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National Building Code of Canada

The National Building Code of Canada (NBC) is a model code that sets out technical requirements for the design and construction of new buildings, as well as for the alteration, change of use, and demolition of existing buildings, to ensure minimum standards for safety, health, accessibility, fire protection, and structural integrity.^[1] Published by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and developed by the Canadian Board for Harmonized Construction Codes (CBHCC), the NBC functions as a national benchmark rather than enforceable law, with provinces and territories adopting and adapting it into their local regulations to promote uniformity in building practices across the country.^[1] First introduced in 1941 as a response to growing urbanization and construction needs, the code has evolved through periodic updates, with the current 2020 edition (the fifteenth) incorporating over 280 changes from the 2015 version to address emerging issues like energy efficiency, seismic design, and climate resilience.^[2]^[3] The NBC is structured into two volumes: Volume 1 outlines objectives, principles, and compliance alternatives, while Volume 2 provides detailed prescriptive requirements divided into parts covering topics such as structural design, environmental separation, and occupant safety.^[1] Its development involves a consensus-based process led by the CBHCC, which includes representatives from industry, government, and experts, ensuring input from stakeholders nationwide before NRC publication.^[4] Notable aspects include performance-based options allowing innovative designs that meet objectives without strict adherence to prescriptive rules, as well as integration with related codes like the National Fire Code and National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings to support holistic building performance.^[3] As of 2025, ongoing public reviews are shaping the next edition, expected around 2025, with proposed enhancements for greenhouse gas emissions limits and net-zero energy readiness in residential construction.^[5]

Overview

Purpose and Scope

The National Building Code of Canada (NBC) serves as a model code aimed at establishing minimum technical requirements to ensure the safety, health, accessibility, fire and structural protection, and environmental performance of buildings across the country.^[1] Its primary objectives, outlined in Division A, focus on protecting occupants and the public from harm due to structural failure, fire hazards, or health risks, while promoting sustainable resource use and equitable access for persons with disabilities.^[6] These goals are supported by functional statements that link specific code provisions to broader outcomes, such as preventing the spread of fire or ensuring adequate ventilation to maintain indoor air quality.^[6] The scope of the NBC encompasses the design and construction of new buildings, as well as alterations, changes of use, and demolition of existing buildings, applying to a wide range of building types including residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial structures.^[1] It addresses substantial renovations that affect structural integrity, fire safety, or energy performance. The current edition is the 2020 National Building Code of Canada, which incorporates over 280 changes from the previous version and includes updates such as requirements for large farm buildings, with a revisions and errata package issued in March 2025.^[7] The NBC generally applies to a wide range of building types, with the separate National Farm Building Code of Canada (NFBC) providing relaxations and specific requirements for farm buildings with low human occupancy to account for their agricultural contexts; however, farm dwellings and higher-occupancy farm structures must comply with the NBC.^[8] First published in 1941 by the National Research Council Canada, the NBC provides a unified framework adaptable to regional variations while prioritizing performance over prescriptive methods.^[6] At its core, the NBC adopts a performance-based approach, allowing flexibility in achieving stated objectives through either acceptable solutions in Division B or alternative solutions that demonstrate equivalent safety and functionality.^[6] This structure, detailed in Part 1 of Division A, emphasizes verifiable outcomes rather than rigid specifications, enabling innovation in building design while maintaining rigorous standards. The NBC complements other national model codes, such as the National Fire Code for ongoing fire safety maintenance, the National Plumbing Code for plumbing systems, and the National Energy Code for Buildings for energy efficiency measures.^[6]

