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Conversion

Conversion is the adoption of a new set of religious beliefs, rituals, and practices that differ from one's prior affiliation, often involving a reorientation of worldview, identity, and social commitments.^[1]^[2] This process can manifest as sudden, transformative experiences or gradual shifts influenced by social, psychological, or intellectual factors, distinguishing genuine conversion from superficial changes in nominal adherence.^[3]^[4] Historically, religious conversion has driven the expansion of major faiths, such as Christianity's growth through voluntary and coerced adoptions in antiquity and the medieval period, and Islam's dissemination via trade, conquest, and missionary efforts, shaping demographic and cultural landscapes across continents.^[5] Sociologically, it entails active negotiation of new identities within communities, though empirical studies indicate that associated psychological alterations—such as shifts in well-being or cognition—are typically modest in magnitude, challenging narratives of uniformly dramatic personal upheavals.^[6]^[4] Controversies persist around coerced conversions in pre-modern eras and contemporary debates over proselytism, apostasy penalties in certain jurisdictions, and the balance between individual autonomy and communal pressures, underscoring conversion's interplay with power dynamics and legal frameworks.^[7]^[8]

Religious Contexts

Definition and Mechanisms

Religious conversion constitutes the adoption of a new religious affiliation, entailing a fundamental reorientation of an individual's worldview, identity, and commitments, often manifesting as cognitive shifts in belief, emotional transformations, and behavioral alignments with the adopting tradition's doctrines and practices.^[2]^[9] This process typically involves disaffiliation from prior beliefs and integration into the new framework, distinguishable from mere doctrinal adjustment or cultural assimilation by its depth and deliberate nature.^[10] In Christianity, a paradigmatic instance is the Apostle Paul's abrupt transition circa 34 CE, recounted in Acts 9 as a visionary confrontation en route to Damascus, propelling him from Jewish persecution of early Christians to advocacy of the faith.^[11] In Islam, conversion centers on the sincere recitation of the Shahada, declaring monotheism and prophetic acceptance of Muhammad, which ritually and doctrinally inaugurates adherence without prerequisite rituals beyond intent.^[12] Mechanisms underlying religious conversion operate through causal pathways of internal deliberation and external influences, where personal conviction—stemming from intellectual inquiry, existential crisis, or perceived divine intervention—interacts with social dynamics such as relational networks or communal reinforcement.^[13]^[10] Voluntary conversions often proceed via stages of dissatisfaction with prior beliefs, exposure to alternative tenets, and eventual commitment, as evidenced in longitudinal psychological analyses tracking decision processes akin to attitude change models in cognitive science.^[14] External pressures, including familial expectations or societal incentives, can precipitate shifts, though empirical typologies distinguish these from authentic internal realignments by assessing post-conversion stability and autonomy.^[15] Neuroscientific inquiries into belief formation reveal that regions like the prefrontal cortex, implicated in executive control and value reassessment, activate during reflective evaluations that parallel conversionary cognition, though direct imaging of conversion events remains methodologically elusive due to their infrequency and subjectivity.^[16]^[17] Empirical data on conversion dynamics highlight variability across contexts; for instance, Pew Research Center analyses indicate that Christianity's global adherent base expanded by approximately 30 million from 2010 to 2015, driven more by demographic growth than net switching, with gains in sub-Saharan Africa offsetting losses in Europe where disaffiliation rates exceed inflows.^[18] Such patterns underscore causal realism in conversions, where fertility differentials and localized evangelism exert stronger influences than universal spiritual forces, with switching rates remaining low relative to retention—around 94% for those raised Christian in recent U.S. surveys.^[19]^[20]

Historical Developments

The spread of Christianity began in the 1st century CE during the Apostolic Age, primarily through evangelism by Jesus' disciples and apostles, who preached in Jewish synagogues and to Gentiles across the Roman Empire, as detailed in the New Testament's Acts of the Apostles. Initial conversions occurred rapidly following events like Pentecost around 30 CE, with reports of thousands joining the movement in Jerusalem alone, driven by personal testimony and communal witness rather than state coercion. This organic expansion relied on causal factors such as the appeal of resurrection narratives and ethical teachings, facilitating growth from a few dozen followers to communities in major cities by the late 1st century.^[21]^[22] Islamic conversion accelerated in the 7th and 8th centuries through a combination of military conquests by the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661 CE) and Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), which subdued the Byzantine and Sassanid empires, alongside incentives like tax exemptions (jizya relief for converts) and intermarriage that encouraged voluntary adoption. Conquests in the Levant, Persia, and North Africa integrated diverse populations, where Islam's monotheistic simplicity and egalitarian ethos appealed amid weakened imperial structures, though mass conversions often followed elite shifts rather than immediate popular uprisings. By the mid-8th century, these dynamics had established Islam as the dominant faith across a vast territory from Iberia to India, blending coercive territorial control with persuasive da'wah (invitation).^[23]^[24] Medieval Christian Europe saw increased state-sponsored conversions, particularly during the Spanish Inquisition's campaigns against non-Christians. The Alhambra Decree of March 31, 1492, issued by Ferdinand II and Isabella I, mandated that Spain's estimated 200,000–300,000 Jews convert to Catholicism or leave by July 31, resulting in widespread forced baptisms to avoid exile or death, with many outwardly complying while practicing Judaism crypto-secretly (conversos). This policy, rooted in unifying the realm post-Reconquista, affected Sephardic communities profoundly, leading to demographic shifts and cultural losses.^[25] In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Protestant missionary societies, such as those from Britain and the United States, expanded into Africa, establishing stations that combined evangelism, education, and healthcare to foster conversions amid colonial facilitation. Efforts by groups like the Church Missionary Society from the 1820s onward yielded millions of adherents, particularly in West and East Africa, where revivals emphasized personal faith experiences over ritual, contributing to Christianity's foothold before widespread decolonization.^[26] Post-colonial developments in the 20th and 21st centuries featured endogenous growth in sub-Saharan Africa, where Christianity rose from about 9% of the population in 1900 (roughly 10 million adherents) to 63% by 2020 (over 670 million), per data from Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary's Center for the Study of Global Christianity. This surge, outpacing global averages, stemmed from Pentecostal and charismatic movements' emphasis on spiritual experiences, demographic booms, and competition with traditional religions, independent of direct imperial pressures.

