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Krab

The AHS Krab (Polish for "crab") is a 155 mm self-propelled tracked howitzer designed and manufactured in Poland by Huta Stalowa Wola (HSW) in cooperation with international partners, serving as a NATO-compatible artillery system for modern armored forces.^[1] It features a hybrid design that combines the chassis of the South Korean K9 Thunder self-propelled howitzer, the turret and recoil system from the British AS-90 Braveheart, and a 52-caliber 155 mm gun barrel produced by the French company Nexter, along with Poland's indigenous Topaz fire control system.^[2] This configuration enables high mobility, rapid fire rates, and extended range, making it a key asset for indirect fire support in contemporary conflicts.^[1] Development of the Krab began in the late 1990s, with the first prototype completed in 2001 using a modified PT-91 Twardy tank chassis, though early versions faced technical challenges that delayed full production until 2008.^[1] The modern iteration, incorporating the K9 chassis, underwent testing in 2015 and achieved operational readiness by 2016 following a €1 billion contract signed with the Polish Ministry of National Defence in December 2016.^[2] Technical specifications include a combat weight of approximately 52 tons, dimensions of 7.4 m in length, 3.4 m in width, and 3.0 m in height, powered by a 1,000 hp MTU MT 881 Ka-500 diesel engine that provides a top speed of 67 km/h and an operational range of 400 km.^[3] The vehicle accommodates a crew of five and carries 40 rounds of 155 mm ammunition plus 48 propellant charges, with a maximum firing rate of six rounds per minute for short bursts and a sustained rate of two rounds per minute.^[1] In terms of armament and capabilities, the Krab's primary weapon is its 155 mm L/52 gun, capable of engaging targets at ranges from 4.7 km (minimum) to 40 km (standard high-explosive rounds), with extended reach up to 50 km using rocket-assisted projectiles and precision-guided munitions compatible with NATO standards.^[1] Secondary armament consists of a 12.7 mm machine gun for self-defense and four 81 mm smoke grenade launchers, while the system supports burst fire modes such as three rounds in under 10 seconds for multiple round simultaneous impact tactics.^[1] Protection features welded steel armor resistant to small arms fire and artillery fragments, nuclear-biological-chemical (NBC) filtration, and an automatic fire suppression system, though it has shown vulnerability to drone attacks in combat, particularly from overhead strikes by Russian Lancet loitering munitions.^[2] Mobility allows it to traverse 25° gradients, 20° side slopes, 0.8 m vertical obstacles, and 2.5 m trenches, enhancing its tactical flexibility on varied terrain.^[1] The Krab entered service with the Polish Land Forces in 2017, with 96 units delivered by December 2021 and an additional order of 48 howitzers, plus support vehicles, placed in September 2022; production and deliveries resumed to Poland in 2025 after a pause to prioritize exports, with 34 units scheduled for that year alone.^[4]^[5] Poland has also supplied 54 Krabs to Ukraine since May 2022, where they have been deployed in combat operations against Russian forces, including near Donetsk, earning praise for superior accuracy, speed, and reliability over legacy Soviet systems despite maintenance challenges and drone vulnerabilities that have resulted in the loss of at least 36 units as of June 2025.^[6]^[2] In 2025, Ukrainian forces continued using the Krab for long-range strikes on enemy targets, while Polish units employed it in multinational exercises like Iron Defender-25 and Iron Gate 2025.^[7]^[8] Recent developments include an April 2025 agreement between HSW and South Korea's Hanwha to further integrate K9 components, ensuring ongoing enhancements to production and capabilities, and a December 2024 contract for an additional 96 howitzers.^[9]^[10]

Development

Program initiation

The "Regina" program was launched in 1997 by the Polish Ministry of National Defence as part of broader military modernization efforts to develop a new generation of artillery systems compatible with NATO standards, specifically a 155 mm self-propelled howitzer to replace aging Soviet-era equipment.^[11] Initial requirements for the system emphasized a 52-caliber gun capable of achieving a maximum firing range of 30 km with standard ammunition, extendable to 40 km with rocket-assisted projectiles, an automated loading mechanism to enhance firing rates, and seamless integration with indigenous Polish fire control systems such as the TOPAZ automated artillery fire control system for improved command and ballistic computation.^[12]^[1]^[13] Huta Stalowa Wola (HSW) served as the primary stakeholder and lead designer, leveraging licensed foreign technologies—including elements from British, South Korean, and other international designs—for early conceptual development to ensure rapid alignment with NATO interoperability goals.^[11]^[14] The program's timeline began with feasibility and conceptual phases in the late 1990s, culminating in initial contracts awarded around 2000 for component integration and prototyping groundwork, marking the transition from requirements definition to practical engineering efforts.^[11]

