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Messe

Messe (: [ˈmɛsə]) is a denoting a or , particularly in German-speaking countries, where it refers to large-scale organized events for displaying commercial products, fostering , and facilitating . The term originates from missa, initially meaning a religious —the central Eucharistic in —but evolved in medieval to encompass market gatherings held adjacent to services, eventually specializing in modern usage to secular trade expositions. In contemporary contexts, Messen such as those organized by Messe or Hannover Messe represent pivotal economic platforms, attracting millions of visitors annually and generating billions in trade value through sector-specific showcases in industries like , , and consumer goods. These events underscore Germany's role as a for industrial , with venues featuring advanced for exhibitions, conferences, and demonstrations that drive global supply chains and technological exchange. While the religious connotation persists in liturgical contexts, the trade fair meaning dominates in economic and cultural discourse, reflecting a historical shift from faith-based assemblies to capitalist enterprise.

Linguistic and Conceptual Meanings

Trade Fair and Exhibition (German Usage)

In German, "Messe" primarily refers to a trade fair or , an organized event where businesses showcase products, forge partnerships, and conduct (B2B) transactions, distinct from consumer-oriented markets. This usage traces its roots to medieval assemblies, with early privileges for such gatherings granted as far back as 1240 in Frankfurt am Main, where fairs served as central hubs for commerce in the . The term evolved from associations with periodic markets held after religious services, reflecting the integration of economic and communal activities in pre-industrial . Historically, these events originated in medieval trade routes and local markets but expanded significantly during the 19th and 20th centuries amid industrialization and , shifting focus toward specialized sectors like machinery and electronics to diffuse technologies and stimulate efficiencies. For instance, post-World War II reconstructions emphasized export-oriented fairs, such as Hannover's inaugural event in 1947, which prioritized international deal-making to rebuild Germany's base. This evolution underscores causal mechanisms where physical proximity at fairs reduces transaction costs, fosters trust through direct negotiations, and accelerates innovation adoption via demonstrations, outperforming remote alternatives in complex B2B contexts. Economically, trade fairs generate substantial value, with direct expenditures reaching €14.5 billion in recent assessments, yielding broader effects of approximately €28 billion and supporting 231,000 through multiplier impacts on , , and ancillary services. organizers reported record sales of €4.4 billion in , despite logistical disruptions like strikes, highlighting resilience and contributions to export growth by facilitating on-site contracts that bolster Germany's position as a top global exporter. These events empirically drive integration and technological transfer, with surveys indicating that over 80% of participating firms attribute key business gains to fair interactions.

Mass in Liturgy (German and French Usage)

In German and French ecclesiastical contexts, Messe (German) and messe (French) designate the Eucharistic liturgy, the principal act of Catholic worship centered on the consecration and reception of bread and wine as the body and blood of Christ. The term traces etymologically to the Latin missa, derived from the verb mittere ("to send" or "dismiss"), referencing the ancient concluding formula Ite, missa est ("Go, you are dismissed"), which signals the rite's closure and the faithful's commission to live out its graces. This nomenclature entered Old High German as messa by the 8th century and Old French similarly, supplanting earlier terms like convivium or synaxis in Western liturgical usage. The core structure of the Messe comprises the of the Word—encompassing and readings, a responsorial psalm, proclamation, and —and the of the Eucharist, involving the , Eucharistic Prayer with consecration, and distribution, bookended by introductory and concluding rites. In German Catholic practice, Messe applies uniformly to both the hohe Messe (high mass, with , , , and polyphonic or ) and niedrige Messe (low mass, recited by a single without additional ministers or music), distinctions rooted in medieval customs but retained post-reform. French messe mirrors this, distinguishing messe solennelle from messe basse, though implementation post-1969 has standardized simpler forms in settings. Protestant adaptations, notably Luther's 1526 Deutsche Messe, repurposed the term for services in Lutheran churches of German-speaking regions, emphasizing congregational participation over sacrificial elements. Liturgical forms have evolved empirically: the Tridentine rite, standardized by Pius V in 1570 following the (1545–1563), mandated Latin and orientation (priest facing eastward, away from the congregation), with fixed prayers minimizing variability. The 1969 Novus Ordo Missae, issued by VI after Vatican II, introduced options for vernacular tongues—including Messe texts approved for dioceses like those in and —and orientation (priest facing the people), alongside expanded lectionaries cycling through more scriptural passages over three years. In - and French-speaking areas, this shift correlated with initial attendance upticks in the 1970s but subsequent declines amid ; Catholic Sunday Messe participation fell to 6.2% in 2023 from higher mid-20th-century rates, alongside a net loss of 4 million registered Catholics (from 23.94 million in 2014 to 19.77 million in 2024). French trends parallel this, with weekly messe attendance dropping below 10% by the in many dioceses, driven by factors including demographic aging and cultural drift from sacramental practice.

