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Magawa

Magawa was an African giant pouched rat (Cricetomys ansorgei), renowned for his role in detecting landmines and unexploded ordnance as part of APOPO's HeroRAT program.^[1] Born in November 2013 at Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania, he was trained from a young age to identify explosives using his acute sense of smell, a skill that allowed him to safely navigate minefields without triggering devices due to his light weight of around 1.2 kilograms.^[2] Deployed to Siem Reap, Cambodia, in 2016, Magawa worked for five years until his retirement in June 2021, during which he cleared over 225,000 square meters of contaminated land—equivalent to approximately 31 soccer fields—making areas safe for communities affected by decades of conflict.^[3] Throughout his career, Magawa demonstrated exceptional productivity, detecting 71 landmines and 38 items of unexploded ordnance, far surpassing the average for his peers and enabling the safe return of land to local residents for farming and habitation.^[3] His efficiency was remarkable: he could search an area the size of a tennis court in just 30 minutes, compared to up to four days required by human deminers using metal detectors.^[3] In recognition of his life-saving contributions, Magawa received the PDSA Gold Medal in September 2020, becoming the first rat to receive the PDSA Gold Medal, an award typically given to animals for acts of bravery.^[4]^[1] APOPO, the Belgian nonprofit behind the HeroRAT initiative, highlighted his physical strength and dedication, noting that he searched more land daily than other rats.^[1] Magawa retired at age seven while still in good health but showing signs of slowing down, allowing him to enjoy a peaceful final year.^[3] He passed away peacefully on January 8, 2022, at the age of eight, after recently celebrating his birthday and remaining playful until his final days when his appetite waned.^[5] His legacy endures through APOPO's ongoing efforts, which have trained hundreds of such rats to address the global landmine crisis, particularly in Cambodia where millions of devices remain from the Khmer Rouge era and Vietnam War.^[1] Magawa's success underscored the value of animal-assisted demining, inspiring continued funding and research into bio-detection methods that save lives and accelerate humanitarian clearance.^[2]

Background

Species Characteristics

The Southern giant pouched rat (Cricetomys ansorgei), also known as the African giant pouched rat, is a nocturnal rodent native to the savannas and forested regions of sub-Saharan Africa, particularly East and Central areas such as Tanzania, Kenya, and Zambia.^[6]^[7] Adults typically measure up to 90 cm in total length, including a long, scaly tail that aids in balance, with males generally larger than females.^[8]^[9] Weighing between 1 and 1.5 kg, these rodents possess a lightweight body that prevents them from triggering pressure-sensitive landmines during detection tasks.^[10] In captivity, they have a typical lifespan of 7 to 8 years, though some individuals exceed 10 years, allowing for extended periods of utility in trained roles.^[11] A defining anatomical feature is the large cheek pouches, which extend from the mouth to the shoulders and are used for storing and transporting food, similar to those in hamsters; this trait underscores their omnivorous foraging behavior but plays no direct role in scent detection.^[6] Their sensory system is particularly adapted for survival in low-light environments, with an exceptional sense of smell that enables detection of volatile compounds like TNT at concentrations as low as a few parts per trillion—far surpassing many conventional detection technologies in sensitivity.^[12]^[7] This olfactory prowess, supported by a large repertoire of olfactory receptor genes, allows the rats to discriminate target odors amid complex background scents.^[13] Closely related to the Gambian pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus), which inhabits West Africa, C. ansorgei differs in distribution, with a shorter tail, distinct skull proportions, and subtle coat variations; both species belong to the genus Cricetomys and share traits like trainability and non-allergenic fur that make African giant pouched rats preferable for detection work over smaller rodents or heavier animals.^[6] Their combination of size, longevity, and acute olfaction positions them effectively for applications requiring precise, non-invasive scent identification without disturbing sensitive environments.^[11]

