Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Opacifier

An opacifier is a substance added to materials such as ceramics, paints, coatings, plastics, and to increase opacity by or reflecting , thereby reducing and concealing underlying surfaces or defects. Opacifiers function through physical and chemical mechanisms that disrupt transmission, primarily by exploiting differences in between the opacifier particles and the host material, which causes to scatter rather than pass through. In glazes, for instance, suspended undissolved particles reflect , while during cooling or the formation of micro-bubbles can further enhance cloudiness and reduce the required opacifier concentration. Additional benefits include UV protection in and thermal insulation in polymers, where certain opacifiers like absorb ultraviolet rays or reflect infrared . Common opacifiers include titanium dioxide (TiO₂), the most widely used due to its high refractive index and efficiency in light scattering, applied in paints for hiding power, in ceramics for glazing milk glass, and in cosmetics for a matte, covering effect. Other notable examples are tin(IV) oxide (SnO₂), valued in oxidation-fired ceramic glazes for its effectiveness despite high cost, and zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄), a refractory material that provides opacity at typical concentrations of 7.5-10%. Zinc oxide (ZnO) serves in pigments and UV-protective formulations, while natural options like kaolin are employed in eco-friendly cosmetic opacifiers for shampoos and gels to achieve a creamy texture. These materials not only enhance aesthetic qualities like brightness and color consistency but also improve functional properties, such as reducing titanium dioxide usage in sustainable coatings.

Definition and Properties

Definition

An opacifier is a substance or additive incorporated into a to reduce its and induce opacity, primarily through the or of . These materials work by diffusing incident to prevent , thereby creating a or non-transparent appearance in the host medium. The primary purpose of opacifiers is to enhance in coatings and surfaces, provide aesthetic visual appeal through uniform opacity, offer protection against (UV) degradation, and enable precise control of light transmission in various products such as paints, ceramics, and plastics. Unlike pigments, which primarily impart color and may contribute to opacity secondarily, opacifiers are selected for their ability to achieve high opacity without significantly altering hue, often serving as white or colorless additives that prioritize light scattering over chromatic effects. A representative example is (TiO₂), a widely used chemical opacifier valued for its high and efficiency in reflecting light across visible and UV spectra. Opacifiers have a long historical context, with their first widespread use appearing in ancient and glazes during the first BC, particularly in regions like Persia where - and tin-based compounds were employed to create opaque decorative surfaces on bricks and vessels. This early application marked a significant advancement in material aesthetics and functionality, laying the foundation for later developments in vitreous technologies.

Physical and Optical Properties

Opacifiers impart opacity to materials primarily through optical mechanisms involving and . The mismatch between opacifier particles and the surrounding host medium causes incident to refract and at particle interfaces, preventing transmission and creating a diffuse appearance. This is often described by Mie theory for particles comparable to the of visible , with further contributing to reduced in materials like pigments. In specific cases, such as opal glass, Tyndall by finely dispersed particles results in the material's characteristic milky , where shorter are preferentially scattered. Key physical attributes of opacifiers include , , and within the host matrix. Optimal s for maximum typically range from 0.2 to 0.5 micrometers, as this dimension aligns with visible wavelengths to enhance efficiency without excessive absorption. Densities vary by material but influence and packing; for instance, effective requires suspensions to avoid aggregation, achieved through surface modifications or compatible solvents that maintain colloidal . Prominent properties enabling opacifier functionality include high refractive indices, UV absorption for photostability, and thermal endurance. Materials like TiO₂ exhibit refractive indices of 2.6 to 2.7 in the , far exceeding most host media (e.g., polymers at ~1.5), which amplifies . TiO₂ also absorbs below ~400 nm due to its bandgap, providing inherent photostability by shielding from degradation. In applications, opacifiers maintain structural integrity up to 1000°C, resisting phase changes or decomposition during high-temperature processing. Opacity is quantified through standardized measurements such as and . is assessed via the , calculated as the ratio of over a black substrate (R_b) to that over a white substrate (R_w); a value approaching 0.98 indicates near-complete opacity for thin films. tests, often using spectrophotometers, measure the percentage of light passing through the material, with low values confirming effective opacification.

