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Munir Akram

Munir Akram (born February 1945) is a retired Pakistani who served twice as of to the , first from 2002 to 2008 and then from 2019 to 2025. Over a diplomatic career spanning more than 50 years, he held senior positions including Ambassador to the in from 1988 to 1992 and various roles in Pakistan's Foreign Ministry, such as Additional . During his UN tenures, Akram presided over the Security in May 2003 and May 2004, and chaired the Economic and Social from 2020 to 2021. He also led the developing nations and facilitated accession negotiations for and . Akram advocated vigorously for Pakistan's interests and those of the Global South on issues including , counter-terrorism, and multilateral reform. His diplomatic efforts earned recognition for advancing Pakistan's positions amid complex geopolitical challenges. Notable controversies include allegations of leveled against him by a partner in 2003, as reported in contemporary accounts, and occasional pointed public statements on regional issues such as and cross-border actions.

Personal Background

Early life and education

Munir Akram was born in February 1945. Akram obtained a degree and a in from the .

Diplomatic Career

Initial assignments and rise in the Foreign Service (1967–1990s)

Munir Akram joined the in 1967 following his education and mandatory training. His initial assignments included roles within the , starting as an and progressing to Section Officer. Early in his career, Akram served as Second Secretary at Pakistan's Permanent Mission to the , handling multilateral engagements that built his expertise in international . Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Akram held progressively senior positions in the ministry, including Director, Director-General for affairs, Joint Secretary for the , and Additional . He also undertook diplomatic postings overseas, serving in missions in and . These assignments involved negotiations on bilateral relations and economic cooperation, contributing to his rise as a key figure in Pakistan's foreign policy apparatus. A significant milestone came from to 1992, when Akram was appointed Ambassador to the in , concurrently serving as Ambassador to and . In this role, he advanced Pakistan's interests in trade, development aid, and political dialogues with European institutions amid post-Cold War shifts. By the early , his track record in multilateral and bilateral diplomacy positioned him for higher-profile ambassadorships, reflecting steady advancement through merit-based promotions in the Foreign Service.

Key ambassadorships and multilateral roles (1990s–2002)

From 1988 to 1992, Akram served as Pakistan's Ambassador to the (now the ), concurrently accredited to and , managing bilateral relations and Pakistan's engagement with European institutions during a period of deepening economic ties and post-Cold War diplomatic shifts. In March 1995, Akram was appointed of to the , a position he held until May 2002, overseeing Pakistan's participation in multilateral forums including the UN precursors, disarmament talks, and trade negotiations. During this tenure, he represented at the (WTO), chairing the Trade Policy Review Body, which evaluated member states' trade policies to ensure compliance with WTO agreements. A notable multilateral role was his presidency of the (CD) in June 1996, where he presided over sessions addressing nuclear non-proliferation, conventional , and the admission of new member states amid stalled negotiations on a fissile material cutoff treaty. In this capacity, Akram facilitated consensus on procedural matters, including the integration of 23 observer states as full members, enhancing the CD's inclusivity while navigating divisions between nuclear powers and non-nuclear states on verification and export controls.

First term as Permanent Representative to the UN (2002–2008)

Munir Akram served as Pakistan's to the in from 2002 to 2008, representing the country in key multilateral forums during a period marked by global security dynamics and Pakistan's alignment with international counter-terrorism efforts while advancing national interests on issues like the dispute. In this role, he navigated Pakistan's non-permanent membership on the UN Security Council from 2003 to 2004, emphasizing the need for equitable representation of developing nations in . Akram presided over the Security Council twice, in May 2003 and May 2004, during which he facilitated discussions on critical crises. In May 2003, as president, he oversaw the adoption of Resolution 1483, establishing an interim authority for post-invasion and underscoring the UN's role in reconstruction amid security challenges that hindered relief efforts. He advocated for a prominent UN involvement in to stabilize the region, reflecting Pakistan's position of abstaining from the initial authorization of force but supporting subsequent stabilization under UN auspices. In 2004, his presidency addressed ongoing threats like complex emergencies, including and regional conflicts. As President of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in 2005, Akram prioritized poverty eradication and development financing, warning that resource outflows from developing to developed countries—estimated at $340 billion annually—undermined global and calling for reformed multilateral mechanisms to address inequality. He also served as Facilitator on UN Administrative Reform in 2006 and Chairman of the and China in 2007, advocating for streamlined UN operations and enhanced coordination among developing states. Throughout his tenure, Akram consistently raised the issue, urging the Security Council in May 2002 to implement UN resolutions mandating a plebiscite for , citing 700,000 Indian troops deployed in the region—comparable in size to —and over 70,000 Kashmiri deaths from alleged violations. He distinguished the Kashmiri struggle from , rejecting India's portrayal of attacks like those on the Kashmiri (31 2001) and Indian (13 December 2001) as evidence of Pakistani sponsorship, and proposed bolstering the UN Military Observer Group in India and (UNMOGIP) to monitor the . On counter-terrorism, he highlighted Pakistan's cooperation with UN mechanisms, including reports to the Counter-Terrorism Committee, while emphasizing state accountability for conditions fostering .

