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Marada Movement

The Marada Movement (Arabic: تيار المردة, Tayyār al-Marada) is a Lebanese political party rooted in the Maronite Christian community of the Zgharta district in northern Lebanon, originating as a militia in the late 1960s under Tony Frangieh, son of former President Suleiman Frangieh.^[1]^[2] It functioned as the Zgharta Liberation Army during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), engaging in factional conflicts while maintaining a base of clan loyalty and regional influence.^[3] Currently led by Sleiman Frangieh, grandson of the elder Suleiman, the party advocates Lebanese nationalism and has historically aligned with pro-Syrian forces, including close ties to Hezbollah in support of armed resistance against Israel.^[4]^[5]^[6] The movement's defining characteristics include its feudal-style organization tied to the Frangieh family dynasty, which has wielded parliamentary representation and ministerial roles within Lebanon's confessional power-sharing system, often as part of the March 8 Alliance opposing the anti-Syrian March 14 coalition.^[7]^[2] Sleiman Frangieh has pursued the presidency multiple times, including a Hezbollah-endorsed bid in 2023–2024, but withdrew in January 2025 to back army chief Joseph Aoun amid prolonged deadlock.^[6]^[4] Its alliances have drawn criticism from rivals for compromising Christian sovereignty through dependence on Syrian and Iranian-backed groups, though proponents highlight its role in preserving Maronite interests against perceived existential threats.^[5]^[7] Notable aspects include the 1978 assassination of Tony Frangieh, which shifted the movement toward firmer pro-Syrian orientation, and its participation in post-war politics, securing seats in Zgharta despite electoral challenges.^[2] The party's resilience stems from grassroots mobilization in a stronghold where family patronage networks sustain loyalty, though it faces scrutiny over alleged militia remnants and opaque funding amid Lebanon's economic collapse.^[1]^[7]

Origins and Early Development

Founding and Initial Context

The Marada Movement originated as a militia known as the Zgharta Liberation Army, formed in 1967 by Suleiman Frangieh, a prominent Maronite za'im from Zgharta in northern Lebanon.^[8] This armed group functioned as the private brigade of the Frangieh clan, drawing from local Maronite supporters to defend familial and communal interests amid escalating sectarian and political frictions.^[9] The name "Marada" invoked the historical Maronite rebels of the 7th century, who resisted Byzantine and Arab incursions, symbolizing defiance and autonomy for the movement's backers. In the late 1960s, Lebanon grappled with demographic pressures from Palestinian refugee influxes following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and subsequent conflicts, straining the confessional power-sharing system established by the 1943 National Pact.^[10] Frangieh, leveraging his influence in Zgharta—a stronghold of Maronite feudal politics—organized the militia as tensions rose between Christian factions wary of Muslim and leftist gains, and Palestinian fedayeen groups establishing bases in the south and border areas. By 1970, when Frangieh ascended to the presidency through a compromise among army, Phalange, and Muslim leaders, the Marada force numbered in the hundreds, equipped modestly to counter perceived threats to northern Christian enclaves.^[11] The initial context reflected broader za'im dynamics, where family-based militias like the Marada served as extensions of political patronage networks, protecting against rivals such as the Douaihy clan in Zgharta and emerging pan-Arabist or Nasserist influences.^[5] Frangieh's approach emphasized reconciliation over confrontation, aligning temporarily with pro-government forces while maintaining the militia's defensive posture ahead of the 1975 civil war outbreak.^[2]

Pre-Civil War Activities

The Zgharta Liberation Army, the paramilitary arm of the Marada Movement, was established in 1967 under the directives of Suleiman Frangieh, a prominent Maronite zu'ama from the Zgharta district in northern Lebanon, as the Marada Brigade to safeguard clan interests amid escalating sectarian tensions and the influx of Palestinian armed groups following the 1967 Arab-Israeli War.^[12] This formation reflected longstanding traditions among Lebanon's confessional leaders of maintaining private militias for local defense, particularly in rural Maronite strongholds vulnerable to external pressures from leftist and Palestinian factions. By early 1975, the brigade consisted of 700 to 800 lightly armed fighters, relying on obsolete small arms procured through informal channels rather than state resources.^[11] During Suleiman Frangieh's presidency from September 1970 to September 1976, the Marada forces concentrated on bolstering security in Zgharta and surrounding areas, conducting patrols and fortifications to counter perceived threats from Palestinian fedayeen operating from bases in northern Lebanon, which had intensified after the Cairo Agreement of 1969 formalized their presence.^[2] These activities remained primarily localized and non-confrontational until sporadic clashes in 1974–1975, as the militia avoided broader engagements while Frangieh navigated national politics through alliances with Syrian influences and moderate Christian elements to maintain presidential authority. Tony Frangieh, Suleiman's son and parliamentary deputy since 1968, increasingly directed operational aspects, mobilizing clan loyalists for readiness against the rising tide of confessional violence that presaged the civil war's outbreak on April 13, 1975.^[5] The group's pro-establishment stance aligned it tentatively with other Maronite factions, though its parochial focus limited expansion beyond Zgharta until the full-scale conflict demanded wider coordination.^[1]

Ideology and Principles

Core Ideological Foundations

The Marada Movement's ideological foundations center on Lebanese nationalism, which prioritizes the sovereignty and unity of Lebanon as an indivisible homeland for all its citizens, rejecting proposals for partition, federation, or cantonal divisions that could undermine national cohesion. This nationalism emerged in the late 1960s amid rising tensions from Palestinian fedayeen activities in northern Lebanon, positioning the movement as a defender of Maronite Christian communities and broader state integrity against external encroachments.^[1]^[5] A pivotal tenet is the "army-people-resistance" equation, articulated by leader Suleiman Frangieh as the movement's core political platform, which integrates the Lebanese Armed Forces as the guardian of national defense, popular unity as the basis of societal resilience, and organized resistance against perceived aggressors, historically including Zionist threats.^[13]^[5] This framework, rooted in the movement's militia origins during the pre-civil war era, emphasizes a strong military institution intertwined with civilian loyalty and auxiliary resistance capabilities to preserve Lebanon's independence.^[14] The ideology also incorporates Christian democratic elements, aligned with Maronite Catholicism, advocating for the maintenance of Lebanon's confessional power-sharing system while subordinating sectarian interests to national imperatives, such as opposition to permanent Palestinian refugee settlement in favor of their right of return.^[5] As a right-wing orientation, it favors conservative social structures and feudal-clan loyalties in Zgharta, historically fostering alliances based on pragmatic sovereignty rather than ideological purity, though shifts like the pre-2025 pro-Syrian stance reflected adaptive realism over dogmatic consistency.^[2]

