Indo-Aryan influences based on later texts.^[5] Scholars theorize that the Kambojas emerged from the broader Indo-Iranian migrations originating in the Eurasian steppes, with proto-groups moving southward from the Pamir and Hindu Kush highlands into northeastern Iran and Central Asia between approximately 2000 and 1500 BCE. Archaeological linkages to the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC, ca. 2300–1700 BCE) suggest these migrants integrated with local urbanized populations, adopting elements of settled agriculture while retaining pastoral and equestrian traditions characteristic of steppe nomads. This period marks a key phase of cultural synthesis, where Indo-Iranian speakers like the Kambojas contributed to the spread of horse domestication and wheeled transport technologies across the region.^[6]^[7] Contemporary genetic and anthropological analyses of populations tracing descent from the ancient Kambojas, such as modern Kamboj communities in northern India and Pakistan, indicate substantial ancestry from Bronze Age steppe pastoralists (Steppe_MLBA component, approximately 63% in studied groups), admixed with indigenous South Asian hunter-gatherer and Iranian farmer-related lineages.^[8] This genetic profile aligns with models of Indo-Iranian dispersal from the Sintashta-Andronovo cultural horizon, followed by admixture in the BMAC and subsequent southward movements, providing empirical support for the tribe's steppe origins and regional integration. Such studies underscore the Kambojas' role in the demographic transformations that shaped early historical South and Central Asia.

Name Evolution

The term "Kamboj" traces its roots to the ancient Indo-Iranian name *Kambauǰa-, of uncertain etymology but frequently linked in scholarly analyses to the Old Persian royal name Kambujiya (Greek: Cambyses), suggesting a connection to Iranian nomenclature for rulers or tribes in northwestern regions.^[9] This form appears in Sanskrit literature as "Kamboja," denoting a warrior-like tribal group mentioned in epic and Puranic texts, where it is sometimes associated with a legendary eponymous figure in genealogical traditions descending from Manu.^[10] Variations of the name occur across ancient sources, reflecting linguistic adaptations: "Kamboja" in Sanskrit works like the Mahabharata, "Kambojas" in Greek accounts indirectly tied to Herodotus through the etymological parallel with Cambyses.^[9] The name's evolution is evident in Prakrit inscriptions of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka (3rd century BCE), where it appears as "Kamboya" in the Shahbazgarhi rock edict (Major Rock Edict XIII), listing the Kambojas among frontier peoples receiving emissaries of Dhamma.^[11] By the medieval period, Persian chronicles and administrative records adapted it to "Kamboh," referring to agrarian and military communities in the Punjab under Mughal rule, as seen in references to figures like Shahbaz Khan Kamboh. In contemporary usage, "Kamboj" has become a hereditary surname for a caste group in Punjab, India and Pakistan, distinctly separate from the unrelated "Kambuja" of Cambodia, which derives from the Puranic sage Kambu Svayambhuva and signifies "descendants of Kambu" per the 10th-century Baksei Chamkrong inscription.^[12]

Historical Overview

Vedic and Epic Mentions

The Kambojas receive early allusions in Vedic literature as a people associated with horse breeding and trade, often positioned as non-Vedic allies on the northwestern frontiers. In the Rigveda, they are indirectly referenced through the sage Upamanyu, a figure linked to Kamboja Brahmanical lineages, in hymn 1.102.9, where he invokes Indra for victory in battles, suggesting cultural ties to Vedic rituals despite their peripheral status.^[3] Later Vedic texts, such as the Atharvaveda, portray the Kambojas as a distinct northwestern group involved in equestrian activities, with their fine horses symbolizing martial and economic prowess in border regions. In the Mahabharata, the Kambojas are depicted as a northern kingdom renowned for their cavalry, allied with the Kauravas during the Kurukshetra war. King Sudakshina of Kamboja leads a contingent of Kamboja warriors, noted for their exceptional horsemanship and combat skills, but is ultimately slain by Arjuna in the Drona Parva (7.67.70). The epic highlights their role as fierce mounted fighters, contributing to the Kaurava forces alongside other northwestern tribes, and describes their kingdom as extending into rugged terrains suitable for breeding superior warhorses (Bhishma Parva 5.16-18). Puranic accounts classify the Kambojas as one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas, ancient great realms, with their capital at Rajapura (modern Rajouri in Jammu). The Vayu Purana (2.40-45) lists them among Suryavanshi Kshatriyas guarding northern frontiers, often interacting with neighboring Sakas and Yavanas through alliances or conflicts over trade routes and territories.^[3] Buddhist texts, including the Jatakas, portray the Kambojas as border warriors in the Gandhara-Bactria region, emphasizing their republican governance and reputation for sturdy horses used in warfare and commerce. In the Anguttara Nikaya, Kamboja is noted as a prosperous northwestern mahajanapada, with Jataka tales (e.g., VI.110) depicting Kamboja horsemen as valiant fighters on the fringes of Aryan cultural spheres, facilitating exchanges between Indian and Central Asian realms.^[13]