Interim diplomatic and advisory positions (2008–2019)

Following his retirement from Pakistan's Foreign Service in August 2008, Munir Akram founded Gorntazy Group Ltd., a private advisory firm focused on facilitating capital raising, trade promotion, and investment linkages between investors and opportunities in the , , and . The company targeted sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, banks, family offices, and high-net-worth individuals, particularly in the countries and , with emphasis on sectors such as , hedge funds, real estate, infrastructure, natural resources, and . Gorntazy Group facilitated specific initiatives, including memoranda of understanding for China-Pakistan investment projects and technologies for converting coal emissions into chemicals. In parallel with his advisory work, Akram served as Special Adviser on to Sha Zukang, the Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs. He also provided advisory input to several other UN agencies during this period, leveraging his prior multilateral experience. These roles involved consultations on economic, social, and developmental matters, though they were non-permanent and distinct from full-time diplomatic postings. Akram maintained engagement in international discourse through writing and lecturing on geopolitical and economic issues affecting , the , and developing nations, often drawing on his advisory insights. No formal diplomatic appointments within Pakistan's government or other bilateral missions are recorded for this interval, marking a transition to hybrid advisory and entrepreneurial pursuits until his reappointment to the UN in 2019.

Second term as Permanent Representative to the UN (2019–2025)

Munir Akram was reappointed as Pakistan's Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York on September 30, 2019, assuming the position in November of that year. He served in this role until March 2025, during which he represented Pakistan in various UN bodies and advanced the country's diplomatic priorities. In July 2020, Akram was unanimously elected as the 76th President of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) for the 2020-2021 term. During his presidency, he emphasized recovery from the , promotion of the (SDGs), and addressing global inequalities, including racial tensions and economic disparities. Akram coordinated efforts to limit Voluntary National Reviews at the High-Level Political Forum to 42 countries in to manage the agenda effectively. In 2022, as , Akram chaired the () and in , leading the bloc in negotiations on development finance, , and multilateral reforms. Pakistan's chairmanship, under his leadership, focused on advocating for equitable and support for developing nations amid geopolitical shifts. A major diplomatic success occurred in June 2024, when Akram spearheaded Pakistan's campaign for a non-permanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2025-2026 term, securing election with 182 votes in the General Assembly. Following the election, he outlined priorities including , counter-terrorism, and upholding . In early 2025, prior to his departure, Akram delivered statements at Security Council briefings on topics such as threats to international peace, UN-regional cooperation, and humanitarian issues in . His tenure concluded with a farewell reception hosted by the Pakistan Mission on March 23, 2025.

Diplomatic Achievements

Leadership in UN Security Council and negotiations

Akram assumed the presidency of the twice during Pakistan's non-permanent membership term from 2003 to 2004, specifically in May 2003 and May 2004, roles that positioned him to guide the Council's monthly agenda, facilitate deliberations, and broker consensus on resolutions amid post-Cold War geopolitical tensions. In these capacities, he presided over meetings addressing immediate crises, emphasizing multilateral cooperation for stabilization and reconstruction, with Pakistan's perspective as a developing nation advocating balanced approaches to Western-led interventions. Under Akram's May 2003 presidency, the Council adopted Resolution 1483 on 22 May, unanimously lifting economic sanctions on Iraq—imposed since 1990—following the U.S.-led coalition's overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime, while establishing the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) to support post-conflict governance, humanitarian aid, and an international fund for reconstruction funded by Iraqi oil revenues. This resolution marked a pivotal shift from containment to rehabilitation, with Akram navigating divisions among permanent members to secure approval, including provisions for the Coalition Provisional Authority's interim administration and protections for Iraq's cultural heritage. He also issued Council press statements on 6 May urging accelerated Afghan reconstruction and donor commitments ahead of the Tokyo conference, and on 16 May calling for an end to violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo while endorsing the transitional government's roadmap. Akram's May 2004 presidency prioritized thematic debates on children and armed conflict, the situation—including Quartet efforts for Israeli-Palestinian peace—and Darfur's emerging crisis, where he facilitated briefings and advanced draft resolutions on humanitarian access and mandates. The extended the UN Mission in (UNMIL) mandate on 25 May via Resolution 1497 and initiated discussions on , reflecting Akram's role in aligning non-permanent members' inputs to prevent vetoes and promote equitable burden-sharing in African conflicts. Throughout his tenures as coinciding with Pakistan's Security seats, Akram engaged in substantive negotiations on counter-terrorism frameworks and non-proliferation, defending developing states' against unilateral pressures while contributing to consensus on targeted sanctions regimes. In intergovernmental negotiations on reform—ongoing outside formal presidencies but informed by his experience—he led like-minded coalitions pushing for expanded non-permanent seats, restraints, and regional equity to counter permanent members' dominance, as evidenced in his 2024 interventions critiquing models favoring new permanencies without broader democratization. During preparations for Pakistan's 2025–2026 term, which commenced shortly before his departure, Akram's advocacy secured 182 votes in the General Assembly election on 6 June 2024, enabling continued Pakistani influence on global security negotiations.