Positions on Nationalism, Resistance, and Sectarianism

The Marada Movement upholds Lebanese nationalism as a core tenet, emphasizing national sovereignty, the centrality of the Lebanese Armed Forces in defense, and unity against external threats to territorial integrity.^[5]^[15] Leader Sleiman Frangieh has repeatedly invoked these principles, calling for collective Lebanese responsibility in confronting Israeli border violations and advocating for a unified front to preserve state institutions amid geopolitical pressures.^[16] This stance aligns with the movement's historical roots in defending northern Lebanese regions, though it has evolved to incorporate alliances prioritizing national resilience over isolationist Christian separatism.^[2] In terms of resistance, the Marada Movement endorses the "resistance" doctrine, viewing Hezbollah's military actions against Israel as legitimate defense of Lebanese sovereignty, particularly in southern border areas.^[5]^[17] Frangieh has expressed ongoing confidence in Hezbollah's role post-2024 escalations, arguing that disarmament should occur via national dialogue rather than unilateral imposition, distinguishing Marada from anti-resistance Christian groups like the Lebanese Forces.^[18]^[19] This position stems from post-2005 alliances within the pro-Syria opposition bloc, where Marada joined Hezbollah in parliamentary coalitions, though it conditions support on alignment with state authority.^[20] On sectarianism, the Marada Movement operates firmly within Lebanon's confessional political structure as a Maronite representative from the Zgharta district, without advocating its abolition or secular reform.^[1]^[21] It has historically engaged in sect-based militancy during the civil war but now pursues cross-sectarian partnerships, such as with Shia-majority Hezbollah and Amal, to bolster national stability over purely confessional agendas.^[20]^[19] Frangieh's rhetoric stresses inter-communal dialogue for sovereignty, yet critics note this accommodates Hezbollah's dominance without challenging the systemic sectarian power-sharing that allocates parliamentary seats by religious affiliation.^[22]^[23]

Leadership and Organization

Key Figures and Family Dynasty

The Frangieh family constitutes a hereditary Maronite Christian political dynasty centered in Zgharta, northern Lebanon, with roots as Ottoman-era landowners who evolved into post-independence power brokers through sectarian patronage networks. This feudal legacy underpins the Marada Movement's structure, where leadership succession remains confined to male family members, perpetuating control over local constituencies and militia resources.^[24]^[2] Suleiman Frangieh (1910–1992) anchored the dynasty's modern prominence as Lebanon's president from 1970 to 1976, during which he formed the Marada Brigade in 1967 as a private militia to defend family holdings against emerging Palestinian and leftist threats.^[25]^[26] His son, Antoine "Tony" Frangieh (1941–1978), inherited command of the brigade post-presidency, directing its operations in initial civil war skirmishes until Phalange militiamen under Samir Geagea assaulted the family residence in Ehden on 13 June 1978, killing Tony, his wife Vera, and their infant daughter Jihane.^[27] Following the Ehden massacre, interim leadership fell to Suleiman Sr.'s other son, Robert Frangieh, until approximately 1990, when Tony's son, Suleiman Frangieh Jr. (born 18 October 1965), consolidated authority over the reorganized Marada forces. Frangieh Jr. refashioned the brigade into a formal political party around 1986–2006, securing parliamentary representation for Zgharta and steering alliances toward Syrian-backed coalitions.^[5]^[2] As current leader, he embodies the dynasty's resilience, though critics attribute the movement's longevity to confessional clientelism rather than broad ideological appeal.^[26]

Internal Structure and Militia Evolution

The Marada Movement's internal structure has been characterized by tight familial control exercised by the Frangieh clan, originating from the Zgharta district in northern Lebanon, with decision-making centralized under the family patriarch or his designated successor rather than through formalized bureaucratic layers typical of larger political entities. This clan-based hierarchy drew recruitment primarily from local Maronite communities loyal to the Frangiehs, emphasizing personal allegiance over ideological indoctrination or meritocratic advancement, which facilitated rapid mobilization but limited broader institutionalization.^[2]^[28] The militia component, initially established in 1967 as the Marada Brigade on instructions from then-President Suleiman Frangieh to protect clan interests, evolved into the Zgharta Liberation Army (ZLA) by the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in April 1975, when it fielded approximately 700-800 fighters equipped with small arms and operating from Zgharta as a parochial defense force.^[29]^[28] Under the command of Frangieh's son Tony, the ZLA initially aligned with other Christian militias against Palestinian and leftist forces but shifted toward pro-Syrian orientation following Tony's assassination in the 1978 Ehden massacre by Phalangist rivals, prompting retaliatory actions and integration into Syrian-backed operations in northern Lebanon.^[30]^[31] Post-1978, the militia's evolution reflected adaptive survival amid factional realignments, maintaining a modest scale compared to dominant groups like the Lebanese Forces while leveraging Syrian logistical support for territorial control in Zgharta and adjacent areas, though exact peak strength beyond initial figures remains undocumented in primary accounts. By the late 1980s, under continued Frangieh family oversight—shifting to Tony's brother Robert and later his son Suleiman Frangieh Jr.—the ZLA participated in the 1987 militia-government disarmament pacts but faced coerced dissolution under Syrian influence enforcing the 1989 Taif Accord, marking its transition from armed paramilitary to a purely political organization by 1991.^[32]^[31] This disarmament preserved the movement's core through electoral focus, retaining informal networks of former fighters as a political base without reconstituting overt military structures.^[2]