Post-Ancient Developments

Following Alexander the Great's conquests in the 4th century BCE, the Kamboj are linked to Central Asian dynamics, with possible integrations involving Scythian (Saka) groups as nomadic influences reshaped the region's ethnic landscape. In Hellenistic geography, Claudius Ptolemy's 2nd-century CE Geography identifies the "Kambysai" as a tribe located in Bactria, east of the Hindu Kush, reflecting their presence amid Greco-Bactrian polities. By the medieval period, Kamboj communities, often denoted as Kamboh, emerged as significant landowners and administrators within the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. They contributed to agrarian economies and governance, exemplified by Shaikh Gadai Kamboh, who served as a key administrator and revenue official under Emperor Akbar in the late 16th century. In the Sikh era of the 18th and 19th centuries, Kamboj groups actively participated in the Khalsa armies, supporting Ranjit Singh's empire, and received jagir land grants in Punjab as rewards for military service. The 1947 Partition of India caused widespread displacement, with many Punjabi Kamboj families migrating across the new India-Pakistan border, disrupting established settlements. British colonial records from the 19th and early 20th centuries classified the Kamboj (or Kamboh) as an agricultural-martial caste, emphasizing their role in Punjab's canal colonies and noting migrations to adjacent areas like Haryana and Uttar Pradesh for land opportunities.

Geography and Settlement

Ancient Regions

The ancient Kambojas were located in the Indo-Iranian frontier, likely near the left bank of the Kabul River and associated with Gandhara.^[10] This mountainous domain facilitated their role as intermediaries in trans-regional interactions, positioning them at the crossroads of South Asia and Central Asia.^[10] Epic literature, particularly the Mahabharata, portrays the Kamboj kingdom as an expansive polity stretching from the Oxus River (Amu Darya) in the northwest to the Indus Valley. Archaeological evidence from sites like Taxila, situated in adjacent Gandhara, indicates shared cultural and mercantile influences in the broader northwestern frontier zone during the late Vedic and early historic periods.^[14] Links to the Iranian plateau are evident in Achaemenid records, where the Kambojas appear as an eastern Iranian ethnic group possibly integrated into the empire's administrative structure as part of the 7th satrapy including Gandhara.^[10]

Modern Distribution

The Kamboj community, encompassing Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim members (the latter often referred to as Kamboh), maintains a primary presence in the Punjab regions of both India and Pakistan, as well as in Haryana and Jammu and Kashmir in India. In Indian Punjab, significant populations reside in districts such as Jalandhar and Ludhiana, where the community forms a notable portion of the local agrarian and urban workforce. In Pakistani Punjab, Lahore hosts a substantial concentration, comprising approximately 5% of the city's population according to the 2017 census, equating to around 550,000 individuals. Smaller numbers are found in Jammu and Kashmir, with about 200 Hindu Kambohs and 3,200 Sikh Kambohs reported in the region (as of Joshua Project estimates). Globally, the community is estimated at approximately 2.1 million (as of recent Joshua Project data), with the Muslim Kamboh population numbering around 1,001,000 primarily in Pakistan, and Hindu (~597,000) and Sikh (~506,000) subgroups in India.^[15]^[16]^[2]^[17] Historical migration patterns have shaped this distribution, including movements from Afghan border areas to the Doab region of northern India during medieval periods, establishing early settlements in Punjab and adjacent territories. The 1947 Partition of India profoundly influenced modern settlements, prompting mass refugee movements of Hindu and Sikh Kamboj families from West Punjab (now in Pakistan) to East Punjab and other parts of northern India, where they integrated into rural and semi-urban areas. These post-Partition relocations reinforced concentrations in Indian Punjab, Haryana, and Jammu and Kashmir, often involving land reallocations for displaced agrarian families.^[18] Diaspora communities have emerged in the UK, Canada, and the US, driven by post-independence economic opportunities and family reunification. In these countries, Kamboj immigrants and their descendants, often from Punjabi backgrounds, number in the thousands based on surname distributions, with notable presence in urban centers like London, Toronto, and California cities (e.g., ~464 in the US, ~253 in Canada, ~217 in the UK per Forebears data). Traditionally rooted in rural agriculture, the community has undergone socio-economic shifts in diaspora settings, transitioning toward urban professions such as business, transportation, and professional services, reflecting broader patterns of Punjabi migrant adaptation.^[19]