Advocacy for Pakistan and developing nations

Akram has been a prominent voice for developing countries in multilateral forums, serving as Chairman of the (G77) and in 2007 and 2022. In these roles, he emphasized strengthening South-South cooperation to tackle economic challenges, advocating for increased trade, investment, and technology transfers among Global South nations to mitigate existential crises exacerbated by global events like the . He also prioritized measures and liquidity support for vulnerable populations in developing states during economic downturns. As President of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) in 2005 and again from 2020 to 2021, Akram focused on advancing the 2030 (SDGs), climate action, and recovery from the crisis. He called for urgent financial mechanisms to aid developing countries, including preferential access to advanced technologies and reforms in regimes to facilitate equitable development. During his second term, he championed vaccine equity and liquidity support to prevent reversals in efforts affecting over 150 developing nations. In advocating for UN Security Council (UNSC) reforms, Akram argued against proposals that would create additional "centers of privilege" through new permanent seats, instead pushing for expanded non-permanent representation to better reflect the interests of the Global South and ensure democratic equity. He led developing countries in (WTO) negotiations, including ministerial conferences in , , and , to secure fairer terms for poorer economies. For Pakistan specifically, Akram defended national interests in UN platforms, particularly on the dispute, rebutting claims of its integration into and urging adherence to UN resolutions for to maintain regional stability. In Security Council briefings, he highlighted threats to peace from violations of UN Charter principles, implicitly critiquing actions by adversaries like . His efforts contributed to garnering 182 votes for a non-permanent UNSC seat in June 2024, demonstrating broad international backing for Islamabad's positions.

Securing international support for Pakistan's positions

Akram leveraged Pakistan's memberships in multilateral groupings such as the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Group of 77 (G77) to rally support for Pakistan's stance on the Jammu and Kashmir dispute, emphasizing the need for adherence to UN Security Council resolutions 47 and subsequent instruments that affirm the right to self-determination. During his second term as Permanent Representative, he organized events like Kashmir Solidarity Day observances and Youm-e-Istehsal commemorations at UN headquarters, which drew participation from diplomats and advocates to highlight alleged human rights violations and India's revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status on August 5, 2019, fostering verbal endorsements from OIC member states and some Non-Aligned Movement countries. These initiatives sustained international attention on the issue, though they did not yield binding resolutions, by framing it as a threat to regional stability linked to broader conflicts like those in Palestine. In June 2024, Akram coordinated diplomatic outreach that secured Pakistan's non-permanent election to the UN Security Council for the 2025–2026 term, garnering votes from 182 of 193 UN member states—a margin reflecting strengthened ties with , Asian, and Latin American nations amid Pakistan's advocacy for equitable representation in global forums. This success provided Pakistan an enhanced platform to advance its positions on issues including counter-terrorism and UN reform, countering isolation efforts by adversaries. On counter-terrorism, Akram defended Pakistan's record in UNSC briefings by citing the loss of over 80,000 lives in attacks and operations since , while urging the Council to address "" in occupied territories like as a root cause, thereby gaining qualified acknowledgments from some members for Pakistan's National Action Plan and contributions to UN . He advocated reforming UN counter-terrorism mechanisms to prioritize unresolved disputes, aligning with positions from and certain developing states to broaden consensus beyond Western-focused narratives. Akram also bolstered Pakistan's opposition to UN Security Council expansion favoring permanent seats for rivals like through active participation in the (UfC) group, promoting a model of reform that emphasizes broader geographic equity and rights for new members to secure support from over a dozen like-minded states. This coalition-building effort, evident in his interventions during intergovernmental negotiations, helped maintain a blocking position against G4 proposals, preserving Pakistan's strategic leverage in multilateral security discussions.