APOPO and HeroRAT Program

APOPO, a non-profit organization dedicated to developing animal-assisted detection technologies for humanitarian purposes, was founded on November 1, 1997, by Belgian researcher Bart Weetjens and his collaborator Christophe Cox, with initial operations based in Morogoro, Tanzania.^[14] The organization emerged from Weetjens' interest in leveraging animals' olfactory capabilities for detecting explosives, inspired by the keen sense of smell in rodents like the African giant pouched rat.^[14] APOPO's core focus has been on humanitarian demining, addressing the global threat of landmines in post-conflict regions.^[14] The HeroRAT program, APOPO's flagship initiative, began training rats for landmine detection in 2000, with the first accredited deployments occurring in Mozambique in 2004; the program expanded to tuberculosis detection starting in 2007.^[14] Over the years, more than 100 HeroRATs—African giant pouched rats trained for scent detection—have been deployed across multiple countries, including Cambodia, Angola, and Mozambique, contributing to the annual clearance of millions of square meters of contaminated land.^[15] These rats are selected from APOPO's breeding colony for their intelligence and sensitivity to odors, enabling them to identify explosive scents that machines often miss. In recent years, the program has expanded to include detection of illegally trafficked wildlife products, such as ivory and pangolin scales.^[10]^[16] HeroRATs undergo rigorous training using positive reinforcement techniques, such as clicker training paired with food rewards like bananas and peanuts, to associate specific scents with rewards without coercion.^[17] Sessions are limited to 20-30 minutes daily to prevent fatigue, allowing each rat to cover up to 200 square meters—an area that might take a human deminer with a metal detector one to four days to search—making the method highly cost-effective at approximately $6,000 per rat for training and deployment.^[10] This efficiency stems from the rats' lightweight bodies, which avoid triggering mines, and their rapid scanning ability, reducing overall demining costs by integrating with human and mechanical teams.^[18] By 2025, the HeroRAT program has facilitated the detection of over 100,000 explosive devices, including landmines and unexploded ordnance, worldwide, while clearing more than 122 million square meters of land, significantly advancing mine action efforts in regions like Cambodia and southern Africa.^[19]^[20] These achievements underscore APOPO's role in scalable, low-cost humanitarian interventions, with ongoing operations emphasizing safe reintegration of cleared areas for communities.^[20]

Early Life and Training

Birth and Early Years

Magawa, an African giant pouched rat (Cricetomys ansorgei), was born in November 2013 at the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) in Morogoro, Tanzania, as part of the breeding program operated by the nonprofit organization APOPO.^[1] This facility serves as the primary site for breeding and initial rearing of rats destined for APOPO's detection programs, ensuring a controlled environment that supports genetic diversity and healthy development from birth.^[21] In his early weeks, Magawa remained with his mother and littermates in a stable, undisturbed setting within SUA's facilities, where pups typically stay for the first three weeks to foster natural bonding and nursing.^[21] Initial socialization began around 4-5 weeks of age, when eyes open, with APOPO handlers gently handling the pups to acclimate them to human presence, introducing them to various sights, sounds, and smells to build trust and reduce stress—a critical step for temperament development in detection candidates.^[21] Weaning occurred around 10 weeks of age as the young rats transitioned to solid foods.^[22] During his juvenile phase, Magawa grew rapidly in the enriched enclosures at the APOPO Training and Research Center in Morogoro, reaching adult size of approximately 70-80 cm in length (including tail) and 1-1.4 kg in weight by 6-8 months, aligning with the species' typical maturation timeline before sexual maturity at 5-7 months.^[22] Health monitoring was rigorous throughout this period, involving daily observations by caretakers, weekly inspections, and veterinary oversight to prevent common rodent diseases, including preventive treatments for parasites and vaccinations as part of routine care protocols.^[23]^[24] Selection for the HeroRAT program occurred during early training phases starting around 10 weeks, based on calm temperament and keen sensory acuity demonstrated during initial habituation and clicker exercises, marking his transition to specialized preparation.^[17] This selection process ensures only suitable individuals proceed, given the species' average lifespan of around 8 years in captivity (up to 11 years), which influences the duration of their potential working careers.^[22]