Prototyping and international collaboration

The first prototype of the AHS Krab self-propelled howitzer was unveiled in June 2001, featuring a modified chassis derived from the Polish PT-91 Twardy main battle tank integrated with a British AS-90 Braveheart turret supplied under license.^[12]^[14] This hybrid configuration aimed to combine domestic mobility elements with proven NATO-standard firepower, marking an early step toward a fully indigenous 155 mm system. A second prototype followed shortly thereafter, undergoing initial mobility and integration evaluations.^[15] Prototyping encountered significant challenges, particularly with turret-chassis integration, which caused technical delays and required extensive modifications to ensure compatibility between the Polish hull and the imported turret systems. Testing conducted at Polish proving grounds between 2002 and 2003 demonstrated high firing accuracy but revealed mobility limitations inherent to the PT-91-based chassis, including insufficient power-to-weight ratios and reliability issues under sustained operations. These shortcomings prompted a reevaluation of the design, as the initial hull failed to meet performance expectations for modern battlefield demands.^[14]^[16] The third prototype underwent first firing trials in 2011, achieving a maximum range of 40 km using base-bleed ammunition during evaluations at national ranges. Additional trials validated performance in extreme environmental conditions, including cold-weather operations down to -32°C and high-temperature scenarios up to +50°C, confirming the chassis-turret assembly's robustness for diverse terrains. These results paved the way for pre-production units, with eight howitzers manufactured between 2008 and 2012 on indigenous chassis for initial testing and limited service.^[17]^[12]^[18] In response, the program shifted toward international collaboration with South Korea, culminating in a December 2014 agreement with Samsung Techwin (now Hanwha Defense) to adopt a modified K9 Thunder chassis, which offered enhanced reliability and full NATO interoperability while retaining the AS-90 turret. This partnership addressed prior mobility constraints by leveraging the K9's proven diesel engine and suspension, facilitating smoother integration and accelerating development. Negotiations emphasized technology transfer to support local production at Huta Stalowa Wola.^[19]^[20] The first K9 chassis arrived in Poland in 2015, enabling integration and testing of updated prototypes that year. Following successful evaluations, a €1 billion contract was signed with the Polish Ministry of National Defence in December 2016 for serial production, achieving initial operational readiness by 2016.^[2]

Design

Armament and fire control

The primary armament of the Krab self-propelled howitzer is a 155 mm L/52-caliber gun mounted in a turret derived from the British AS-90 Braveheart design, enabling compatibility with NATO-standard 155 mm munitions.^[1] This howitzer achieves a maximum range of 40 km with NATO-standard ammunition, with extended reach up to 50 km using precision-guided rounds such as the M982 Excalibur.^[12]^[21] The system supports a variety of NATO-compatible projectiles, including high-explosive, smoke, illumination, and precision-guided types, allowing for versatile fire support missions.^[18] In August 2025, HSW signed an agreement with South Korea's Hanwha to integrate the K9 Thunder's gun system into future Krab production, potentially enhancing barrel life and compatibility.^[20] The Krab carries 40 rounds of 155 mm ammunition, distributed between the turret and hull storage, with a semi-automatic loading mechanism that facilitates a maximum rate of fire of six rounds per minute.^[12]^[22] This loading system, combined with a modular charge propulsion, supports burst firing rates of three rounds in ten seconds, enhancing the howitzer's ability to deliver rapid, concentrated fire.^[12] For secondary armament, the Krab features a roof-mounted 12.7 mm WKM-B heavy machine gun positioned on the left side of the turret, primarily for anti-aircraft and close-range defense, with provisions for 400 rounds of ammunition.^[16]^[15] The fire control system employs the Polish-developed ZZKO TOPAZ automated suite, which integrates GPS for positioning, inertial navigation for orientation, and a digital ballistic computer to compute firing solutions for first-round hit probability.^[12]^[1] This system supports advanced modes, including multiple round simultaneous impact (MRSI) burst fire, where up to six rounds can be fired in approximately 30 seconds to converge on a target, along with automated turret and elevation control for rapid target acquisition.^[14] A muzzle velocity radar further refines ballistic calculations by measuring projectile speed in real time, contributing to the overall accuracy and responsiveness of the armament.^[1]

