Binder
'''Binder''' may refer to a variety of concepts, objects, and entities across different fields. For specific uses, see the following sections.Stationery
Ring binder
A ring binder is a stationery item consisting of a cover, typically made of hard or flexible material such as vinyl, chipboard, or leather, equipped with one or more metal or plastic rings mounted along the spine that can open to allow the insertion of hole-punched loose-leaf papers.[1] These rings secure the pages while permitting easy addition, removal, or rearrangement without permanent binding, making the binder reusable for organizing documents. The covers often include interior pockets for loose items and slots for labels on the spine or front to facilitate identification and storage.[2] The invention of the ring binder traces back to the mid-19th century, with American inventor Henry T. Sisson receiving U.S. Patent No. 23,506 in 1859 for a device featuring two- and three-ring mechanisms to hold loose-leaf paper. However, practical development occurred in Germany, where Friedrich Soennecken patented the first modern ring binder in 1886, along with a compatible hole punch, enabling efficient filing systems for offices and archives.[3] By the late 1890s, the design gained widespread adoption, evolving into standard formats like the letter size (8.5 by 11 inches) in North America and A4 (210 by 297 millimeters) in Europe and elsewhere, driven by growing demand for organized record-keeping in business and education.[4] Ring binders vary in ring configuration and capacity to suit different needs; round-ring binders use circular metal or plastic rings for basic holding, while D-ring binders feature angled, D-shaped rings that allow pages to lie flat and increase sheet capacity without added bulk.[5] Capacities range from 1/2 inch (holding about 100 sheets) to 6 inches (up to 1,000 sheets or more), with common three-ring setups for standard documents. Materials for covers include durable vinyl for flexibility, rigid chipboard for economy, and premium leather for professional presentations, often with reinforced edges to withstand frequent use.[2] Primarily used in schools for notebooks and projects, offices for reports and files, and archives for document preservation, ring binders support modular organization through dividers and indexes. Features such as clear overlay pockets for customizable labels and interior sleeves for business cards enhance functionality, while binder clips can temporarily secure unpunched papers before insertion.[1]Binder clip
The binder clip is a simple mechanical fastener consisting of a triangular-shaped frame made from a single piece of tempered spring steel, designed to securely grip stacks of unpunched paper or other thin materials without perforating them. The clip features two extending wire handles, often coated in black vinyl for comfortable handling, which can be folded flat against the papers or positioned upright to allow easy access to the top sheet. By squeezing the handles, the jaws of the clip open, enabling the inner width to adjust and clamp materials firmly; releasing the handles allows the steel's natural tension to hold the stack in place. This design provides a reusable alternative to staples, as the clip can be removed and reapplied without damaging the paper.[6] The binder clip was invented in 1910 by Louis E. Baltzley, a teenager from Washington, D.C., who developed it to help his father, E.E. Baltzley—an inventor and patent attorney—organize large stacks of manuscripts and documents. Baltzley filed a patent application on July 21, 1910, and received U.S. Patent No. 1,139,627 on May 18, 1915, describing it as a "paper-binding clip" for temporary fastening of loose sheets. Following the patent grant, the device was commercialized and became widely available, eventually produced by companies like ACCO Brands, which traces its origins to the American Clip Company founded in 1903.[6][7][8] Binder clips are available in various sizes to accommodate different stack thicknesses, typically categorized as small (about 3/4 inch wide with up to 3/8 inch capacity, holding roughly 20-40 sheets of standard paper), medium (1-1/4 inches wide with 5/8 inch capacity, securing up to 100-150 sheets), and large (2 inches wide with 1 inch capacity, managing up to 200 sheets). These clips are constructed from durable, rust-resistant tempered steel to withstand repeated use and maintain their gripping strength over time.[9][10] Beyond paper binding, binder clips serve numerous practical purposes due to their strong grip and versatility, such as acting as temporary handles for bags or pots, organizing cables by clipping them together, or supporting plants by attaching stems to stakes. Their reusability and non-destructive nature offer key advantages over staples, allowing for easy rearrangement without tearing or marking materials, making them ideal for temporary tasks before transferring to more permanent solutions like a ring binder.[11]Computing
Android Binder