Training Process

Magawa's training for landmine detection commenced at around 10 weeks of age at APOPO's facility in Tanzania, as part of the HeroRAT program, which employs African giant pouched rats for humanitarian demining efforts.^[21] The process spanned approximately one year, culminating in his certification and deployment in 2016.^[25]^[26] This timeline aligned with APOPO's standard protocol, emphasizing positive reinforcement to build reliable detection behaviors without inducing stress.^[26] The training progressed in structured stages, beginning with scent familiarization using non-explosive samples of TNT placed in controlled environments, such as perforated boxes or tea eggs infused with the target odor.^[21] Rats like Magawa learned to identify the scent through clicker training, where a distinctive click sound marked correct detections, immediately followed by food rewards to reinforce the association.^[26] As proficiency grew, the program advanced to discrimination exercises, teaching the rat to distinguish TNT from distractors like soil or other odors, and then to signal positives by scratching at the location.^[21] Further development involved simulations in mock minefields, where scented objects were buried at varying depths in soil trays, progressing to outdoor fields with harnesses and leashes to mimic operational conditions.^[26] Daily sessions lasted about 30 minutes, conducted five days a week, allowing for focused practice while permitting ample rest to maintain the rats' well-being.^[22] Treats such as mashed avocado or banana, delivered via syringe, served as primary motivators, ensuring sessions remained engaging and low-stress.^[27] Throughout, handlers monitored progress to avoid overexertion, integrating play and socialization to support overall health. Certification required demonstrating consistent accuracy in detecting TNT across diverse soil types, ignoring non-target distractions such as food scents or debris, and performing effectively while leashed in simulated environments.^[26] Magawa met these standards through a blind evaluation, locating all targets in a designated area with minimal false positives, confirming his readiness for field work.^[25]

Career

Deployment to Cambodia

In 2016, Magawa was relocated from APOPO's training center in Tanzania to their operational facility in Siem Reap province, Cambodia, situated on the road leading to the Angkor Archaeological Park. This move marked the transition from his preparatory phase to active demining operations in one of the world's most mine-contaminated regions.^[1]^[25]^[28] Upon arrival, Magawa underwent a standard acclimatization period to adapt to Cambodia's tropical climate, local soil conditions, and his new handlers, ensuring a smooth integration into the field environment. This process included initial assessments by the Cambodian Mine Action Centre (CMAC) to verify his readiness, building on his prior training certification that enabled deployment. He then participated in controlled field tests to familiarize himself with operational sites before full assignment.^[29]^[30] Cambodia's landscape remains scarred by the legacy of the Khmer Rouge regime and subsequent civil wars, during which over four million landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) were laid, primarily along borders and in rural areas to control territory and populations. Magawa was assigned to clearance operations in these rural sites, where such remnants continue to pose risks to communities despite decades of demining efforts.^[31]^[32] Magawa partnered with a dedicated Cambodian team led by handler Malen, employing a specialized harness system connected to a guide rope that allowed safe navigation over suspect ground while preventing accidental detonation of explosives. This setup facilitated precise scent detection across uneven terrain, enhancing the team's efficiency in identifying potential hazards.^[25]^[33]^[34]

Detection Work and Achievements

Magawa's detection career spanned five years from 2016 to 2021, during which he operated in mine-contaminated areas around Siem Reap, Cambodia.^[29]^[35] Working up to 30 minutes per day, five days a week, he contributed to clearing over 225,000 square meters (22.5 hectares) of land, an area equivalent to more than 30 football fields.^[36]^[37] This effort made him APOPO's most successful HeroRAT, enabling communities to safely reclaim land for agriculture, housing, and other uses.^[29] In total, Magawa detected 71 landmines and 38 items of unexploded ordnance, along with additional explosives, surpassing 100 discoveries overall.^[29] His acute sense of smell allowed him to identify TNT-based devices more rapidly than human deminers or mechanical detectors, which often face interference from scrap metal or soil conditions; a single rat session could clear a tennis court-sized area in 30 minutes, compared to three to four days for humans.^[38] By pinpointing threats without triggering them—thanks to his lightweight body weighing about 1.2 kilograms—Magawa's work indirectly saved countless lives in one of the world's most mine-affected regions.^[29] Despite his high success rate, with operational HeroRATs achieving 100% detection of target explosives and false positive rates below 5%, Magawa occasionally encountered environmental challenges such as weathered debris or varying soil compositions that could lead to minor false alerts.^[39] These were managed through handler verification, minimizing risks in complex terrains like those near Siem Reap's historical sites and rural fields.^[29]