Empirical Outcomes and Sociological Impacts

Empirical studies on religious conversion reveal mixed individual outcomes, with some evidence of improved subjective well-being post-conversion, though psychological changes are often modest in magnitude. Self-reports from converts frequently describe enhanced life satisfaction and reduced depressive symptoms following the experience, attributed to newfound purpose and social support within religious communities.^[27] ^[28] A longitudinal analysis indicates that increased religious participation, including via conversion, predicts declines in depressive symptoms, with a beta coefficient of -0.190 (95% CI: -0.365 to -0.016).^[28] However, quantitative assessments of pre- and post-conversion psychology show generally small shifts, primarily in religiosity-related traits rather than broad personality alterations.^[29] Sociologically, religious conversion can foster community integration and social cohesion in stable societies, where converts gain networks that buffer against isolation. Yet, it often entails familial disruptions, particularly when conversions occur against prevailing family beliefs, leading to relational strain and trauma in interpersonal ties with parents, relatives, and peers.^[30] Converts report distress from such conflicts, mirroring patterns observed in deconversions that weaken parent-child bonds.^[31] ^[32] De-conversion rates among evangelical groups highlight instability, with U.S. Protestant affiliation declining from 57% in 2000 to 46% by 2017, reflecting partial reversals that underscore conversion's non-permanent nature for 10-20% of adherents over decades.^[33] Broader societal impacts include correlations with demographic and economic shifts. Religious converts and adherents exhibit higher fertility rates, with U.S. religious communities averaging 1.8-1.9 children per woman against a replacement threshold of 2.44, sustaining population growth amid secular declines.^[34] In Latin America, Pentecostal conversions have promoted entrepreneurship and economic mobility, encouraging values like discipline and risk-taking that align with market opportunities, contributing to long-term growth in informal sectors.^[35] ^[36] These patterns suggest causal pathways from conversion-induced behavioral changes to societal vitality, though selection effects—where motivated individuals self-select into converting faiths—complicate attribution.^[37]

Controversies Including Coercion and Legal Restrictions

Historical instances of coercive religious conversion include the Ottoman Empire's devshirme system, implemented from the late 14th to the 17th century, under which Christian boys from Balkan regions were forcibly recruited, converted to Islam, and trained as Janissaries or administrators, with annual levies reaching up to 12,789 by 1568.^[38] The system's periodic collections, occurring every three to seven years, extracted tens of thousands of children over its duration, often amid parental resistance and revolts.^[39] Similarly, the Islamic dhimmi framework imposed jizya taxes on non-Muslims, which historical records indicate exerted economic pressure leading to widespread conversions to evade the burden and associated humiliations, contributing to demographic shifts in regions under prolonged Muslim rule.^[40]^[41] In contemporary contexts, the Islamic State's campaigns from 2014 to 2019 involved systematic forced conversions, particularly targeting Yazidis through enslavement, rape, and ultimatums of conversion or death, as documented by survivor testimonies and human rights investigations.^[42] Over 6,000 Yazidi women and girls were subjected to these practices, with conversions enforced as part of ideological indoctrination.^[43] Legal restrictions on conversion have proliferated in response to perceived coercive elements, notably in India, where states like Uttar Pradesh enacted the Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act in 2021, criminalizing conversions induced by "allurement"—defined as offers of material benefits, employment, or aid—alongside force, fraud, or undue influence, with penalties up to 10 years imprisonment.^[44] These laws address documented allegations of missionary organizations linking humanitarian aid to proselytization, such as probes into shelters providing Bible readings and crosses in exchange for shelter, and arrests for distributing aid under conversion pretexts.^[45]^[46] Proponents of such restrictions, including Hindu nationalist groups, argue they safeguard indigenous traditions against demographic erosion, citing reconversion drives like Ghar Wapsi—which since 2014 has facilitated over 8,000 returns to Hinduism in regions like Telangana and Andhra Pradesh—as voluntary corrections to prior inducements.^[47] Critics, often from missionary or secular perspectives, emphasize individual autonomy and freedom of belief, yet enforcement data reveals frequent prosecutions tied to material incentives rather than overt force, underscoring debates over where persuasion crosses into coercion.^[48]

Psychological and Psychiatric Contexts

Conversion Disorder

Conversion disorder, also known as functional neurological symptom disorder, is characterized by one or more symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory function that are incompatible with recognized neurological or medical conditions, such as paralysis, abnormal movements, sensory loss, or seizures, with symptoms causing significant distress or impairment.^[49] According to DSM-5 criteria established in 2013, the symptoms must not be better explained by another medical or mental disorder, are not intentionally produced or feigned, and clinical evidence supports incompatibility with known anatomy or physiology, often with onset or exacerbation following identifiable psychological stressors.^[50] The condition reflects a disruption in brain networks rather than deliberate simulation, distinguishing it from factitious disorder or malingering.^[50] The term "conversion" originated in the late 1890s with Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer, who described it as the transformation of repressed psychological conflicts into physical symptoms, substituting somatic manifestations for unacceptable ideas in hysteria cases.^[51] Early psychoanalytic models emphasized unconscious drives, but contemporary understanding has shifted toward empirical evidence of psychological stress precipitating symptoms through altered neural processing, with stressful life events or trauma identified as triggers in a majority of cases via systematic reviews.^[52] Neuroimaging studies, including functional MRI, reveal consistent disruptions in sensorimotor integration, emotional regulation, and salience networks, supporting a neurobiological basis intertwined with psychosocial factors rather than purely symbolic conversion.^[53] Diagnosis requires thorough exclusion of organic neurological diseases through clinical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging, with positive signs like Hoover's sign (inconsistent weakness) or entrainment (symptom variability under distraction) aiding identification of functional etiology.^[54] Prevalence estimates indicate an annual incidence of 4-12 cases per 100,000 individuals, higher in neurology clinics (up to 30% of unexplained cases), with women comprising about 70-80% of patients and onset often in adolescence or early adulthood.^[55] Treatment emphasizes multidisciplinary approaches, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) focused on symptom management and stress reduction, which has demonstrated reliable improvement in 70-80% of cases and near-full remission in up to 75% of functional motor disorder subgroups in controlled studies.^[56] Physiotherapy for motor retraining and psychoeducation to normalize symptoms without reinforcement of illness behavior contribute to outcomes, with short-term reassurance alone yielding 50-90% resolution but higher relapse without targeted intervention; long-term prognosis varies, with 20-40% experiencing chronicity if untreated.^[57]