Android Binder serves as the foundational inter-process communication (IPC) mechanism in the Android operating system, enabling secure and efficient data exchange between processes. Implemented as a kernel-level driver within the Linux kernel, it facilitates parcel-based data transfer, where method calls, arguments, and return values are serialized into parcels for transmission across process boundaries. Binder leverages shared memory regions established via the mmap system call to support zero-copy operations, minimizing overhead for large data payloads. It supports remote procedure calls (RPCs) through two primary transaction types: one-way transactions for asynchronous, fire-and-forget operations and two-way transactions that include a reply from the server process.[12][13] Developed by Google and introduced in Android 1.0 in 2008, Binder evolved from the OpenBinder framework originally created at Be Inc. and later adapted at Palm, Inc. under the leadership of Dianne Hackborn. This customized re-implementation integrates deeply with Android's architecture, featuring key components such as the IBinder interface, which represents remotable objects and handles transaction routing between binder nodes and proxies. Complementing IBinder is the Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL), a declarative syntax for defining IPC contracts; AIDL files are compiled into Java interfaces and Binder stubs that extend the Binder class, enabling clients and services to agree on method signatures for cross-process invocations.[14][15] In terms of functionality, Binder powers essential system services like ActivityManagerService, which manages application lifecycles and tasks, and PackageManagerService, responsible for application installation and querying. These services expose interfaces via Binder, allowing apps to bind and transact securely. Permissions are enforced during transactions by verifying the caller's user ID (UID) and process ID (PID) against service policies, preventing unauthorized access. To mitigate memory leaks and optimize resource use, Binder implements transaction pooling using a red-black tree-based best-fit allocator for buffer management, reusing freed transaction buffers rather than allocating new ones for each call. The mmap mechanism further enhances efficiency by mapping a fixed-size virtual memory area (typically 4 MB per process) shared between user space and the kernel, deferring physical allocation until needed.[12][13] Binder's significance lies in its role as the backbone of Android's multi-process security model, where each app runs in isolation to limit damage from compromises; it underpins features like intents for loose coupling between components and bound services for direct, ongoing IPC. Without Binder, Android's modular design—separating UI, services, and system components into distinct processes—would be infeasible at scale. However, its centrality has made it a target for exploits; for instance, vulnerabilities in the Stagefright media framework allowed attackers to trigger malicious Binder transactions via crafted multimedia intents, leading to remote code execution in the media server process.[12][16]Binder Project
The Binder Project is an open-source initiative developed under Project Jupyter to enable the creation and sharing of interactive, reproducible computational environments through web-based Jupyter notebooks. It allows users to transform Git repositories containing notebooks and dependency specifications—such as environment.yml for Conda or requirements.txt for pip—into executable Docker images that launch on-demand via a web interface. This workflow eliminates the need for local installations, ensuring that anyone with a link can instantly access and run the exact environment, fostering collaboration in data science, research, and education.[17][18] Launched in early 2016 as a prototype for cloud-based reproducible environments, the project was initially announced through a collaboration involving the Jupyter team and partners like eLife, with the first iteration focusing on connecting version control, containerization, and interactive computing. By November 2017, Binder 2.0 introduced enhanced capabilities, including integration with BinderHub, a tool for deploying scalable JupyterHub instances on Kubernetes clusters, allowing for cloud-agnostic operation across providers like Google Cloud or AWS. As a subproject of Project Jupyter, which is fiscally sponsored by NumFOCUS, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, Binder has been maintained by an inclusive community emphasizing open-source principles since its public hosting at mybinder.org began in 2017.[19][20][21] Key features include support for repositories hosted on GitHub and GitLab, with temporary sessions limited to up to six hours of runtime and automatic shutdown after 10 minutes of inactivity to manage resources efficiently. It accommodates multiple programming languages through extensions like repo2docker, which builds environments for Python, R, and Julia, enabling diverse workflows such as statistical analysis or scientific simulations without prior setup. In educational settings, Binder facilitates instant code execution for workshops and courses, allowing instructors to share pre-configured notebooks that students can interact with directly in browsers.[22][23] The project has significantly impacted open science by enabling precise citation of computational setups, where a Binder badge in a repository links to a verifiable environment, reducing reproducibility barriers in research publications and datasets. As of 2018, mybinder.org had already served over two million launches, with usage growing to support thousands of daily sessions by 2025, demonstrating its scale in promoting accessible and transparent computational practices across global communities.[24][25]File binder