Post-Diplomatic Engagements

Board memberships and advisory roles

Akram serves as Chairman of Gorntazy Group Ltd, an international advisory firm he founded in August 2008 to assist clients in private equity, hedge funds, and sectors with forging economic ties, capital mobilization, and partnerships, particularly targeting sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, and high-net-worth individuals in the states and , with a focus on China. The firm has facilitated projects including memoranda of understanding for the China-Pakistan Industrial Initiative aimed at enhancing bilateral investment cooperation and technology transfers for converting coal emissions into chemicals via low-emission processes. Post-retirement from his second term as Pakistan's to the in March 2025, Akram's advisory engagements through Gorntazy emphasize leveraging his multilateral diplomacy experience for client relationship-building across regions. His counsel on global affairs, security, and economic policy remains in demand among governments, corporations, and organizations.

Public commentary and speaking engagements

Following his retirement from the position of to the in March 2025, Munir Akram has maintained an active presence in public discourse on international affairs, leveraging his diplomatic experience through media appearances, interviews, and speaking events. His commentary often focuses on , UN reform, regional conflicts in the and , and Pakistan's priorities, emphasizing the need for equitable and resolution of disputes like those in and & . Akram delivered a special talk on October 23, 2025, commemorating , titled "Manifestation of Global Solidarity," where he underscored the UN's role in fostering international cooperation amid contemporary challenges. Earlier, on September 17, 2025, he issued statements critiquing Israeli actions and highlighting the Organization of Islamic Cooperation's (OIC) responses, framing them as essential countermeasures to aggression in the region. In a , 2025, appearance on Pakistan Television (PTV) Global as former UN representative, Akram analyzed prospective Pakistan-U.S. bilateral talks, identifying potential discussion areas such as security cooperation and economic ties while stressing diplomatic pragmatism. Akram participated in a fireside chat at Princeton University's Liechtenstein Institute on on April 29, 2025, reflecting on his tenure and broader themes in and global . His availability for public engagements is facilitated through speakers bureaus, where he is promoted for expertise in multilateral , attracting interest from academic, corporate, and media audiences seeking insights on . These activities position Akram as a commentator bridging official and public analysis, without formal governmental roles.

Intellectual and Policy Contributions

Writings and publications

Munir Akram has contributed scholarly and opinion pieces on , Pakistan's , and global security, often drawing from his diplomatic experience. His most notable book contribution is the "Reversing Strategic 'Shrinkage'" in the edited volume Pakistan: Beyond the 'Crisis State', published in 2011 by Columbia University Press and Hurst, which analyzes Pakistan's geopolitical challenges and proposes strategic expansions. Akram frequently publishes op-eds in major outlets, focusing on South Asian dynamics, UN reforms, and great-power competition. In Dawn, Pakistan's leading English-language newspaper, he has addressed topics such as Pakistan's strategy, economic policy dilemmas, and the Afghan conflict's regional implications, with pieces like "Pakistan's Strategy" (2023) and "The Afghan Prism" critiquing multilateral approaches to disputes. These columns emphasize empirical assessments of power balances over ideological narratives. His writings also appear in Arab News, where he comments on UN proceedings and Middle Eastern issues, such as and cooperation between the UN and regional organizations. Additionally, Akram has provided special guest articles for the Institute of Strategic Studies (ISSI), including discussions on leading developing countries through Pakistan's G77 chairmanship, highlighting practical reforms in multilateral forums. These publications underscore his advocacy for realist policies prioritizing national sovereignty and equitable , supported by references to verifiable diplomatic outcomes rather than unsubstantiated projections.