Society and Culture

The Kamboj community, also known as Kamboh, is recognized as a prominent agricultural caste in the Punjab region, holding a high social status comparable to the Jat and Gujar castes, with whom they intermarry and share commensal relations such as eating and smoking together.^[20] They claim descent from the ancient Kambojas, an Indo-Aryan warrior tribe mentioned in Vedic and epic literature, positioning themselves as a Kshatriya-like group within the traditional varna system, though colonial ethnographers noted their primary occupation as husbandry rather than martial pursuits.^[20] The community's social structure is organized around patrilineal clans, known as gotras, which trace descent through the male line and form the basis for kinship and inheritance. These clans are divided into two main groups among Muslim Kamboj: the Bawan-gota (52 clans) and Chaurasi-gota (84 clans), totaling 136 sub-divisions, while Hindu and Sikh Kamboj maintain similar but distinct groupings; examples include Chadana, Dhot, and Thind, with endogamy typically practiced within these clans or broader sub-castes to preserve lineage purity.^[20] Family systems emphasize joint households in rural settings, where extended patrilineal kin cooperate in agricultural labor and resource sharing, reflecting the agrarian economy's demands.^[21] Marriage customs reinforce this structure through arranged unions, often allowing limited individual choice but strictly within the caste, as evidenced by surveys showing over 90% preference for intra-caste partners to maintain social cohesion.^[21] Community institutions play a key role in social upliftment and advocacy, notably the All India Kamboj Mahasabha, established in 1975 to promote education, economic welfare, and reservation rights for the community, which has sought inclusion in backward classes lists across Indian states.^[22] Gender roles traditionally follow an agrarian division, with men handling fieldwork and livestock while women manage household duties and domestic production; however, modern trends show rising female participation in education and wage labor, driven by community efforts and state policies.^[22]

Customs and Traditions

The Kamboj community, primarily residing in Punjab and Haryana, observes major Punjabi festivals such as Lohri and Baisakhi, which reflect their agricultural heritage and historical warrior ethos. Lohri, celebrated on January 13, involves lighting bonfires, singing folk songs, and offering prayers for a bountiful harvest, with community gatherings emphasizing unity and gratitude to the sun god. Baisakhi, marking the Punjabi New Year and harvest in April, features processions, traditional dances like bhangra, and martial displays such as gatka sword fighting, symbolizing the clan's ancient Kshatriya roots in cavalry and combat. These observances foster social bonds and preserve cultural identity among Kamboj families.^[23] Wedding rituals among the Kamboj incorporate Punjabi customs with elements nodding to their warrior past, including the groom carrying a ceremonial kirpan or sword during the procession to signify protection and valor. The ceremonies often follow Anand Karaj for Sikhs or Vedic rites for Hindus, featuring rituals like the exchange of garlands (jaimala) and circumambulation of the sacred fire (pheras), alongside community feasts. Exchange marriages (watta-satta) are practiced in some subgroups, where families swap brides to strengthen alliances, with all rituals—such as haldi application and mehndi nights—mirroring broader Punjabi traditions while adhering to clan gotra rules to avoid endogamy.^[24]^[21] Cuisine centers on hearty Punjabi staples suited to their agrarian lifestyle, with makki di roti (cornmeal flatbread) paired with sarson da saag (mustard greens curry) as a winter favorite, prepared using locally grown produce like wheat, rice, and vegetables. Traditional attire includes salwar kameez for women adorned with phulkari embroidery—floral motifs in silk thread symbolizing prosperity—and kurtas with turbans for men, often in vibrant colors during festivals and weddings to evoke cultural pride.^[25] Oral traditions are upheld through boliyan, rhythmic folk couplets sung during celebrations like Lohri and weddings, recounting tales of ancient battles and clan valor from epics like the Mahabharata. Bards, known as mirasis, play a key role in preserving gotra histories and genealogies at community events, passing down narratives orally to maintain the Kamboj's Indo-Aryan legacy. In modern contexts, these practices blend seamlessly with Sikh and Hindu customs; Sikh Kamboj participate in gurdwara langars and kirtan sessions, while Hindu subgroups conduct temple pujas and honor deities like Hanuman during Diwali and Holi, adapting diaspora celebrations in places like the UK and Fiji with community temples to sustain heritage amid urbanization.^[26]

