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Offensive Security

Offensive Security (commonly known as OffSec) is an international company specializing in information security training, penetration testing, and digital forensics.^[1] This article concerns the company; the broader practice of offensive security involves adversarial emulation and red teaming techniques. Founded around 2006 by Mati Aharoni and his wife Iris Aharoni in Israel, the company was formally established as Offensive Security LLC in 2008 and has since grown into a global provider of cybersecurity education and tools.^[2]^[3] OffSec is best known for developing Kali Linux, a popular open-source distribution for penetration testing and ethical hacking, as well as maintaining the Exploit Database (Exploit-DB), a repository of exploits and vulnerable software.^[1] The company offers hands-on training courses and certifications, including the Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP), which emphasizes practical skills in simulating cyberattacks.^[1] It also provides professional services such as penetration testing and adversary emulation to help organizations identify and mitigate vulnerabilities.^[1] Headquartered internationally with operations in multiple countries, OffSec has influenced the cybersecurity industry by promoting practical, lab-based learning and contributing to open-source security tools. As of 2025, it serves thousands of professionals worldwide through its subscription-based learning platform.^[1]^[4]

Background and History

Founding and Early Years

Offensive Security was founded in 2006 by Mati Aharoni and his wife Iris as a bootstrapped venture centered on penetration testing training.^[3] The initiative stemmed from Aharoni's recognition of the need for practical, hands-on resources in cybersecurity education, informed by his own professional background.^[5] Prior to the company's establishment, Aharoni had amassed over 10 years of experience as a penetration tester, during which he uncovered several major security vulnerabilities in widely used software and network devices.^[6] This expertise drove the early focus on creating accessible training to equip professionals with real-world ethical hacking skills. In the mid-2000s, Aharoni began developing initial training materials and virtual labs tailored for penetration testing and ethical hacking practices.^[7] These efforts addressed gaps in the field by emphasizing practical application over theoretical knowledge, reflecting the founders' commitment to advancing offensive security techniques. The venture operated informally until its formal incorporation as Offensive Security LLC in 2008, marking a transition to a structured entity dedicated to cybersecurity education and services.^[8] This foundational period laid the groundwork for Offensive Security's emphasis on hands-on learning, later evolving into projects like Kali Linux as a successor to early tool development efforts.^[5]

Key Milestones and Evolution

Offensive Security's evolution began with the release of BackTrack Linux in May 2006, an early flagship project developed by co-founder Mati Aharoni and collaborators as a specialized Linux distribution for penetration testing, which quickly evolved into a comprehensive platform integrating numerous security tools.^[9] By 2008, the company formalized as Offensive Security LLC, marking a shift toward structured business operations while continuing to build on BackTrack's success through iterative updates that enhanced its utility for ethical hackers.^[8] A pivotal milestone occurred in 2009 when Offensive Security launched the Exploit Database (ExploitDB), an open-source archive of public exploits, shellcode, and vulnerability details, which became integral to their ecosystem and supported penetration testers worldwide by providing searchable, CVE-compliant resources.^[10] This was followed in 2007 by the introduction of the Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP) certification, a hands-on credential emphasizing practical penetration testing skills through lab-based challenges, establishing Offensive Security as a leader in cybersecurity training.^[11] In January 2019, Offensive Security appointed Ning Wang as CEO, bringing expertise in scaling security and education businesses to drive operational growth, product diversification, and global expansion amid rising demand for skilled cybersecurity professionals.^[12] In March 2023, the company rebranded to OffSec to reflect its evolution in cybersecurity learning and skills development, updating its logo and visual identity while maintaining its core mission.^[13] This leadership and branding transition supported the company's shift from tool development to a broader learning ecosystem. In October 2024, OffSec was acquired by Leeds Equity Partners, a private equity firm focused on education and training, to accelerate growth and innovation in cybersecurity education.^[14] As of 2025, this culminated in the expansion of their proprietary platform to over 7,800 hours of written content, more than 1,600 videos, and 5,460 interactive labs, enabling scalable, on-demand training for diverse learner levels.^[1] Recent developments in 2025 include the ongoing rollout of the OSCP+ certification path, an enhanced version of OSCP introduced in late 2024 that incorporates updated exam formats and renewal requirements to reflect evolving threats, alongside promotional bundles like $550 discounts on "Learn One" packages to encourage bundled course and certification access.^[15]^[16] These initiatives underscore OffSec's strategic focus on accessibility, continuous education, and adaptation to the dynamic cybersecurity landscape.

