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Matachines

Matachines is a syncretic folk dance and ritual drama tradition with roots in medieval European morisca dances and prehispanic Indigenous rituals of the Americas, introduced and adapted by Spanish colonizers starting in the 16th century to blend carnivalesque performances with local elements in facilitating Christian conversion among Native American communities.^[1]^[2] The dance features groups of performers in elaborate costumes, including feathered headdresses, embroidered vests, and jingling skirts, who enact symbolic narratives through choreographed steps, pantomime, and music played on instruments like violins, guitars, drums, and rattles.^[3]^[4] The tradition's origins are debated among scholars, with some tracing primary roots to medieval European morisca dances depicting mock battles between Moors and Christians, possibly influenced by Moorish masked performers and Roman rituals, and others emphasizing prehispanic Indigenous forms like the Aztec netotiliztli; it was adapted in the New World during the colonial period starting in the 16th century.^[5]^[2] In Mexico, it evolved through interactions with Aztec and other Indigenous dances, such as the prehispanic netotiliztli, and spread northward via missionary cofradías (lay brotherhoods) in the 17th and 18th centuries, incorporating local symbols like the figure of Malinche representing Indigenous heritage.^[2]^[5] By the 19th century, Matachines had become established in regions like Zacatecas and Sonora, often tied to festivals honoring the Holy Cross or the Virgin of Guadalupe, with performances lasting several days and involving processions, feasts, and vows (promesas) for healing or remembrance.^[3] In the southwestern United States, particularly New Mexico, the dance arrived with Spanish settlers in the late 17th century following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, becoming a key element of community identity in Hispano and Pueblo villages.^[1]^[4] Notable variations include the Bernalillo Matachines, who perform nine dances in two acts during the San Lorenzo Fiesta on August 10, featuring roles like the Monarca (king), Toro (bull), and Abuelo (grandfather clowns) to symbolize themes of conquest, resistance, and devotion.^[1] Groups such as Los Matachines de la Santa Cruz in Texas maintain colonial-era practices from Real de Catorce, Mexico, with up to 50 dancers executing 12 sones (tunes) in red attire during December 12 celebrations for Our Lady of Guadalupe.^[3] Culturally, Matachines embodies mestizaje—the fusion of Indigenous and European traditions—serving as a form of spiritual expression, cultural resistance, and social cohesion, with performances adapting over time to include youth participation and evolving gender roles, such as all-female troupes.^[4]^[2] As of the early 21st century, it persists across 44 documented variants from Colorado to Belize, recognized by institutions like the Smithsonian Folklife Festival for its role in preserving Hispanic and Native American heritage.^[4]^[1]

Etymology

Origin of the Name

The term "Matachines" originates from the Spanish word matachín, which historically denoted a buffoon, mountebank, or performer in mock combats, often associated with medieval European jesters and sword dancers in festive or theatrical contexts.^[6]^[4] This Spanish usage emerged in the 16th century, with early references appearing in texts such as Francisco de Alcocer's 1559 account in Valladolid, describing troupes of acrobats and dancers, and a 1570 record from Burgos of performances featuring equestrian ballets and swordplay.^[4] The name reflects the lively, satirical nature of these entertainments, drawing from broader European traditions of carnival masking and pantomime. Scholars trace deeper linguistic roots to Italian mattaccino, derived from matto (madman or fool), a term used for masked fools in Renaissance carnivals and court masques as early as the 1530s in Piero da Volterra's Canzona de’ Mattaccini.^[6]^[4] This Italian form influenced French matachins, noted by François Rabelais in 1549 for mock battles and by Thoinot Arbeau in 1589 for elegant sword dances, before entering Spanish vernacular.^[4] An Arabic connection is also proposed, with Gertrude Prokosch Kurath linking matachín to mudawajjihin (those who put on a face or mask), suggesting influences from Moorish performers in medieval Spain.^[5] Debates persist among researchers regarding potential post-colonial contributions from indigenous Mexican languages to the term's evolution, though primary derivations remain European. Ángel Acuña, in his studies of Mexican dances, argues against a native origin for matachín, favoring derivations from Spanish mata moros (Moor-slayer) or Italian mattaccino for parodying warrior dances with masks, emphasizing the term's transmission during colonial evangelization.^[7] Some scholars, however, explore Nahuatl possibilities like matlatzin (honorable warrior), but these are contested as later adaptations rather than foundational roots.^[2] These discussions highlight the term's emergence within European morisca dances, which provided a performative context for mock Moorish-Christian conflicts.^[5]