Chassis and mobility

The Krab self-propelled howitzer utilizes a chassis derived from the South Korean K9 Thunder, incorporating a torsion bar suspension with hydro-pneumatic elements that optimizes cross-country performance and shock absorption during high-speed maneuvers. This setup features tracks with a width of 550 mm, a ground clearance of 450 mm, and the capability to ford water depths of 1.2 m without preparation, enabling effective traversal over varied terrains including rough fields and minor obstacles.^[1]^[23]^[24] Powering the vehicle is an MTU MT 881 Ka-500 eight-cylinder water-cooled diesel engine, which produces 750 kW (1,000 hp) at 2,600 rpm and is coupled to an automatic transmission for seamless gear shifts. This configuration achieves a maximum road speed of 67 km/h and an off-road speed of approximately 30 km/h, allowing the Krab to quickly relocate after firing to evade counter-battery fire while maintaining operational tempo in dynamic combat environments.^[25]^[1] The fuel system consists of 650-liter tanks, supporting an operational range of 650 km and a power-to-weight ratio of 15.6 kW/ton, which underscores the vehicle's balance of firepower and endurance for extended missions. Logistically, the Krab includes towing capacity for trailers to haul supplementary ammunition or support assets, and optional amphibious preparation kits can be fitted to facilitate crossings of shallow water bodies beyond standard fording limits.^[26]^[27]

Protection and crew facilities

The Krab self-propelled howitzer features an all-welded steel hull and turret that provides protection against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters.^[12]^[28] This baseline armor configuration prioritizes ballistic resistance suitable for artillery platforms operating in contested environments, though it does not include confirmed composite or ceramic elements in standard production models. The vehicle incorporates a nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) filtration system to safeguard the crew from environmental hazards, along with a laser warning system that alerts operators to incoming targeting threats.^[12] A 12.7 mm machine gun is mounted for close-range self-defense, enhancing the platform's ability to counter infantry or light threats during repositioning.^[14] The Krab accommodates a crew of five, consisting of a commander, gunner, loader, driver, and additional operator.^[12]^[14] The driver's station is positioned in the front left, equipped with a single-piece hatch cover and wide-angle day or passive night periscopes for enhanced situational awareness. Crew access is facilitated by a large rear door, contributing to efficient entry and exit during operations. Survivability is further supported by an automatic fire suppression system to mitigate internal fires from ammunition or mechanical failures, as well as a self-entrenching blade for rapid defensive positioning in the field.^[12] The overall design, with a combat weight of approximately 48 tons, balances these protective elements with mobility requirements.^[29]

Production and variants

Manufacturing history

The initial production efforts for the AHS Krab self-propelled howitzer involved building units on a modified PT-91 Twardy tank chassis between 2012 and 2015, with only 8 units completed (though 24 were planned); however, the program was suspended due to persistent reliability issues with the chassis.^[30] Production resumed in 2016 after transitioning to a modified South Korean K9 Thunder chassis, which provided improved mobility and durability. This shift addressed the earlier technical shortcomings and enabled serial manufacturing to proceed under the Regina 8WD program. In December 2016, Huta Stalowa Wola (HSW) signed a major contract worth approximately PLN 4.65 billion with the Polish Ministry of National Defence for 96 Krab howitzers as part of the Regina program (bringing the total program to 120 units), with first deliveries occurring in 2017 and full-scale handovers continuing thereafter.^[31] An additional contract for 48 units, valued at PLN 3.8 billion and including support vehicles, was awarded to HSW in September 2022, with deliveries scheduled from 2025 to 2027 (34 units in 2025 alone).^[5] Assembly of the Krab occurs primarily at HSW's facility in Stalowa Wola, Poland, where the AS-90-derived turret is integrated with chassis and powerpack components supplied by Hanwha Aerospace (formerly Samsung Techwin); the approximate cost per howitzer unit, excluding ancillary equipment, is around 45–50 million PLN based on these contracts. Production faced delays from 2022 onward due to surging export demands, particularly for Ukraine, prompting HSW to expand its manufacturing capacity with investments in assembly lines and component integration. Between 2022 and 2025, HSW fulfilled contracts to supply at least 72 Krab units to Ukraine, including a PLN 2.7 billion deal signed in June 2022 for 50–60 howitzers, with deliveries prioritized amid the ongoing conflict.^[2] By November 2025, cumulative output is estimated at over 200 units, supported by upgraded facilities capable of higher annual rates to meet both domestic and international commitments; this includes resumed deliveries to Poland in 2025 (34 units) following prioritization of exports. Recent developments include a framework agreement signed in December 2023 for an additional 152 Krabs (valued at approximately PLN 10 billion), with the first execution contract for 96 units in December 2024, and an August 2025 agreement between HSW and Hanwha Aerospace to further integrate K9 components for enhanced production efficiency.^[32]^[20]