A file binder is a type of utility software that combines multiple files—such as binaries, scripts, or data—into a single executable file, typically a .exe on Windows systems, to simplify distribution or conceal contents. This process often employs self-extracting archives (SFX), where a small decompressor stub is attached to compressed payload data, allowing the executable to unpack and run components upon execution without external tools. Alternatively, resource embedding integrates files directly into the executable's resource section, enabling access without runtime extraction in certain implementations.[26][27] File binders first emerged in the 1990s alongside advancements in file compression software, with tools like WinRAR introducing SFX modules around 1995 to create standalone executables from archived content. Their use expanded in the early 2000s for legitimate purposes, such as bundling game modifications and application components for easier sharing among developers and users. By the mid-2000s, malicious adaptations proliferated, particularly crypters that bind encrypted malware payloads to evade antivirus signatures, driven by the rise of pay-per-install affiliate networks.[28][29][30] Legitimate applications include software installers built with tools like Inno Setup, which merge program files, dependencies, and setup scripts into a single executable for seamless deployment. In contrast, malicious file binders, such as those integrated into crypters, pair harmful code like ransomware or keyloggers with innocuous files to bypass detection, posing risks of unauthorized system access or data exfiltration. Security platforms like VirusTotal identify these through heuristic scans that detect anomalous file structures or unpacking behaviors, though advanced obfuscation can reduce efficacy.[31][32][33] While file binders find ethical use in penetration testing to mimic real-world threats in controlled environments, they frequently trigger alerts in antivirus software due to their dual-use potential, raising concerns over unintended malware distribution. For transparent alternatives, standard ZIP archives are preferred, as they avoid executable formats and inherent execution risks without compromising usability.[33][26]Microsoft Binder
Microsoft Binder was a component of the Microsoft Office suite that enabled users to combine multiple document types, such as Word documents, Excel spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations, and other OLE-compatible objects, into a single container file for organizing project-related materials.[34] Introduced as part of Office 95 in 1995, it functioned as an electronic organizer analogous to a physical binder, allowing sections from different applications to be grouped and viewed together in a unified interface.[35] The tool supported live linking and embedding via Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) technology, ensuring that updates to source documents were reflected automatically within the binder.[34] In Office 97, released in 1996, Binder was enhanced with improved integration and usability features, building on its foundational role as a demonstration platform for OLE 2.0 capabilities.[36] Technically, it relied on the Component Object Model (COM) underlying OLE 2.0 to manage embeddings and links, storing content as OLE compound file streams within a structured container format.[36] Binder files used the .obd extension for standard documents, .obt for templates, and .obz for wizards, with the format defined as a Microsoft Compound Object Container that grouped disparate Office files without altering their native structures.[37] Users could edit embedded objects directly within the binder interface, promoting seamless workflow across applications, though this often resulted in larger file sizes due to full embeddings rather than references alone.[34] Binder remained available in Office 2000 but saw declining adoption due to its limited use beyond initial OLE testing and the emergence of alternative integration tools.[38] It was fully discontinued starting with Office XP in 2001, with Microsoft providing the UNBIND.EXE utility in subsequent versions up to Office 2003 to extract and convert legacy .obd files into individual components for compatibility.[39] Common limitations included version-specific compatibility challenges, where binders created in later Office releases could not always open properly in earlier ones without conversion, and performance issues with complex multi-section files.[40] Today, Microsoft Binder is obsolete and rarely encountered, having been supplanted by more robust multi-document management features in modern Office applications, such as OneNote for notebook-style organization or SharePoint for collaborative embedding and linking.[35] While UNBIND.EXE remains downloadable for legacy support, its use is confined to archival or migration scenarios, highlighting Binder's role as a transitional tool in the evolution of Office interoperability.[39]OpenBinder