Linguistic Variations

The term "Matachines" originates from Spanish, where the singular form "matachín" denotes a buffoonish or clown-like dancer, while the plural "matachines" refers to groups of such performers; this distinction appears in colonial documents from the 16th and 17th centuries describing ritual dances in New Spain, often in church records of festive processions blending European and local elements.^[2] In these texts, the plural form predominates when noting ensembles participating in religious celebrations, such as those honoring saints or the Virgin Mary, highlighting its adaptation from European sword dances to colonial contexts.^[8] In the U.S. Southwest, particularly among Hispanic and Pueblo communities in New Mexico and Texas, the term has been adapted into English as "Matachines," retaining the Spanish orthography in folklore studies and ethnographic accounts from the 19th and 20th centuries, where it describes syncretic performances without significant phonetic alteration.^[8] This anglicized usage evolved in American records, including oral histories and scholarly works, to standardize the name amid growing documentation of regional traditions, often appearing in unaltered form to preserve cultural specificity.^[2] Broader Iberian influences manifest in equivalents like "matassins" in French folk dance descriptions and "mouriscos" in Portuguese traditions, both linked to similar mock-battle performances derived from medieval European roots.^[9] Indigenous linguistic influences are prominent in Mexican and New Mexican naming, where Nahuatl phonetics yield variations such as "matlachines" or "matlatzines" in central Mexico, reflecting the integration of Aztec linguistic elements into the Spanish term during colonial syncretism.^[2] In these regions, the blended designation "Danza de los Matachines" commonly appears in 19th- and 20th-century community records, combining Spanish with indigenous conceptual frameworks for dance as a communal rite, while Pueblo terms in Tewa or Tiwa languages occasionally frame performances in bilingual contexts without supplanting the core name.^[2] This evolution underscores the term's multicultural adaptability, with the foundational Spanish "matachín" as its linguistic anchor.

Historical Origins

European Roots

The Matachines dance traces its European foundations to the medieval Spanish morisca dances, which emerged in the 12th century or earlier as mock battles depicting conflicts between Moors and Christians.^[4] These performances, known as danzas moriscas or moros y cristianos, served as pantomimes symbolizing the Christian Reconquista against Islamic forces in the Iberian Peninsula, often enacted during festivals to celebrate victories over Muslim rulers.^[5] Scholarly analyses, such as those by Gertrude Prokosch Kurath, link these traditions directly to the Matachines, noting their evolution from masked buffoonery with bells and bladders into structured mock combats.^[5] Broader influences on the Matachines stem from Renaissance-era sword dances and carnivalesque spectacles across Europe, particularly in Italy and France, where acrobatic juego de matachines involved swordplay and dramatic role-playing.^[2] These elements, derived from ancient Roman Salii rituals and Pyrrhic dances with shields and swords, were adapted into courtly entertainments like the Italian mataccino—a term denoting "fool" or "madcap" performer—and French buffens or matchins.^[5] John Donald Robb attributes the core structure of the Matachines to 15th- and 16th-century Iberian folk traditions, including pantomimes featuring masked figures that blended martial displays with festive satire during the Reconquista period.^[5] In the context of Reconquista-era festivals, these dances played a pivotal role in reinforcing Christian triumph, with performances often incorporating symbolic combats to commemorate the expulsion of the Moors, as detailed by Brenda Romero in her examination of ceremonial warrior traditions.^[5] An early documented example of such a sword dance, akin to the matachin, occurred at Hampton Court on January 6, 1604, performed by Scottish dancers before King James I.^[10] John Forrest further traces the term "matachin" to 16th-century Spain, France, and England, emphasizing its roots in itinerant European entertainments that preserved pre-colonial performative motifs.^[5]