Conversion Therapy Practices and Debates

Conversion therapy refers to practices aimed at altering an individual's sexual orientation or gender identity, typically through psychological, behavioral, or religious interventions. Historical methods included aversion therapy prevalent in the mid-20th century, such as administering electric shocks or emetic drugs in response to same-sex stimuli to condition repulsion, as documented in psychiatric case reports from the 1950s and 1960s.^[58] Later approaches shifted to talk therapy, group sessions, and faith-based counseling emphasizing moral or spiritual realignment, often conducted by licensed professionals or religious organizations until regulatory scrutiny intensified.^[59] In the United States, an estimated 700,000 LGBT adults have undergone such practices, with exposure rates higher among youth from religious backgrounds, according to a 2025 Williams Institute analysis of population surveys.^[60] Major psychological associations, including the American Psychological Association (APA), have opposed conversion therapy since a 2009 task force report, which reviewed 83 studies and found insufficient evidence of lasting change in sexual orientation while identifying potential harms such as depression, anxiety, and elevated suicide risk—corroborated by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) data linking exposure to over twice the suicide attempt rates among affected youth.^[61]^[62] These conclusions, reaffirmed in APA resolutions through 2025, rely on retrospective and longitudinal studies but face critiques for methodological limitations, including self-selection bias in participant samples (often drawn from distressed clinical populations) and absence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to isolate causal effects from pre-existing mental health issues.^[63]^[64] Peer-reviewed dissent, though limited amid institutional consensus, highlights individual self-reports of reduced same-sex attraction in follow-up analyses; for instance, Robert Spitzer's 2003 study of 200 participants claimed behavioral change in 20-30% of cases, though Spitzer retracted his conclusions in 2012 citing unverifiable self-reports and sampling flaws, underscoring broader evidentiary gaps.^[65]^[66] Debates intensify over legal restrictions, with proponents of bans arguing public health imperatives outweigh unproven therapies, while opponents invoke First Amendment protections for professional speech and religious counseling. In October 2025, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Chiles v. Salazar, challenging Colorado's 2019 law prohibiting licensed therapists from performing conversion therapy on minors; a majority of justices expressed skepticism toward the ban, questioning its viewpoint discrimination against therapies not endorsing innate fixed orientations and potential overreach into voluntary client-therapist dialogues.^[67]^[68] Globally, at least 20 countries, including Canada, Germany, and Brazil, had banned such practices by 2025, often targeting minors, yet defenses persist on grounds of therapeutic autonomy and faith freedoms, particularly where empirical claims of harm derive from correlational data prone to confounding by underlying distress.^[69]^[70] These tensions reflect broader epistemic challenges, as prevailing opposition in academia—potentially influenced by ideological homogeneity—prioritizes harm narratives over rigorous, prospective trials assessing long-term outcomes.^[63]

Scientific and Technical Contexts

Unit and Measurement Conversion

Unit conversion refers to the process of expressing a physical quantity in different measurement units while preserving its value, essential for consistency in scientific, engineering, and international contexts. The International System of Units (SI), established by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960, serves as the global standard with seven base units including the meter for length and kilogram for mass.^[71]^[72] Conversions rely on exact equivalence factors, such as 1 inch equaling 0.0254 meters or 1 pound equaling 0.453592 kilograms, derived from international definitions to minimize discrepancies. Common conversion formulas include temperature scales, where the Fahrenheit to Celsius relation is F = \frac{9}{5}C + 32, based on the scales' fixed points: 32°F and 212°F aligning with 0°C and 100°C boiling/freezing of water under standard conditions.^[73] Dimensional analysis, a systematic method treating units as algebraic quantities for cancellation, verifies conversions and prevents errors by ensuring dimensional homogeneity, such as converting velocity from meters per second to miles per hour via chained factors like $1 \, \text{m} = 1.09361 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{mi} and $1 \, \text{h} = 3600 \, \text{s}.^[74] Historically, the metric system's foundations emerged in France in 1799 with the adoption of decimal-based prototypes like the platinum meter bar, replacing inconsistent regional measures during the Revolutionary era.^[75] In contrast, the United States retains customary units—evolved from pre-imperial English standards—with persistence rooted in post-independence continuity and legislative resistance to full metrication, despite the 1975 Metric Conversion Act's voluntary framework.^[76] This duality has led to high-profile failures, notably NASA's Mars Climate Orbiter loss on September 23, 1999, where a software discrepancy—ground data in pound-force seconds versus spacecraft expectations in newton-seconds—caused the probe to enter Mars' atmosphere at 57 kilometers altitude instead of the safe 150-170 kilometers, resulting in destruction and a $327 million mission cost.^[77]^[78] In engineering applications, unit conversions demand high precision to maintain tolerances, as mismatches amplify in complex systems like propulsion or structural analysis; NASA guidelines mandate SI consistency across teams, with post-incident reviews emphasizing automated verification tools to achieve sub-percent accuracy in derived quantities.^[79] Modern software and calculators further mitigate risks by enforcing standardized factors, reducing human error rates observed in manual processes.^[80]

Data and Signal Conversion in Computing and Engineering

Data and signal conversion encompasses the processes of transforming analog signals into digital representations and altering digital data formats or encodings to facilitate compatibility, storage, or transmission in computing and engineering systems. Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) captures continuous signals by sampling at discrete intervals, governed by the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, which requires a sampling rate of at least twice the highest frequency component in the signal to avoid aliasing and enable accurate reconstruction.^[81] Digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) reverses this process, reconstructing continuous signals from digital samples for output devices like speakers or displays. These conversions are fundamental in embedded systems, telecommunications, and audio processing, where precision impacts signal fidelity. In data conversion, representations shift between formats such as binary encodings or numerical standards to ensure interoperability. The IEEE 754 standard for floating-point arithmetic, first published in 1985, defines binary formats for single (32-bit) and double (64-bit) precision, enabling consistent computation across processors while handling special values like infinities and NaNs.^[82] Revised in 2008 and further in 2019 to include decimal formats and extended precision, it minimizes rounding errors in scientific simulations but introduces challenges like overflow in high-dynamic-range applications.^[83] Character encoding conversions, such as from UTF-8 (which supports over 1 million code points) to ASCII (limited to 128 characters), often replace or omit non-ASCII glyphs, leading to data loss in multilingual or legacy datasets containing extended characters.^[84] Modern applications emphasize efficiency, particularly in artificial intelligence and telecommunications. Model quantization in AI converts high-precision weights (e.g., 32-bit floats) to lower bits (e.g., 8-bit integers), reducing model size by up to 4x with TensorFlow's quantization-aware training, enabling deployment on resource-constrained edge devices like smartphones while trading minimal accuracy for faster inference.^[85] In 5G networks, signal conversion processes, including modulation and beamforming, achieve end-to-end latencies below 1 ms through advanced digital signal processing, supporting ultra-reliable low-latency communications for applications like autonomous vehicles.^[86] Key challenges include balancing fidelity and compression: lossless methods like PNG preserve all data via reversible algorithms, whereas lossy techniques, such as JPEG's discrete cosine transform, discard perceptual redundancies to shrink files by 10-20x but introduce artifacts like blocking in repeated compressions.^[87] Error propagation in conversions, such as quantization noise in ADC (measured in effective number of bits, ENOB), or bit errors in protocol shifts, necessitates error-correcting codes and validation protocols to maintain integrity in high-stakes engineering contexts like avionics or data centers.