Types

Inorganic Opacifiers

Inorganic opacifiers are - or metal-based compounds primarily used to impart opacity to materials like ceramics, , and coatings through their high refractive indices and light-scattering properties. These substances are derived from elements such as , , , tin, and , and they are favored in applications for their under high temperatures and harsh conditions. Unlike alternatives, inorganic opacifiers maintain during , making them essential for heat-intensive processes. The most prevalent inorganic opacifier is (TiO₂), available in and crystalline forms, which provides superior light scattering due to its of approximately 2.5-2.7. Zinc oxide (ZnO) serves as another key example, often employed in low-temperature glazes for its ability to enhance whiteness and opacity. Zirconium silicate (ZrSiO₄), derived from natural sands, is widely used in ceramic glazes for its chemical stability. Tin oxide (SnO₂) and antimony oxide (Sb₂O₃) are additional examples, with SnO₂ valued for oxidation firings and Sb₂O₃ for low-fire enamels, though the latter has seen reduced use due to toxicity concerns. Additionally, regulatory restrictions, such as EU REACH limits on and labeling for nano-TiO₂ in since 2021, have further influenced their application. Production of these opacifiers typically involves of precursors to achieve the desired crystalline structure, followed by particle engineering to control size for optimal efficiency, often in the range of 0.2-0.5 micrometers. For TiO₂, common production methods include the sulfate process, where or titanium slag is digested with , precipitated as titanyl sulfate, and then calcined at 800-1000°C to form or particles, with final milling ensuring uniform distribution, and the chloride process, which involves chlorination of titanium followed by oxidation. Zirconium silicate is produced by wet or dry ball milling of sands to micron-sized particles, enhancing its dispersibility in frits. Tin oxide is synthesized by oxidizing high-grade molten tin metal, yielding a fine powder, while zinc oxide and antimony oxide undergo similar or methods. Modern synthesis techniques result in particles with purity exceeding 95%, often reaching 99% for TiO₂ and SnO₂ grades, minimizing impurities that could affect performance. These opacifiers offer high opacity efficiency, with TiO₂ requiring less material (typically 5-15% by weight) to achieve full compared to alternatives. Their chemical inertness prevents reactions with host matrices, and environmental stability ensures resistance to degradation from UV exposure or , making them suitable for long-term applications. TiO₂ dominates the global opacifier market, accounting for over 90% of white pigment usage as of 2023, driven by its versatility in paints, plastics, and ceramics. Historically, tin-based opacifiers like lead stannate emerged in Late (second to first century BC) for and production, marking an early in opacity control through calcined lead-tin mixtures. In ceramics, these materials are briefly referenced for formulations, with detailed applications covered elsewhere.

Organic Opacifiers

Organic opacifiers encompass carbon-based materials designed for niche applications in low-temperature formulations, particularly in and textiles, where they provide opacity and aesthetic enhancement without requiring high thermal stability. Key examples include , a derived from and , which imparts pearlescent effects in liquid products; styrene-acrylate copolymers, synthetic polymers that form stable dispersions for uniform light scattering; and semi-organic hybrids such as organo-modified kaolin clays, where clay minerals like are intercalated with organic to improve dispersibility and opacity in water-based systems. These opacifiers are typically produced through polymerization or emulsification processes to create stable dispersions suitable for incorporation into formulations. Styrene-acrylate copolymers, for instance, are synthesized via , involving the of styrene and monomers in an aqueous medium stabilized by , resulting in particles that scatter light effectively when dried. Glycol distearate is manufactured by esterification of with , often followed by dispersion in water or oils for easy blending. Organo-kaolin hybrids are prepared by ion-exchange or intercalation of cations into the clay , enhancing compatibility with organic matrices. These methods allow for tailored particle sizes and refractive indices to achieve desired opacity levels. Organic opacifiers offer advantages including cost-effectiveness due to abundant raw materials and simple routes, biodegradability for reduced environmental persistence, and high with water-based systems, making them ideal for eco-friendly formulations. For example, glycol distearate exhibits a 97% rate under standard conditions, outperforming many synthetic alternatives in environmental impact assessments. Compared to inorganic opacifiers, variants provide lower processing temperatures and better integration in flexible consumer products, though they may offer less scattering efficiency in demanding applications. In , opacifiers like glycol distearate are commonly used in shampoos and body washes to create pearlescent opacity, enhancing visual appeal while maintaining product stability. Market growth for these materials has been driven by eco-regulations since 2020, including restrictions on and the U.S. Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act (2022), which prioritize biodegradable and sustainable ingredients, boosting demand in the natural sector with a CAGR of about 5% from 2020 to 2025.

Applications in Materials

In Glasses

Opacifiers play a crucial role in the production of translucent or opaque varieties, such as and , by introducing light-scattering mechanisms during the manufacturing process. Historically, tin oxide (SnO₂) and lead stannate have been key opacifiers in creating opaque , with their use dating back to the first millennium BC in and Islamic glassmaking traditions. These compounds were intentionally added to achieve desired aesthetic effects in vessels and decorative items, marking an early innovation in controlled opacity. In modern production, opacifiers like tin oxide and are incorporated into the batch at concentrations of 1-5% by weight to promote and the formation of dispersed particles or droplets that light. The batch is melted at high temperatures, typically 1400-1550°C, allowing the opacifiers to form structures or immiscible phases within the vitreous matrix. For instance, is particularly effective in formulations, where it generates fine phosphate-rich droplets responsible for the characteristic milky appearance. This process relies on controlled cooling to stabilize the scattering phases without full . Contemporary opal glass achieves its translucency through Tyndall scattering, where liquid droplets or particles approximately 0.1-1 μm in size—comparable to visible light wavelengths—diffuse incident light without absorbing it. This results in a soft, even glow that enhances visual appeal in applications like and fixtures, where the diffused illumination reduces and adds elegance. In certain formulations, such as those involving opacification, the resulting microstructure can also improve mechanical strength by reinforcing the glass network, making it more resistant to fracture in everyday use.