Legal Status

The National Building Code of Canada (NBC) is issued by the National Research Council Canada (NRC) as a model code, meaning it establishes technical requirements for building design and construction but holds no inherent legal force unless adopted by provincial, territorial, or federal authorities.^[1] Under Canada's constitutional framework, building regulation falls under provincial and territorial jurisdiction, so the NBC serves as a recommended standard to promote uniformity without direct federal enforcement across the country.^[9] However, the federal government applies the NBC directly to buildings on federal lands, including government facilities and federally regulated sites such as airports, ensuring compliance through agencies like Public Services and Procurement Canada.^[10] Provinces and territories adapt the NBC into their own enforceable building codes, typically incorporating its core provisions while introducing jurisdiction-specific amendments to address local climate, seismic risks, or policy priorities.^[9] For instance, most jurisdictions adopt the NBC province-wide with modifications, while others like Ontario and Quebec develop distinct codes heavily based on the model.^[11] Municipalities, as the primary enforcers, implement these provincial codes through permitting and inspection processes and may enact additional bylaws for local requirements, such as heritage preservation or zoning overlays.^[9] This decentralized adoption process allows flexibility but requires designers and builders to consult the relevant authority for applicable rules.^[10] To mitigate inconsistencies, the Canadian Board for Harmonized Construction Codes (CBHCC), established in 2022 with representatives from federal, provincial, and territorial governments, oversees the development and maintenance of the NBC and other national model codes.^[12] The CBHCC promotes harmonization by approving code changes through consensus-driven committees, aiming to reduce inter-jurisdictional barriers and facilitate the free movement of construction materials and labor.^[6] Despite these efforts, variations in adoption can result in regional differences in building standards, such as differing energy efficiency mandates or seismic provisions, potentially increasing compliance costs for multi-jurisdictional projects.^[9]

History

Origins and Early Development

Prior to the establishment of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC), building regulations in the country were fragmented and inconsistent, with each municipality developing its own bylaws to address local needs such as fire prevention and public health amid rapid urbanization in the early 20th century.^[13] This lack of uniformity was exacerbated during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when professionals and economists highlighted inefficiencies in construction practices across provinces, prompting federal interest in a national standard.^[13] Influences from the United States played a key role, as Canadian efforts drew heavily on American model codes developed between 1910 and 1935, including those from the National Board of Fire Underwriters and basic building codes from cities like New York and Chicago, which emphasized fire-resistant construction and egress following major disasters.^[14] Additionally, 1930s fire safety reports, such as the 1935 U.S. National Bureau of Standards publication on "Design and Construction of Building Exits," informed early Canadian approaches to occupant safety and exit requirements.^[14] In response to these challenges and the urgent demands of World War II for efficient wartime housing and infrastructure, the federal government commissioned the National Research Council (NRC) in 1937 to develop a model code, leading to the publication of the first edition of the NBC in November 1941.^[3] This inaugural edition was prepared under the Associate Committee on the National Building Code, a body formed by the NRC in collaboration with construction industry representatives to unify standards nationwide, and it focused primarily on structural integrity, fire protection, and basic plumbing provisions to support rapid, safe construction.^[15] The code integrated fire safety standards derived from the aforementioned 1935 reports and early U.S. influences, including limits on building height and area to mitigate fire spread—such as restricting unsprinklered combustible residential structures to three stories and 500–600 m²—while incorporating initial plumbing and fire protection elements that would later evolve into separate national codes.^[14]^[15] Following the war, responsibility for the NBC's maintenance shifted to the NRC in 1947 through the establishment of the Division of Building Research (later the Institute for Research in Construction), which formalized ongoing development amid the post-war construction boom and ensured the code's adaptation to emerging technologies and materials.^[3] This transfer marked a pivotal step in embedding the NBC within a dedicated research framework, building on its wartime foundations to promote broader adoption by provinces and municipalities while retaining core influences from pre-war fire safety and U.S. model standards.^[13]