Recognition

Awards

In September 2020, Magawa was awarded the PDSA Gold Medal by the People's Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA), a UK-based veterinary charity established in 1917.^[4] This honor, equivalent to the George Cross for animals and inscribed with "For animal gallantry or devotion to duty," marked the first time in the charity's 77-year history of honouring animals that a rat had received a PDSA Medal, as well as the first non-canine recipient among its 30 honorees.^[40] The medal recognized Magawa's exceptional service in detecting 39 landmines and 28 unexploded ordnance items over four years, clearing more than 141,000 square meters of land—equivalent to 20 football pitches—and thereby saving countless human lives in mine-contaminated regions of Cambodia.^[25] The award ceremony took place on September 25, 2020, in Siem Reap, Cambodia, where Magawa, weighing just 1.2 kilograms, was presented with a specially miniature version of the gold medal tailored to his size via a live video link with PDSA's Director General in the UK.^[41] This event highlighted the rat's unique suitability for demining, as his light weight allowed him to navigate hazardous terrain without triggering explosives.^[42] Beyond the PDSA Gold Medal, Magawa received honorary recognition from APOPO, the Belgian nonprofit that trained and deployed him, with CEO Christophe Cox praising his "life-saving bravery" and outstanding performance as the organization's most successful HeroRAT to date.^[25] Cambodian demining authorities, including the Cambodian Mine Action Centre (CMAC), acknowledged his contributions through ongoing collaboration with APOPO, where Magawa's detections supported national clearance efforts, though no additional formal awards were bestowed.^[29] While these honors were limited, the PDSA medal significantly raised the global profile of rat-based detection methods in humanitarian demining.^[43]

Media and Public Attention

Magawa's receipt of the PDSA Gold Medal in September 2020 triggered a surge in global media attention, with outlets like the BBC, The New York Times, and CNN featuring stories that highlighted his role as a "hero rat" due to the anthropomorphic charm of a small animal performing life-saving feats.^[40]^[44]^[45] This coverage, which included over 3,200 news articles and more than 600 television appearances across 155 countries, emphasized Magawa's detection of over 100 landmines and unexploded devices in Cambodia, framing him as an unlikely yet endearing protagonist in humanitarian efforts.^[46] The 2021 announcement of Magawa's retirement further amplified his viral appeal, garnering widespread social media engagement through APOPO's campaigns that playfully depicted his post-career life enjoying treats like bananas and peanuts.^[29] Videos and posts about the event amassed significant views, with one retirement video exceeding 120,000 on YouTube, contributing to his status as a "viral sensation."^[47] Handlers' interviews during this period often noted Magawa's playful demeanor, such as his energetic scratching to signal detections, which humanized the rat and boosted public fascination during the 2020-2021 peak of attention.^[35] Magawa's story extended into cultural spheres, inspiring children's books like HeroRat!: Magawa, a Lifesaving Rodent (2022) by Jodie Parachini, which detailed his training and missions for young readers, and APOPO-produced short documentaries showcasing his work.^[48]^[49] Online memes and illustrations proliferated on platforms like Reddit, portraying him as a caped crusader against landmines, while the media spotlight correlated with a 20% rise in APOPO's public fundraising to over €1 million in 2020, enhancing donations for demining initiatives.^[46] This publicity not only raised awareness of the 60 million people affected by landmines but also underscored the efficacy of animal-assisted detection programs.^[25]

Later Years

Retirement

Magawa retired from active mine-detection duties in June 2021 at the age of seven, having completed five years of service. Although still in good health, he was slowing down, and APOPO decided it was time to respect his needs in line with the program's typical retirement age of 7-8 years to prioritize the rats' welfare.^[29]^[22] Following his retirement, he remained at the APOPO facility in Siem Reap, Cambodia, where he spent a few weeks mentoring 20 newly trained HeroRATs through observational learning to support the ongoing program.^[29] In his post-retirement life, Magawa enjoyed a stress-free routine with occasional interactions from his handlers, indulging in favorites such as bananas and peanuts.^[50]^[37] The organization provided regular veterinary monitoring throughout his retirement, with Magawa remaining in good health until his final days.^[1]