In Ceramics

In ceramics, opacifiers are essential additives to glazes and bodies, providing opacity for both decorative and functional purposes through light scattering mechanisms. Key opacifiers include (ZrSiO₄), tin oxide (SnO₂), and (TiO₂), typically incorporated at loadings of 5-15% by weight to achieve desired whiteness and coverage without excessive changes. These materials are selected for their high refractive indices, which promote efficient light diffusion upon firing. The incorporation process involves milling the opacifiers into frits—pre-melted powders—or slips, which are then applied to bisque-fired ware via dipping, spraying, or brushing. During firing at temperatures ranging from 800-1300°C, the opacifiers form or remain as crystalline phases suspended in the glassy matrix, scattering visible light to create opacity rather than allowing transmission. , in particular, provides a brilliant opacity without the need for , making it ideal for modern applications in sanitaryware and tiles where durability and non-toxicity are prioritized. Historically, tin oxide served as a pioneering opacifier in medieval , enabling the production of opaque glazes that revolutionized decorative ceramics across the region from the 8th century onward. The resulting opacified surfaces yield finishes that enhance aesthetic appeal, effectively mask underlying body colors for uniform appearance, and contribute to in engobes—slip-like coatings applied before glazing. These properties not only improve visual consistency in products like and architectural tiles but also bolster resistance to during use.

In Paints and Coatings

Opacifiers play a crucial role in paints and coatings, particularly architectural and industrial formulations, where they provide essential to obscure underlying substrates while enhancing aesthetic and protective qualities. The primary opacifier is titanium dioxide (TiO₂), which scatters visible light efficiently due to its high , making it indispensable for achieving whiteness, brightness, and opacity in these applications. TiO₂ typically constitutes 10-30% by weight in formulations, balancing opacity with cost and performance. In the manufacturing process, opacifiers like TiO₂ are dispersed into or solvent-based binders using high-shear mixing to ensure uniform particle distribution and prevent . Formulations are optimized at a pigment volume concentration (PVC) of around 40-50%, where the volume of relative to non-volatile solids maximizes light scattering without compromising film integrity or . To address environmental concerns, alternatives such as hollow polymeric microspheres are increasingly incorporated in low-volatile organic compound () paints; these air-filled particles enhance scattering through differences, allowing partial replacement of TiO₂ while maintaining opacity and reducing density. Rutile TiO₂ has dominated the opacifier market in paints since its commercial production began in 1916 by DuPont's Titanium Pigment Company, revolutionizing white pigment use due to its superior durability over earlier alternatives like lead white. In the early 2020s, European Union regulations under the Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) framework—based on REACH data—classified inhalable TiO₂ as a suspected carcinogen (category 1B), prompting efforts to reduce its usage, particularly nano forms, due to inhalation toxicity concerns. However, in August 2025, the European Court of Justice overturned this classification for mixtures such as paints and coatings, removing mandatory cancer risk warnings, though innovation in lower-loading formulations and substitutes continues for sustainability and performance reasons. These opacifiers contribute to key performance outcomes, including (UV) protection that prevents and chalking in exterior coatings, as well as enhanced resistance in automotive paints through barrier properties and photocatalytic effects. , a critical metric, is quantified in square meters per gram (m²/g) of , with optimized TiO₂ achieving values that enable efficient coverage at reduced application rates.

In Plastics

Opacifiers play a crucial role in processing to produce opaque , sheets, and molded goods by and reducing . (TiO₂) masterbatches are the most common, typically containing 50-80% TiO₂ and added at 2-5% loading in the final plastic to achieve high opacity and brightness while maintaining processability in polyolefins and other resins. (ZnO) serves as another key opacifier with a high for effective , and its incorporation also provides properties beneficial for hygiene-sensitive applications like . fillers contribute to opacity as cost-effective extenders, enhancing whiteness and surface effects in products such as . In manufacturing, opacifiers are introduced as concentrates during or injection molding, where compatibilizers—such as maleic anhydride-grafted —facilitate even distribution by improving interfacial between the additives and polymer matrix, minimizing and ensuring uniform opacity. This brief reference to stability aligns with the physical properties of opacifiers that enable consistent light scattering in plastics. Opacifiers have been integral to packaging since the 1950s, when advancements in polymer enabled their use in opaque polyethylene and early bottles for beverages and consumer goods. By 2025, market trends are shifting toward bio-based opacifier alternatives, such as those derived from natural minerals or plant-based fillers, driven by global waste regulations like the EU's single-use plastics directive and emerging UN goals to reduce environmental impact. These additives deliver key outcomes, including UV and visible light blocking to preserve nutrients and extend in , such as opaque PET bottles that protect products from photo-oxidation. They also enable aesthetic finishes in goods like and toys, while reducing to enhance in items such as storage containers and personal care packaging.