Demographics

Population Estimates

The 1931 British census recorded the Kamboj (also spelled Kamboh) population in Punjab province at 239,582 individuals.^[18] Contemporary estimates place the Kamboj population in India at around 800,000 as of the 2020s, including approximately 506,000 Sikhs, 293,000 Hindus, and 7,000 Muslims, based on data from the Joshua Project.^[2]^[16]^[27] In Pakistan, the population is estimated at about 200,000, primarily concentrated in Punjab province. The global diaspora numbers roughly 100,000, mainly in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States. The community has experienced a 2-3% annual growth rate over recent decades, driven by relatively high birth rates and ongoing migration from rural to urban areas, where approximately 60% of the population remains rural.^[28] These trends are supported by SECC insights into socio-economic patterns among agricultural OBC groups and surveys from Kamboj associations tracking demographic shifts.

Religious Affiliations

In the medieval period, a portion of the community converted to Islam during the Mughal era, becoming integrated into Sunni traditions and gaining prominence in administration and military roles, such as through figures like Shahbaz Khan Kamboh.^[29] Concurrently, during the late 17th century under Guru Gobind Singh, many Kambojs embraced Sikhism, exemplified by Bhai Mani Singh, a Kamboj who served as a childhood companion to the Guru and scribed the Guru Granth Sahib.^[30] The 1931 Census of India recorded the community's religious composition in Punjab as 42.4% Sikh, 41.5% Muslim, and 16.1% Hindu, reflecting these historical conversions.^[31] Post-1947 partition, the religious landscape realigned, with most Muslim Kambojs settling in Pakistan, while Sikhs and Hindus predominated in India. Today, approximately 63% of the Kamboj community in India adheres to Sikhism, emphasizing equality and service as core tenets.^[2] The Hindu segment, around 37%, primarily follows Vaishnavism or Shaivism, retaining Vedic influences in their practices.^[16] In Pakistan, the Muslim minority, comprising about 10% overall, remains embedded in Sunni Islam with community-specific observances.^[15] This distribution underscores ongoing interfaith harmony in mixed regions of Punjab.