Death

Magawa passed away peacefully on the night of January 8, 2022, at the age of eight in Siem Reap, Cambodia, from natural causes related to old age.^[1]^[5] In the days prior to his death, he had slowed down, napped more frequently, and displayed reduced interest in food, indicating the natural decline typical of his species.^[1]^[37] APOPO, the nonprofit organization that trained and deployed him, announced his passing on January 11, 2022, in an official statement that highlighted him as their most successful HeroRAT.^[1]^[51] The organization noted that Magawa had enjoyed a serene retirement following his active career, during which the specialized care he received allowed him to reach the average lifespan of African giant pouched rats in captivity, which is approximately eight years.^[1]^[22]^[11] Handlers expressed personal grief over his loss. APOPO's statement echoed this sentiment, stating, "All of us at APOPO are feeling the loss of Magawa and we are grateful for the incredible work he's done."^[1]^[5]

Legacy

Impact on Mine Clearance

Magawa's detections facilitated the clearance of over 225,000 square meters (22.5 hectares) of previously contaminated land in Cambodia, transforming high-risk areas into safe zones for farming, housing, and daily community activities, which directly enhanced local food security and economic opportunities while preventing injuries from unexploded ordnance.^[29] This impact exemplifies how individual HeroRAT contributions, like Magawa's record of identifying 71 landmines and 38 unexploded items, enable broader humanitarian outcomes by allowing residents to live, work, and play without fear of explosive remnants.^[29] The validation of the HeroRAT approach through Magawa's performance spurred program expansion by APOPO, including the deployment of 24 newly arrived rats from Tanzania in October 2025 dedicated to operational clearance.^[52] These rats collectively support the Cambodian program's efforts to accelerate demining in resource-limited regions.^[53] Magawa's efforts aligned with Cambodia's national demining objectives under the Cambodian Mine Action Centre, contributing to progress toward a mine-free status originally targeted for 2025, though officially extended to 2030 due to persistent contamination challenges.^[54] By reducing explosive threats in rural areas, his work indirectly supported the prevention of casualties, with APOPO's overall rat-assisted clearances linked to safer environments that have saved countless lives across affected communities.^[29] A key advantage of HeroRATs like Magawa lies in their cost-effectiveness, with each rat requiring approximately €6,000 to train—far less than the multimillion-euro investments in mechanical detection equipment—enabling faster and more accessible clearance in under-resourced post-conflict settings.^[22] This efficiency has proven vital for scaling operations in Cambodia, where traditional methods alone would delay land rehabilitation.^[22]

Tributes and Memorials

Following Magawa's peaceful passing on January 8, 2022, at the age of eight, APOPO established an official "In Loving Memory" page on its website in January 2022, honoring his remarkable career as the organization's most successful HeroRAT. The tribute highlights his detection of over 100 landmines and explosives in Cambodia, crediting him with enabling safer communities by clearing hazardous areas, and includes photographs of Magawa during his active years alongside reflections on his enthusiastic work ethic and gradual retirement.^[1] The announcement of Magawa's death sparked a global wave of tributes, with numerous media outlets and social media users celebrating his life-saving contributions. Posts on platforms like TikTok and Facebook shared videos and messages praising his heroism, such as a NowThis tribute video that recounted his detections and potential to save countless lives from injury or death.^[55] In cultural remembrances, Magawa has been featured in short documentaries and online videos that underscore his inspirational role in mine clearance efforts. For instance, the 2023 WaterBear short documentary "Hero Rats" explores the broader program while spotlighting Magawa's achievements, and a 2024 YouTube video titled "The Incredible Life of the Mine-Sniffing Rat" details his training and impact. Additionally, a 2025 podcast episode from History Dispatches, "Magawa: The Hero Rat," narrates his story as a symbol of animal-assisted humanitarian work.^[56]^[57]^[58] Ongoing recognition continues through APOPO's programs, where Magawa's legacy inspires current HeroRATs; in April 2025, his successor Ronin surpassed Magawa's record with 109 landmine detections, yet APOPO described Magawa as the "legendary" benchmark for the initiative. His story also features in APOPO's annual observances, such as posts on International Mine Awareness Day that honor HeroRAT contributions, reinforcing his role as an enduring emblem of animal heroism in demining.^[59]^[60]