Specialized Applications

X-ray Opacifiers

X-ray opacifiers are additives incorporated into materials to enhance radiopacity, enabling under by absorbing photons and preventing their to the detector. These agents rely on elements with high atomic numbers () to exploit the , where incoming photons interact with inner-shell electrons, leading to complete absorption and ejection of photoelectrons, thus creating contrast in radiographic images. Common high-Z materials include (=56), (=83), (=74), and iodine (Z=53), which provide superior compared to soft tissues (e.g., carbon Z=6 or oxygen Z=8). Key opacifiers encompass inorganic compounds such as (BaSO₄) and bismuth trioxide (Bi₂O₃), metallic powder, and organic iodinated compounds like iopamidol or . These are typically loaded into matrices at 20-50% by weight to achieve sufficient opacity without severely compromising integrity, though loadings can reach 40-60% for thin-walled applications. For instance, BaSO₄ suspensions serve as oral in gastrointestinal , while Bi₂O₃ and are blended into thermoplastics like or for device visibility. Iodinated organics, often water-soluble, function as injectable media for vascular studies. Incorporation typically involves melt-blending or solvent dispersion of opacifiers into biocompatible polymers for fabricating s, guidewires, or stents, ensuring uniform distribution to provide consistent lead-equivalent thickness (e.g., 0.1-0.5 mm Pb equivalence for catheter walls) that correlates with absorption efficiency. has been used in barium swallow procedures since around 1910 to outline the upper , revolutionizing diagnostic by improving mucosal detail on fluoroscopic images. Post-2000s developments, driven by regulatory restrictions on lead (e.g., EU RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU restricting toxic in electrical and electronic equipment, including certain medical devices), shifted toward non-toxic alternatives like and composites, reducing environmental and health risks while maintaining efficacy. These opacifiers enhance contrast in computed tomography (CT) scans by increasing differential attenuation, allowing precise delineation of vessels, organs, or implanted devices, though they are less relevant for (MRI) unless combined with hybrid agents. Biocompatibility is evaluated per standards, including (ISO 10993-5) and implantation tests (ISO 10993-6), confirming low toxicity for iodinated and bismuth-based formulations in prolonged contact applications. Overall, they enable safer, more accurate interventional procedures by facilitating real-time fluoroscopic guidance.

In Rocket Propellants

In solid rocket , opacifiers are additives incorporated to render the propellant material opaque to , thereby preventing unintended internal heating or ignition that could lead to erratic or structural failure. This is particularly critical in translucent propellant grains, where from the burning surface might penetrate deeper into the material, causing premature or fissuring. By absorbing or infrared and visible at the surface, opacifiers ensure controlled, surface-limited burning, which maintains predictable pressure profiles and enhances motor safety. Common opacifiers in solid propellants include and lampblack, typically added in small concentrations such as 0.2% by weight in homogeneous double-base formulations like nitrocellulose-nitroglycerin mixtures. These carbonaceous materials effectively block light rays, especially in the red spectrum, mitigating self-ignition risks during ignition or sustained . In composite propellants, such as (AP)/ (HTPB) systems, opacifiers like are used to limit radiative heating away from the burning interface, improving overall combustion stability without significantly altering mechanical properties. In hybrid rocket propellants, opacifiers play a similar role but are often tailored to fuel-rich compositions, such as or hexamine-based fuels, where they enhance heat absorption at the regression surface to promote efficient and . For instance, additions have been shown to reduce transparency, aiding uniform burning and preventing radiative losses that could degrade performance in experimental motors. Other examples include metal oxides like (TiO₂) or dyes such as , which provide opacity while potentially influencing propellant color or minor rheological traits during . Overall, these additives are selected for their compatibility with binder systems and minimal impact on , prioritizing control in high-energy environments.

