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King Long

Xiamen King Long United Automotive Industry Co., Ltd., commonly known as King Long, is a leading manufacturer of vehicles, specializing in large and medium-sized buses, minivans, new energy vehicles, special vehicles, trucks, and recreational vehicles. Founded in 1988 and headquartered in , Province, , the company operates as a of the publicly listed Xiamen King Long Motor Group Co., Ltd. (stock code: 600686) and maintains four production bases across Xiamen and . King Long has established itself as a global leader in the bus industry, achieving a brand value of 96.782 billion in 2024 and ranking first in overseas export volume for 13 consecutive years as of 2023, with nearly 140,000 buses exported to approximately 150 countries worldwide. The company is renowned for its innovations in sustainable transportation, including the development and mass production of the world's first L4-level autonomous bus, the Apolong, which represents a milestone in intelligent public transit solutions. As a national demonstration enterprise for technological innovation in , King Long emphasizes in electric and autonomous vehicles, contributing to global efforts in green mobility and urban travel efficiency.

History

Founding and early development

Xiamen King Long United Automotive Industry Co., Ltd. was founded on December 3, 1988, as a joint venture in Xiamen, Fujian Province, China, with initial ownership divided among Xiamen Automotive Industry Corporation (50%), Xiamen State-owned Assets Investment Co., Ltd. (25%), and San Yang Industry Co., Ltd. (25%). The company was established to develop the local automotive sector in a region lacking an industrial base for bus manufacturing, beginning operations in a repurposed facility assigned by the municipal government. In its early years, King Long focused on the production of minibuses and light commercial vehicles, initiating assembly through CKD (completely knocked down) kits sourced from international partners like Germany's to build foundational expertise. The headquarters was set up in , where the first production lines were installed for small-scale bus assembly, enabling the rollout of the company's inaugural bus model in 1990. These initial efforts emphasized basic van models tailored for urban and rural transport needs in . A key milestone in the early was King Long's transition from reliance on foreign CKD assembly to independent operations, marked by the development of proprietary technologies and self-designed products by , such as the XMQ6120 luxury bus, while prioritizing entry into the . This shift allowed the company to adapt vehicles to local conditions and scale production domestically without ongoing foreign kit dependencies. In 1993, the parent company, King Long Motor Group Co., Ltd., was listed on the (stock code: 600686), supporting further growth.

Expansion and milestones

During the , King Long underwent rapid expansion in production capacity, adopting an "asset-light strategy" to enhance manufacturing agility and meet surging domestic demand for coaches and buses. By , the company had established itself as a leader in China's coach-making industry, achieving revenues of 5.3 billion primarily from domestic sales. Key milestones in the early included the of related brands, with King Long acquiring a controlling majority stake in Golden Dragon Bus by 2007 to consolidate its position in the and light bus segments. The company also marked significant internal achievements through the development of proprietary and designs, initiating advancements in the XMQ series around 2005, which featured innovative features like overhead and truss-through luggage compartments. Employee numbers grew to over 1,800 by , supporting expanded operations across , , and production. In 2014, Fujian Motors Industry Group became the dominant shareholder with a 34.22% stake, aligning King Long more closely with provincial automotive initiatives while maintaining its public listing status. In , King Long faced a major when it was implicated in a into fraudulent claims for electric buses, receiving approximately 520 million in improper subsidies. The company was required to repay the funds and pay fines equivalent to 50% of the amount, and the contributed to the suicide of its CEO. In the late 2010s, King Long advanced in autonomous vehicle technology, partnering with in 2017 to develop the Apolong, the world's first L4-level autonomous bus, which entered and commercial trials in 2018. The company invested in advanced systems, achieving certification under the ISO/TS 16949:2009 to ensure consistent standards in vehicle assembly and components. In the , King Long shifted toward larger facilities, with its main plant covering 200,000 square meters by 2010 to accommodate increased output.