Economic and Business Contexts

Marketing and Sales Conversion

In marketing and sales, conversion refers to the measurable process by which prospects undertake specific revenue-generating actions, such as completing a purchase or signing a contract, typically expressed as a conversion rate—the percentage of total interactions (e.g., website visitors or leads) that result in the desired outcome.^[88]^[89] This metric prioritizes empirical tracking of user behavior over anecdotal persuasion techniques, enabling businesses to quantify the causal links between marketing inputs and financial outputs. For instance, in e-commerce, the average conversion rate from site visitors to purchases stood at approximately 2.5% to 3% in 2024, varying by industry and platform, with Shopify stores often benchmarking around this range for order completions.^[90]^[91] Conversion optimization focuses on identifying and amplifying factors that causally drive these actions, such as streamlined user interfaces or targeted incentives, rather than relying on broad awareness campaigns alone. Businesses analyze the marketing funnel—from initial awareness (e.g., ad impressions reaching broad audiences) through consideration (e.g., product views) to decision (e.g., cart additions) and retention (e.g., repeat purchases)—to pinpoint drop-off points where interventions yield the highest returns.^[92]^[93] Funnel analysis reveals that retention stages often contribute disproportionately to lifetime revenue, as retained customers exhibit higher long-term value compared to one-time acquirers.^[94] Key strategies include A/B testing of landing pages, where variants of elements like headlines, images, or calls-to-action are compared against control versions to isolate performance improvements based on statistical significance. Such tests have demonstrated potential to elevate conversion rates substantially, with top-performing landing pages achieving rates up to 11.45% versus industry averages around 2.35%.^[95]^[96] Complementary tactics involve personalization and urgency signals, validated through controlled experiments to ensure causal efficacy rather than correlation alone. Measurement relies on tools like Google Analytics, which tracks conversions via key events (e.g., form submissions or transactions) integrated with revenue data for ROI assessment.^[97] Central to this is comparing cost per acquisition (CAC)—total sales and marketing expenses divided by new customers acquired—with customer lifetime value (CLV), calculated as average revenue per customer over their relationship duration minus acquisition costs.^[98]^[99] A healthy ratio exceeds 3:1, indicating sustainable profitability, as each dollar spent on acquisition generates at least three in long-term value; deviations signal inefficiencies requiring funnel adjustments.^[100]^[101]

Financial and Asset Conversion

Financial conversion refers to the exchange of one currency or financial asset for another, primarily through foreign exchange (forex) markets where spot rates are determined by supply, demand, and macroeconomic factors. The global forex market records an average daily turnover of $7.5 trillion as of the 2022 BIS Triennial Central Bank Survey, encompassing spot transactions, forwards, swaps, and options.^[102] These conversions enable international trade, investment, and hedging against exchange rate fluctuations, with major pairs like EUR/USD dominating volume due to liquidity and economic ties between regions.^[102] Convertible bonds represent another form of asset conversion, functioning as hybrid debt-equity instruments where holders can exchange the bond principal for a predetermined number of issuer shares at the conversion ratio, typically set at a premium to the initial stock price to compensate for downside protection via fixed coupons.^[103] The conversion price equals the bond's par value divided by this ratio, activating upon triggers like stock price thresholds exceeding 130-150% of the initial conversion price, allowing issuers to lower capital costs while providing investors equity upside.^[104] Market mechanics involve assessing dilution risk for equity and credit risk for debt components, with conversions often accelerating during bull markets to optimize capital structure. Arbitrage in financial conversions exploits transient pricing inefficiencies, such as triangular arbitrage in forex, where discrepancies arise from misaligned cross-rates among three currencies (e.g., trading USD/EUR, EUR/GBP, and GBP/USD to capture 0.1% or smaller spreads before market correction).^[105] These opportunities, though diminishing due to high-frequency trading and algorithmic efficiency, underscore causal risks like execution slippage and counterparty default. Regulatory frameworks mitigate systemic risks in derivative-based conversions; the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 mandates central clearing, margin requirements, and reporting for over-the-counter derivatives to enhance transparency and reduce contagion from opaque swaps.^[106] Cryptocurrency-to-fiat conversions exemplify high-risk asset exchanges, involving exchanges of digital assets like Bitcoin for stable currencies amid extreme volatility driven by sentiment and liquidity shocks. Following the FTX collapse on November 11, 2022, Bitcoin's price plummeted from approximately $20,000 to $16,500 within weeks, amplifying conversion costs via widened bid-ask spreads and heightened liquidation risks for leveraged positions.^[107] Such events highlight causal vulnerabilities in unregulated platforms, where rapid fiat outflows exacerbate market drawdowns exceeding 70% from 2021 peaks, prompting conversions amid fears of insolvency cascades.^[108]

Legal Contexts

Tort of Conversion in Property Law

The tort of conversion constitutes an intentional interference with another's personal property, specifically chattels, through the wrongful exercise of dominion or control inconsistent with the owner's superior right to possession.^[109] Unlike trespass to chattels, which involves minor harm or temporary deprivation, conversion demands a serious and substantial interference justifying full compensation as if the owner had been dispossessed entirely.^[110] This doctrine applies exclusively to tangible personal property, excluding real estate and pure intangibles under traditional common law, though some jurisdictions have debated extensions to documents of title or hybrid assets.^[111] The elements required to establish conversion include: (1) the plaintiff's rightful ownership or immediate possessory interest in the chattel; (2) the defendant's intentional act of dominion, such as taking, destroying, selling, or withholding the property without consent or legal justification; and (3) the resulting deprivation or damage to the plaintiff's interest, often presumed from the interference itself.^[112] Intent need not be malicious; knowledge of the owner's rights or indifference suffices, as the focus lies on the volitional assertion of control rather than motive.^[113] Historically, the tort emerged from 14th-century writs of trover—actions for lost goods found and wrongfully converted—and detinue for wrongful detention, evolving into a unified remedy by the 18th century; William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765–1769) framed it as a civil analogue to theft, emphasizing unauthorized dealings with goods acquired by force or fraud.^[114] Remedies prioritize restoring the plaintiff, with replevin offering recovery of the specific chattel if feasible, supplemented by damages for loss of use during detention.^[115] Absent replevin, damages equal the chattel's fair market value at the time and place of conversion, plus incidental losses like interest or profits the owner could have earned, calculated to place the plaintiff in the pre-tort position.^[110] Punitive damages may attach for egregious conduct, and certain U.S. states impose statutory multipliers; for example, Michigan's MCL 600.2919a mandates treble damages for knowing conversion of specific personal property, while Connecticut's § 52-564 triples awards for theft-like appropriations.^[116]^[117] In contemporary applications, conversion has adapted to novel interferences, such as unauthorized transfers of negotiable instruments or stored electronic data tied to physical media, but courts remain divided on purely digital assets like cryptocurrencies or non-fungible tokens (NFTs), which lack tangibility; some rulings affirm proprietary claims enabling injunctions or analogous relief, as in a 2022 Singapore High Court decision granting proprietary protection to a stolen Bored Ape Yacht Club NFT, while U.S. precedents often revert to bailment or unjust enrichment for intangibles.^[118]^[119] This evolution underscores the tort's core emphasis on protecting exclusive possession against overreaching, rooted in common law principles of property autonomy.^[120]