Major Editions and Revisions

The National Building Code of Canada (NBC) has followed a revision cycle of approximately every five years since its early editions, allowing for updates to reflect evolving construction practices and safety standards.^[16] This cadence was established after the initial publications in 1941 and 1953, with the third edition in 1960 marking the start of more regular intervals.^[17] However, delays have occasionally occurred; for instance, the 2020 edition, originally slated for release following the 2015 version, was postponed due to complexities exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, ultimately publishing in 2022.^[10] Key milestones in the NBC's evolution include the 1960 edition, which introduced the first National Farm Building Code as a supplement, addressing unique requirements for agricultural structures such as ventilation and structural loads suited to rural applications.^[18] The 1995 edition incorporated early performance-based elements, including functional statements and intent clauses to clarify regulatory objectives and support alternative design approaches.^[19] Editions in 2005 and 2010 emphasized energy efficiency, integrating provisions from the National Energy Code for Buildings to enhance insulation, airtightness, and mechanical system performance in new constructions.^[20] The 2015 edition focused on accessibility updates, expanding barrier-free design requirements for public and residential buildings to improve usability for persons with disabilities.^[21] Most recently, the 2020 edition advanced provisions for encapsulated mass timber construction up to 12 storeys and updated HVAC requirements for better air quality and energy conservation.^[1] Revisions to the NBC are driven by responses to technological advances, such as new materials like mass timber; lessons from disasters, including fire incidents that highlight vulnerabilities in building envelopes; and policy shifts toward sustainability, including climate resilience and reduced emissions.^[1] These factors ensure the code adapts to contemporary challenges, such as seismic events and environmental pressures, while maintaining core objectives of safety and health.^[22] The NBC is published in multiple volumes by the National Research Council Canada, with the 2020 edition comprising over 1,500 pages across its divisions and incorporating more than 280 technical changes to address safety, accessibility, and environmental performance.^[1]

Development and Governance

Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes

The Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes (CCBFC) was established in 1991 by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) as the successor to the Associate Committee on the National Building Code and the Associate Committee on the National Fire Code, consolidating oversight of national model construction codes to promote uniformity and safety in building practices across Canada.^[17] This formation built on decades of NRC-led efforts dating back to the 1941 publication of the first National Building Code, addressing the need for standardized regulations amid varying provincial and local bylaws.^[23] The CCBFC operated as an independent advisory body reporting directly to the NRC, focusing on evidence-based updates to ensure codes balanced public safety, economic viability, and technological advancements.^[24] Composed of over 150 volunteers selected for their expertise rather than representational affiliations, the CCBFC drew members from diverse sectors including industry professionals, government officials, architects, engineers, fire and building authorities, academics, and building owners across Canada.^[23] These volunteers served on the commission itself—typically around 40 individuals—and its nine standing committees, such as those for fire protection, energy efficiency, and structural design, which conducted technical reviews and proposed revisions.^[25] This structure ensured broad geographical and technical representation, fostering consensus-driven decisions independent of any single interest group. The CCBFC's primary responsibilities included proposing and approving changes to the national model codes, overseeing the development of new editions every five years, and maintaining equilibrium between innovation—such as incorporating sustainable materials and performance-based requirements—and core safety objectives like fire resistance and structural integrity.^[23] It directly managed the content of the National Building Code, National Fire Code, and National Plumbing Code, among others, while facilitating public reviews to incorporate stakeholder input on proposed updates.^[26] In parallel, the CCBFC collaborated with provincial and territorial bodies, including precursors to the Canadian Board on Harmonized Construction Codes (CBHCC), to support code harmonization efforts.^[27] In 2022, the CCBFC was dissolved and replaced by the CBHCC, a federal-provincial-territorial governance model aimed at enhancing interjurisdictional collaboration in code development and adoption.^[28] This transition shifted oversight from the NRC-centric structure to a more inclusive framework involving direct provincial and territorial participation, while preserving the volunteer-driven, consensus-based approach to maintaining the national model codes.^[29]

Code Development Process

The development of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC) follows a multi-stage, consensus-driven procedure designed to incorporate diverse stakeholder perspectives while ensuring technical accuracy and public safety. Overseen by the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes (CCBFC) until its transition to the Canadian Board for Harmonized Construction Codes (CBHCC) in 2022, the process emphasizes transparency and inclusivity, allowing contributions from government, industry, professionals, and the general public.^[3]^[30] The cycle begins with a call for proposals, open to anyone including the public and industry representatives, submitted at any time but prioritized within a five-year development timeline. These proposals are evaluated by standing committees—expert volunteer groups focused on specific code areas— which propose changes informed by ongoing research from the National Research Council Canada's (NRC) Construction Research Centre, including science-based studies on materials, safety, and performance. Committees convene in meetings and forums to discuss and refine proposals, fostering collaboration among architects, engineers, builders, and regulators to address emerging needs like sustainability and resilience. The process is conducted bilingually in English and French, ensuring accessibility across Canada's linguistic communities.^[6]^[31]^[32] Proposed changes then undergo CCBFC or CBHCC review for alignment with national priorities, followed by public consultation periods, typically lasting two months annually in the fall, during which draft documents are posted online for comment. Feedback from these reviews is analyzed by NRC staff, with committees responding to significant inputs before final approval by the governing board. Approved changes culminate in NRC publication of the updated NBC edition, available free electronically or in print, marking the end of the cycle.^[3]^[33]^[34] Following publication, the NRC maintains the code through errata to correct errors and targeted revisions for urgent issues, without altering the core edition. For instance, the 2025 revisions and errata package for the 2020 NBC edition includes updates to clarify requirements and incorporate minor technical adjustments based on post-implementation feedback. This ongoing maintenance ensures the code remains relevant between major five-year updates.^[35]^[36]