Role in the Lebanese Civil War

Militia Formation and Defensive Operations

The Marada Brigade, alternatively designated the Zgharta Liberation Army, originated in 1967 under the auspices of Suleiman Frangieh, a Maronite za'im who ascended to the Lebanese presidency in 1970, serving as a private armed force to safeguard familial and regional interests in the Zgharta district of northern Lebanon.^[12] This formation preceded the Lebanese Civil War by eight years, drawing its nomenclature from the historical Marada warriors, an ancient Maronite Christian group renowned for resistance against Arab conquests.^[25] At the war's inception in April 1975, the militia mustered approximately 700 fighters equipped primarily with surplus small arms, reflecting its initial parochial character amid rising sectarian strife.^[12] ^[29] Under the leadership of Tony Frangieh, Suleiman's son, the brigade prioritized defensive postures in Zgharta and adjacent areas, functioning as the vanguard for a northern Christian redoubt against encroachments from Palestinian-fedayeen, leftist Lebanese National Movement factions, and Sunni militias emanating from Tripoli.^[28] Operations centered on fortifying local defenses, repelling incursions into Maronite territories, and securing supply lines to Ehden, the Frangieh family seat, through ambushes and static positions rather than broad offensives.^[33] These efforts preserved Zgharta's autonomy during early war phases, when broader Christian alliances like the Lebanese Front faltered under multi-front pressures.^[2] The pivotal Ehden clash on June 13, 1978, wherein Kataeb Party commandos under Samir Geagea assassinated Tony Frangieh, his immediate family, and roughly 40 Marada personnel, precipitated a strategic pivot toward Syrian alignment for survival.^[34] ^[25] Post-massacre, the militia, now under Robert Frangieh's interim command, leveraged Syrian military backing to reinforce Zgharta against retaliatory thrusts from the emergent Lebanese Forces, a Kataeb-dominated coalition.^[9] Defensive engagements intensified along the Zgharta-Tripoli axis, incorporating Syrian-supplied weaponry to counter assaults from Sunni groups and residual anti-Syrian Christian elements, thereby sustaining the district as a pro-Damascus bastion until the war's denouement.^[33]^[12] By the 1980s, the brigade's operations remained predominantly territorial, aiding Syrian stabilization efforts in the north while avoiding entanglement in Beirut's urban maelstroms, a restraint attributable to its localized recruitment base and Frangieh directives emphasizing preservation over conquest.^[35] This defensive orientation, bolstered intermittently by collaborations with the Army of Free Lebanon dissidents, ensured Zgharta's endurance amid cascading defeats elsewhere for Christian militias, culminating in the brigade's dissolution in 1991 pursuant to the Taif Accord's disarmament mandates.^[36]^[37]

Major Battles and Alliances

The Marada Brigade, the armed wing of the Marada Movement also known as the Zgharta Liberation Army, initially participated in the Lebanese Front's collective defense against the Lebanon National Movement and Palestinian Liberation Organization forces in the early civil war years from 1975 onward, operating primarily in northern Lebanon around Zgharta and Tripoli with a force of about 700-800 fighters equipped with small arms.^[29] This alignment reflected the Frangieh clan's position within the broader Maronite Christian coalition resisting perceived threats to Lebanon's confessional balance.^[38] A pivotal shift occurred after the Ehden massacre on June 13, 1978, when Phalangist militiamen under Samir Geagea assaulted Tony Frangieh's residence in Ehden, killing him, his wife, and over 30 family members and guards in an inter-Maronite clan conflict aimed at eliminating a rival to Kataeb dominance.^[39] In direct response, Marada forces conducted the Qaa massacre on June 28, 1978, capturing and executing 26 Kataeb members in the Bekaa Valley villages of Qaa and Ras Baalbek as reprisal. The massacre prompted the Marada Movement's withdrawal from the Lebanese Front and a strategic pivot toward alliance with Syrian military intervention forces, which had entered Lebanon in 1976 and increasingly backed pro-Syria Christian factions against anti-Syrian elements like the Phalangists.^[39]^[40] Subsequent engagements included ongoing inter-Christian skirmishes in northern Lebanon, such as clashes in 1979 where Marada forces threatened to sever power lines to East Beirut amid disputes with Kataeb-controlled areas, underscoring persistent rivalries despite the Syrian alignment. Tensions with Syrian special forces also erupted periodically, as in the over-10-day battle for Qnat village in the Zgharta region, where Syrian troops occupied the area against local Marada resistance.^[40]^[41] The brigade's pro-Syria stance facilitated its survival and operations in Tripoli and Zgharta through the 1980s, though it remained a minor player compared to larger militias, focusing on regional control rather than major offensives.^[29]

Post-War Political Trajectory

Transition to Political Party

Following the Taif Agreement of October 1989, which ended the Lebanese Civil War and required the dissolution of private militias by March 1991 (with the exception of Hezbollah's armed wing), the Marada Brigade formally disbanded its military structure and reorganized as the Marada Movement, a secular political party primarily representing Maronite Christian interests in northern Lebanon.^[2]^[42] This transition aligned with the broader postwar effort to demilitarize Lebanese factions and shift focus to parliamentary politics under the revised confessional power-sharing system outlined in Taif, which reduced Christian parliamentary seats but emphasized national reconciliation.^[43] Sleiman Frangieh Jr., who had assumed informal leadership of the Marada forces in the 1980s following the 1978 assassination of his father Tony Frangieh, drove the party's formation and entry into electoral politics.^[26] Running as an independent candidate in the Zgharta district, Frangieh secured a parliamentary seat in the August 1992 elections, the first postwar vote held under Syrian oversight, thereby establishing the Marada Movement's foothold in the legislature with a pro-Syria orientation that reflected its historical alliances during the war.^[2] The party's platform emphasized regional autonomy for northern districts, socioeconomic development in Zgharta, and opposition to perceived marginalization of Maronite communities, while maintaining a family-centric structure tied to the Frangieh clan.^[5] By 1991, the organization had fully shed its militia identity, numbering around 1,000-2,000 former fighters who transitioned to political or security roles under state authority.^[44]

Engagement During Syrian Influence and Withdrawal

The Marada Movement, re-established as a political entity in the 1990s under Suleiman Frangieh's leadership, aligned closely with Syrian interests during the post-Taif period of Damascus's dominance in Lebanon. Frangieh, elected to parliament in 1991, leveraged Syrian support to restore the family's influence in Zgharta and northern regions, participating in pro-Syrian cabinets and distinguishing the movement from anti-occupation Christian groups like the Lebanese Forces.^[2]^[8] In the lead-up to the 2005 Syrian withdrawal, prompted by the February 14 assassination of Rafik Hariri, the Marada opposed the Cedar Revolution's mass demonstrations demanding an end to Syrian presence. As part of the pro-Syrian camp, the movement mobilized alongside allies such as Hezbollah and Amal to counter anti-Syrian protests and advocate for preserving Lebanon's "special relationship" with Syria.^[45] Syria completed its military pullout on April 26, 2005, following international pressure and domestic unrest, yet the Marada Movement reaffirmed its orientation by integrating into the March 8 opposition alliance after the May 2005 elections. This coalition, including Hezbollah, framed the withdrawal not as a rupture but as a continuation of strategic coordination with Damascus, with Frangieh's longstanding ties—stemming from family connections to Syrian leadership—underpinning the movement's position.^[46]^[47]