Key positions on global issues

Akram has consistently advocated for comprehensive Security Council to enhance its democratic legitimacy and effectiveness, emphasizing equitable representation for developing countries and restrictions on the power. As a member of the group, he opposed the addition of new permanent seats without broader consensus, arguing that such expansions would undermine the Council's representativeness. In January 2025, he stated that removing or restricting usage would make the Council more decisive in addressing global threats. He welcomed intermediate reform models, such as Liechtenstein's revised proposal in November 2024, while stressing the need for convergence on categories of membership and limitations to prevent paralysis. On the dispute, Akram maintained that resolutions, including Resolution 47 of 1948, remain binding and mandate a plebiscite for self-determination under UN supervision. He rejected unilateral changes by , such as the 2019 revocation of Article 370, as violations of these resolutions and , asserting that no national legislation could supersede them. In October 2023, he urged the UN to resolve "festering disputes" like involving peoples' right to self-determination, linking non-resolution to broader threats to international peace. He highlighted demographic alterations in the region as contraventions of resolutions 47, 91, and 122. Regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Akram expressed strong support for and a based on pre-1967 borders, condemning Israel's actions in as systematic erosion of Palestinian rights and potential . In March 2025, he criticized Israel's "extremist leaders" for resuming bombardments and blocking aid, calling for an immediate and UN enforcement of resolutions. He described Pakistan's stance as driven by an "emotional commitment" to Palestinian freedom, warning in October 2023 that the risked regional escalation. Akram praised international humanitarian efforts but insisted on addressing the occupation's root causes, including settlements and UNRWA's role. In climate policy, Akram championed "climate justice," arguing that vulnerable nations like , responsible for under 1% of historical emissions, suffer disproportionate impacts from floods and heatwaves caused by major emitters. He played a key role in securing the Loss and Damage Fund at COP27 in November 2022, framing Pakistan's 2022 floods—which affected 33 million people and caused $30 billion in damage—as emblematic of inequity. Akram called for scaled-up finance, , and accountability from high emitters, criticizing insufficient commitments and urging trade reforms to aid adaptation in developing countries. Akram promoted as essential for addressing interconnected challenges like , , and technological divides, positioning as a voice for the Global South. During his 2020-2021 of the UN Economic and Social Council, he prioritized closing the rich-poor gap, with initiatives targeting the 2030 Agenda and amid rising affecting 150 countries. He criticized and Charter violations as sources of global instability, advocating strengthened UN institutions for equitable development and —citing 's contributions of over 200,000 troops to 40 missions. In August 2024, he warned of deepening divides exacerbating underdevelopment in the Global South.

Controversies and Criticisms

Personal legal issues

In December 2002, police responded to a domestic disturbance call at the residence of Munir Akram, then 's to the , where a woman alleged that Akram had physically assaulted her during an argument. The U.S. State Department formally requested that waive Akram's to allow prosecution on a charge of third-degree assault, as advised by the District Attorney's office. declined the waiver, citing diplomatic protocol, and the investigation was subsequently dropped by authorities in February 2003 without charges being filed. The incident resurfaced in October 2019 when reappointed Akram as its UN , prompting criticism from Pakistani groups. The Women's Action Forum (WAF) filed a in the seeking his removal, arguing that the appointment violated public policy given the prior domestic abuse allegations and a 2010 ruling barring individuals implicated in cases from public office. The highlighted the unsubstantiated but reported nature of the 2002 claims, framing them as evidence of unfitness for diplomatic roles representing national integrity. The government sought time to respond, but the court did not immediately bar Akram, who proceeded with his tenure until its conclusion around 2022. No convictions or further legal actions stemmed from the 2002 matter in either U.S. or Pakistani jurisdictions.

Statements on regional conflicts and adversaries

Munir Akram has consistently advocated for the resolution of the dispute through the Kashmiri people's right to , as enshrined in resolutions. In October 2023, he emphasized to a foreign delegation that had contravened international commitments by denying this right, urging the settlement of such "festering disputes" to prevent regional instability. He reiterated in February 2024 that the UN should actively pursue modalities to resolve the dispute, including plebiscite or independence options, amid ongoing Indian "occupation." Akram has accused of systematic violations and demographic engineering in following the August 2019 revocation of Article 370, describing the situation as "not normal" and calling for international condemnation to halt India's "oppression." In August 2020, one year after India's administrative changes, he warned of a "real and present" risk of war between and due to escalating tensions. He further likened India's control over to unlawful occupations, arguing in August 2024 that the International Court of Justice's advisory opinion on Palestine's legal status applies equally to , invalidating unilateral changes. Regarding India-Pakistan hostilities, Akram described India's February 2019 aerial incursion into as "blatant aggression," followed by cross-border exchanges that heightened conflict risks. In June 2023, he urged global leaders engaging with Indian Prime Minister to demand an end to oppression in before normalizing ties. He has expressed confidence that the Kashmiri "struggle for freedom from Indian yoke" will succeed, predicting triumph through . On , Akram has identified terrorist groups operating from there, particularly the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), as the "greatest threat" to regional security, accusing the administration of complicity in cross-border attacks. In March 2025, he warned the UN Security Council that the TTP has evolved into an "" for regional militants, funded by 's "main adversary" and exploiting safe havens, which have inflicted heavy casualties. He called for international action to dismantle these networks, noting 's efforts to counter infiltration by groups like ISIL-Khorasan while committing to dialogue with the despite persistent differences. In September 2024, Akram stressed 's support for normalization but highlighted the TTP's destabilizing potential beyond bilateral borders.

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