Export collaborations

King Long began its international expansion in the early , with the first major export of large coaches to in 2001, marking the company's entry into the market. By 2003, city buses were shipped to , representing the initial foray into , followed by 600 large and medium-sized buses to the , including , in 2005 after obtaining UK Certification Agency (VCA) approval for compliance. These early efforts laid the groundwork for broader reach, with exports growing to over 3,000 units in —representing approximately 20% of total sales volume at the time and contributing 18% of China's overall bus and coach exports that year—spanning more than 30 countries across , , the , , and . In the mid-2000s, King Long established a foothold in and the through direct sales and localized adaptations. Starting in 2004, the company exported luxury buses to , initiating annual shipments that continued for at least five consecutive years and included school and city buses tailored to regional needs. By the late 2000s, presence in the emerged via direct sales of models like the XMQ6119T city bus, with over 500 units delivered by 2010 to support urban transit operations. In , exports began around 2008 with minivans and light buses to countries such as and , where nearly 3,000 units were in operation by the early 2010s through sales partnerships, focusing on affordable, durable vehicles for emerging markets. These initiatives emphasized collaborative sales agreements with local distributors to navigate regulatory and infrastructural challenges. A pivotal collaboration unfolded in July 2023 with firms Sales and , introducing the King Long EVolution Complete, a low-floor electric urban bus designed to Australian standards. This fully imported chassis and body combination, manufactured in but customized with Volgren's bodywork expertise, targeted zero-emission , leading to deployments like six units entered service for SkyBus airport operations in in early September 2025, providing 24/7 service. The partnership highlighted King Long's role in integrating global supply chains for adoption in . More recently, in January 2025, King Long partnered with UK-based to launch the Rightech brand, focusing on battery-electric buses for the market. Under this , King Long supplies for the RB6 (6-meter) and RB9 (9-meter) models, which Wrightbus adapts with local components and service networks to meet stringent and emissions regulations. This initiative aims to facilitate a transition to zero-emission fleets, building on King Long's established EU certifications from the 2000s.

Corporate structure

Ownership and subsidiaries

Xiamen King Long Motor Group Co., Ltd., the parent company of the King Long group, is publicly listed on the under stock code 600686. The largest shareholder is Motor Industry Group Co., Ltd., a , which holds approximately 32.3% of the shares, providing primary control to Xiamen-based entities following the evolution of earlier joint ventures. Other major shareholders include Investment & Development Group Co., Ltd. with 10.3% and Provincial Communication Transportation Group Co., Ltd. with 2.72%, reflecting significant provincial state-owned influences in the ownership structure as of November 2025. The group operates through key subsidiaries focused on , including Xiamen King Long United Automotive Industry Co., Ltd., which handles core production of coaches and buses; Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Co., Ltd., specializing in minibuses and light buses under the Golden Dragon brand integrated within the King Long portfolio; and Higer Bus Co., Ltd., known for premium tourist and city buses with historical ties to the group's expansion. These affiliates play integral roles in the Motors Group's broader automotive portfolio, contributing to diversified vehicle assembly and sales. Governance is managed by a comprising executives and independent members, with composition emphasizing state-owned influences through representatives from Motor Industry Group and other provincial entities, ensuring alignment with regional industrial policies. details highlight a mix of institutional and private investors, with the top 25 holding 48.46% of equity, supporting strategic decision-making centered on the automotive sector. Financial oversight within the group prioritizes revenue streams derived primarily from bus and commercial vehicle sales, supplemented by parts and services, with annual reports guiding resource allocation amid market fluctuations in the passenger transport industry.

Manufacturing facilities

King Long's primary manufacturing operations are centered at its Xiamen headquarters, which includes specialized production bases for large and medium-sized buses, minivans, and special vehicles. King Long's facilities in Xiamen span a total of 800,000 square meters across multiple bases and feature advanced assembly lines capable of producing buses up to 13 meters in length, supporting the construction of coaches, city buses, and related models. These facilities incorporate state-of-the-art equipment, including the longest bus production line in China, enabling efficient manufacturing of over 200 product variants ranging from 4.5 to 18 meters overall. The workforce at the Xiamen site exceeds 1,800 employees, including approximately 400 technical engineers and 30 postgraduates dedicated to production and . Production processes follow a structured sequence, beginning with welding and frame , progressing through body fabrication, , interior , and culminating in rigorous final testing to ensure with and standards. This integrated approach emphasizes intelligent techniques, such as automated and real-time , to optimize efficiency across stages. King Long also operates a Special Vehicle Production Base in , Province, supporting production of special and new energy vehicles. The facilities support an annual production capacity of 20,000 units for large and medium-sized buses, including coaches, and 30,000 units for minivans, allowing for the output of thousands of vehicles focused on coaches and vans each year. Recent upgrades to lines for new energy vehicles, implemented between 2023 and 2025, have enhanced capabilities for electric and hybrid models, aligning with increased demand and enabling the production of nearly 9,000 electric buses in 2023 alone. These improvements integrate R&D elements, such as battery and intelligent systems, to streamline new energy vehicle output without disrupting core bus production.