Modern Politics and Alliances

Electoral Performance and Parliamentary Role

The Marada Movement has contested Lebanese parliamentary elections since its reestablishment as a political party in 2006, primarily securing representation through alliances within the March 8 coalition and leveraging familial influence in the northern Zgharta-Zawiya area of the North III electoral district. In the 2018 general election, the party aligned with the Free Patriotic Movement and others to win representation focused on Maronite and minority seats in the north, maintaining a foothold amid competition from rival Christian factions like the Lebanese Forces. By the 2022 election on May 15, Marada candidates, in coalition with the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, secured three seats, two of which were in Zgharta, reflecting localized voter loyalty rather than nationwide appeal; Tony Frangieh, son of party leader Suleiman Frangieh, obtained 8,945 preferential votes there.^[48]^[49] As of January 2025, the movement holds four seats in the 128-member parliament, contributing to the pro-Hezbollah bloc's minority position.^[50] Marada's parliamentary role emphasizes bloc voting within the March 8 Alliance, advocating for policies aligned with Syrian and Iranian interests, including resistance against Israeli actions and opposition to sanctions-driven reforms. MPs such as Tony Frangieh have engaged in committees on information technology and defense, while the party's leader, Suleiman Frangieh, positioned himself as a presidential contender in 2023, endorsed by Hezbollah for his pro-resistance stance, though the bid failed amid quorum shortfalls and rival Christian opposition.^[6] This limited influence underscores Marada's reliance on coalition dynamics and regional patronage over independent legislative initiative, with seats often sustained by preferential voting in clan-dominated districts rather than ideological breadth.^[2]

Alignment with March 8 Coalition and Hezbollah

The Marada Movement formally aligned with the March 8 Coalition upon its establishment on March 8, 2005, as a pro-Syrian political bloc opposing the anti-Syrian March 14 Alliance in the aftermath of Rafik Hariri's assassination.^[51] This positioning reflected Marada's historical ties to the Syrian regime during its occupation of Lebanon (1976–2005), with leader Suleiman Frangieh maintaining personal and political connections to Damascus that facilitated integration into the coalition alongside Hezbollah, Amal Movement, and the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM).^[52] The alliance provided Marada, as a Maronite Christian party, a platform to advocate for confessional power-sharing while endorsing Syrian influence as a stabilizing force against perceived Western interventionism.^[53] Marada's partnership with Hezbollah within the March 8 framework deepened through pragmatic electoral cooperation and mutual endorsements, particularly evident in parliamentary elections. In the 2009 elections, Marada contested seats under March 8 lists, securing representation in northern districts like Zgharta, where Frangieh's family stronghold bolstered the coalition's Christian outreach.^[51] This collaboration intensified post-2011, as Hezbollah backed Marada candidates to consolidate the bloc's hold on minority votes amid Syria's civil war spillover; for instance, in 2018 parliamentary polls, Marada won three seats allied with Hezbollah-dominated lists, prioritizing anti-March 14 unity over ideological divergences on Hezbollah's armament.^[54] Frangieh publicly defended Hezbollah's role as a "resistance" force against Israel, framing the alliance as essential for Lebanon's sovereignty against external threats, despite criticisms from Maronite rivals like the Lebanese Forces who accused Marada of subordinating Christian interests to Shia hegemony.^[17] A pivotal demonstration of alignment occurred during the 2023–2024 presidential deadlock, when Hezbollah explicitly endorsed Frangieh as its preferred Maronite candidate on March 6, 2023, with Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah praising his "nationalist" stance and reliability in upholding cross-sectarian pacts like the 1989 Taif Accord.^[55] This support, coordinated with Amal, aimed to install a consensus president amenable to Hezbollah's military and veto powers, though Frangieh's bid faltered amid opposition from Sunni and Druze factions.^[56] Frangieh reciprocated by reaffirming "confidence" in Hezbollah amid regional escalations, including the group's October 2023 clashes with Israel, positioning Marada as a bridge between Christian communities and Hezbollah's Iran-backed axis without formal military integration.^[17] Tensions surfaced occasionally, such as Frangieh's brief 2016 withdrawal from March 8 over candidacy disputes, but core alignment persisted, driven by shared opposition to sanctions on Syria and Hezbollah rather than ideological convergence on the latter's disarmament.^[57] This partnership has drawn scrutiny for enabling Hezbollah's dominance in state institutions, with Marada's parliamentary votes often aligning on budgets and security policies that accommodate the group's parallel structures, as seen in joint resistance to UN Resolution 1701 enforcement.^[52] Proponents within Marada argue the coalition preserves Maronite leverage in a fragmented polity, citing Frangieh's role in averting total Christian marginalization post-2005, while detractors highlight risks of entanglement in Hezbollah's conflicts, including alleged militia revivals in Zgharta amid 2024 border tensions.^[58] By 2025, the alliance remained intact despite Hezbollah's military setbacks, underscoring Marada's strategic adaptation to power realities over purist anti-militia stances.^[59]

Developments from 2010 to 2025

In the lead-up to the 2016 presidential election, Marada leader Sleiman Frangieh initially positioned himself as a consensus candidate but withdrew his bid in favor of Michel Aoun, facilitating Aoun's eventual election on October 31, 2016, as part of broader March 8 coalition dynamics.^[60] The movement maintained its alignment with Hezbollah during this period, with Frangieh emphasizing that the partnership transcended electoral considerations and focused on shared strategic interests.^[61] The Marada Movement participated in the May 6, 2018, parliamentary elections as part of the opposition alliance, securing three seats primarily in the northern Zgharta district, preserving its regional influence amid Hezbollah-affiliated gains.^[62]^[63] During Aoun's presidency, the party supported government initiatives while advocating for Maronite interests in the face of economic strains and the 2019 protests. In the May 15, 2022, elections, held against the backdrop of economic collapse and the 2020 Beirut port explosion, Marada lost two seats, retaining one in parliament and highlighting vulnerabilities in its base despite coalition ties.^[64] Following the expiration of Aoun's term on October 31, 2022, Frangieh reemerged as a presidential contender, receiving explicit endorsement from Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah on March 6, 2023, as a candidate acceptable to Syrian and Iranian allies.^[6] The presidential vacancy persisted through multiple failed parliamentary sessions, exacerbated by regional tensions including the Israel-Hezbollah conflict. Frangieh reaffirmed confidence in Hezbollah amid these challenges.^[17] On January 8, 2025, Frangieh withdrew his candidacy, endorsing Lebanese Armed Forces commander Joseph Aoun, who was elected president the following day, ending the over two-year deadlock.^[65]^[66] This shift reflected pragmatic adjustments amid Hezbollah's diminished capacity post-2024 military setbacks.