Content and Structure

Organization into Parts

The National Building Code of Canada (NBC) is structured into two volumes to facilitate its use by professionals in building design and construction. Volume 1 contains Division A (Compliance, Objectives and Functional Statements), Division B Parts 1 through 8, which outline the core technical requirements applicable to most building types, and Division C (Administrative Provisions), while Volume 2 encompasses Part 9, dedicated to housing and small buildings, along with the appendices that provide supplementary materials.^[1]^[24] Part 1 of Division B addresses general provisions, including compliance requirements, objectives for building performance, and the code's application to various building scenarios. It establishes foundational principles for how the code is interpreted and applied across all subsequent parts.^[24] Part 3 focuses on fire protection, occupant safety, and accessibility, detailing measures such as fire-resistance ratings, means of egress, and barriers to limit fire spread within buildings. These provisions ensure safe evacuation and containment during emergencies.^[24] Part 4 covers structural design and materials, specifying standards for load-bearing elements, foundations, and construction materials to maintain building integrity under environmental loads like wind, snow, and earthquakes. It integrates referenced standards from organizations such as the Canadian Standards Association for material testing and performance.^[24] Parts 5 through 8 address specialized systems and protections. Part 5 deals with environmental separation, including requirements for building envelopes to control heat, air, moisture, and vapor diffusion. Part 6 outlines heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, emphasizing energy efficiency and indoor air quality. Part 7 governs plumbing services, covering water distribution, drainage, and venting to prevent health hazards. Part 8 provides safety measures for construction and demolition sites, including temporary protections and site security.^[24] Part 9, housed in Volume 2, offers simplified and alternative requirements tailored for low-rise residential buildings and small commercial structures, streamlining compliance for common housing projects while aligning with the broader code objectives. This part reduces complexity for projects under three storeys and certain area limits, such as single-family homes and small farm buildings.^[1]^[24] The appendices, also in Volume 2, serve as non-mandatory explanatory notes, tables, and guidance materials to aid interpretation and application of the code's requirements. Examples include Appendix C for climatic and seismic data, Appendix D for fire-performance ratings, and other sections offering rationale, calculations, and referenced standards without imposing additional obligations.^[24]