Early Performances in Europe

One of the earliest documented performances of a Matachines-style dance occurred at Hampton Court Palace in England on January 6, 1604, when Scottish courtiers, under the commission of King James I, presented a sword dance to Queen Anne of Denmark and the French ambassador in her presence chamber. Described in a contemporary letter as "a sword dance, not vnlike a matachin, and performed it clenly," the event featured intricate swordplay and acrobatic maneuvers that evoked the allegorical themes of conquest central to such traditions.^[11] The dancers, attired in Moorish-inspired costumes typical of the matachin form, showcased the dance's rhythmic clashing of swords and agile footwork, transforming it into a polished courtly spectacle.^[2] In Spain, matachin performances proliferated in the 16th and 17th centuries as part of royal courts and public festivals, often drawing on the Morisca roots that dramatized Christian victories over Moorish forces through mock battles. For instance, in Seville, the related danza de espadas—a sword dance with acrobatic flips and symbolic combat—was a key element of Corpus Christi processions during this period, performed by troupes in elaborate Moorish garb to engage crowds in allegorical reenactments.^[12] Similar events graced festivals in Madrid, where matachin dancers, equipped with bells, swords, and shields, executed vigorous clashes and leaps amid festive settings, blending entertainment with religious symbolism.^[5] Royal patronage profoundly shaped these early European performances, elevating the matachin from rustic folk practice to a formalized art form suitable for aristocratic audiences. Monarchs like Philip II and Philip III sponsored such dances at courtly banquets and celebrations, funding ornate costumes and choreographed sequences that emphasized themes of triumph and valor, thereby ensuring their prominence in Spanish cultural life before transatlantic dissemination.^[5] This support not only refined the dance's structure—incorporating synchronized group movements and narrative elements—but also disseminated its style across European royal circles, as seen in the Anglo-Scottish adaptation at Hampton Court.^[2]

Introduction to the Americas

Colonial Transmission

The Matachines dance was introduced to the Americas in the 16th century by Spanish missionaries in New Spain (modern-day Mexico) as a strategic tool for the Catholic evangelization of indigenous peoples. Drawing from European morisca traditions of mock battles between Christians and Moors, the performance was adapted to dramatize the triumph of Christianity over paganism, facilitating the conversion process among Native American communities. Missionaries employed such dances during religious festivals to engage and indoctrinate local populations, marking an early instance of cultural transmission in the colonial project.^[2]^[1] Colonial records from the 1500s and 1600s document the dance's presence, with early accounts describing performances in Mexico City and the northern frontiers of New Spain. Chronicler Francisco López de Gómara referenced indigenous dances in the mid-16th century that were later Christianized into forms resembling Matachines. Jesuit missionary Andrés Pérez de Ribas provided detailed observations of Matachines-like performances in Mexico City around 1610, highlighting their role in mission celebrations among the Tarahumara and other groups in northern regions like Sonora. These records underscore the dance's integration into colonial religious life in the 16th century.^[2] Syncretic elements began to emerge through the forced participation of Native Americans, who blended Matachines choreography with local ritual practices to navigate colonial impositions. Indigenous performers incorporated motifs from pre-Hispanic dances, such as Aztec netotiliztli, into the Christian framework, creating hybrid expressions that subtly preserved cultural elements under duress. This initial fusion occurred primarily in mission settings, where missionaries mandated Native involvement to reinforce evangelization efforts.^[2] By the 17th century, the dance spread along Spanish trade and mission routes to regions including present-day Texas and New Mexico, carried by Mexican Indian cofradías (lay brotherhoods) and colonists. Performances were recorded in northern New Mexico by 1693, reflecting the expanding reach of colonial networks. This dissemination solidified Matachines as a vehicle for religious propagation across viceregal territories.^[2]^[1]