Military Actions and Controversies

Documented Engagements and Clashes

The Marada Brigade, also operating as the Zgharta Liberation Army, engaged in early sectarian clashes in northern Lebanon during the initial phases of the civil war. On September 2–6, 1975, Maronite gunmen from Zgharta clashed with Sunni Muslims from Tripoli following the killing of a Tripolitan by a Zgharta resident, with fighting persisting until a ceasefire on September 6.^[41] Renewed hostilities erupted in December 1975 between Marada forces and Sunni militias in Tripoli, exacerbating north Lebanese sectarian tensions.^[41] Inter-militia rivalries among Maronite factions led to documented violence against political opponents. On June 7, 1978, six Marada militiamen assassinated Joud el Bayeh, the Kataeb party's representative in Zgharta, amid efforts to establish a local office, intensifying frictions after the Marada Movement's withdrawal from the Lebanese Front in May of that year.^[67] This incident contributed to broader clashes between Marada fighters and Kataeb members in the Zgharta region.^[67] The assassination preceded the Ehden massacre on June 13, 1978, where Phalangist forces attacked Marada leader Tony Frangieh's residence, killing him and several family members, though this represented a retaliatory strike rather than an initiated Marada engagement.^[27] Marada-aligned operations often involved civilian-targeted actions during the war's escalation. On November 15, 1978, Marada gunmen attacked the villages of Alali and Rasha in northern Lebanon, kidnapping 15 civilians, beating them, and killing two.^[41] In October 1979, Marada forces released 170 abducted civilians from Selaata, Chekka, and Batroun to the International Committee of the Red Cross after holding them for a month.^[41] On April 22, 1980, Marada gunmen assaulted a house party in Shamout, northern Lebanon, killing at least 15 unarmed civilians and abducting others.^[41] Syrian-Marada cooperation yielded further clashes in early 1980. Following inter-Christian fighting between Kataeb and Marada forces, Syrian special forces, supported by Marada elements, attacked Qnat village from February 5–17, 1980, killing 50 civilians and displacing thousands over more than 10 days of bombardment and assault.^[41] The Zgharta Liberation Army also clashed with Palestine Liberation Organization forces in locations including Tripoli, Zgharta, Beirut, Bsharri, and Ehden, as part of broader Christian militia opposition to Palestinian insurgents.^[12] No major documented militia engagements by Marada forces occurred post-1990 after the Taif Agreement mandated disarmament, though the movement's pro-Syrian alignment positioned it politically against anti-Syrian Christian groups like the Lebanese Forces, without verified armed clashes.^[41]

Allegations of Violence and Responses

In the October 14, 2021, clashes in Beirut's Tayouneh neighborhood, supporters of the Marada Movement joined a protest organized by the March 8 Alliance—alongside Hezbollah and Amal Movement partisans—against Judge Tarek Bitar's probe into the 2020 Beirut port explosion, which escalated into gunfire and resulted in six to seven deaths and over 30 injuries.^[68]^[69] Opponents from the Lebanese Forces and Future Movement alleged that the coalition's demonstrators, including Marada affiliates, arrived armed and provoked sectarian confrontation by advancing into contested Christian areas, with some reports citing retaliatory use of rocket-propelled grenades by protesters.^[70]^[71] The Marada Movement rejected claims of initiating violence, asserting that the deaths—primarily among their allies—stemmed from sniper fire and ambushes originating from buildings in Lebanese Forces-controlled zones, framing the incident as a deliberate attempt by rivals to sabotage the judicial review and inflame divisions.^[72]^[68] Marada leaders, including Suleiman Frangieh Jr., maintained the demonstration was lawful and necessary to counter perceived politicization of the investigation, while condemning any loss of life and calling for restraint to prevent broader sectarian strife.^[68] In northern Lebanon, particularly Zgharta—Marada's traditional stronghold—opponents have accused the party of employing intimidation tactics during electoral contests, including the May 2025 municipal elections, where clashes, gunfire, and over 140 security interventions marred voting amid claims of voter suppression favoring Marada candidates, who secured all 21 council seats.^[73]^[74] The Movement has dismissed such accusations as politically motivated smears from underperforming rivals, attributing incidents to spontaneous electoral fervor rather than organized thuggery, and emphasizing their victories as reflective of genuine local support.^[75]

Legacy and Assessments

Contributions to Maronite and National Interests

The Marada Movement has contributed to Maronite interests by sustaining political representation for northern Christian communities, particularly in the Zgharta district, where the Frangieh family holds significant influence. Since transitioning from a militia to a formal political party, it has fielded candidates in parliamentary elections, securing seats that amplify Maronite voices in Lebanon's confessional legislature. Suleiman Frangieh, the movement's leader, was first elected to parliament in 1991, enabling advocacy for regional development and Christian rights amid sectarian tensions.^[76] In terms of national interests, the Marada Movement's alignment with the March 8 coalition has positioned it to influence policies on security and resistance against Israeli actions, integrating Maronite perspectives into broader Lebanese defense strategies. As one of the few Christian groups endorsing armed resistance to Zionism, it has maintained close ties with Hezbollah, facilitating Christian input in coalition decisions that affect national sovereignty.^[5] This pragmatic engagement is argued by supporters to prevent Maronite marginalization and promote inter-sectarian cooperation essential for Lebanon's stability.^[77] The movement's role in intra-Maronite reconciliations, such as the 2018 agreement with rival factions including the Lebanese Forces under the auspices of the Maronite Patriarchate, has reduced historical enmities and fostered unity within the community, indirectly bolstering national cohesion by mitigating internal Christian divisions that exacerbated past conflicts.^[77]