Core Projects and Tools

Kali Linux

Kali Linux is an open-source, Debian-based Linux distribution specifically designed for penetration testing, ethical hacking, digital forensics, and security research, developed and maintained by Offensive Security. It originated as a complete rewrite and successor to the BackTrack Linux distribution, drawing on years of experience in building specialized security operating systems, with its first version released on March 13, 2013.^[17]^[18] The project shifted to a rolling release model based on Debian Testing starting in 2016, ensuring continuous updates and integration of the latest security tools and packages.^[17] A hallmark of Kali Linux is its extensive pre-installed toolkit, comprising over 600 open-source applications categorized for tasks such as information gathering (reconnaissance), vulnerability analysis, exploitation, post-exploitation, forensics, reverse engineering, and reporting.^[19] These tools, including Nmap for network scanning, Wireshark for packet analysis, and John the Ripper for password cracking, are optimized for security workflows and run on a custom kernel patched for wireless injection and other specialized capabilities.^[20] The distribution supports diverse deployment environments, including ARM architecture for devices like Raspberry Pi and BeagleBone Black, cloud instances on platforms such as AWS and Azure, and virtualized setups via pre-built images for VMware, VirtualBox, and Hyper-V.^[19]^[21] Additionally, Kali integrates seamlessly with exploitation frameworks like Metasploit, facilitating efficient payload development and testing in penetration testing scenarios.^[20] Kali Linux is distributed freely through the official website kali.org, offering options such as bare-metal installer ISOs for permanent installation, live bootable images for non-persistent sessions, and customizable USB persistence with optional encryption for portable use.^[22] Users can also access specialized builds like Kali NetHunter for Android devices and Win-KeX for Windows Subsystem for Linux integration.^[19] The project is primarily maintained by a core team at Offensive Security, with significant contributions from a global community of developers through platforms like GitLab for code submissions, bug reporting, and package maintenance.^[23] Offensive Security coordinates regular quarterly releases to incorporate security patches, tool updates, and new features; for instance, the Kali Linux 2025.3 release on September 23, 2025, introduced enhanced wireless monitoring via Nexmon firmware support, ten new tools including Caido for web auditing, and infrastructure improvements like Vagrant box refreshes.^[24] This collaborative model has made Kali Linux a staple in ethical hacking, red team operations, and cybersecurity education worldwide.