Sports Contexts

Conversion Kicks in Rugby and Gridiron Football

In rugby union, a conversion kick is attempted immediately after a try, which scores 5 points, and is worth 2 additional points if the ball is successfully kicked over the crossbar and between the uprights. The kick must originate from a spot on the field perpendicular to the goal line and in line with where the try was grounded, typically executed as a place kick using a tee, though a drop kick is permitted. Success rates for conversions in international rugby union matches average 72% across more than 580 games, reflecting challenges from variable angles, distances up to 50 meters or more, and environmental factors like wind.^[121]^[122] Tactical decisions in rugby conversions include positioning the kicker within a allowed corridor parallel to the goal line to minimize angle difficulty, often favoring right-footed kickers for tries scored near the left touchline. Drop-kick variants, while rare, allow quicker execution but lower accuracy due to the bouncing ball. Kickers like New Zealand's Richie Mo'unga have demonstrated high proficiency, but overall variance stems from the try's location, with edge tries yielding success rates below 50% compared to central ones exceeding 80%.^[123] In American football (gridiron), the equivalent is the point after touchdown (PAT) kick, worth 1 point, attempted from the opponent's 15-yard line (a 33-yard field goal distance) following a 6-point touchdown. The 2015 NFL rule change relocated the snap from the 2-yard line to increase difficulty and excitement, dropping league-wide success from 99.3% pre-2015 to 94.2% in 2015 and stabilizing around 95-96% thereafter, with 95.8% recorded in the 2024 season across 1,115 attempts.^[124]^[125]^[126] Alternatively, teams may forgo the PAT for a two-point conversion play from the 2-yard line, worth 2 points, with success rates historically ranging 40-55% but dipping to 31% early in 2024 due to defensive adaptations and increased attempts. The rule change also permits defenses to return fumbles or interceptions from failed two-point tries for 2 points, adding risk.^[127]^[128]^[129] Key differences lie in setup and execution: rugby conversions vary in position and angle based on try location, demanding precision under fatigue from open play, whereas American football's standardized line and holder-snapper system enable near-routine PATs, shifting strategy toward two-point gambles for tying scores or overtime edges.^[130]

Cultural and Other Uses

Representations in Arts and Media

In visual arts, religious conversion has been a recurring theme, particularly the biblical account of Saul's transformation into Paul. Michelangelo's fresco The Conversion of Saul (1542–1550), located in the Pauline Chapel of the Vatican, illustrates the moment of divine intervention with Saul thrown from his horse amid a burst of light.^[131] Caravaggio's oil painting Conversion on the Road to Damascus (1601), in the Cerasi Chapel of Santa Maria del Popolo in Rome, captures the intensity of Saul's fall and blinding vision through dramatic chiaroscuro lighting and dynamic composition.^[132] In literature, works explicitly titled or centered on conversion explore personal, religious, or societal transformations. Katherine Howe's Conversion (2014) blends historical fiction from 17th-century colonial Massachusetts with a modern high school outbreak of unexplained illnesses, drawing parallels to hysteria and belief shifts.^[133] Aharon Appelfeld's The Conversion (1998 English translation) depicts Jews in pre-Holocaust Austria assimilating into Christianity, examining identity loss and survival amid rising antisemitism.^[134] Amanda Lohrey's The Conversion (2020) follows a couple's renovation of an abandoned building, symbolizing broader themes of renewal and ideological change in contemporary Australia.^[135] Films and documentaries have portrayed conversion, often focusing on religious or therapeutic contexts. The 2021 Netflix documentary Pray Away features former leaders of the ex-gay movement, including Exodus International, renouncing efforts to alter sexual orientation through so-called conversion practices.^[136] The 2022 drama Conversion, directed by Stephen Cone, centers on a psychologist conducting conversion therapy who encounters a gay activist, leading to personal reevaluation.^[137] In music, Khruangbin and Leon Bridges' song "Conversion" (2020) from the Texas Sun EP incorporates biblical imagery of crucifixion and redemption.^[138] Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds' track "Conversion" (2024) from the album Wild God evokes themes of spiritual or existential turning points.^[139]

Miscellaneous Applications

In military contexts, conversion has involved adapting civilian vessels for wartime roles, particularly during World War II when merchant ships were transformed into merchant aircraft carriers (MACs) to escort convoys against submarine threats while preserving most cargo functions.^[140] These austere conversions, initiated in 1942 by the British and Dutch navies, typically involved installing flight decks and hangars on grain carriers or oil tankers, sacrificing roughly 30% of cargo space to accommodate 4-10 aircraft such as Fairey Swordfish or Hawker Sea Hurricanes.^[141] Examples include ships like HMS Activity, originally a refrigerated cargo vessel repurposed in 1942 to carry up to 10 aircraft.^[142] Such adaptations were low-volume and temporary, emphasizing rapid deployment over specialized design.^[140] In environmental engineering, conversion techniques have targeted carbon dioxide utilization, with researchers at South Korea's Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) reporting in July 2025 an electrochemical process to transform CO2 into allyl alcohols—valuable feedstocks for polymers, pharmaceuticals, and fuels—using copper-based catalysts under mild conditions.^[143] This method integrates CO2 capture with reduction, potentially reducing reliance on fossil-derived chemicals, though scalability remains limited by catalyst selectivity and energy inputs in prototypes.^[144] Empirical data indicate selectivities exceeding 80% for desired products in lab settings, but real-world efficiencies hover below 20% due to competing reactions like hydrogen evolution.^[143]