Key Technical Requirements

The National Building Code of Canada (NBC) establishes minimum technical standards to ensure building safety, health, accessibility, fire protection, energy efficiency, and sustainability, serving as a model for provincial and territorial regulations. These prescriptive and performance-based provisions apply to the design, construction, alteration, and demolition of buildings, emphasizing occupant protection and environmental performance without mandating specific materials or methods where equivalent alternatives meet objectives.^[1] In terms of safety and health, the NBC mandates minimum standards for structural integrity to withstand environmental loads, including wind, snow, and seismic forces, ensuring buildings maintain stability and prevent collapse under normal and extreme conditions. Egress requirements specify clear, unobstructed exit paths with adequate width, illumination, and signage to facilitate safe evacuation during emergencies, calculated based on occupant load and building type. Ventilation standards require mechanical systems capable of providing fresh air rates to control indoor contaminants, with specific measures for cooling towers and evaporative condensers to prevent bacterial growth, such as Legionella, through design features like drift eliminators and water treatment protocols.^[1]^[24] Fire protection provisions focus on compartmentalization to limit fire spread by requiring fire-resistance-rated assemblies for walls, floors, and ceilings, with ratings determined by occupancy and building height to contain flames, heat, and smoke within defined areas. Automatic sprinkler systems are prescribed for high-risk occupancies, such as assembly spaces, to suppress fires early and enhance life safety by controlling heat release and providing time for egress; for example, in assembly occupancies like theaters or arenas, sprinklers must cover all areas with quick-response heads spaced according to hazard levels. These elements, detailed in the code's fire safety section, integrate with detection and alarm systems to support overall occupant protection.^[1]^[26] For accessibility, the NBC incorporates universal design principles to accommodate persons with disabilities, specifying barrier-free features such as ramps with a maximum slope of 1:12, door widths of at least 850 mm, and lever handles for easy operation. Signage requirements include tactile and braille elements at key locations like elevators and restrooms, with updated anthropometric data ensuring clearances and reach ranges align with diverse user needs, promoting equitable access throughout building interiors and exteriors.^[1]^[24] Energy efficiency standards align with the National Energy Code for Buildings, introducing step codes that outline progressive performance tiers for residential and small buildings, from basic compliance to net-zero-ready designs. These include minimum insulation values for walls, roofs, and foundations—such as effective thermal resistance (RSI) levels tailored to climate zones—and fenestration requirements for windows with solar heat gain coefficients below 0.35 in colder regions to minimize heat loss while maximizing daylight. Compliance paths allow trade-offs, such as enhanced airtightness to offset lower insulation, verified through blower door tests.^[24] Sustainability provisions address moisture control through environmental separation requirements, mandating vapor barriers, drainage planes, and ventilation in assemblies to prevent condensation and mold, with hygric properties of materials selected to manage diffusion and bulk water ingress in varied climates. Seismic design standards apply in high-risk areas, requiring ductile detailing for structural elements like reinforced concrete and steel frames to absorb energy from earthquakes, with site-specific ground motion parameters determining base shear forces and redundancy factors for enhanced resilience.^[1]^[24]

Recent and Upcoming Changes

2020 Edition Highlights

The 2020 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC) introduced over 280 technical changes, enhancing provisions for safety, health, accessibility, fire and structural protection, and energy efficiency in building design and construction.^[2] These revisions, developed by the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, were published on March 28, 2022, following a multi-year process to address evolving needs in the built environment.^[2] The updates reflect advancements in materials, technology, and societal priorities, such as sustainability and inclusivity, while maintaining the code's role as a model for provincial and territorial regulations. A major innovation in the 2020 edition is the introduction of encapsulated mass timber construction, permitting the use of wood-based structural elements in buildings up to 12 storeys in height. This provision, detailed in updates to Parts 3 (Fire Protection, Occupant Safety and Accessibility) and 4 (Structural Design) of Division B, allows mass timber components—such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) and glued-laminated timber (glulam)—to be protected by non-combustible encasement materials to achieve equivalent fire resistance to traditional non-combustible construction. By expanding height limits from previous restrictions on combustible materials, this change promotes sustainable building practices, reduces reliance on carbon-intensive materials like concrete and steel, and supports the forestry sector, while ensuring fire safety through performance-based design options.^[1] Accessibility requirements received significant expansions to foster inclusive design, particularly in plumbing facilities, elevators, and care occupancies. Updates to anthropometric provisions ensure better accommodation for diverse body sizes and abilities, while revised standards for plumbing elements—such as accessible sinks, toilets, and showers—mandate features like reinforced grab bars and lever handles to support aging populations and individuals with disabilities. Elevator requirements now include more precise specifications for door widths, control panels, and emergency communication systems, enhancing usability in multi-storey buildings. For care occupancies, such as assisted living facilities, the code introduces tailored provisions for resident mobility, including wider corridors and specialized sanitary facilities, aiming to reduce physical barriers and promote equitable access throughout building lifecycles.^[2] In the realm of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, the 2020 edition incorporates health-focused revisions to evaporative cooling equipment, designed to mitigate risks from bacterial growth. New requirements specify materials, drainage, and maintenance protocols for cooling towers and evaporative condensers to prevent the proliferation and airborne transmission of pathogens like Legionella, which can cause legionellosis. These updates, integrated into Part 6 (Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning) of Division B, emphasize regular cleaning of drain pans, antimicrobial treatments, and water quality monitoring, thereby improving indoor air quality and public health safeguards in commercial and institutional buildings.^[1] The code addresses a previous gap in regulations for agricultural structures by adding a dedicated Part 2 in Division B for large farm buildings, defined as those exceeding 600 m² in area or 12 m in height with low human occupancy. These new provisions cover fire protection—such as sprinkler exemptions based on occupancy risks—occupant safety features like egress paths, and structural requirements for wind, snow, and seismic loads tailored to rural environments. HVAC guidelines for farm buildings now include ventilation standards to manage moisture, odors, and temperature in livestock or storage areas, while structural updates ensure durability against environmental stresses common in agricultural settings, facilitating safer and more efficient operations without overburdening small-scale farmers.^[2] Energy efficiency measures for small buildings, primarily under Part 9 (Housing and Small Buildings) of Division B, introduce graded performance tiers to encourage progressive improvements toward net-zero readiness. This tiered system—aligned with the National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings 2020—offers four levels of compliance, from basic prescriptive requirements (Tier 1) to advanced performance paths (Tier 4) that achieve at least 40% better energy performance than baseline standards through enhanced insulation, efficient windows, and renewable integration. By providing flexible options, these tiers allow builders to select ambitious targets based on project goals, promoting reduced operational costs, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and future-proofing for electrification trends in residential and low-rise commercial structures.^[37]