Initial Adaptations

Upon arrival in the Americas during the colonial period, the Matachines dance underwent significant modifications in New Spain from the 16th through 18th centuries, as Spanish missionaries sought to evangelize indigenous populations by blending European performance traditions with local cultural practices. Franciscan and Jesuit friars, such as Fray Peter of Ghent, adapted Aztec dances like netotiliztli into Christian rituals, incorporating indigenous motifs such as circular formations—where dancers formed double circles to symbolize communal unity—and rhythmic stamping to evoke pre-Hispanic footwork patterns. These hybrid elements facilitated the dance's acceptance among Aztec and Pueblo communities, transforming it from a strictly European import into a syncretic form that resonated with native expressive traditions.^[2]^[4] A pivotal adaptation was the emergence of the Malinche character, typically portrayed by a young girl in white attire, serving as a colonial allegory for indigenous submission to Christianity and the purity of conversion. Unlike her historical counterpart as Hernán Cortés's interpreter, this figure represented an idealized indigenous woman guiding the Monarca (king) toward faith, often syncretized with the Virgin Mary to symbolize mestizo origins and spiritual redemption. This addition, absent in earlier Mexican variants, appeared in northern New Spain versions by the early 18th century, emphasizing themes of alliance and cultural reconciliation rather than conquest.^[5]^[4] Thematic shifts further marked these initial adaptations, evolving from the original Moor-Christian battle narratives to incorporate veneration of local saints and the Virgin Mary, aligning the performance with Catholic devotional practices in mission settings. For instance, post-1680 Pueblo Revolt dances in the Rio Grande Valley replaced combative swordplay with processions honoring San Lorenzo or the Virgin of Guadalupe, using indigenous gourd rattles and feather fans in place of European weapons to mitigate fears of unrest. Early mission records from the American Southwest and northern Mexico document these hybrid forms by the 1700s; a 1736 inventory from a New Mexico mission lists costumes for four Matachines performers, including indigenous-style head scarves, while 18th-century Jesuit accounts from Sonora describe "Motezuma" dances blending Rarámuri stamping rhythms with Christian hymns, and Chihuahua records note similar fusions in Tarahumara communities.^[2]^[5]^[4]

Elements of the Performance

Costumes and Characters

The costumes of Matachines performers draw from Moorish and European influences, featuring elaborate white shirts and black pants as the base attire, often accented with colorful silk respaldos (shawls) draped over the shoulders and secured with sashes.^[1]^[2] These garments evoke the flowing robes of medieval Spanish morisca dances, adapted with indigenous elements such as feather-adorned capes in some variants.^[2] Headdresses, known as cupiles or miters, are a prominent feature, typically constructed from rigid bases like plastic or cardboard frames topped with ribbons, flowers, and personal religious icons to conceal the dancer's identity and symbolize devotion.^[1]^[13] Masks and facial coverings play a central role in character portrayal, with handkerchiefs or cloth masks tied over the face for anonymity among the main dancers, while more ornate masks are used for specific roles to add allegorical or satirical depth.^[1] The Monarca, representing a king or Aztec emperor like Moctezuma, wears a corona of red and white flowers atop a white outfit, embodying leadership and cultural synthesis.^[13]^[2] Toros (bulls) don red shirts, horned headdresses with red flowers, and black pants to symbolize evil or Spanish aggression, their masks often featuring exaggerated bovine features for dramatic effect.^[13]^[2] Viejitos or Abuelos (old men) sport white canvas or satirical masks depicting elderly figures with humorous or authoritative expressions, paired with hats, whips, and traditional shirts to represent ancestral wisdom and discipline.^[2]^[14] The Malinche figure, allegorically linked to conversion and purity, is attired in white dresses or veils reminiscent of First Holy Communion garments, though in some traditions, this role is danced by men in female attire to maintain all-male casts.^[13]^[4] Over time, Matachines costumes have evolved from colonial-era fabrics like silk, lace, and feathers to incorporate modern materials such as plastic for durable headdresses and sequins for added sparkle in 20th-century performances, reflecting community pride and accessibility.^[2]^[1]^[15]