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Rational-choice scholars attempted to explain the decline of traditional monotheistic religions by emphasizing shifts on the supply side of the religion market.
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Religious conversion is the process by which a person commits to the beliefs of a new religious tradition and shifts away from their previously held ...
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The Conversion of Religion in Psychological Perspective
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Aug 17, 2022 · Conversion – the turning from one religion, belief, or way of life to another informed by the saving activity of Christ – is a central theme ...<|separator|>
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This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of psychological research on religious conversion and spiritual transformation.Conversion Research in the... · Foundations · Meaning Systems, Religious...
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Another critical psychological mechanism in religious conversion is cognitive reappraisal, where individuals reassess their past experiences and reinterpret ...
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Aug 12, 2015 · Religious conversion is often an overwhelming experience. Although self-reports by some converts about life before and after conversion ...
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While research on the psychology of religion and spirituality has examined religious conversion, little research has examined social and familial variables ...
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(PDF) Religious conversion and cultural trauma - ResearchGate
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Oct 8, 2023 · While changing one's religious affiliation is fundamentally personal, it can profoundly impact relationships, especially within the family.<|separator|>
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More Evidence Christianity Is No Longer in Decline
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America's Growing Religious-Secular Fertility Divide
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Charismatic Economies: Pentecostalism, Economic Restructuring ...
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Jan 7, 2017 · The devşirme system was a forced levy of the most promising Christian boys in the Balkans. Every three to seven years, Ottoman troops traveled ...<|separator|>
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The 'dhimmi' rules were about humiliation, not just taxation
Feb 7, 2025 · The burden of the jizyah was often so severe that it drove many Jews into poverty, and in some cases, forced them to convert to Islam as a ...<|separator|>
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https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/11/iraq-forced-marriage-conversion-yezidis; “Iraq: ISIS Escapees Describe Systematic Rape,. Yezidi Survivors in Need of Urgent ...
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[PDF] Islamic State: Systematic enslavement as a tactic of war
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[PDF] The UP Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2021
Aug 6, 2024 · The Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Act, 2021 ... Allurement, Coercion, Conversion, Force, Fraudulent ...
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India police probe Mother Teresa charity over 'forced conversion'
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Jan 4, 2021 · A Korean Christian and three nationals of India are in jail in Uttar Pradesh state, accused of Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden memorial in Noida, ...
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Coming Home (Ghar Wapsi) and Going Away: Politics and the Mass ...
This article addresses two recent socio-religious trends in India: mass conversions to Hinduism (Ghar Wapsi) and mass conversions from Hinduism.
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Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder - Mayo Clinic
Jan 11, 2022 · DSM-5 lists these criteria for conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder):. One or more symptoms that affect body ...
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Functional Neurologic Disorder - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
Functional neurologic disorder, formally conversion disorder, is a psychiatric disorder characterized by signs and symptoms affecting sensory or motor function.
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Conversion Disorder— Mind versus Body: A Review - PubMed Central
The term conversion disorder was coined by Sigmund Freud, who hypothesized that the occurrence of certain symptoms not explained by organic diseases reflect ...
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Stressful life events and maltreatment in conversion (functional ...
Stressful life events and maltreatment have traditionally been considered crucial in the development of conversion (functional neurological) disorder, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Shared neural signatures in Functional Neurological Disorder and ...
Jul 13, 2025 · This review identifies consistent evidence of shared dysfunction in brain networks related to sensorimotor control, emotional regulation and ...
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Conversion Disorders Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes
Jul 20, 2021 · Diagnostic criteria (DSM-5) · With weakness or paralysis · With abnormal movement (e.g., tremor, dystonic movement, myoclonus, gait disorder).
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Apr 16, 2024 · Signs and Symptoms Conversion disorder involves either neurologically-incomptabile sensory or motor symptoms, but note that pain is not a part ...
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The clinical management of functional neurological disorder
One study [25] found that CBT led to a near or full remission in almost 75% FMD patients, whereas another reported that CBT was effective in improving ...
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Conversion Disorder | American Journal of Psychiatry
Sep 1, 2006 · Between 50% and 90% of the patients with conversion disorder exhibit short-term resolution of symptoms after reassurance, but as many as 25% of ...Missing: rates | Show results with:rates
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The Growing Regulation of Conversion Therapy - PMC - NIH
Conversion therapies are any treatments, including individual talk therapy, behavioral (e.g. aversive stimuli), group therapy or milieu (e.g. “retreats or ...
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[PDF] Conversion-Therapy-Lit-Review.pdf - ohchr
Throughout history, members of the LGBT community have been subjected to efforts to convert or change their identities, either forcefully or by personal ...
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Nearly 700,000 LGBT adults in the US have received conversion ...
Oct 7, 2025 · Conversion therapy is a practice intended to change the sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression of LGBT people. In August, ...
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The evidence against “conversion therapy”
Oct 7, 2025 · ... harms, substance misuse, and suicide attempt costs were also considered. What is APA doing? In 2021, APA's Council of Representatives passed ...
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New SAMHSA Report Underscores the Harms of Conversion ...
Mar 31, 2023 · New SAMHSA report underscores the harms of conversion therapy & importance of affirmation for LGBTQ young people's mental health.
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What does the scholarly research say about whether conversion ...
Most of the studies lacked control groups, and none used nationally representative probability samples. Many researchers sympathetic to conversion therapy do ...
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Conversion therapy: an evidence assessment and qualitative study
Oct 29, 2021 · In this report the term 'conversion therapy' is used to refer to any efforts to change, modify or supress a person's sexual orientation or gender identity.
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Spitzer Issues Apology for Study Supporting Reparative Therapy
Jun 15, 2012 · Spitzer concluded at the time, “There is evidence that change in sexual orientation following some form of reparative therapy does occur in some ...
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Author retracts statements about gay conversion therapy
Dec 30, 2015 · Technically, as we reported in 2012, Spitzer has just requested a retraction of the 2003 article, which suggested such deprogramming of ...
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Majority of court appears skeptical of Colorado's “conversion therapy ...
Oct 7, 2025 · The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit upheld that ruling. It reasoned that the conversion therapy ban merely regulates conduct – the ...