2025 Edition Proposals

The proposed 2025 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBC) introduces significant updates aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and enhancing building performance, building on the 2020 edition's baseline for energy efficiency. Key proposals include tiered operational carbon limits for new buildings, which establish performance levels from A to F based on GHG emissions intensity, using regional emission factors such as 181.86 g CO₂e/kWh for electricity in Alberta. These limits are harmonized with the National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings (NECB), aligning modeling requirements and introducing absolute energy use intensity (EUI) compliance paths that eliminate the need for reference building comparisons, with prescriptive lookup tables for space heating at 235 g CO₂e/kWh.^[38]^[39] For existing buildings, the proposals expand retrofit standards under Part 10, Section 10.9.36, mandating energy efficiency upgrades during voluntary alterations such as HVAC replacements or insulation additions, with full harmonization targeted for 2030. These measures emphasize retrofits' role in achieving broader GHG targets without requiring renewables credits in calculations. Additionally, initial frameworks for embodied carbon are outlined, deferring comprehensive requirements to the 2030 edition, while climate resilience provisions update climatic design loads for over 17 cities, shifting to a uniform risk design approach that incorporates future projections for wind, snow, and earthquake loads, resulting in minimal initial cost increases for structural adaptations.^[38]^[40]^[39] Other proposals enhance net-zero standards through Tier 5 prescriptive packages, including 1.0 air changes per hour (ACH) and heat pump systems for high-efficiency outcomes, accompanied by transition periods allowing provincial adoption by mid-2027. The public review process for select changes, such as overheating protections in Parts 1, 6, and 9, occurred from January 20 to February 24, 2025, following earlier 2024 reviews for major emissions-related proposals. The edition is expected to be published in December 2025. As of November 2025, interim revisions to the 2020 errata package, released in March 2025, provide clarifications on fire safety, structural design, and editorial updates, serving as a bridge to the forthcoming edition.^[33]^[7]^[38]