BackTrack and Predecessors

BackTrack Linux emerged as a pivotal distribution in the field of penetration testing and security auditing, originating from earlier projects developed by Mati Aharoni. In 2004, Aharoni created WHoppix, a Knoppix-based live distribution focused on wireless security assessments, which evolved into WHAX in 2005 as a Slackware-based system emphasizing ease of use for on-site pentesting without permanent hardware changes.^[25] In 2006, Offensive Security—founded that year by Aharoni—merged WHAX with the Auditor Security Collection, another live Linux environment dedicated to security tools and forensics, to form BackTrack version 1. This collaboration, involving Aharoni, Max Moser, and a growing community, produced a unified live CD distribution tailored for digital forensics and penetration testing.^[25]^[26] The evolution of BackTrack spanned five major versions from 2006 to 2012, aggregating and refining tools from its predecessors to prioritize accessibility for security professionals. Early releases maintained a Slackware foundation for its lightweight bootable nature, but by BackTrack 4 in 2009, it shifted to an Ubuntu base for improved stability and package management, culminating in BackTrack 5 in 2011 with enhanced support for wireless auditing and exploitation frameworks.^[25] Key components included pre-installed tools such as Aircrack-ng for wireless network cracking, Nessus for vulnerability scanning in initial iterations, and custom scripts for automated assessment workflows, enabling comprehensive testing from information gathering to post-exploitation.^[25] These elements addressed the need for a portable, all-in-one platform during remote engagements, reducing setup time and minimizing forensic footprints.^[27] BackTrack's development concluded in 2013 when Offensive Security discontinued it in favor of Kali Linux, a ground-up rebuild on Debian 7 for superior long-term stability, rolling releases, and enterprise scalability.^[25] The transition repackaged over 600 tools from BackTrack into a more maintainable structure, leveraging Debian's rigorous package ecosystem to mitigate issues like dependency conflicts that had arisen in BackTrack's later years.^[25]^[28] BackTrack's legacy profoundly shaped global penetration testing practices, establishing standards for tool integration and live distributions that empowered professionals worldwide. It served as the foundational platform for Offensive Security's training environments, directly informing the development of early OSCP labs by providing a consistent, tool-rich base for hands-on exercises.^[25] With rapid adoption—its successor Kali achieving 90,000 downloads in the first five days—BackTrack influenced community-driven security tooling and remains a benchmark for accessible, specialized Linux environments.^[25] The Exploit Database (ExploitDB) is a comprehensive, CVE-compliant archive of public exploits, shellcode, and vulnerable software, maintained by Offensive Security as a key resource for penetration testers and vulnerability researchers.^[29] Launched in 2007, it provides a searchable repository that aggregates content from direct submissions, mailing lists, and other public sources, enabling users to locate proof-of-concept code and detailed vulnerability descriptions.^[29] By 2025, the database encompasses over 50,000 entries, reflecting its growth into an essential tool for identifying and studying security flaws across software, web applications, and operating systems.^[29] Key features of ExploitDB include seamless mappings to Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs), which link exploits directly to standardized vulnerability identifiers for efficient cross-referencing.^[29] It integrates with SearchSploit, a command-line utility that enables offline searches of the local database copy, allowing practitioners to query exploits by keywords, platforms, or types without internet access—particularly useful in controlled environments like penetration testing labs.^[30] This offline capability, combined with regular Git-based updates, ensures accessibility and reliability for fieldwork.^[31] Complementing ExploitDB is the Google Hacking Database (GHDB), originally developed in 2000 by security researcher Johnny Long to catalog advanced Google search queries—known as "dorks"—for reconnaissance purposes.^[32] Offensive Security acquired GHDB in 2010, integrating it into their ecosystem, where it now includes over 6,000 categorized queries aimed at uncovering exposed sensitive data, such as login panels, configuration files, and error messages on public websites.^[33] These resources are maintained through daily updates driven by community submissions, fostering collaborative vulnerability research and hands-on training in offensive security practices.^[34] Exploits documented in ExploitDB frequently serve as foundational references for Metasploit modules, enabling automated exploitation during assessments.^[35]

Training and Certifications

Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP)

The Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP) certification, introduced in 2010, serves as a practical, hands-on alternative to theoretical cybersecurity credentials, emphasizing real-world penetration testing skills through live exploitation in a controlled lab environment.^[36] Offered by Offensive Security (OffSec), it validates a candidate's ability to identify and exploit vulnerabilities, report findings, and demonstrate ethical hacking proficiency without relying on multiple-choice questions. The certification remains valid for life, distinguishing it from time-limited alternatives, and is widely recognized as a benchmark for entry-to-mid-level pentesting roles.^[37] To pursue the OSCP, candidates must complete the PEN-200: Penetration Testing with Kali Linux course as a prerequisite, which provides foundational training in tools and techniques, including those from Kali Linux for vulnerability assessment and exploitation in lab scenarios.^[37] The exam itself is a 23-hour-and-45-minute proctored practical assessment followed by a 24-hour window to submit a detailed report; it requires compromising targets in a virtual network accessed via private VPN, earning at least 70 out of 100 points for a pass. The current OSCP+ format, effective from November 2024, includes three standalone machines (worth 60 points total for initial access and privilege escalation) and one Active Directory network set spanning three machines (40 points, simulating a multi-stage breach).^[38] Preparation typically involves the PWK (Penetration Testing with Kali Linux) course, offering 30, 60, or 90 days of access to extensive online labs for hands-on practice, with course content spanning approximately 284 hours of self-paced modules.^[37] The certification's rigor is renowned, featuring no automated scoring or hints, and focusing on the "try harder" mindset to build practical expertise; while official pass rates are not publicly disclosed, it is estimated to have relatively low success rates, often cited around 50% in recent years due to the demanding nature of the exam.^[39] By 2025, updates include the OSCP+ designation, which awards both the lifetime OSCP and a renewable OSCP+ (valid for three years via continuing professional education or other OffSec certifications), along with modular learning paths in the PEN-200 course to accommodate diverse skill levels. Holders of the OSCP often see significant career advancement, with average U.S. salaries exceeding $120,000 annually for roles like penetration testers.^[40]^[41]