References

  1. [1]
    28.5A: White Pigments (Opacifiers) - Chemistry LibreTexts
    May 3, 2023 · An opacifier is a substance added to a material in order to make the ensuing system opaque. An example of a chemical opacifier is titanium ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
  2. [2]
    Opacifier - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
    "Opacifiers refer to substances used in cosmetic formulations that create a matte appearance by concealing wrinkles and skin defects, resulting in a ...
  3. [3]
    Opacifiers / Hiding Agents in Coatings and Inks - SpecialChem
    Opacifiers, like titanium dioxide, scatter light to provide opacity and hiding power, obscuring the substrate and enabling full color development.Missing: cosmetics | Show results with:cosmetics
  4. [4]
    Opacifier - Digitalfire
    Opacifiers are powders that turn transparent glazes opaque by various chemical and physical mechanisms (and combinations of mechanisms). Materials, Tin OxideMissing: science | Show results with:science
  5. [5]
    Opacifier - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
    Opacifiers often fulfil additional functions, as damping the chemical attack to other pigments by saturation of the glaze (e.g., Zr4+ to improve the stability ...
  6. [6]
    Opacifiers - Ceramic Arts Network
    To be adequately opaque for ceramic use, a glaze must reflect and scatter, rather than transmit, the light that falls upon it.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
  7. [7]
    The Ultimate Guide To Opacifiers: Everything You Need To Know
    Sep 4, 2024 · Opacifiers are substances added to materials to increase their opacity or hiding power, used in coatings, plastics, ceramics, and cosmetics.
  8. [8]
    Opacifiers Market Size, Trends & Analysis
    In ceramics, opacifiers are used to impart opacity and color to glazes and engobes. Within the plastics industry, they enhance visual appeal and functional ...
  9. [9]
    Titanium Dioxide (E171 Grade) and the Search For Replacement ...
    Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used primarily as an opacifier in solid dosage forms and is present in the majority of tablet and capsule dosage forms on the market.
  10. [10]
    Titanium Dioxide: Ruling opacity out of existence?
    Oct 25, 2017 · The theoretical calculations carried out in this project conclude that titanium dioxide is by far the most efficient opacifier for use in coatings.<|separator|>
  11. [11]
    [PDF] Early Opacifiers In The Glaze Industry Of First Millennium bc Persia
    This study characterizes the opacifiers and colouring agents used in the glazed bricks of Per- sepolis (mid-first millennium BC) and the Mannean site of ...
  12. [12]
    Tin-based opacifiers in archaeological glass and ceramic glazes
    Tin-based opacification by tin oxide and lead-tin-oxide particles was used in glass production since the first millennium BC and in ceramic glazes since the ...
  13. [13]
    On the origins of tin-opacified ceramic glazes - ScienceDirect.com
    Tin-opacified glazes began in the 8th century AD in Egypt and the Levant, nearly a century before the earliest Samarra-type pottery.
  14. [14]
    Numerical and experimental determination of optical properties and ...
    The addition of reinforcing agents leads to optical properties alterations. Alongside reinforcement, fibers act as an opacifier by increasing scattering.
  15. [15]
    [PDF] Lecture 18: - Lehigh University
    Scattering can also cause a glass to become colored. E.g., if a cube of ... Tyndall scattering, which becomes λ-independent and light is then reflected ...
  16. [16]
    [PDF] TiO Scattering Optimization and Not-In-Kind Opacity Alternatives
    Feb 3, 2013 · 3 The optimum air void size for light scattering is about 0.23 microns, about the same optimum size of TiO2 particles. The selection of ...
  17. [17]
    The Science of Particle Size & Stability in Coatings - AZoM
    Apr 17, 2025 · Manufacturers can optimize zeta potential by adjusting pH and conductivity to achieve the optimal electrostatic balance for stable dispersions.<|separator|>
  18. [18]
    Refractive index of TiO2 (Titanium dioxide) - Devore-o
    It possesses a high refractive index, making it an important material in optical coatings and components, especially as a white pigment in paints, cosmetics, ...Missing: opacifier | Show results with:opacifier
  19. [19]
    Titanium Dioxide Polymorphs: Rutile vs. Anatase
    Jul 24, 2025 · Rutile boasts an even higher refractive index, around 2.71, making it exceptionally effective in applications requiring maximum light scattering ...Crystal Structure and Stability · Optical Properties · Electrical Properties
  20. [20]
    [PDF] use of titanium dioxide as - European Medicines Agency
    Aug 5, 2025 · TiO2 is an inert material that gives film coatings and capsules an effective opacity and protection from. UV light, it allows the rapid ...
  21. [21]
    Contrast Ratio: Determining the Opacity of Paints and Coatings ...
    Nov 28, 2023 · Contrast ratio and film thickness both play an important role in determining hiding power and opacity in paints and coatings.
  22. [22]
    ISO 6504-3:2006 - Paints and varnishes — Determination of hiding ...
    ISO 6504-3:2006 describes methods for determining the opacity (by contrast ratio measurement) given by paint films of white or light colours of tristimulus ...
  23. [23]