Mass as a Musical Form

The Mass as a musical form refers to polyphonic or orchestral compositions setting the Ordinary of the Roman Rite liturgy, comprising the fixed texts of the Kyrie eleison, Gloria in excelsis Deo, Credo in unum Deum, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei, which remain invariant across the liturgical year unlike the variable Proper chants. These settings evolved from medieval monophonic plainchant, with the earliest complete polyphonic cycles emerging in the 14th century, initially restricted to major feasts and featuring restricted polyphony before expanding to full ensembles by the Renaissance. Renaissance composers advanced cyclic masses unifying the Ordinary movements through techniques like cantus firmus and parody, with Josquin des Prez (c. 1450–1521) exemplifying this through works such as his Missa L'homme armé, which drew on secular models for structural coherence amid church patronage demands. The Baroque era saw further elaboration with orchestral integration, as in Johann Sebastian Bach's Mass in B minor (completed 1749), blending Lutheran and Catholic elements under princely and ecclesiastical support that sustained output despite confessional divides. Patronage systems, primarily from courts and cathedrals, drove composition volumes, with records indicating sustained production through the 17th century as nobles and clergy commissioned masses for prestige and devotion. In the Classical period, masses shifted toward symphonic scale for concert performance, exemplified by Ludwig van Beethoven's Missa solemnis in D major, Op. 123 (composed 1819–1823, premiered April 7, 1824, in St. Petersburg), which expanded choral-orchestral forces while retaining liturgical roots under noble commission. Requiem masses, variants for the dead with altered texts like the Dies irae sequence, include Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's unfinished Requiem in D minor, K. 626 (begun 1791, posthumously completed), reflecting private aristocratic patronage amid personal exigency. Post-Enlightenment secularization diminished direct church commissions as public concerts proliferated and rationalist critiques eroded traditional funding, redirecting composers toward secular genres, though sacred masses persisted as concert repertory with fewer than pre-1800 liturgical integrations. Surviving polyphonic sources cataloged from 1400–1550 alone number over 1,600 manuscripts, underscoring a compositional peak before orchestral dominance reduced manuscript reliance.

Trade Fair Venues and Facilities

Major Venues in Germany

Messe Frankfurt, located in am Main, is among the world's largest exhibition centers by usable space, with approximately 592,000 square meters of net exhibition area utilized in its own events during 2023. It hosts major international trade fairs, including Automechanika, which has been held biennially since 1971 and focuses on technologies, drawing exhibitors and visitors from the global . The venue's includes 10 halls and extensive facilities, supporting over 130 trade fairs annually across sectors like consumer goods and . In 2023, Messe Frankfurt achieved record consolidated sales of €775 million and a of €82 million, reflecting robust post-pandemic demand driven by in-person networking and contract signings. Messe Düsseldorf, in , specializes in industry-specific events and is renowned for the K trade fair, the leading global exhibition for plastics and rubber, held every three years. The 2022 edition featured over 3,000 exhibitors from 60 countries and attracted 177,500 trade visitors from 167 countries, generating substantial orders through direct supplier-buyer interactions. The venue spans 28 halls totaling around 284,000 square meters, enabling large-scale demonstrations of machinery and materials. Its economic contributions include facilitating technology transfers that enhance manufacturing efficiency, with the 2025 K event maintaining attendance above 175,000 despite global pressures. Messe Berlin serves as a hub for service-oriented sectors, particularly through the , the world's premier trade fair, which in 2023 drew 90,127 attendees and 5,500 exhibitors from 161 countries, with 70% international participation. The facility offers 90,000 square meters of indoor and outdoor space, accommodating hybrid formats that integrate virtual platforms for broader reach post-2020 disruptions. Attendance rebounded significantly by 2023, exceeding pre-pandemic levels in visitor numbers and deal volumes, underscoring trade fairs' role in restoring global networks. Other prominent venues include Deutsche Messe AG in Hannover, which hosts the annual Hannover Messe for , featuring around 4,000 exhibitors and emphasizing and solutions, contributing to regional economic output through clusters. Across these sites, Germany's fair sector recovered strongly after restrictions, with in-person events driving 2023 growth as hybrid models declined in favor of physical interactions that yield higher-value contracts, though logistical strains from peak attendance occasionally arise. These facilities collectively generate billions in turnover, fostering causal links between exhibitor investments and downstream productivity gains in export-oriented industries.