Advanced Certifications and Courses

Offensive Security offers a range of advanced certifications designed for experienced professionals seeking to deepen their expertise in specialized areas of offensive security, building on foundational skills such as those from the OSCP. These certifications emphasize hands-on, practical training through rigorous courses that simulate real-world scenarios, often requiring prior certifications like the OSCP as a prerequisite.^[42]^[43] The OffSec Web Expert (OSWE) certification is awarded upon completing the WEB-300: Advanced Web Attacks and Exploitation course, which focuses on sophisticated web application penetration testing techniques. Participants learn to identify and exploit complex vulnerabilities using tools like Burp Suite for manual testing and automation, as well as developing custom exploits for advanced scenarios such as client-side attacks and source code review. The course includes practical labs that cover white-box testing methodologies to secure web applications against modern threats.^[44] For enterprise-level engagements, the OffSec Experienced Penetration Tester (OSEP) certification is earned via the PEN-300: Advanced Evasion Techniques and Breaching Defenses course. This program trains professionals in bypassing advanced security controls, including antivirus evasion, lateral movement in Active Directory environments, and exploiting Windows defenses in simulated corporate networks. It equips learners with skills for red team operations, emphasizing stealthy persistence and privilege escalation in large-scale infrastructures.^[45]^[46] The OffSec Exploit Developer (OSED) certification, associated with the EXP-301: Windows User Mode Exploit Development course, targets security development and reverse engineering. Learners master crafting custom exploits to bypass mitigations like Data Execution Prevention (DEP) and Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR), using assembly language and debugging tools on vulnerable Windows systems. The course simulates live networks for developing and deploying exploits, fostering skills in vulnerability research and software security analysis.^[47]^[48] Offensive Security also provides the OffSec Certified Expert³ (OSCE³) certification, an influential advanced credential that recognizes mastery across multiple domains by requiring holders to obtain the OSWE, OSEP, and OSED certifications. Introduced to replace the original OSCE, it highlights elite proficiency in web exploitation, enterprise pentesting, and exploit development, serving as a benchmark for top-tier offensive security roles.^[49]^[50] Complementing these certifications, Offensive Security offers specialized courses such as Metasploit Unleashed, a free online resource that provides in-depth training on the Metasploit Framework for ethical hacking, covering fundamentals like module usage and payload development to raise awareness in underserved communities. The PEN-300 course itself extends into advanced evasion tactics, while learning paths like Web App Security incorporate 2025 updates addressing cloud-native attacks, such as exploiting CI/CD pipelines and containerized environments.^[51]^[52] The learning platform supports these offerings with on-demand video content, interactive virtual labs for safe practice, and certification bundles that combine course access with exam vouchers for streamlined progression. By 2025, Offensive Security's portfolio includes over a dozen core courses and numerous skill paths, enabling tailored education from web security to cloud offensive techniques.^[53]^[54] These advanced certifications are highly regarded in the industry for red teaming and advanced persistent threat simulation, with hands-on labs that replicate enterprise environments to validate practical expertise. Professionals holding OSWE, OSEP, or OSED often pursue roles in vulnerability research and elite penetration testing teams, where the credentials demonstrate the ability to tackle complex, multi-vector attacks.^[55]^[56]

Services and Impact

Professional Services

Offensive Security provides a range of professional services focused on enhancing organizational cybersecurity through simulated attacks and assessments. Their service portfolio includes red team engagements, which simulate advanced adversary tactics against mature defenses; vulnerability assessments targeting networks, systems, and applications; and custom security training delivered by in-house experts to address enterprise-specific needs.^[57] The methodology employed in these services leverages proprietary labs and tools such as Kali Linux for realistic attack simulations, incorporating custom exploit development, reverse engineering, and protocol analysis to mimic real-world threats. Engagements emphasize continuous client communication and culminate in actionable reports that detail findings, risks, and remediation recommendations, enabling organizations to prioritize defenses effectively.^[57] Offensive Security serves a select client base, limited to approximately 10 engagements annually, comprising Fortune 500 companies, government agencies, and organizations in sectors including finance, healthcare, manufacturing, and technology. These services have supported high-stakes environments by identifying critical vulnerabilities in complex infrastructures.^[57] Deliveries are structured on a project basis, with options for on-site or remote execution and a minimum engagement duration of two weeks, typically averaging four weeks depending on scope.^[57]