    Gloss & Opacity of Films and Foils - BYK Instruments
    Opacity is the ability of a thin, transparent material to hide the surface behind. It is also sometimes referred to as contrast ratio and hiding power.
  24. [24]
    Titanium Dioxide - NCBI - NIH
    Titanium dioxide occurs naturally in three crystalline forms: anatase, rutile and brookite. Only anatase and rutile are of commercial importance. Rutile can be ...Missing: tin | Show results with:tin
  25. [25]
    Zircon - Digitalfire
    Zircon is normally used in glazes for opacification (converting a transparent glaze to an opaque). The silicate form or zirconium does not matte glazes.
  26. [26]
    A zirconium-free glaze system for sanitary ceramics with SiO 2 ...
    Ceramic opacifiers are generally inorganic materials with higher refractive index, including tin oxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), ...Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
  27. [27]
    Sb2O3 (Antimony Oxide) - Digitalfire
    Antimony oxide is used as an opacifier in low fire glazes and porcelain enamel (mainly leadless but it has been replaced to an extent by titania).
  28. [28]
    [PDF] Application Note Titanium Dioxide - Sulfate Process
    After surface treatment the TiO2 goes through final milling to control the particulate sizing for the desired end-product. The powder will be packaged for ...
  29. [29]
    Production and purification of zircon opacifier from zircon found in ...
    Aug 26, 2008 · Preparation of zircon flour was done by both wet and dry ball milling. Wet milling of zircon was found to be much efficient than dry milling.
  30. [30]
    Tin Oxide - Minnesota Clay
    Tin oxide is a white or off-white powder produced by oxidizing molten high grade tin metal. It is typically quite pure, some manufacturers have grades up to ...
  31. [31]
    Titanium Dioxide Market, Industry Size Forecast [Latest]
    TiO2 is a white solid inorganic compound that is thermally stable, chemically inert, and non-flammable. It exhibits excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistance ...
  32. [32]
    Opacifiers Market is Projected with a Value of USD 32.47
    Jul 11, 2025 · By Product, Titanium Dioxide dominated the Opacifiers Market in 2024, with a 62.4% Market Share. The dominance is due to titanium dioxide's ...
  33. [33]
    Discovery, production and use of tin-based opacifiers in glasses ...
    Tin-based opacifiers (lead stannate yellow and tin oxide white) were first used in glass production for a short period in Europe from the second to the ...
  34. [34]
    GLYCOL DISTEARATE - Cosmetic Ingredient (INCI) - SpecialChem
    Dec 16, 2022 · Glycol distearate is an opacifier and pearling agent used in cleansing products making them white and glossy. It can also give body to shampoos, creams, and ...
  35. [35]
    OPULYN™ 301 Opacifier | Dow Inc.
    OPULYN™ 301 is a versatile opacifier for anionic surfactant systems, used in shower gels and soaps, enhancing texture and appearance.
  36. [36]
    Harnessing organoclays: Advancements and perspectives in ...
    Mar 1, 2025 · In current cosmetics and personal care products, clay minerals are used as actives in face masks due to their high adsorption capacity, enabling ...
  37. [37]
    Glycol Distearate (EGDS) - Pearlizing Agent & Emulsifier for ...
    With mild properties, low irritation, and excellent biodegradability (97% degradation rate), it is ideal for personal care products like shampoos, body lotions, ...
  38. [38]
    Lamesoft® OP Plus - Personal Care & Cosmetics - UL Prospector
    A new wax-based, readily biodegradable opacifier dispersion that serves as an alternative to synthetic, styrene acrylate-based ingredients. It offers high ...
  39. [39]
    Opacifiers - DeWolf Chemical
    Glycol Distearate. Mainly used as an opacifier and pearlizing agent for the preparation of shampoos and foam bath products. Furthermore, Cutina GDS can be ...
  40. [40]
    In-Depth Industry Outlook: Opacifiers Market Size, Forecast
    Rating 4.6 (42) Opacifiers Market size was valued at USD 20.60 Bn in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 29.55 Bn by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 6.20% from 2024-2030.
  41. [41]
    Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022 (MoCRA) - FDA
    Sep 12, 2025 · The Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022 (MoCRA) is the most significant expansion of FDA's authority to regulate cosmetics.
  42. [42]
    Tin-based opacifiers in archaeological glass and ceramic glazes
    Nov 14, 2018 · Tin-based opacification by tin oxide and lead-tin-oxide particles was used in glass production since the first millennium BC and in ceramic glazes since the ...
  43. [43]
    [PDF] Islamic Glass in the Making - HAL
    Nov 11, 2024 · Tin-based opacifiers (i.e. tin oxide white and lead stannate yellow) gradually supplanted antimony compounds in the making of opaque glasses ...
  44. [44]
    US2559805A - Opal glass composition - Google Patents
    A light-diiiusing glass which contains 50% to 70% Si02, 7% to 15% alkali metal oxide, 5% to BaO and 2% to 10% P205, the sum of the percentages of BaO and P205 ...
  45. [45]
    Characteristics of Opal Glass by Calcium Phosphate Opacifier for a ...
    Aug 7, 2025 · Batch materials of opal glass with a composition of calcium phosphate were created and melted at 1550°C, and the effect of opaqueness was ...Missing: tin percentage
  46. [46]