Implementation Across Canada

Provincial and Territorial Adoptions

In Canada, the National Building Code (NBC) serves as a model document that provinces and territories adopt or adapt into their own regulations to address local environmental, climatic, and socioeconomic conditions, such as enhanced seismic provisions in British Columbia or extreme cold adaptations in northern territories.^[11] This process ensures a baseline of national consistency while allowing jurisdictional flexibility; adoption typically involves incorporating the NBC with amendments, and enforcement is managed by provincial or territorial authorities.^[3] The Canadian Board on Harmonized Construction Codes (CBHCC) facilitates this by developing model codes and coordinating efforts to minimize inter-jurisdictional differences, promoting nationwide uniformity in building safety and performance.^[12] Alberta's National Building Code – 2023 Alberta Edition incorporates the NBC 2020 with provincial variations and entered into force on May 1, 2024, focusing on energy efficiency tiers and mass timber construction allowances.^[41] In British Columbia, the BC Building Code 2024 aligns with the NBC 2020 effective for permits applied for after March 8, 2024, but includes specific amendments for seismic resilience and adaptable dwelling units effective for permits applied for after March 10, 2025.^[42] Ontario's Building Code 2024 fully incorporates the NBC 2020, marking its largest revision to date by eliminating over 1,700 technical variations from prior editions, and became effective January 1, 2025, with a transitional grace period until March 31, 2025.^[43] Quebec maintains a distinct approach through its Construction Code, administered by the Régie du bâtiment du Québec, which loosely bases Chapter I (Building) on the NBC 2020 with significant provincial amendments emphasizing French-language requirements and local adaptations; this version entered into force on April 17, 2025.^[44] ^[11] Other provinces like Manitoba and Saskatchewan have adopted the NBC 2020 with variations effective January 1, 2024, incorporating energy step codes for progressive efficiency standards.^[11] In the territories, Nunavut has adopted the NBC 2020 with variations effective April 17, 2025, while Yukon and the Northwest Territories have implemented the NBC 2020 with territorial adjustments for remote and harsh climates, effective May 1, 2025, and April 1, 2025, respectively.^[11]

Federal and Municipal Applications

The National Building Code of Canada (NBC) applies directly as the minimum standard for the design, construction, alteration, and demolition of buildings on federal lands, including national parks, military bases, and airports, where provincial regulations do not extend.^[45] This application is guided by federal policies under the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat, ensuring consistency with national safety, accessibility, and structural requirements across properties outside provincial jurisdiction.^[46] The current edition in use for these federal applications is the NBC 2020, which sets technical provisions for new and existing structures.^[1] Enforcement of the NBC on federal properties is primarily overseen by departments such as Public Services and Procurement Canada (PSPC), which manages the construction, maintenance, and real property services for government-owned buildings and provides architectural and engineering oversight to ensure compliance.^[47] PSPC coordinates with other federal custodians to align projects with NBC requirements, including inspections and permitting processes administered by federal authorities rather than local officials.^[45] This federal-level administration helps maintain uniformity but requires integration with other national standards, such as those for environmental performance and heritage preservation. At the municipal level, cities enforce the provincially adopted versions of the NBC but frequently layer additional bylaws to address local needs, creating overlays that exceed baseline requirements without conflicting with higher jurisdictions. For instance, the City of Vancouver's Building By-law, based on the British Columbia Building Code, imposes stricter seismic design standards and heritage conservation measures to mitigate earthquake risks and protect historic structures in a high-vulnerability zone.^[48] In Toronto, municipal processes closely align with the Ontario Building Code for permitting and inspections, but zoning bylaws add layers for urban planning, such as density controls and green building incentives.^[49] Similarly, Montreal's regulations build on the Quebec Construction Code with borough-specific rules tailored to high urban density, including enhanced provisions for multi-unit housing and public space integration.^[44]^[50] Challenges in federal and municipal applications of the NBC include coordinating overlapping authorities to prevent regulatory conflicts, particularly where federal properties interface with municipal boundaries, and managing transitions during code updates to minimize disruptions. For example, Ontario's adoption of its 2024 Building Code—incorporating NBC elements—featured a three-month grace period until March 31, 2025, allowing ongoing designs to proceed under prior rules and easing implementation for municipalities like Toronto.^[43] These transition mechanisms highlight the need for harmonized timelines across jurisdictions to support efficient construction while upholding safety standards.^[51]