Community Contributions and Industry Influence

Offensive Security has demonstrated a strong commitment to open-source initiatives by freely releasing and maintaining key penetration testing resources. Kali Linux, a Debian-based distribution tailored for cybersecurity professionals, is provided at no cost and includes over 600 pre-installed tools for vulnerability assessment and exploitation. Similarly, the Exploit Database (Exploit-DB) serves as a comprehensive archive of public exploits, shellcode, and vulnerable software, updated regularly to support penetration testers and researchers. The Google Hacking Database (GHDB), integrated within Exploit-DB, indexes advanced search queries for uncovering sensitive information on public websites, promoting ethical reconnaissance practices.^[1]^[58]^[32] The organization's community programs foster collaboration and skill development among cybersecurity enthusiasts. Its bug bounty program encourages coordinated vulnerability disclosure by rewarding researchers for identifying issues in OffSec's platforms, aligning with industry standards for responsible reporting. Developer forums, primarily through a dedicated Discord server, enable users to discuss tools, share knowledge, and seek support, connecting professionals, students, and staff worldwide. Contributions to upstream projects include module updates and enhancements for frameworks like Metasploit, often stemming from community-driven efforts highlighted in OffSec's free Metasploit Unleashed course, which teaches exploit development and has been accessed by thousands to improve open-source security tools.^[59]^[60]^[51] Offensive Security's influence extends deeply into the cybersecurity industry, particularly through its certifications and resources that have become benchmarks for professional development. The Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP) certification is widely regarded as the gold standard for penetration testing roles, validating hands-on skills in ethical hacking and required by many employers for mid-level pentesters. By 2025, OSCP has shaped ethical hacking curricula in academic and training programs globally, emphasizing practical methodologies over theoretical knowledge and influencing standards in vulnerability assessment.^[61]^[62] In August 2025, Offensive Security partnered with Deloitte to deliver advanced, hands-on cybersecurity training programs across Asia, combining OffSec's technical expertise with Deloitte's regional presence to enhance workforce development and cyber defenses amid rising threats.^[63] Through events and outreach, Offensive Security sustains engagement by hosting webinars, providing annual updates to free resources like Exploit-DB, and offering on-demand content such as animated videos on phishing awareness. These efforts support a vibrant community of infosec professionals, with platforms like Discord facilitating ongoing discussions and networking opportunities.^[64]^[65]^[60] Addressing key challenges, Offensive Security promotes responsible disclosure via its bug bounty program, which prioritizes ethical vulnerability handling to mitigate risks before exploitation. In terms of diversity, the organization launched the Cyber Diversity in Action initiative, donating courses to nonprofits focused on underrepresented groups in cybersecurity, and published resources empowering women through hands-on training to bridge gender gaps in the field by 2025.^[59]^[66]^[67]

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The Exploit Database - Exploits, Shellcode, 0days, Remote Exploits, Local Exploits, Web Apps, Vulnerability Reports, Security Articles, Tutorials and more.Google Hacking Database · Search EDB · SearchSploit Manual · Papers
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Bug Bounty Program - OffSec
Find out about OffSec's bug bounty program. We regularly conduct vulnerability research and are proponents of coordinated disclosure.Missing: developer contributions
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Join the OffSec Community
OffSec is dedicated to empowering learners through a community of support. Join to connect with professionals, students and OffSec staff.Missing: daily | Show results with:daily
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What Is OSCP Certification and Is It Worth It? 2025 Guide - Coursera
Oct 27, 2025 · It is an ethical hacking certification offered by Offensive Security (OffSec) and designed to validate practical penetration testing skills.Missing: rates | Show results with:rates
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Best Ethical Hacking Certifications 2025: OSCP, CEH, and eJPT
Oct 31, 2025 · The passing score typically ranges between 60-80%, though it can vary based on exam form. While designed to assess a broad understanding of ...
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Webinars | Upcoming & On-Demand - OffSec
OffSec offers on-demand webinars on topics like phishing, cybersecurity skills, CISO interviews, and team motivation. There are no upcoming webinars currently.Missing: PWNTools | Show results with:PWNTools
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Exploit Database 2022 Update - OffSec
Nov 10, 2022 · We're sharing some significant updates to Exploit Database, one of OffSec's community projects.
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Bridging the Diversity Gap, New Payment Plans, and Industry Events
Jan 5, 2023 · Cyber Diversity in Action is an initiative where OffSec donates courses to charities, foundations, or non-profit organizations that focuses on ...
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Empowering Women in Cybersecurity: How Education and Training ...
Feb 28, 2025 · We need practical, hands-on training that gives women the tools to prove their capabilities and excel in technical security roles.