Criticisms and Broader Evaluations

The Marada Movement has faced significant criticism from fellow Maronite Christians and opposition factions for its longstanding alliance with Hezbollah and the March 8 coalition, which is perceived as subordinating Lebanese sovereignty to Iranian and Syrian interests. Maronite Patriarch Bechara Boutros al-Rai has repeatedly condemned such alignments, arguing they exacerbate foreign interference and undermine national neutrality, as evidenced by his 2020 call for Lebanon to adopt a neutral stance amid regional crises.^[78] Other Maronite leaders, including those from the Lebanese Forces, view the Marada's pro-Hezbollah stance as a betrayal of Christian interests, contributing to intra-communal divisions that weakened Maronite political cohesion post-Cedar Revolution.^[20] Critics, including reformist voices and international observers, accuse the movement of political opportunism, exemplified by Suleiman Frangieh Jr.'s repeated presidential candidacies backed by Hezbollah—such as in 2016 and 2023—which prioritized power-sharing deals over broader consensus, alienating anti-Syrian factions and stalling governance reforms.^[79] ^[56] This has been compounded by allegations of perpetuating confessional patronage, with Frangieh's Zgharta stronghold criticized for electoral irregularities, including 15 reported fraud cases in recent local polls.^[80] The movement's historical militia activities during the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), under the Zgharta Liberation Army banner, drew rebukes for sectarian violence, including clashes with the Syrian Social Nationalist Party in 1984 over northern villages and later skirmishes with Sunni groups in Tripoli. ^[41] Post-war, while formally disarmed, Marada affiliates have been linked to localized tensions, fueling perceptions of reliance on strongman tactics rather than democratic evolution.^[81] Broader evaluations highlight the Marada's role in entrenching Lebanon's dysfunctional elite consensus, with U.S. sanctions on Frangieh associates in 2023 signaling concerns over corruption ties, such as fuel smuggling probes dismissed by Frangieh as politicized.^[82] ^[83] Despite occasional rhetoric supporting anti-corruption measures, the party's alignment with Hezbollah has hindered cross-sectarian reform efforts, as noted in analyses of its contribution to presidential vacuums and economic stagnation through 2025.^[84] This has led to assessments that, while safeguarding Zgharta's local influence, the Marada exacerbates national paralysis by prioritizing familial and alliance loyalties over institutional accountability.^[46]