Music and Choreography

The music accompanying the Matachines dance typically features string instruments such as the violin and guitar, which provide harmonized melodies in Hispanic communities, while Native American variants incorporate ritual drums and gourd rattles for percussive elements.^[4]^[2] In some regions, like among the Pascua Yaqui, a harp may supplement the ensemble, and ancestral influences include Aztec-style instruments such as the teponaztli drum and ayacaztli rattle.^[4]^[2] These combinations produce polka-like rhythms that blend European meters, such as 6/8 and 4/4 time signatures, with indigenous beats, often in keys like D Major in Bernalillo or A Major in Cochiti Pueblo.^[4] The resulting sound is repetitive and simple, emphasizing steady tempos that support the dancers' synchronized movements, with occasional shifts in speed during extended performances.^[4] Choreography centers on line formations, where dancers typically arrange in two facing rows of eight to ten participants, advancing and retreating in unison while executing skips, turns, and synchronized footwork.^[2]^[4] Key steps include clashes of three-pronged wands (palmas) simulating sword fights in battle sequences, or adapted ribbon dances involving maypole braiding in some variants.^[4] Processional marches, known as la procesión, feature whirling motions and gourd rattle shakes timed to the rhythm, such as the three-syllable "To-eon-tin" pattern derived from pre-colonial traditions.^[2] Improvisation occurs in tempo variations and individual flourishes, particularly in 18th- and 19th-century colonial notations, allowing adaptation to community contexts while maintaining core patterns.^[4]^[2] Performances follow a structured sequence beginning with introductory parades (la entrada), where dancers march in formation to greet participants and spectators.^[4] This progresses to battle enactments (la batalla), involving confrontations like mock combats against a bull figure, marked by intensified rhythms and clashing wands.^[4]^[2] The finale (la entrega) culminates in honoring sequences, such as pyramid formations or altar presentations at the church, accompanied by slower, dignified tempos to conclude the ritual.^[4] Historical accounts from the 18th century, like Ignaz Pfefferkorn's description of Sonoran variants, and 19th-century notations by Ignacio Zúñiga, document these elements in colonial fiestas, highlighting their evolution through European and indigenous fusion.^[2]

Regional Variations

In Mexico

In Mexico, the Matachines dance holds a prominent place in central and northern regions, where it is the most widespread religious dance among indigenous groups, particularly in areas like Chihuahua and the Tarahumara Sierra.^[16] Introduced by Jesuit missionaries in the 18th century as part of evangelization efforts, it evolved into a syncretic expression blending European origins with indigenous elements, often performed by male associations using rhythmic instruments such as capullos and deer hooves attached to costumes.^[16] Core performance elements, including violin accompaniment and choreographic patterns like cruzamientos, serpentinas, and individual spins, have been locally adapted to incorporate regional motifs and narratives of conquest and devotion.^[16] The tradition is closely tied to major festivals, including presentations at the Guelaguetza in Oaxaca by troupes from Huajuapan de León in the Mixteca region, where dancers embody mystical figures in heavy, custom wooden masks weighing up to 50 kilograms during patronal celebrations.^[17] It also features in Day of the Dead observances across states like Sinaloa and Tamaulipas, where performances with masked dancers and rhythmic pisadas serve to honor the deceased and ward off malevolent spirits through themes of life, death, and spiritual protection.^[18]^[19] In northern indigenous communities like the Rarámuri, distinctive features include women's participation in dances and prolonged enactments tied to seasonal cycles, highlighting communal resilience and cultural continuity.^[20] Since the 2010s, Matachines has gained formal recognition as intangible cultural heritage in several regions, including registrations in Zacatecas (Trancoso, 2012) and Chihuahua (over 41 dances by 2023), underscoring its role in preserving multicultural identity through government inventories and community safeguarding initiatives.^[21]^[16]