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[PDF] APOPO GAVE ME A NEW LEASE ON LIFE”
APOPO conducts innovative research into using TB detection rats (HeroRATs) as a cost-efficient, rapid diagnostic tool. The trained African giant pouched rats ...
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Magawa the Landmine-Sniffing Rat is Retiring a Hero - YouTube
Jun 8, 2021 · Magawa the Landmine-Sniffing Rat is Retiring a Hero. 120K views · 4 years ago #Politics #Rats #Cambodia ...more. NowThis Impact. 4.72M.
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HeroRat! - Albert Whitman & Company
Magawa is an African giant pouched rat with a special skill: sniffing out buried land mines. Follow this HeroRat from training at a university in Tanzania.
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Magawa's Retirement Party in Cambodia - YouTube
Nov 29, 2021 · In September 2020, veteran Magawa was formally presented with a rat ... ក្មេងក្រៅវត្ត - Pagoda Boy | Animated Short Film. AKARA ...
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Magawa, Hero Rat That Hunted Land Mines, Dies in Retirement
Jan 11, 2022 · Magawa was born in Tanzania in November 2013, APOPO said, though earlier news releases from the organization put his birth date as a year later.
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Cambodia's landmine-sniffing 'hero' rat Magawa dies in retirement
Jan 12, 2022 · Magawa, who retired in June 2021, was born in Tanzania and moved to Siem Reap in Cambodia in 2016 to begin clearing mines. "A hero is laid to ...
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PPCBANK SUPPORTS CAMBODIA ON THE PATH TO A ... - APOPO
Since 2016, APOPO has deployed 43 HeroRATs in Cambodia to sniff out and pinpoint leftover landmines and explosives. The program has cleared over 18 million m2 ...
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'Hero rat' Magawa retires after 5 years detecting land mines
Jun 6, 2021 · In 2016, APOPO began their Cambodia program and year-over-year have been able to clear more land than any other APOPO program, which has ...
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Mine-Free Cambodia Extended to 2030
Jan 16, 2025 · The first goal was to release all known mined areas by 2025 through the planned release of 110 square kilometers of cleared land a year from ...
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APOPO - It is with a heavy heart that we share the sad ... - Facebook
Jan 10, 2022 · It is with a heavy heart that we share the sad news that HeroRAT Magawa passed away peacefully this weekend. Magawa was in good health and ...
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Hero Rats | Short Documentary | WaterBear - YouTube
Jan 10, 2023 · Despite their bad reputation, rats have historically helped humans in biomedical research and unexploded landmine detection.Missing: film | Show results with:film
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The Incredible Life of the Mine-Sniffing Rat - YouTube
Mar 23, 2024 · com/stores/austinmcconnell Let me tell you the story of Magawa, the southern giant pouched rat ... Faces of Africa - Fidelis, APOPO and the Hero ...
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Magawa: The Hero Rat–History Dispatches - Apple Podcasts
Jun 19, 2025 · Magawa: The Hero Rat. History Dispatches. Play. In 60 countries across ... And one of the greatest of those rats is Magawa. Sources. https ...<|separator|>
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HeroRAT Ronin Breaks Guinness World Records® Title - APOPO
Apr 4, 2025 · ... rats (nicknamed HeroRATs) to detect landmines and tuberculosis. Its innovative methods have helped clear millions of square meters of land ...
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affected countries. You can help too: https://apopo. org/herorats ...
Apr 4, 2025 · Today is #MineAwarenessDay and also World Rat Day, let's take a moment to honor our amazing #HeroRATs and their vital contribution toward a.Missing: drives awareness Awareness<|separator|>