References

[1]
Politics vs. Religion: Untangling Lebanon's Sectarian System - Fanack
Dec 26, 2019 · Al-Marada Movement: This movement was established in 1968 by Tony Frangieh as one of the Christian armed militias during the civil war. It was ...
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The Political Dynasties of Lebanon: The Presidential Family of ...
May 25, 2019 · In order to secure the Lebanese presidency, Antoine Frangieh (or known more colloquially as Tony) led the Marada Brigade up the steps of the ...
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Tony Frangieh | Military Wiki - Fandom
At the end of the 1960s, when factions within Lebanon started to form militias, the Frangieh clan formed the Marada Brigade, also known as the Zghorta ...
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Marada Movement head Frangieh withdraws candidacy for ...
Jan 8, 2025 · Marada Movement head Frangieh withdraws candidacy for presidency, endorses Joseph Aoun ... NNA - Marada Movement leader, Sleiman Frangieh, on ...
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Al-Marada Movement in Lebanon
Jun 6, 2015 · Al-Marada Movement is one of the few Christian movements that supports resistance against the Zionist regime, and it has close relations with ...
[6]
Lebanon's Hezbollah backs Christian politician Frangieh ... - Reuters
Mar 6, 2023 · The powerful armed Hezbollah group will back Christian politician Suleiman Frangieh to be Lebanon's president, its leader said on Monday, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[7]
Young Lebanese still shaped by decades-old civil war - Gulf News
Apr 12, 2019 · They were the last to join the war—unwillingly—and first to surrender their arms to the state, willingly. The ideology of Marada is nationalist ...
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Marada Movement | Historica Wiki - Fandom
Ideology. Christian democracy · Lebanese nationalism. Political position. Right-wing. The Marada Movement is a Christian democratic party in Lebanon formed in ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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Zgharta Liberation Army - Wikipedia
Political beliefs Often described as a Mafia-style gangster organization rather than a true political party, the Al-Marada/ZLA seems to have never devised a ...Origins · Political beliefs · Military structure and... · Administrative organization...Missing: founders | Show results with:founders
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Marada Brigade | Historica Wiki - Fandom
The Marada Brigade, also known as the Zgharta Liberation Army, was a Lebanese Maronite militia formed in 1967 as Suleiman Frangieh's private militia.
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Lebanon (10/08) - State.gov
The Amal movement had been organized in mid-1975, at the beginning of the civil war, to confront what were seen as Israeli plans to displace the Lebanese ...Missing: context | Show results with:context
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Marada Movement - Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias
Suleiman Frangieh, Jr. Founder, Suleiman Frangieh · Tony Frangieh. Founded, 1967. Headquarters, Lebanon Zgharta, Lebanon · Ideology · Feudalism.
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Zgharta Liberation Army - Military Wiki - Fandom
The militia was formed in 1967 on President Suleiman Frangieh's instructions as the Marada Brigade (also translated as Mardaite Brigade, in Arabic: Liwa' al- ...
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Franjieh: Army-People-Resistance is My Political Platform - Naharnet
Marada Movement chief MP Suleiman Franjieh announced Thursday that the so-called “army-people-resistance equation” is his political platform, in the wake of ...Missing: principles nation
[15]
Army-People-Resistance Equation Has Imposed Itself - Naharnet
Marada Movement leader Suleiman Franjieh on Saturday called for unity in Lebanon “to confront terrorism,” reiterating that the army-people-resistance ...Missing: principles nation
[16]
Head of Marada Movement Sleiman Frangieh Calls on All Lebanese ...
Jul 3, 2019 · Head of the Lebanese Al-Marada movement former MP and Minister, Sleiman Frangieh, called on all the Lebanese parties to assume the national responsibility.Missing: views nationalism
[17]
Frangieh: Lebanon must emerge united and victorious from this ...
Oct 7, 2024 · Sleiman Frangieh, leader of the Marada Movement, emphasized that Lebanon's priority should be ending the ongoing aggression, stating, ...
[18]
Frangieh reaffirms his confidence in Hezbollah and pays tribute to ...
The leader of the Marada Movement, Sleiman Frangieh, reaffirmed his confidence in Hezbollah on Wednesday during an interview with ...
[19]
Franjieh: Hezbollah has not ended, disarmament must be through ...
Noting that “Hezbollah has not ended and is showing flexibility today,” the Marada chief said Hezbollah's supporters “need to be reassured.” “We have reached a ...
[20]
As Hezbollah pummels north, Lebanon's Christians divided on ...
Sep 23, 2024 · Hezbollah has the backing of two Maronite parties: the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM) and Marada. The former was founded by former president ...
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Dec 2, 2024 · Lebanon's Maronite Christians are increasingly opposed to Hezbollah and Iran's influence in Lebanon.
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Lebanon: Sectarian Politics and Electoral Unrest - Europe Elects
Jun 3, 2020 · In contrast, smaller parties that have a regional base, like the Marada Movement, which is based in Zgharta in the North, or with a small ...
[23]
Opposition parties so far not throwing Hezbollah under the bus
Hezbollah and allied groups, like the Shiite “Amal” party, support the candidacy of Suleiman Franjieh, leader of the Christian “Marada” movement known for his ...
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[PDF] PROTESTING SECTARIANISM - LSE Research Online
Jun 7, 2024 · The 8 March coalition includes Shiʿi Hizbullah and Amal Movement and Maronite Marada Movement and Free Patriotic Movement. The name refers to ...
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A circle from Frangieh to Frangieh in Lebanon - Gulf News
Mar 13, 2023 · Born on 18 October 1965, Suleiman Frangieh Junior is scion of a leading Maronite feudal family of landowners-turned-politicians since Ottoman ...Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
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Suleiman Frangieh: The president who witnessed the outbreak of ...
Jun 1, 2023 · ... Lebanon, including Frangieh himself, who commanded a personal militia called al-Marada, headed by his son and perceived heir, Tony Frangieh.
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Mar 8, 2023 · Hezbollah publicly declares support for Suleiman Frangieh in Lebanese presidential race. Over the decades they have led the Marada Movement ...
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(PDF) The Ehden Massacre of 1978 in Lebanon - ResearchGate
Nov 10, 2016 · On June 13, 1978, mercenaries of the Maronite leader, Bashir Gemayel, brutally assassinated Antoine (Tony) Frangieh, the son of the Lebanese ex- ...
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[PDF] Chapter 3 The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990: - OpenScholar
In the first two years of the war the Marada joined other Christian militias in fighting against reform and against the Palestinian presence. Disagreements ...
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May 17, 1983 · The Lebanese civil war broke out in April 1975, 29 years after the withdrawal of foreign troops from Lebanon in 1946.
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Notable among the small local groups was The Marada Brigade, which essentially was the private militia of the Franjiyya clan in the northern region of Zgharta, ...
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First, this study will address the contextual history of Lebanon. Second, this study will discuss the history of the militias and their disarmament in the post- ...
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Lebanese civil war rivals end decades of hostility sparked by ...
Nov 14, 2018 · In 1978, members of the main Christian militia killed Frangieh's father, Tony, as well as his mother and sister and 30 Marada fighters and ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[36]
[PDF] LEBANON - Centre for Lebanese Studies
Overall, it wished the army to remain organized on a regional and confessional basis. ... representatives of the Marada of Zgharta, the 'Greater Syria' SSNP, the.
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That same month, Barakat's troops bolstered the hard-pressed Republican Guard battalion and Marada Brigade militiamen loyal to President Frangieh in defending ...
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LEBANON'S MILITIA WARS - Ahl Alquran
... Zgharta Liberation Army." The militia was commanded by President Sulayman Franjiyya's son, Tony, and it was said that President Franjiyya supplied it from ...
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Reflecting the aspirations of marginalised, middle-class Maronite Christians, the FPM opposes sectarianism and wants the country to move towards secularism, ...<|separator|>
[41]
Lebanese Clan Presses Fight With Other Christian Faction
Nov 5, 1979 · The Marada Brigade has threatened that its next step will be to cut off the power supply to East Beirut. Mr. Franjieh broke with the Lebanese ...
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[PDF] Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence
Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence unanimously passed Resolution 508 calling on the parties to cease all military activities in Lebanon and across the ...Missing: pre- | Show results with:pre-
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This agreement, which ended the civil war in Lebanon, was negotiated in Ta'if, Saudi. Arabia, in September 1989 and approved by the Lebanese parliament on 4 ...Missing: Marada | Show results with:Marada