Business operations

Research and development

King Long maintains a dedicated (R&D) team comprising hundreds of engineers and specialists focused on advancing and electric systems for buses and coaches. This team operates within the King Long Engineering Research Institute, a state-recognized technology center equipped with a national-level test facility and postdoctoral workstation to support innovation in vehicle technologies. The company's R&D efforts integrate specialized laboratories at its headquarters, including facilities for emissions testing, safety evaluations, new energy vehicle performance assessments, and power battery analysis. These labs enable rigorous testing of systems and compliance with environmental standards, such as those for low-emission hybrid models. Key initiatives in the included the development of the XMQ hybrid series, such as the XMQ6121G and XMQ6127AGH models, which combined engines with electric motors to reduce consumption by over 25% and emissions by 25-30%. In 2017, King Long invested in autonomous bus technology through collaboration on the Apolong, China's first Level 4 mass-produced self-driving , which lacks a and for fully automated operation in controlled environments. Following 2020, King Long has intensified its focus on new energy vehicles (), including the production of electric heavy trucks to support zero-emission , in alignment with China's national NEV policies aiming for widespread adoption of clean transport by 2030. This shift incorporates sustainable materials, exemplified by the introduction of carbon fiber composite structures in battery management technology (BMT) buses to enhance lightweighting and .

Global markets and partnerships

King Long has established a significant presence in global markets, exporting buses to nearly 150 countries and regions worldwide. The company has cumulatively exported over 140,000 vehicles, maintaining the top position in China's bus volume for 13 consecutive years. In the first half of 2025 alone, King Long exported 14,100 vehicles, marking a 52.5% year-on-year increase, with nearly 6,000 buses sold overseas during that period, up 60% from the previous year. It holds a substantial share of China's bus , achieving approximately 16-17% in early 2025 months, such as 17.22% in February and 19.96% in March. Key markets include , the , various European countries, and Asian nations, alongside regions in , the , and . To enhance product quality and reliability, King Long collaborates with leading international suppliers for critical components. Partnerships include for engines and powertrains, enabling compliance with advanced emission standards and supporting exports to regions requiring high performance. The company also works with for engines and ZF for transmissions, integrating German engineering to meet global durability needs. Additionally, through its subsidiary Higer, King Long has partnered with to utilize technology, facilitating customized bus builds for international operators. King Long's business model emphasizes export growth, with overseas delivery value accounting for 63.68% of total sales in the first half of , a sharp rise from 25.13% in the prior period. To mitigate tariffs and improve market access, the company pursues localized production strategies, such as assembling buses in since 2021, allowing tailored adaptations to regional preferences and regulations. Adapting to international standards presents ongoing challenges, particularly with emission norms, which King Long addresses through supplier integrations like Cummins' 6 engines. These modifications ensure vehicles meet stringent environmental requirements in and other markets, though evolving regulations, such as potential 7 updates, necessitate continuous technological upgrades. As of , King Long's market share remains dynamic, influenced by global demand for new energy vehicles.

Products

Vans and minibuses

King Long's vans and minibuses are designed primarily for light commercial and urban passenger transport, offering compact dimensions suitable for navigation and versatile configurations for or seating needs. These vehicles typically accommodate 6 to 12 passengers, emphasizing fuel-efficient engines and practical layouts for daily operations in dense urban environments. Key models in the lineup include the Jinwei, a light commercial van inspired by established designs like the Haise, available in configurations such as panel vans, crew vans, and minibuses with body structures for enhanced durability. The Kaige serves as a variant, supporting customizable builds for services, often featuring or electric powertrains for efficiency in short-haul duties. Complementing these are the , also marketed as Saima or Kaite, multi-purpose vans capable of seating up to 10 passengers, with flexible interiors for passenger or light cargo use and dimensions around 5 meters in length for maneuverability. Design features prioritize practicality, with capacities ranging from 6 to 12 passengers in standard setups, powered by efficient or engines delivering outputs like 117 horsepower in 2.2-liter variants for balanced performance and economy. Models incorporate modern elements such as LED headlights, panoramic side windows for better visibility, and lightweight high-strength body structures to improve and consumption in urban delivery and transport scenarios. The vans and minibuses trace their origins to the , aligning with King Long's early expansion into smaller vehicles following the company's founding in 1988 and initial bus production in 1990, evolving from basic commercial models to incorporate advanced and upgrades. By the , electric variants emerged, such as the full-electric K06 (XMQ6601) mini bus with a 60 kW motor and 89.16 kWh for 120-160 km range, reflecting a shift toward sustainable urban mobility. Primarily serving domestic commercial applications like urban shuttles and deliveries in , these vehicles have seen limited exports to , including markets in , the , and , where they support local and needs.