Notable Figures

Historical Personalities

One of the most prominent ancient Kamboj figures is King Sudakshina, a monarch of the Kambojas who played a pivotal role in the Kurukshetra War as depicted in the Mahabharata. Leading a formidable contingent of Kamboj cavalry on the side of the Kauravas, Sudakshina commanded the frontline forces during the Bhishma Parva and was ultimately slain by Arjuna in the Drona Parva, symbolizing the valor of northern Kshatriya warriors in epic narratives.^[3] In the medieval period, Shahbaz Khan Kamboh emerged as a key Mughal general under Emperor Akbar, renowned for his military prowess in consolidating imperial control over Rajasthan. Appointed Mir Bakhshi in 1572, he led multiple expeditions against Rana Pratap of Mewar following the Battle of Haldighati in 1576, including campaigns in 1577, 1580, and 1584 that devastated key areas but failed to fully subdue the resistance. His efforts were instrumental in suppressing rebellions, such as the capture of Siwana fort in Marwar in 1576 alongside other commanders, and he also interceded diplomatically, as in securing the pardon of Duda Hada in 1579. Born in 1529 near Lahore to a noble Kamboh family, Shahbaz Khan rose rapidly in rank, holding a mansab of 5,000, and died in 1599, leaving a legacy as one of Akbar's most trusted and successful generals.^[32]^[33] Among other notable medieval Kamboj personalities, Shaikh Gadai Kamboh (also known as Abdul Rehman) stands out as a scholar, Sufi leader of the Suhrawardiyya order, and influential courtier in the early Mughal era. Son and successor of the poet-laureate Shaikh Jamali Kamboh, Gadai served as Sadr-i-Sudur (chief ecclesiastical officer) under Humayun and later Akbar, advising on religious and legal matters while promoting Sufi teachings through Persian poetry and philosophical works that enriched Mughal literary traditions. Exiled briefly under Sher Shah Suri for his affiliations, he returned to hold high administrative roles, including oversight of religious endowments, and was honored for bridging Punjabi Muslim scholarship with imperial policy.^[34]^[35] Kamboj rulers feature in regional chronicles as integrated Kshatriya clans, with figures from the Kamboja-Pala lineage ruling parts of Bengal in the 10th–11th centuries CE and contributing to defensive networks against invasions, exemplifying Kamboj administrative acumen in local governance.^[3] The historical impacts of these Kamboj figures extended to military alliances and administrative roles in Indo-Iranian border politics, where Hindu Shahi kings like Jayapala and Trilochanapala (c. 843–1026 CE), sometimes linked to Kamboj origins in community traditions, defended northwestern frontiers against Persian, Greek, Arab, and Turkic incursions, forging pacts with neighboring Indo-Aryan powers to safeguard trade routes and cultural exchanges. Their cavalry expertise and diplomatic ties bolstered regional stability, influencing the martial ethos of later Kshatriya polities.^[3]

Modern Contributors

In contemporary times, members of the Kamboj community have made significant contributions across diplomacy, politics, and scientific research, reflecting their engagement in public service and intellectual pursuits in India and abroad. These individuals have leveraged their expertise to influence policy, governance, and advancements in healthcare and pharmacology, often achieving pioneering roles that highlight the community's role in modern society. Ruchira Kamboj, a 1987-batch Indian Foreign Service officer, became India's first woman Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York, serving from 2022 to 2024.^[36] During her tenure, she represented India in key UN forums, including the Security Council, advocating for global issues like sustainable development and counter-terrorism.^[37] Prior to this, Kamboj served as Ambassador to Bhutan (2019–2022) and High Commissioner to South Africa (2017–2019), where she strengthened bilateral ties on economic and cultural fronts.^[38] Her career, marked by postings in Paris, Moscow, and London, culminated in her retirement after 37 years, earning recognition for breaking gender barriers in Indian diplomacy.^[39] In politics, Karan Dev Kamboj has been a prominent leader in Haryana, serving as a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) MLA from the Indri constituency from 2014 to 2019.^[40] As the state BJP OBC Morcha president until 2024, he focused on issues affecting Other Backward Classes, including agricultural reforms and rural development.^[41] Kamboj also held ministerial positions, contributing to state governance on social welfare and infrastructure.^[42] In September 2024, after resigning from the BJP, he joined the Indian National Congress, underscoring his continued influence in regional politics.^[43] The Kamboj community has also excelled in scientific domains, particularly in medical research and epidemiology. Ved Prakash Kamboj (1937–2023), an eminent endocrinologist, directed the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) in Lucknow from 1992 to 1997, advancing drug discovery for reproductive health and cancer.^[44] His work led to the development of non-steroidal anti-fertility agents and earned him the presidency of the National Academy of Sciences, India (2005–2006).^[45] Kamboj published over 200 papers and mentored numerous researchers, establishing CDRI as a hub for endocrinology innovation.^[46] In the United States, Mini Kamboj has risen as Chief Medical Epidemiologist at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center since 2014, leading infection control strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.^[47] Her research, with over 170 publications, focuses on antimicrobial resistance and hospital-acquired infections in cancer patients, influencing global healthcare protocols.^[48] These contributors exemplify the Kamboj community's adaptation to modern challenges, from international diplomacy to cutting-edge science, fostering progress in diverse arenas.