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Chiles v. Salazar - Oyez
Oct 7, 2025 · A case in which the Court will decide whether a Colorado law banning “conversion therapy”—i.e., attempts to “convert” someone's sexual ...
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IDAHOBIT 2025: Charting Global Progress on Banning Conversion ...
May 16, 2025 · Many people around the world are still subject to anti-LGBT+ hatred which is often enforced by discriminatory laws and policies.
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An assessment of the evidence on conversion therapy for sexual ...
Oct 29, 2021 · This report summarises the international evidence on the nature, quality and quantity of evidence on conversion therapy to change sexual orientation, and to ...
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Jul 18, 2022 · The formula for converting Fahrenheit to Celsius is C = 5/9(F-32). Fahrenheit and Celsius are the same at -40°. At ordinary temperatures, ...
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... Mars Climate Orbiter was unsuccessful due to a navigation error caused by a failure to translate English units to metric. Ground software used English units ...
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Oct 1, 1999 · NASA lost its $125-million Mars Climate Orbiter because spacecraft engineers failed to convert from English to metric measurements when exchanging vital data.
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According to NASA's board, errors were undetected within ground-based computer models of how small thruster firings on the spacecraft were predicted and then ...
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inaccuracy and the crash of NASA's Mars Climate Orbiter — OMS
Jan 28, 2020 · The failure was caused by a simple conversion error between metric and imperial measurement systems and demonstrates how vital it is, ...<|separator|>
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May 6, 2020 · The Nyquist sampling theorem, or more accurately the Nyquist-Shannon theorem, is a fundamental theoretical principle that governs the design of mixed-signal ...
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IEEE 754-1985 - IEEE SA
IEEE Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic ; Board Approval: 1985-03-21 ; History. ANSI Approved: 1991-05-21; Published: 1985-10-12; Reaffirmed: 1990-12- ...
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A New IEEE 754 Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic in an Ever ...
Jul 6, 2021 · The 2019 version of the IEEE standard provides new capabilities for reliable scientific computing, fixes bugs, and clarifies exceptional cases in operations ...
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... UTF-8 avoids data loss by allowing representation of all Unicode characters that are representable. Note that the ASCII encoding has an 8th bit ambiguity ...
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Feb 3, 2024 · Quantization brings improvements via model compression and latency reduction. With the API defaults, the model size shrinks by 4x, and we ...
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Look inside the 5G mmWave signal chain
Mar 17, 2023 · LTE networks had a 100 ms latency as where 5G networks have a latency of just 1 msec. What's in a mmWave signal chain?
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Oct 11, 2021 · Lossless and lossy file compression describe whether all original data can be recovered when the file is uncompressed.What Is File Compression? · Lossless Compression Vs... · Applications Of Lossless And...<|separator|>
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What is a conversion rate? - Optimizely
Conversion rates are a percentage typically used in digital marketing to evaluate performance of website traffic, marketing campaigns and conversions.How to measure conversion rate · How to improve your...
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What is Conversion Rate (CVR)? Formula and Calculation
Conversion rate is the percentage of digital engagement by customers. The marketing metric defines conversions as clicks or purchases, for example.
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What's a Good Average Ecommerce Conversion Rate in 2025? -
Nov 8, 2024 · Average ecommerce conversion rates are around 2.5% to 3% according to industry leaders, but that doesn't mean this is your business's sweet spot.What is ecommerce... · How are ecommerce... · Ecommerce conversion rate...
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May 2, 2024 · Overall Average: According to a study by Ruler Analytics, the average conversion rate across all fourteen industries is 3.3%. This study defines ...Ecommerce Conversion Rate... · Quick Tips to Optimize Your...
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A marketing funnel is the purchase cycle consumers go through from awareness to loyalty. The marketing funnel concept has been around for over 100 years.Stages Of The Marketing... · Full-Funnel Marketing... · Full-Funnel Strategy Case...
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The Marketing Funnel: Stages, Strategies, & How to Optimize
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Apr 7, 2025 · Benefits of a Full-Funnel Strategy · Increased Brand Awareness · Higher Quality Leads · Improved Customer Retention.Customer Retention · Defining Kpis For The... · How To Get Clients On Board...
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A/B Testing Steps for Landing Pages | Data-Mania, LLC
For context, the average landing page conversion rate is 2.35%, while top-performing pages can hit 11.45%. Use these benchmarks to set achievable targets. Test ...
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Mar 4, 2025 · The average conversion rate for a landing page is around 6.6% across all industries as of Q4 2024. Consider this a broad baseline for your own landing pages.Missing: uplift | Show results with:uplift
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[GA4] About key events - Analytics Help
By creating Google Ads conversions based on the key events, you can: Report on the same conversion counts between Google Ads and Analytics; Report on non-Google ...
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Customer Acquisition Cost vs. Lifetime Value (With Examples) - Indeed
Jun 6, 2025 · CAC tells a company how much they spend on acquiring paying customers, and LVT tells them how much they can expect to profit from a customer.
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Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC) vs. Customer Lifetime Value (CLV)
Dec 18, 2023 · A simple formula for calculating CLV is this: “Annual revenue per customer times customer relationship in years minus customer acquisition cost.
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The LTV:CAC ratio measures the relationship between a customer's lifetime value and acquisition cost, calculated by dividing LTV by CAC.
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LTV/CAC Ratio: What It Is & How to Calculate It - HBS Online
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Triennial Central Bank Survey of foreign exchange and Over-the ...
Oct 27, 2022 · ... 2022 Triennial Survey are summarised in commentaries about foreign exchange turnover and interest rate turnover ... 2022 issue of the BIS ...BIS Triennial Survey, 2022Triennial SurveyBIS,DER_D11_1,1.0BIS,DER_D11_3,1.0
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Conversion Ratio | Formula + Calculator - Wall Street Prep
Feb 16, 2024 · Conversion Ratio states the number of shares of common stock a convertible security holder can receive after exercising the embedded option.
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A convertible bond is a hybrid instrument with a conversion option that gives the owner the right to convert debt into equity during a predetermined period.<|separator|>
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The goal of this trading pattern is to profit from discrepancies among three foreign currencies when their exchange rates across markets don't match up. These ...What Is Triangular Arbitrage? · How It Works · Converting Currency Pairs · Example
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The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act) enhanced the CFTC's regulatory authority to oversee the more than $400 ...Final Rules, Guidance · List of Registered Swap Dealers · Rulemaking Areas
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The Collapse of FTX: What Went Wrong With the Crypto Exchange?
Leading cryptocurrency exchange FTX was once valued at $32 billion, but it collapsed in a matter of days in November 2022. Find out how it fell apart.
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Jan 10, 2025 · The FTX crash has caused the price of ripple (XRP) to struggle, remain below $0.40, and drop by 25%. Similarly, the Ethereum (ETH) price is ...
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[PDF] 222A What Constitutes Conversion, Restatement (Second) of Torts
(1) Conversion is an intentional exercise of dominion or control over a chattel which so seriously interferes with the right of another to control it that ...