Coaches

King Long's coaches are engineered for and long-distance applications, emphasizing comfort and operational efficiency on highways. These vehicles typically range from 11 to 13 meters in length, accommodating 47 to 53 passengers with features such as reclining seats equipped with three-point safety belts, dual-zone systems, and onboard entertainment including TV/DVD players and reading lamps. Additional amenities include onboard toilets, emergency exits, and luggage compartments with aluminum doors, contributing to a luxurious travel experience. Prominent models include the XMQ6129Y, a 12.2-meter luxury high-deck coach launched in 2007 as part of the Longwin series, and the XMQ6112 series, a mid-size 11-meter highway coach introduced in 2005. The XMQ6129Y, built on a semi-integral body structure with a 6,000 mm wheelbase, features a powerful inline six-cylinder diesel engine delivering 294 kW of power and a maximum speed of 130 km/h, while the XMQ6112 offers configurations for up to 51 seats with a curb weight of approximately 11,750 kg and a top speed of 100 km/h. Both models incorporate aerodynamic front designs to enhance fuel efficiency, reducing consumption through optimized airflow and lightweight materials. Development of these coaches began in the early , building on King Long's earlier luxury bus platforms from the , with a focus on high standards, environmental performance, and maneuverability for routes. The XMQ6129Y earned the "Coach of the Year" award at the BAAV Awards in for its innovations in fuel economy and passenger . In the , these models have become staples for operators, with notable deliveries such as 30 units of the XMQ6112 to Transportation Travel Agency in 2020 and another 30 to Tianjin operators, supporting scenic and intercity travel. Exports have established strong presence in the , including large orders to since 2004, and , starting with batch shipments to in 2003 and subsequent certifications for markets like the and .

Buses

King Long's standard bus lineup focuses on reliable public and transportation solutions, with models designed for and student commuting. These buses generally offer passenger capacities ranging from 30 to 60, incorporating low-floor configurations to improve for diverse users, including those with mobility challenges. choices encompass engines for traditional operation and systems to support and lower emissions in city settings. Prominent models in this category include the , the XMQ6106AGSHEVD62 , and the XMQ6120 AGD5 bus. The XMQ6100ASN prioritizes student safety through reinforced body structures and specialized features such as anti-slip flooring, emergency doors, tire pressure monitoring systems (TPMS), and automatic fire extinguishers in the engine compartment. The XMQ6106AGSHEVD62 employs a diesel-electric setup with series-parallel control, enabling electric-only propulsion during startup, low speeds, and idling to reduce exhaust emissions on urban routes. Meanwhile, the XMQ6120 AGD5 bus supports high-volume with up to 65 seats, , a curb weight of 17,500 kg, and a top speed of 90 km/h, complemented by aerodynamic enhancements for improved fuel economy. These buses are tailored for practical applications, with school models like the XMQ6100ASN emphasizing crash-resistant frames and stability via low centers of gravity, while transit variants such as the XMQ6106AGSHEVD62 and XMQ6120 AGD5 optimize for frequent stops and heavy urban traffic flows. In the 2000s, King Long standardized its bus production processes, earning certifications like ISO 9001:2000 for quality management, which enabled expanded international sales to markets including the European Union.

Special and new energy vehicles

King Long has developed a range of special and new energy vehicles () emphasizing and advanced technology, including battery-electric, , and autonomous models designed for urban and specialized applications. Since intensifying efforts in NEVs around , the company has achieved significant growth, with sales increasing by over 500% that year, outpacing industry averages. These vehicles incorporate high-energy-density batteries and comply with global zero-emission standards, supporting greener solutions. A flagship model is the Apolong, recognized as the world's first L4-level mass-produced autonomous bus, jointly developed with Baidu and entering commercial production in 2018. This mini-bus features self-driving capabilities such as automatic parking, obstacle avoidance using LiDAR sensors, and route following, enabling unmanned operation in controlled environments. By 2023, the 100th Apolong unit rolled off the production line, and version 2.0 upgrades include the HW3.1 autonomous driving system with high-performance processors for enhanced reliability. The Apolong supports urban shuttle services and airport transfers, with deployments in China and international showcases, such as at the Dubai World Congress for Self-Driving Transport in 2025. The represents King Long's advancements in pure electric buses tailored for export markets, featuring a low-floor design with batteries offering capacities of 254 kWh or 330 kWh for extended range and compliance with stringent emission regulations. Introduced for international fleets, this 12-meter model achieves a maximum speed of 90 km/h and includes driver-centric features like a 12.3-inch LCD display and efficient air ventilation systems. In 2025, six units entered service in , , as part of zero-emission initiatives, demonstrating its suitability for demanding urban routes. Post-2020, King Long expanded into electric trucks and other as part of its special vehicles lineup, offering customized battery-electric and powertrains for and applications. These include new energy trucks with professional modifications and tailored interiors, focusing on and reduced emissions for green fleet solutions. Innovations such as integrated high-voltage via the SmartGO platform enable real-time oversight of electrical systems, supporting broader adoption in and export markets. Production has ramped up for 2025, with new models like the MU12E city bus unveiled at Busworld 2025, emphasizing unlimited evolution in electric mobility.

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