    US3661601A - Opal glass compositions - Google Patents
    Glasses having the aforementioned compositions are prepared by heating the batch constituents to a temperature between about 1,400-l,550 C. The glass is then ...
  47. [47]
    Werner Vogel - Glass Chemistry
    ... opal glass after introduction of 3 mass% CaO. On the positive side, this ... Tyndall scattering contained immiscibility regions, now, however, only of ...
  48. [48]
    https://patents.google.com/patent/US2559805A/en
  49. [49]
    The Effect of RO Oxides on Microstructure and Chemical Durability ...
    Aug 7, 2025 · The microstructure, devitrification and chemical durability of borosilicate glass specimens opacified by P2O5, with the general composition ...
  50. [50]
    Ceramics - Zircon Industry Association
    Whilst zircon can act as an opacifier, zirconia has an important role in the production of ceramic pigments used in ceramic tiles, tableware and sanitaryware ...
  51. [51]
    Ceramic Glaze - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
    Glass melting and glaze firing temperature and duration vary in the ranges of 1450–1600°C for 1–2 h and 800–1300°C for 0.08–24 h, respectively. Some interesting ...
  52. [52]
    Ceramic Engobe - High-Quality Glazing Materials for Tiles
    Stoneware and porcelain-based engobes benefit ... The engobe layer also contributes to thermal insulation and helps maintain structural integrity under high-heat ...
  53. [53]
    Titanium Dioxide - TiO2 Pigment for Paints, Coatings & Inks
    Jul 8, 2025 · For outdoor durable coatings, for example, rutile TiO2 grades with a high percentage of alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2), and/or zirconia (ZrO2) ...
  54. [54]
    Characterization of materials released into water from paint ...
    ... 10–30% (Piccinno et al., 2012). ... However, it has to be noted that in this study a conventional paint containing only pigment TiO2 was investigated and not a ...
  55. [55]
    What is Pigment Volume Concentration? - PPG Paints
    PVC tells us how much of the volume of the paint film is made up of pigment versus the amount made up of binder. ​The PVC of paint is important to know when ...
  56. [56]
    Application of Hollow Microspheres in Coatings - PCI Magazine
    May 1, 2011 · Higher-volume solids reduce VOCs, shrinkage and drying time. Since hollow spheres lower the density of materials, they are added to coatings. If ...
  57. [57]
    90 Years with PCI: A Retrospective In the 1910s
    Jan 1, 2004 · Their work resulted in the launch, in 1916, of the Titanium Pigment Co. and the construction of a plant at Niagara Falls to produce titanium ...
  58. [58]
    Titanium dioxide - Substance Information - ECHA
    This substance is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
  59. [59]
    The Critical Role of Titanium Dioxide in Paints & Coatings
    Rutile TiO₂: Known for its high durability and UV resistance, rutile TiO₂ is ideal for outdoor coatings and is typically produced using the chloride process.
  60. [60]
    Hiding Power of Paints - Coatings - SpecialChem
    Jul 14, 2025 · Due to the high refractive index, TiO2 pigment contributes to the scattering of light. As a result, it imparts hiding power to the paint. Thus, ...
  61. [61]
    [PDF] TiO2 – Titanium Dioxide - Ingenia Polymers
    A masterbatch contains Titanium Dioxide at high concentrations, typically 50-80% and encapsulated/dis- persed in a suitable polymeric resin.
  62. [62]
    [PDF] Polymers, Light and the Science of TiO - Ti-Pure
    Decreasing TiO2 particle size, in this case, reduces red light scattering and enhances blue. Thus, in an opaque polymer containing some light-absorbing matter ...Missing: opacifier | Show results with:opacifier<|separator|>
  63. [63]
    [PDF] 2011: Antibacterial Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Polymer ... - Abstracts
    Studies have shown that reducing the size of ZnO particles to the nanoscale dimensions further enhances their antibacterial properties. Polymers, like all ...<|separator|>
  64. [64]
    How does CaCO3 in calcium carbonate filler impacts PP resin?
    In the plastic industry, PCC is more favored than the GCC in utilizing it as the filler. They can function as opacifier extenders, impact modifiers, glossing ...
  65. [65]
    What's The Difference?™ Fillers & Reinforcements - Avient
    Jan 19, 2022 · ... calcium carbonate is the number one mineral filler for plastics? ... They help make plastic parts opaque, but they don't interfere with polymer ...
  66. [66]
    Compatibilizers Aid Recycling & Upcycling of Mixed Resins
    Jul 14, 2022 · By enabling incompatible plastics to mix in the melt, compatibilizers help reduce the need for separation and provide materials manufacturers ...
  67. [67]
    Large-Scale Compatibilization of Postconsumer Polyolefins in ... - NIH
    Compatibilizers can be produced by reactive extrusion (in situ compatibilization) or by adding copolymers/compatibilizers. While both approaches have been ...Missing: opacifiers | Show results with:opacifiers
  68. [68]
    Plastics Market 2025 Outlook: What Will Regulation, Demand Shifts ...
    Four emerging trends - circular plastics, bioplastics, digital traceability, and advanced recycling - are reshaping industry investment and strategy. Circular ...
  69. [69]
    [PDF] Packaging plastics in the circular economy - EASAC