In the United States

The Matachines tradition maintains a strong presence in the Southwestern United States, particularly in New Mexico and Colorado, where it has been performed continuously among Hispanic, Pueblo, and mixed Genízaro communities since the colonial era. In New Mexico, the annual Matachines dance in Bernalillo dates back to the late 1600s, originating as a fulfillment of a vow by Spanish conquistador Don Diego de Vargas following the 1692 reconquest of the region, and it remains a central event during the Fiesta de San Lorenzo on August 10, featuring ritual dances that symbolize spiritual conquest and devotion.^[1]^[2] In Texas and Colorado, troupes such as Los Matachines de la Santa Cruz de la Ladrillera from Laredo, Texas, recognized as 2020 NEA National Heritage Fellows, trace their origins to colonial-era festivals honoring the Holy Cross and perform in similar ritual contexts across Hispano and Pueblo communities.^[22] Performances in the U.S. incorporate distinct multicultural influences, blending Spanish colonial elements with indigenous Pueblo and Navajo traditions, as seen in the kiva-inspired rituals of Jemez Pueblo's Matachina dance, which emphasizes fertility symbolism through pumpkin motifs and communal preparation in ceremonial kivas, and in Alcalde, New Mexico, where the dance integrates symbolic battles and character roles that echo Native resistance narratives alongside Catholic devotion.^[4]^[2] These adaptations highlight the syncretic nature of the tradition, with masked dancers, rattles, and loincloths bearing ritual symbols drawn from both European morisca dances and indigenous practices.^[2] In the 20th century, folklorists and ethnomusicologists documented Matachines performances to preserve the tradition, including recordings from 1969 in northern New Mexico by Jack Loeffler and studies in the 1980s by Claude Stephenson that captured variations in Arroyo Seco and other sites.^[4] Revivals gained momentum during the Chicano Movement of the 1970s, as communities in northern New Mexico reasserted cultural identity through the dance, leading to the emergence of all-female troupes and broader participation that emphasized mestizo heritage and resistance to assimilation.^[23]^[4] Contemporary events continue to sustain the practice, such as the 2008 Matachines gathering in the Española Valley hosted by the National Hispanic Cultural Center, which brought together troupes from Bernalillo, Alcalde, and beyond to celebrate shared traditions and mestizaje through performances blending historical rituals with modern community festivals.^[4]

Cultural Significance

Religious Context

The Matachines dance holds a central place in Catholic devotional practices, particularly associated with the feast day of the Virgin of Guadalupe on December 12, where performers honor her as a symbol of Mexican Catholic identity and indigenous integration into the faith.^[24]^[25] This association underscores the dance's role in commemorating the Virgin's apparitions to Juan Diego in 1531, blending reverence for her image with ritual performances that reinforce communal piety. Similarly, the dance features prominently in celebrations of the Holy Cross on May 3, known as the Día de la Santa Cruz, where groups like Los Matachines de la Santa Cruz de la Ladrillera enact devotions to the cross as a emblem of Christian redemption and protection.^[3]^[25] At its core, the Matachines symbolically reenacts the triumph of Christianity, evolving from the medieval European morisca dances that depicted battles between Christians and Moors to incorporate themes of indigenous conversion during the colonial era.^[25] In this adaptation, figures such as El Monarca represent Christian authority slaying El Toro, symbolizing the defeat of paganism and the acceptance of the faith by native peoples, as seen in performances that dramatize the subjugation of pre-Christian elements.^[26] This narrative shift facilitated evangelization efforts in the Americas, transforming a secular folk entertainment into a tool for spiritual instruction and conversion.