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New federal-provincial-territorial board formed to harmonize ...
Nov 22, 2022 · The CBHCC replaces the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes (CCBFC) – the committee responsible for managing the national code ...
[27]
Code system documents - cbhcc
The following are archived documents published by the Canadian Commission for Building and Fire Codes (CCBFC) which was dissolved in 2022. Significant ...
[28]
Code development process - cbhcc
This infographic illustrates the five-step process used by the Canadian Board for Harmonized Construction Codes (CBHCC) to develop Canada's National Model Codes ...
[29]
Frequently Asked Questions - cbhcc
The CBHCC is a board of federal, provincial, and territorial representatives that develops, approves, and maintains the National Model Codes.
[30]
Operating procedures for the harmonized code development process
### Summary of Harmonized Code Development Process
[31]
Public Review – winter 2025 - cbhcc
A public review of a proposed change to the 2020 editions of the National Building Code of Canada runs from January 20 to February 24, 2025.
[32]
New! Latest editions of the National Model Codes now available
Mar 28, 2022 · About the code development process The CCBFC develops the National Model Codes on a 5‑year cycle. It is the organization responsible for the ...
[33]
https://cbhcc-cchcc.ca/en/public-review-winter-2025/
[34]
https://nrc.canada.ca/en/certifications-evaluations-standards/codes-canada/new-latest-editions-national-model-codes-now-available
[35]
[PDF] National Building Code of Canada 2015
This legislation may include the adoption of the National Building Code (NBC) without change or with modifications to suit local needs, and the enactment of ...
[36]
National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings 2020
Jun 14, 2023 · A new compliance path with 4 energy performance tiers is introduced to provide a framework for achieving higher levels of energy efficiency in ...
[37]
[PDF] NBC 2025
NBC 2025 – Coming to A Province (or Territory) Near You as early as Dec 2025! What's in? What's out? Tiered Carbon Emissions Criteria and More. Page 2. 2.
[38]
Proposed changes to National Model Codes expected to drive down ...
The bulk of the proposed National Model Building Codes for 2025 are now out for public comment. There are several exciting changes coming.
[39]
Updates to the Design of Buildings for NBCC 2025 for Climate ...
May 8, 2025 · This study summarized these proposed changes to NBCC and derived the corresponding design scenarios for buildings in 17 cities across Canada.
[40]
[PDF] NBC 2020, Revisions and Errata package 2025-03
The NRC publishes the. National Model Codes and periodic revisions to the Codes to address pressing issues. National Building Code of Canada 2020 Volume 1 v ...
[41]
Building codes and standards | Alberta.ca
National Building Code – 2023 Alberta Edition (declared in force May 1, 2024) · National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings 2020 (declared in force May 1, 2024) ...Building STANDATA · Secondary suites · Energy codes
[42]
BC Building Code 2024 - Province of British Columbia
Mar 10, 2025 · The BC Building Code 2024 (PDF, 16MB) came into effect March 8, 2024. It applies to all projects with building permits applied for after that date.About the BC Building Code · BC Building Code 2018 · BC Plumbing Code
[43]
The 2024 Ontario Building Code
### Summary of 2024 Ontario Building Code
[44]
Construction Code - Régie du bâtiment du Québec - RBQ
– In force since July 13, 2024. This latest version consists of the 2020 edition of the National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings (NECB) with all the same ...Construction Code · Chapter Ii -- Gas · Chapter Iii -- Plumbing
[45]
Chapter 2.4 Building Regulations and Authorities Having Jurisdiction
National Building Code of Canada. Ottawa, ON: National Research Council of Canada, 2015. Shahi, Kamellia, Brenda Y. McCabe, and Arash Shahi. “Framework for ...Missing: preface | Show results with:preface
[46]
Regulatory Cooperation: Building Codes - Canada.ca
Nov 28, 2018 · The National Building Code of Canada (the Code), comprises the National Model Codes for buildings, fire, plumbing and energy, and set out the requirements for ...
[47]
Real property service delivery - Canada.ca
May 8, 2025 · PSPC develops strategic real property sourced solutions designed to leverage private sector capacity, agility and expertise.History Of Building... · Current Third Generation... · Next (fourth) Generation Of...
[48]
Vancouver Building By-law (CBO)
The Vancouver Building By-law regulates the design and construction of buildings, as well as the administrative provisions related to permitting, inspections, ...Missing: stricter | Show results with:stricter
[49]
Building Permit Regulations - City of Toronto
Your application will be reviewed for compliance with the Ontario Building Code, the Zoning By-law, and Applicable Law.
[50]
Land use planning interactive maps | Ville de Montréal
Sep 10, 2025 · View maps showing land use, construction density and the polygons representing the Special Urban Planning Programs (PPU) of the Urban Plan.
[51]
Coming Soon: Ontario's New Building Code (January 1, 2025)
Jan 1, 2025 · Major revisions to the Ontario Building Code, referred to as the “largest ever provincial building code revision”, will come into effect on January 1, 2025.