Specialized variants

The Krab platform has been adapted into a command variant known as Krab-W, designed to serve as an artillery coordination vehicle equipped with advanced C4I systems, including the Azalia command, control, communications, and intelligence suite developed by WB Electronics for enhanced fire direction and battlefield management.^[16] These vehicles retain the core tracked chassis of the baseline Krab but replace the artillery turret with specialized electronics bays and communication arrays to support battery-level operations, where each Krab battery typically includes three such command posts alongside eight howitzers.^[14] By 2023, production had reached 18 units as part of integrated artillery modules delivered to Polish forces, emphasizing networked integration for real-time target acquisition and coordination.^[33] A significant extension of the Krab chassis is the Ciężki Bojowy Wóz Piechoty (CBWP), or Heavy Infantry Fighting Vehicle, announced in August 2023 through a framework contract between the Polish Armaments Group (PGZ), Huta Stalowa Wola (HSW), and the Armament Agency for up to 700 units.^[32] This variant leverages the proven 48-ton Krab/K9-derived chassis for enhanced mobility and protection, mounting a modified turret armed with a 30 mm Mk44S Bushmaster II autocannon, a coaxial 7.62 mm UKM-2000C machine gun, and anti-tank guided missiles via the ZSSW-30 remote weapon station developed by HSW and WB Electronics.^[34] Initial deliveries are scheduled to begin in 2025, with the first 250 units targeted for completion by 2028, focusing on improved infantry support through upgraded sensors and modular armor while preserving the baseline chassis's powertrain for reliability in heavy combat environments.^[35] Prototypes underwent initial testing in 2024, demonstrating superior troop-carrying capacity for up to eight soldiers alongside the crew, with key differences including a lighter, infantry-oriented turret and enhanced situational awareness systems compared to the howitzer configuration.^[36] Export adaptations of the Krab have been tailored for international partners, notably Ukraine, where donated units incorporate local electronics modifications such as volunteer-supplied electronic jammers to counter drone threats, integrated directly onto the Polish-supplied platforms for operational compatibility.^[37] These changes retain the standard 155 mm turret and K9-based chassis but enhance electronic warfare resilience without altering core mechanics, reflecting collaborative adjustments under export licenses approved by South Korea for components.^[38] As of 2025, discussions continue on potential further variants, including a mortar carrier configuration on the Krab chassis to expand artillery support roles, though development remains in early stages without confirmed production timelines.^[39]

Operational history

Service with Polish forces

The Krab self-propelled howitzer entered operational service with the Polish Land Forces in 2017, when the first battery of 24 units became operational with the 11th Mazurian Artillery Regiment as part of the REGINA division fire module program.^[40] This initial fielding marked a significant step in modernizing Poland's artillery capabilities, replacing older Soviet-era systems with NATO-compatible equipment. By 2022, the equipping of a full artillery brigade was completed, with additional batteries integrated into operational units to enhance fire support for mechanized divisions.^[41] Training for Krab crews is conducted through specialized courses at the Nowa Dęba Land Forces Training Center, where emphasis is placed on NATO interoperability, including joint fire control procedures and digital communication systems.^[42] These programs prepare operators for integrated operations within multinational frameworks. Polish Krab units participate in annual large-scale exercises such as Anakonda, from 2018 to 2024, and in 2025 exercises including Iron Defender-25, demonstrating coordinated artillery maneuvers alongside allied forces in scenarios simulating high-intensity conflict.^[43]^[8] As of November 2025, the Polish inventory totals approximately 60 Krab units, accounting for ongoing production and adjustments following exports to allied nations.^[39] Logistics support for the Krab is provided by dedicated maintenance units within the Polish Land Forces, ensuring sustained operational availability through specialized repair facilities and supply chains.

Deployment in Ukraine

Poland transferred 54 AHS Krab self-propelled howitzers to Ukraine between 2022 and 2025 as part of its military aid packages, with 36 units delivered by October 2025 and the remainder in production.^[44] These donations enabled the Krab's combat debut during Ukraine's Kharkiv counteroffensive in September 2022, where Ukrainian forces employed the system to support advances against Russian positions in the region.^[45] The howitzer played a key role in subsequent operations, including the Ukrainian incursion into Russia's Kursk region in August 2024, where its use was alleged by Russian sources to target defenses and logistics.^[46] In combat, the Krab demonstrated superior mobility compared to Soviet-era artillery, thanks to its tracked chassis that allowed effective repositioning during operations.^[47] It proved effective for strikes up to 50 kilometers against Russian fortifications and troop concentrations.^[1] However, the system has shown vulnerability to Russian loitering munitions and FPV drones, with open-source intelligence from Oryx tracking at least 41 Krab units (35 destroyed and 6 damaged) as of June 2025, often due to detection during firing or repositioning.^[48] Ukrainian forces have adapted the Krab through local maintenance efforts, supported by Polish technicians servicing units near the front lines to address wear from intensive use and restore operational readiness.^[49] The Krab is compatible with precision-guided munitions, and Ukrainian artillery systems in general have integrated with unmanned aerial vehicles for targeting to improve effectiveness in striking Russian assets, as part of broader drone-artillery coordination.^[50]

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