^[25] The dance integrates deeply into Catholic liturgical life through processions and masses, both in colonial times and today, where performers lead or accompany pilgrimages to shrines and churches, often receiving blessings from priests to sanctify their efforts.^[27] In colonial New Mexico, for instance, such rituals were documented as part of feast-day observances, with clergy overseeing dances to ensure doctrinal alignment, a practice that persists in modern settings like the San Lorenzo Fiesta, where processions culminate in eucharistic celebrations.^[26] These elements position the Matachines as an embodied form of worship, extending sacramental themes into kinetic devotion. Scholars interpret the Matachines as a profound example of syncretic devotion, merging European Catholic piety—rooted in medieval dramatic traditions—with Native American spirituality, particularly through the Virgin of Guadalupe's linkage to the Aztec goddess Tonantzin, which eased indigenous acceptance of Christianity.^[24] This fusion, as analyzed in ethnographic studies, allows the dance to embody a hybrid theology where European symbols like the Holy Trinity (represented by the palma trident) coexist with native motifs of resistance and harmony, fostering a shared sacred space.^[26] Such interpretations highlight its enduring role in articulating a mestizo faith that honors both colonial imposition and cultural resilience.^[28] Matachines performances play a vital role in Hispanic and indigenous community gatherings, serving as platforms for social cohesion and cultural preservation. In places like Bernalillo, New Mexico, the dance is performed during annual fiestas, drawing families together for multi-day events that reinforce communal ties and shared heritage.^[1] These gatherings often occur within religious festivals, providing venues for social expression amid broader celebrations. Troupes are typically family-based, with participation spanning multiple generations, as seen in groups like Los Matachines de la Santa Cruz de la Ladrillera in Laredo, Texas, where the Ortiz family has led performances since the early 20th century.^[29] This structure promotes intergenerational transmission, where parents teach children the steps, costumes, and rhythms, ensuring the tradition's continuity and instilling a sense of familial duty.^[1] The dance significantly contributes to ethnic identity formation, particularly among Mexican-American and indigenous communities in the United States. For recent Mexican migrants in the Midwest, Matachines fosters a strong sense of Mexican heritage by uniting participants around shared cultural practices, countering assimilation pressures while building solidarity in diverse settings like rural Catholic parishes.^[30] In northern New Mexico, performances assert Nuevo Mexicano pride, blending Hispanic and indigenous elements to affirm cultural resilience against historical and contemporary challenges.^[1] Economically, Matachines festivals, such as the San Lorenzo Fiesta in Bernalillo, attract tourists and generate local revenue through increased visitation, vendor sales, and community events, a trend that has grown since the 1980s with broader promotion of New Mexico's cultural tourism.^[1] Despite its enduring appeal, Matachines faces challenges like declining participation due to modernization, migration, and wartime disruptions that historically reduced male dancers.^[1] To address this, troupes have adapted by including women—now comprising up to 50% of performers in some groups—and emphasizing youth involvement starting at age 14.^[1] Efforts to sustain the tradition include recognition through National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) National Heritage Fellowships, such as the 2020 award to Los Matachines de la Santa Cruz de la Ladrillera, which honors lifetime contributions and supports cultural preservation initiatives.^[3] These recognitions help fund training and performances, bolstering community efforts to pass the dance to future generations.^[29]