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May 16, 2016 · Yet political sectarianism was reaffirmed and even consolidated in the Taif Agreement of 1989, also known as the Document of National Accord. In ...Missing: Marada | Show results with:Marada
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Jul 12, 2022 · Syrian allies fought to expand Damascus' influence in Lebanon during the Cedar Revolution, including Hezbollah, Amal, Marada, and the Free ...
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Sleiman Frangieh, France's controversial candidate for Lebanese ...
May 12, 2023 · The Maronite leader, a childhood friend of Bashar Al-Assad, is central to a plan driven by Paris to resolve the situation in Lebanon.
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Syria's withdrawal from Lebanon in late April 2005 was swift, unplanned and humiliating. On both occasions, Lebanese, regional and international factors ...
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May 17, 2022 · In Batroun, Gebran Bassil got the threshold, preceded by Ghayath Yazbek, whereas Al Marada, united with SSNP won three seats, with two being in ...
[50]
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Voter Turnout. MP. Member of Parliament. EQ. Electoral Quotient = Total Number of Valid Votes / Number of Seats. PV. Preferential Votes. Page 6. Overview of the ...
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Jan 8, 2025 · BEIRUT, Lebanon. The Lebanese parliament is set to reconvene on Thursday to tackle the nation's prolonged presidential vacancy issue, ...<|separator|>
[52]
How Hezbollah holds sway over the Lebanese state | 02 Influence ...
Jun 30, 2021 · Since 2005, Hezbollah has also been in the March 8 Alliance with the Christian parties Marada and the FPM. The alliance with the FPM – the ...
[53]
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Oct 24, 2024 · It sparked the Cedar Revolution, a mass protest movement, primarily driven by Christians and Sunnis, that ended nearly decades of Syrian control ...
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Nov 18, 2016 · In November 2015, Saad Hariri, the newly-appointed Prime Minister and head of the Sunni-led Future Movement, backed March 8 and Marada movement ...
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May 24, 2018 · Hezbollah's emergence as the strongest political faction during the Lebanese May elections confirms Iran's sway over Lebanon.
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Mar 6, 2023 · Frangieh, 57, and army commander Gen. Joseph Aoun, are the top candidates for president. Hezbollah is believed to oppose the army chief's bid ...Missing: Suleiman | Show results with:Suleiman
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Why have Hezbollah and Amal chosen to back Suleiman Frangieh?
Mar 8, 2023 · As it is, that alliance is at risk of fracturing because of differences over who should be Lebanon's next president. In the pro-Moawad camp, the ...
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Cracks appear in Lebanon's Hezbollah-led March 8 coalition - Khazen
Jan 29, 2020 · In 2016, Maronite leader Suleiman Frangieh, who heads the Marada Movement, briefly withdrew his support after Hezbollah nominated Michel Aoun ...
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Lebanon's Post-Hezbollah “Day After”
Jan 7, 2025 · Until recently, Hezbollah had endorsed Suleiman Frangieh, a Christian Maronite candidate and leader of the Marada movement with ties to the ...
[60]
Are Hezbollah's Alliances in Lebanon Fracturing After Split with ...
Oct 22, 2024 · A further divide emerged over the appointment of a “pro-resistance” president, a stance voiced by Nasrallah, who endorsed Marada Movement ...<|separator|>
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Lebanon's Divisive Presidency
Feb 2, 2016 · The Lebanese Forces have only 8 MPs—with Frangieh abandoning support for the Aoun candidacy, Aoun loses the 3 MPs from the Marada Movement and ...Missing: transition | Show results with:transition
[62]
MP Sleiman Frangieh: Our alliance with Hezbollah not related to ...
El Marada movement leader MP Sleiman Frangieh asserted on Thursday that his alliance with Hezbollah is not related to electoral or geographical interests.Missing: 2010-2025 | Show results with:2010-2025
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May 10, 2018 · The dust has finally settled in Lebanon's parliamentary election, after most of the 128 winning candidates were announced on Monday.
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May 11, 2018. On May 6, 2018, Lebanon held its first legislative elections in nine years. The results showed that parties allied with Hezbollah increased ...
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Director Sami Atallah breaks down the newly elected parliament and tackles the challenges facing the opposition.
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Lebanon's Frangieh withdraws presidential bid, backs army chief
Jan 9, 2025 · The leader of Lebanon's Marada Movement, Suleiman Frangieh, announced Wednesday that he was withdrawing from the presidential race and expressed his support ...
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Lebanon's parliament chooses army commander Aoun as president ...
Jan 9, 2025 · Newly-elected Lebanese President Joseph Aoun reviews the honor guard upon his arrival at the Lebanese Parliament to be sworn in, in Beirut, ...
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detailed history - Lebanon Memory Archive
Frangieh had withdrawn from the Lebanese Front in May, which had caused clashes between Marada fighters loyal to him and local Kataeb members. He and Chamoun ...
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Lebanon top Christian politician summoned for hearing over deadly ...
Oct 25, 2021 · ... Movement - dead in the worst street violence in Beirut in over a decade. The Reuters Gulf Currents newsletter brings you the latest on ...
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May 24, 2025 · The head of the Lebanese Forces, Samir Geagea, condemned the violence in posts ... violent protests. Second, the pandemic hurt Lebanon's already ...Missing: incidents | Show results with:incidents<|control11|><|separator|>
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Oct 15, 2021 · The “peaceful” protesters seemingly retaliated with gunfire and rocket-propelled grenades. The two sides turned Tayouneh and its surrounding ...
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Oct 14, 2021 · Several people have been killed and dozens of others wounded when gunfire erupted during a protest in Beirut by the armed group Hezbollah and its allies.
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Oct 17, 2021 · The details of the shootout in Beirut over the weekend which killed seven people and injured dozens remained unclear on Sunday morning, ...
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Chaos and fraud claims overshadow north Lebanon municipal vote
May 13, 2025 · Widespread violations and delayed results in Tripoli have cast a shadow over North Lebanon and Akkar's municipal elections.<|separator|>
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North Lebanon municipal elections marred by some clashes
May 11, 2025 · ... violence that affects the electoral process.” “We witnessed some clashes during the day and electoral fever in several areas took a violent ...
[76]
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May 12, 2025 · Interior Minister Ahmad al-Hajjar, speaking from Tripoli, warned against electoral enthusiasm turning into violence. “We witnessed several ...
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Dec 4, 2015 · The fifty-year-old scion of a prominent political family, Frangieh was first elected to parliament in 1991 as leader of the Marada Party.Missing: contributions | Show results with:contributions
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Political survival drives Lebanese Maronites' reconciliation | | AW
Nov 23, 2018 · Today, it seems the Maronite community has learnt that neither Israel nor the Syrian regime will help protect its role in Lebanon.Missing: defending | Show results with:defending
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Lebanon's Maronite leader calls for "neutrality" to overcome national ...
Jul 15, 2020 · The Maronite patriarch Bechara Boutros al-Rai, the highest representative of Christians in Lebanon, stressed the urgent need to reach neutrality in the nation.Missing: views | Show results with:views
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Jan 5, 2016 · There also appeared to be signs of tension between Frangieh and Nasrallah, with the former urging Hezbollah to suggest a backup plan, suggesting ...
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In Zgharta, Frangieh and Moawad trade corruption allegations
May 12, 2025 · In Zgharta, Frangieh and Moawad trade corruption allegations. The two rival Maronite MPs, both running for the presidency of the local ...
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Ex-militia fighters in post-war Lebanon - Conciliation Resources
Jul 24, 2012 · ... Frangieh's Marada, followers of Elias Hobeika – former commander of the Lebanese Forces (LF) militia turned Syrian ally in 1986, the Sunni ...
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Apr 6, 2023 · Sanctions against the Rahme brothers: An American message to Frangieh? Sleiman Frangieh ... corruption targeting Teddy and Raymond Rahme, two ...Missing: Jr | Show results with:Jr
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Frangieh: Fuel fraud case is political, judiciary is politicized
May 11, 2020 · Marada Movement leader Sleiman Frangieh said Monday that the fuel fraud case was "political" and that the judicial system was "politicized," ...Missing: Jr criticisms
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Sleiman Frangieh: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly – Menaribo
Dec 9, 2015 · Sleiman Frangieh will not be able to perform drastic reforms in Lebanon, like exposing corruption or modernizing laws that directly affect ...Missing: Jr criticisms