    Opaque PET is a problematic material for recyclers as it is difficult to distinguish from other materials such as (transparent) PET, PVC and HDPE; yet unlike ...
  70. [70]
    UV Light Barriers for Food Packaging Protection - XRAY - GreyB
    The opaque middle layer provides light blockage to preserve vitamins in the milk. The outer and inner layers are white. This allows using opaque recycled ...
  71. [71]
    How is Titanium Dioxide Used in the Masterbatch Industry?
    Nov 6, 2024 · Titanium dioxide improves the whiteness, brightness, and opacity of masterbatches, providing UV protection and durability to plastic products.
  72. [72]
    New Study Validates Light Blocking Efforts - Dairy Foods Magazine
    Feb 25, 2004 · Adding UV light-blocking agents to clear plastic has the advantage of allowing visible light through so the consumer can see the milk in the jug ...
  73. [73]
    X-Ray Interactions, Illustrated Summary (Photoelectric, Compton ...
    The photoelectric effect is the dominant contributor to the generation of signal in an x-ray image as the x-ray is coming in and will be stopped and deposit its ...
  74. [74]
    Photoelectric effect | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
    Jul 23, 2025 · The photoelectric effect, aka photoelectric absorption, is one of the principal forms of interaction of x-ray and gamma photons with matter.Compton effect · Types of photo-atom interaction · Question 655
  75. [75]
    X-Ray Imaging: Fundamentals - Radiology Key
    Apr 17, 2020 · Therefore, as the atomic number increases, the photoelectric absorption effect becomes more pronounced. This is why barium (Z = 56) and iodine ...
  76. [76]
    How Radiopaque Polymer Formulations for Medical Devices ...
    Among the most widely used radiopacifiers for medical devices are barium sulfate, bismuth compounds, and tungsten metals that are excellent absorbers of x-rays.Missing: opacifiers Bi2O3
  77. [77]
    [PDF] Radiopaque Compounds
    Polymers used for Devices. Page 5. Confidential. Common Radiopaque Fillers ... Loadings of 40-60% depending on polymer. Require high loading for equivalent ...
  78. [78]
    The Essential Role of Barium Sulfate in Medical Imaging
    Aug 14, 2024 · Barium sulfate is primarily used as a contrast agent in medical imaging, particularly in X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scans. Its ...Missing: opacifiers Bi2O3 tungsten iodinated
  79. [79]
    Incorporating Radiopacity into Implantable Polymeric Biomedical ...
    Jan 8, 2023 · Introducing nanoparticle contrast agents into polymers is a potential method for creating radiopaque materials that can be monitored via computed tomography.
  80. [80]
    [PDF] Radiopaque Polymer Formulations for Medical Device ... - Polyzen
    Custom blending of radiopaque fillers can increase the opacity of catheters and other devices, making them clearly visible under fluoroscopy and x-rays without.Missing: opacifiers | Show results with:opacifiers
  81. [81]
    History and Evolution of the Barium Swallow for ... - PubMed
    Jan 18, 2017 · This article reviews the history of the barium swallow from its early role in radiology to its current status as an important diagnostic test in modern ...
  82. [82]
    [PDF] eco-Friendly Alternatives to lead in X-Ray shielding
    Aug 27, 2024 · Recent research has focused on the development of alternative materials such as tungsten, bismuth, barium sulfate, polymers, nanocomposites, and.
  83. [83]
    Radiopacity Enhancements in Polymeric Implant Biomaterials
    Our review provides an up-to-date overview of contrast agents incorporated into synthetic medical polymers, encompassing both temporary and permanent implants.
  84. [84]
    [PDF] Use of International Standard ISO 10993-1, "Biological evaluation of ...
    Sep 8, 2023 · Similarly, medical devices such as implants or skin electrodes also should be assessed for biocompatibility. Page 6. Contains Nonbinding ...Missing: opacifiers CT MRI
  85. [85]
    Mono- and triiodophenyl isocyanate as radiopacifying agents for ...
    Aug 6, 2025 · The radiopacity of the copolymers was investigated by X-radiography. To evaluate the biocompatibility of the iodinated copolymers, a direct MTT ...Missing: enhanced | Show results with:enhanced
  86. [86]
    [PDF] FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKETS
    ... opacifier which prevents radiant energy transmission to the interior of the propellant; such energy transmission can cause undesirable internal ignitions ...
  87. [87]
    Propellant having an opacifier for preventing self-ignition by radiant ...
    Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many different opacifiers can be used in the practice of my invention. For example, lampblack is an excellent ...
  88. [88]
    [PDF] 1 Combustion of Energetic g Materials
    Jun 29, 2018 · • Opacifier: used to make the propellant less translucent so ... method of labeling and the cost of shipping rocket propellants,.
  89. [89]
    Solid propellants: AP/HTPB composite propellants - ScienceDirect
    Opacifier is an additive to make the propellant more opaque to prevent radiative heating at places other than burning surface. Bonding agents improve the ...
  90. [90]
    Formulation of Hexamine‐based Fuels for Hybrid Rockets - 2024
    Jul 12, 2024 · The mechanical properties of solid rocket propellants ... With the results obtained and by using 0.5 % carbon black as opacifier, the baseline ...<|control11|><|separator|>