References

[1]
A Dance of Devotion: The Matachines of Bernalillo, New Mexico
Aug 7, 2019 · Matachín dancing was brought over the Atlantic by the Spanish to convert Native Americans to Christianity, but it is believed to have ties to the Spanish's ...
[2]
[PDF] A History of the Matachines Dance - UNM Digital Repository
Apr 1, 1994 · The Matachines dance, with cryptic pantomime and exotic costumes, is thought to be of Spanish, Aztec, or Moorish origin, possibly brought from ...
[3]
Los Matachines de la Santa Cruz de la Ladrillera
Los Matachines de la Santa Cruz are a ritual dance troupe whose origin can be traced back to a festival on the feast day of the Holy Cross during the Colonial ...
[4]
[PDF] MATACHINES! - New Mexico Historic Sites
It is one of the very few dances shared by both Hispanic and Native peoples. Its roots can trace their influences back to the Middle Ages in Europe and at the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[5]
None
### Summary of Origins of the Matachines Dance
[6]
MATACHIN Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Word History. Etymology. Italian mattaccino, from matto madman, fool, from matto mad, crazy, from Latin mattus stupid, drunk ...Missing: Arabic | Show results with:Arabic
[7]
Matachines. The Dancers of the Virgin of Guadalupe - Omnes
Dec 12, 2022 · The matachines are groups of dancers who, with unique costumes and instruments, come dancing to the place of pilgrimage.
[8]
The Matachines Dance: A Ritual Folk Dance - jstor
There is much other evidence to support the conclusion that the mata- chines dance and related American dances are of European origin. Let me recapitulate them ...Missing: English spelling
[9]
Religious Festivities, Ritual Dances, and Popular Theatre in Portugal
Because of her interest in Portuguese ritual dances generally known as mouriscas, she has recorded sword, stick and mourisca dances in the whole of Portugal, ...
[10]
The Elizabethan Stage Vol. 3, by E. K. Chambers—A Project ...
Presented at Hampton Court, vpon Sunday night, being the eight of Ianuary, 1604. ... dance not vnlike a matachin, and performed it clenly.... The Sunday ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[11]
Scots, A Masque of - Lost Plays Database
Jul 26, 2022 · a sword dance, not vnlike a matachin, and performed it clenly. (The National Archives, SP 14/6, f. 53v; cf. Lee 54). Correspondence of ...
[12]
Dance and instrumental diferencias in Spain during the 17th and ...
... Spanish court did incorporate Italian techniques in the use of perspective ... (matachin) who is nearly beheaded.”8 In Seville the danza de espadas was ...
[13]
None
### Summary of Roles and Characters of Bernalillo Matachines (Chapter 4)
[14]
[PDF] Dedication - El Hermitano
It is interesting to note also that whenever the Matachines are danced in Indian pueblos, Abuelos wear white canvas faces that look like the Spanish people.
[15]
Celebrate Season: Matachines & Posadas in December at El Camino
Nov 22, 2024 · Matachines: A dance of devotion. Los Matachines is a centuries-old religious dance that traces its roots back to medieval Spain. Originally ...Missing: Seville Madrid 16th
[16]
La danza de los matachines, una herencia multicultural - El Devenir
Dec 6, 2022 · La danza de los matachines es, en su origen, una danza europea de Carnaval documentada en el viejo continente desde el siglo XV. En México ...
[17]
El baile de los matachines, tradición en movimiento por las calles de ...
En 1919, la tradición de la danza de los matachines inicia en la ciudad de Huajuapan de León; considerada centro económico y cultural de la Mixteca Oaxaqueña. ¡ ...
[18]
Celebran el Día de Muertos en la Escuela Superior de Artes José ...
Oct 31, 2025 · ... danzas matachines, pascola y venado ceremonial de Día de Muertos para enseguida dar paso al toque musical con los alumnos de los conjuntos ...
[19]
[PDF] 1 danza de matamoros, ejido 20, tamaulipas
Oct 4, 2023 · La danza tiene una temática de Día de. Muertos y es bailada para auyentar a los espíritus malignos con las máscaras, pisadas y rugidos. Cada vez ...
[20]
Tradición y sentido en la danza de los Tlahualiles en la festividad de ...
Rebasando la idea del origen prehispánico, se observa la relación de la danza de Tlahualiles con el sistema de danzas llamadas de Matachines o Matlachines, ...
[21]
Danza de los matachines (rarámuris)
### Summary: Danza de los Matachines (Rarámuris)
[22]
Danza de los Matlachines en Trancoso
### Summary: Danza de los Matlachines en Trancoso
[23]
NEA National Heritage Tribute Video: Los Matachines de la Santa ...
Mar 8, 2021 · Los Matachines de la Santa Cruz are a ritual dance troupe whose origin can be traced back to a festival on the feast day of the Holy Cross during the Colonial ...Missing: matlachines | Show results with:matlachines
[24]
Vol. 23 No. 1 | SYLVIA RODRIGUEZ: Arroyo Seco Matachines Dance
It is characterized by two rows of masked male dancers wearing miter-like hats, with long multicolored ribbons down the back.
[25]
None
### Summary of Religious Context of Matachines from the Article
[26]
Exploring Los Matachines: A Traditional Dance of Faith and Culture
Its roots go back to a type of widespread medieval sword dance called a morisca. Originally, the dances acted out the battle between Christianity and paganism.Missing: name | Show results with:name<|control11|><|separator|>
[27]
A Dance of Devotion: The Matachines of Bernalillo, New Mexico
Aug 7, 2019 · Matachín dancing was brought over the Atlantic by the Spanish to convert Native Americans to Christianity, but it is believed to have ties to ...
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The Matachines Dance in Alcalde, a Mestizo Community in North ...
The dance symbolizes both Christian conversion and indigenous resistance against colonial and contemporary Anglo influences. Community involvement in the dance ...
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(PDF) When Malinche Dances with Montezuma. Religion, Ethnicity ...
Dec 15, 2014 · Using as our case study the Matachines dance in New Mexico, we show that the key source of authenticity of a tradition is precisely its ...Missing: Holy | Show results with:Holy
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[PDF] Los Matachines - This Bridge Called Cyberspace
The majority of dancers belong to families whose members have been dancing for decades; the tradition has passed from parent to child for gen- erations. That is ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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[PDF] Matachines in the Midwest: Religion and Identity in the American ...
The availability of jobs in construction, agriculture, and animal processing plants is commonly attributed with the increase of outward migration from the.