Venues in Japan

Makuhari Messe, situated in Chiba City adjacent to Tokyo, represents Japan's most prominent adoption of the German "Messe" terminology for exhibition venues, functioning as a multifunctional convention center since its opening on October 9, 1989. The facility spans a gross floor area of approximately 170,000 square meters, including 72,000 square meters of indoor exhibition space across multiple halls, enabling it to accommodate large-scale trade shows, technology expos, and entertainment events. It has historically hosted automotive exhibitions like the Tokyo Motor Show until 2011, when the event shifted to Tokyo Big Sight, and select iterations of pop culture gatherings such as Comiket Special editions, alongside ongoing major draws like the Tokyo Game Show, which attracted over 263,000 visitors in 2024. German trade fair organizers maintain a significant presence in Japan through local subsidiaries, facilitating adaptations of international "Messe" formats tailored to Asian markets. coordinates events like the , held annually in locations including , , , and Fukuoka, focusing on , wellness, and beauty equipment to connect domestic exhibitors with global buyers. Similarly, supports specialized fairs such as , an exhibition scheduled for in July 2025, emphasizing cross-border partnerships over domestic . These initiatives underscore efficient global trade dynamics, with events generating business leads valued in billions of yen through direct exhibitor sales and networking. Post-COVID recovery has prompted hybrid formats at , blending in-person attendance with virtual access to broaden international participation amid lingering travel restrictions. For instance, the Japan Geoscience Union meeting in 2025 will offer both on-site sessions and online streams, while events like Inter BEE highlight accelerated demand for digital integration in and expos. This shift prioritizes scalable global engagement, evidenced by sustained attendance growth in tech and mobility sectors, contributing to regional economic boosts via visitor expenditures exceeding hundreds of millions of yen per major event.

Venues in Other Countries

Messe Basel, located in , , serves as one of Europe's prominent exhibition centers and was established in 1917 as the Schweizer Mustermesse Basel (MUBA), initially focused on promoting products through sample fairs that included sectors like watches and jewelry. The venue has since expanded to host events, leveraging its strategic position near the and to facilitate cross-border , with facilities accommodating large-scale exhibitions that contribute to regional economic output via visitor spending and deals. In Austria, Messe Wien in Vienna stands as the country's largest trade fair complex, originating in the early 1920s to bolster post-World War I economic recovery through exhibitions and congresses, now rebranded as VIECON with over 55,000 square meters of exhibition space supporting events for up to 25,000 attendees. This venue hosts diverse trade shows in fields such as interior design, safety, and technology, underscoring the term "Messe"'s adoption in German-influenced regions beyond Germany for organizing industrial and consumer fairs that enhance Austria's export-oriented economy. These facilities exemplify the extension of the "Messe" model into neighboring Central countries, where linguistic and commercial traditions have influenced venue naming and operations since the early , enabling events that generate positive trade balances through facilitated international partnerships despite logistical challenges like attendee travel emissions. Limited permanent "Messe"-branded venues exist further afield, such as occasional U.S.-based collaborations with organizers for sector-specific fairs, reflecting diaspora-driven adaptations rather than standalone .

The Surname Messe

Etymology and Distribution

The surname Messe originated as an occupational name derived from the Old word messer, denoting a or , and thus referring to a knife maker or cutler. This etymological root aligns with medieval Germanic naming practices, where often reflected trades or tools associated with professions. Variant forms, such as an Americanized adaptation of Mies or Miess, emerged among immigrants, particularly in records from the mid-19th century onward, reflecting phonetic adjustments during in English-speaking regions. Globally, the surname Messe ranks as the 103,911th most common, borne by roughly 1 in 1,611,932 individuals, indicating low overall prevalence with an estimated 4,900 to 5,000 bearers worldwide based on contemporary databases. Its distribution is disproportionately concentrated in , where 69% of occurrences are found, including 39% in ; accounts for the highest national incidence, with over 1,700 bearers as of recent genealogical surveys. European clusters persist in and , consistent with the surname's Germanic origins, while smaller populations appear in the due to 19th-century waves—U.S. data records Messe families as early as 1840, primarily in the Northeast, with numbers peaking around 1920 before stabilizing. In the United States today, it ranks 165,911th, with approximately 121 individuals. These patterns suggest causal influences from colonial-era migrations and post-European , though African prevalence may involve local adoptions or transliterations unrelated to the original occupational meaning.

Notable Individuals

Giovanni Messe (December 10, 1883 – December 18, 1968) was an Italian whose military career spanned and , marked by tactical proficiency in defensive operations amid broader setbacks. Enlisting as a volunteer in the in December 1901, he advanced to by 1910 and commanded units in before rising to prominence under the Fascist regime as a professional officer rather than an ideological adherent. During , Messe directed expeditions in , the —including the —and the Eastern Front, where his CSIR () secured advances from the River to the in –, earning the Commander Cross of the for victories against Soviet forces. In early 1943, promoted to on May 12, he assumed command of Army Group Africa in , executing a protracted defense that inflicted significant casualties on Allied advances, including a tactical repulse at the , prior to his to Allied forces on May 13 amid overwhelming disadvantages. While defeats under his tenure reflected strategic limitations of Italian forces—such as inadequate equipment and logistics—Messe's record demonstrates effective and troop morale maintenance, distinguishing him from less capable contemporaries, though post-war assessments note his allegiance prioritized the over Fascist dogma, facilitating rehabilitation without formal war crimes tribunals. After , he served as a senator for the Christian Democratic Party in the Republic, reflecting alignment with anti-Fascist constitutional order. No other individuals bearing the surname Messe have achieved comparable historical prominence in verifiable records from primary military or governmental archives.

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