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Conversion - The Basic Tort | Stimmel Law
Conversion is the deprivation of another's right to use or possess personal property. Note that the property at issue is not "real property” which, in turn, ...
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Conversion Torts and Personal Property Damage - FindLaw
Sep 8, 2025 · The tort of conversion covers a much broader range of interference with property than just loss of physical possession (which is “trespass to ...
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The Common Law Tort Of Conversion
Nov 27, 2021 · The elements of conversion are as follows; a person, who takes your property, and deprives you of it. As the 4th Circuit Court of the United ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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Conversion | Practical Law - Thomson Reuters
The tort of conversion occurs when one person interferes with the personal property of another, for example by taking it or withholding it without lawful ...
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The NATURE OF CONVERSION | The Cambridge Law Journal
Apr 8, 2009 · Most legal historians agree that the tort of conversion grew out of detinue, the old action that protected an owner's rights in his chattels.
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Remedies in Tort Law - LegalMatch
A common combination of remedies is replevin coupled with legal damages. For example, in a conversion (theft) case, the judge may order replevin so that the ...
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[PDF] Statutory Conversion: Treble Damages and Attorney Fees
This article will review the statutory conversion statute and the new guidance provided by the state Court of Appeals on treble damages and the Sixth Circuit ...
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Connecticut General Statutes § 52-564. (2024) - Treble damages for ...
Any person who steals any property of another, or knowingly receives and conceals stolen property, shall pay the owner treble his damages.
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[PDF] Blockchain Law Ancient torts and modern assets
Jan 23, 2024 · Conversion of NFTs. In the realm of digital assets, conversion claims have not been limited just to cryptocurrency disputes. Conversion claims ...
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Singapore Court Grants Landmark Injunction Over NFT - Lexology
Nov 14, 2022 · The Court recognised that NFTs are capable of giving rise to proprietary rights which can be protected by an injunction.<|separator|>
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12. Trespass to Chattels and Conversion - Tort Law - CALI
The tort of conversion conceptualizes the harm more broadly: it is the ownership interest that has been violated because the defendant has “exercised control” ...
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Conversion Disorder – The Plight of Rugby Place Kickers - LinkedIn
Nov 7, 2023 · Rugby relies heavily on kicking; 45% of points come from it but in over 580 international games the average success rate was just 72%. In 6% of ...Missing: union | Show results with:union
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Rugby 101 - How the Sport Works | USA Rugby
Conversion | A kick worth an additional two points offered to the scoring team immediately after a try. Conversions must be kicked in line with where a try was ...Missing: extra | Show results with:extra
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Predicting penalties and conversions success - Data Ruck
Dec 31, 2023 · Rugby World Cup 2023 Kicks probability insight You will know at the end of this article. With 53% success probability, it is as much likely as ...
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NFL moves extra point to 15-yard line for 2015 season
May 19, 2015 · The NFL announced the extra point will now be kicked from the 15-yard line with two-point conversions remaining at the 2-yard line.
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Total League Wide Extra Point Percentage In The NFL Year By Year ...
total league wide extra point percentage in the NFL year by year 2023 to 2024 season ; 1. 95.9. 2023. 544. 1,060 ; 2. 95.8. 2024. 544. 1,115.
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With the move back to the 15 yard line, extra points dropped from a ...
Mar 18, 2017 · With the move back to the 15 yard line, extra points dropped from a 99.3% success rate, to a 94.2% rate in 2015 and 94.1% rate in 2016.
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NFL changes PAT rule for 2015 - ESPN
May 19, 2015 · NFL owners voted to move extra-point kicks to the 15-yard line and allow defenses to score on two-point conversion turnovers.
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On Two-Point Conversion Attempts, Should NFL Teams Run or Pass ...
Feb 25, 2025 · The overall conversion rate is 46.7%, but the conversion rate on pass plays is a meager 43.4% compared to the 54.9% conversion rate on run plays ...<|separator|>
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NFL teams have succeeded on just 31 percent of two-point ...
Oct 29, 2024 · NFL teams are 18-for-58 on two-point conversions this season. That success rate of just 31 percent is well below the historical average and well below last ...
[130]
The differences between rugby and American football - AMOS
Oct 4, 2023 · In rugby : a try (5 points), a conversion (2 points), a drop goal (3 points), a penalty kick (3 points) · In American football: a touchdown (6 ...
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Oct 1, 2024 · Paul's life story from persecutor to preacher inspired his namesakes and art depicting his conversion to Christianity, his imprisonment, and martyrdom.
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This intense Conversion of St. Paul is a painting with an enormous impact on account of the theme that it addresses: the conversion to Christianity of Saul ...Missing: religious | Show results with:religious
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Books - Conversion: 9780399167775: Howe, Katherine - Amazon.com
At St. Joan's Academy, a mysterious illness spreads among students, causing tics and seizures. A student discovers the connection between these events and ...
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The Conversion: A novel: Appelfeld, Aharon - Books - Amazon.com
From the Inside Flap. Our story opens in an Austrian city, two generations before the Holocaust, where almost all of the Jews have converted to Christianity.
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The Conversion, book by Amanda Lohrey - Text Publishing
'The Conversion delves into what it means to change one thing into another thing, exploring ideas of conversion that range from everyday renovation to the ...
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Watch Pray Away | Netflix Official Site
Ex-leaders and a survivor of the so-called "conversion therapy" movement speak out about its harm to the LGBTQ+ community and its devastating persistence.
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Conversion (2022) - IMDb
Rating 7.2/10 (44) A psychologist practicing conversion therapy has a chance encounter with a young gay activist, resulting in his own epiphany.
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Khruangbin & Leon Bridges – Conversion Lyrics - Genius
The song, released as a part of the Texas Sun EP with psych rock trio Khruangbin, is filled with Biblical references to Jesus' crucifixion.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Conversion - song and lyrics by Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds - Spotify
Listen to Conversion on Spotify. Song · Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds · 2024. ... Popular Albums by Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds. Wild God. Album • 2024 · Idiot ...
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The MAC ships (1942) for Merchant Aircraft Carrier were austere conversions as escort carriers still carrying grain and oil in convoys.
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MAC and CAM; When Merchantmen Became Aircraft Carriers
Jun 9, 2019 · An article about the CAM and MAC vessels of the British and Dutch merchant marine - in essence civilian aircraft carriers!
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Escort Carriers During WW2 | World War II Database
HMS Activity was under construction as a refrigerated cargo ship but converted by the UK to an escort carrier in 1942. She carried 10 aircraft, typically Fairey ...<|separator|>
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Korean Scientists Transform CO₂ Into Liquid Gold - SciTechDaily
Jul 3, 2025 · Researchers at Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), South Korea, develop a novel electrochemical method for converting CO2 to allyl alcohols.
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Transforming Greenhouse Gases into Key Chemical Feedstocks
Jun 30, 2025 · The GIST team's electrochemical approach not only offers a sustainable alternative by leveraging waste CO₂ as a feedstock but also could ...