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### Key Facts about Kamboh (Sikh Traditions) in India
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Nothing is retrieved...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Today, the Kamboh people primarily reside in Punjab and Sindh provinces ... Population this Country, 1,001,000. Population all Countries, 1,032,000. Total ...
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[33]
[PDF] Report, Part-I, Vol, XVII, Punjab - Census of India
This report covers population distribution, cities, birth-place, age, sex, civil condition, occupations, literacy, language, religion, race, and caste.
[34]
Kamboh (Sikh traditions) in India people group profile - Joshua Project
Kamboh people have a variety of religious beliefs, and many are Sikhs. Sikhism originated from a 15th century teacher named Guru Nanak Dev as a reform movement.Missing: scholarly | Show results with:scholarly
[35]
[PDF] rajput nobility under jahangir and shah jahan - CORE
Bhagwant Das(1577)/ Shahbaz Khan Kamboh(1577),^ Abdur Rahim Khan-i-. Khanan (1580)^ and Raja Jagaimath (1584f were dispatched against him one after the other ...
[36]
The 'guzar' named after great Kamboh general - Newspaper - Dawn
Oct 2, 2016 · Shahbaz Khan was Akbar's fiercest, and most successful military general, and was a Rajput Kamboh. As very little has been written, or researched ...Missing: Haldighati | Show results with:Haldighati
[37]
A Short History of the Mughal Empire 9780755604913 ...
He welcomed Suhrawardi Sufi leader Shaikh Gadai Kamboh (a Punjabi whose ancestors had converted to Islam), whom Sher Shah had driven into exile for Mughal ...
[38]
[PDF] SOCIO-POLITICAL LIFE IN INDIA DURING 16 th - CORE
Shaikh Gadai Kamboh , succeeded in having the Shaikh. Summoned to Agra from Uch, angered at this, the Shaikh cursed both Shaikh Gadai and his patron,. Bairam ...<|separator|>
[39]
New Permanent Representative of India Presents Credentials
Aug 2, 2022 · Kamboj served as Ambassador to Bhutan, beginning in 2019. Between 2017 and 2019, she was the High Commissioner of India to South Africa with ...
[40]
Ruchira Kamboj to be India's Permanent Representative to U.N.
Jun 21, 2022 · Ruchira Kamboj, who is currently serving as India's envoy to Bhutan, will succeed T.S. Tirumurti as the Indian ambassador to the U.N..
[41]
Ruchira Kamboj appointed Permanent Representative to UN
Jun 21, 2022 · Ruchira Kamboj, currently Indian ambassador to Bhutan, has been appointed as the next Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations at New York.
[42]
Ruchira Kamboj, India's first woman Permanent Representative to ...
Jun 2, 2024 · Ruchira Kamboj retired after 35 years of service, during which she served as Indian envoy in Bhutan, South Africa and the UNESCO.
[43]
Dissatisfied over ticket allocation, Karan Dev to contest as ...
Sep 8, 2024 · The development comes two days after Kamboj met Haryana election co-incharge and former Tripura chief minister Biplab Kumar Deb in New Delhi ...
[44]
BJP's hard battle ahead in Haryana assembly polls - Hindustan Times
Sep 6, 2024 · Discontent within the party was visible when Karan Dev Kamboj, Haryana BJP's OBC Morcha president and a former minister, ...
[45]
Tears, resignations, threats: First list sparks rebellion in Haryana BJP
Sep 6, 2024 · The BJP in Haryana is experiencing a major internal revolt following the announcement of its first list of 67 candidates for the assembly ...
[46]
CDRI ex-director Kamboj no more - Latest News - Times of India
Nov 22, 2023 · Lucknow: Former CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) director Ved Prakash Kamboj passed away at Jalandhar, Punjab on Tuesday. He was 86.
[47]
Dr. V. P. Kamboj Memorial Oration - ISSRF
Dr. V. P. Kamboj, PhD, DSc, FNA, FNASc, was renowned scientist, former Director of the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) and President, ...
[48]
Ved KAMBOJ | Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow | CDRI
Ved KAMBOJ | Cited by 2550 | of Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow (CDRI) | Read 202 publications | Contact Ved KAMBOJ.
[49]
Women Leaders at MSK: Mini Kamboj
Mar 8, 2021 · Mini Kamboj, Chief Medical Epidemiologist since 2014, has led the Infection Control effort at MSK from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, ...
[50]
Mini KAMBOJ | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Mini KAMBOJ | Cited by 5872 | of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City (MSKCC) | Read 174 publications | Contact Mini KAMBOJ.