OpenBinder is a middleware framework designed for efficient inter-process communication (IPC) in distributed systems, providing a C++-based architecture that enables seamless interaction between components across processes or even machines.[41] It draws inspiration from systems like COM and CORBA but optimizes for modern operating systems, offering a high-level abstraction over low-level OS services such as process management and memory sharing.[41] Primarily targeted at embedded and desktop environments, OpenBinder facilitates RPC-like communication through reference-counted objects and a centralized service for proxying calls.[42] The framework originated in the late 1990s at Be, Inc., where it was developed as a foundational technology for the next-generation BeOS, including support for advanced graphics, user interfaces, and multimedia frameworks.[43] Following Palm's acquisition of Be in 2001, development continued at PalmSource, where OpenBinder was integrated into the Palm OS Cobalt project, a microkernel-based evolution of Palm OS aimed at ARM processors and resource-constrained devices.[43] It was open-sourced in 2001, allowing broader adoption in various operating systems, including ports to Linux.[43] Although discontinued after PalmSource's shift in focus, the source code remains available on GitHub under the Mozilla Public License, preserving its legacy for potential reuse in custom systems.[42] At its core, OpenBinder employs reference-counted objects to manage lifetimes across process boundaries, using smart pointers likesptr (strong) and wptr (weak) to prevent dangling references and ensure thread safety.[44] The central IBinder interface serves as the primary abstraction for object references, allowing clients to invoke methods on remote objects via the transact function, which supports both synchronous transactions (with reply parcels) and asynchronous ones through event notifications.[44] Data marshaling occurs via parcels—serialized containers (e.g., SParcel) that package arguments, return values, and even embedded IBinder objects for efficient transfer without full serialization overhead.[44] A dedicated binder service acts as a proxy, routing calls through a kernel-level Binder driver that handles low-level IPC, including shared memory regions for zero-copy data passing in user space.[41]
OpenBinder's design emphasizes low-latency communication by leveraging shared memory for transactions, minimizing data copying and enabling efficient handling on hardware ranging from 50 MHz ARM7 to 400 MHz ARM9 processors.[41] This approach supports scalability in multi-threaded applications, where threads can "hop" between objects without context switches, making it suitable for real-time embedded systems and desktop services like display servers.[41] Its lightweight footprint and built-in scripting support (e.g., via Binder Shell for dynamic interactions in C++, Python, or Perl) further enhance developer productivity in building distributed components.[43] Android's Binder framework evolved directly from OpenBinder's principles, adapting them for mobile environments.[43]
Materials and Processes
Binder (material)
A binder is a substance that provides adhesion and cohesion to unite other materials into a cohesive whole, commonly used in manufacturing, construction, and composites to hold aggregates, fillers, or fibers together. Binders can be classified by origin as natural (e.g., starch from plants, lignin from wood, or animal glues) or synthetic (e.g., polymers like acrylics, epoxies, and polyurethanes), and by curing mechanism as chemical (forming cross-links via reactions like polymerization) or physical (solidifying through evaporation, cooling, or solvent absorption). This classification influences their suitability for specific environments, with natural binders often biodegradable but less durable, while synthetics offer enhanced performance under stress. Key properties of binders include adhesion strength, which ensures bonding to substrates; flexibility to accommodate movement without cracking; durability against environmental factors like moisture and UV exposure; and compatibility with other components to prevent phase separation. These are evaluated through metrics such as tensile strength (typically 10-50 MPa for polymer binders), viscosity (ranging from low for spray applications to high for molding), and curing time (minutes to hours depending on the type). For instance, in high-performance applications, binders must also exhibit low shrinkage during curing to maintain structural integrity. Binders find widespread applications across industries, such as in paints and coatings where they bind pigments to surfaces for protection and aesthetics, often using acrylic or alkyd resins. In concrete production, cementitious binders like Portland cement hydrate to bind aggregates, forming a rigid matrix with compressive strengths exceeding 20 MPa. In lithium-ion batteries, polymeric binders such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) maintain electrode integrity by adhering active materials to current collectors, enabling cycle life over 1,000 charges. Additionally, in fiber-reinforced composites, epoxy binders create strong matrix-fiber interfaces, enhancing mechanical properties like tensile modulus up to 70 GPa in carbon fiber systems. The use of binders dates back to antiquity, with evidence of animal glue binders in Egyptian artifacts and furniture from around 3000 BCE, derived from collagen for wood and papyrus adhesion. Natural binders like starch and casein dominated until the 19th century, but the 20th century saw the rise of synthetic binders through petrochemical innovations, such as the development of phenolic resins in 1907 by Leo Baekeland for industrial laminates and the widespread adoption of acrylics post-World War II for durable coatings. These advancements, driven by needs in construction and electronics, have led to modern high-performance binders tailored for sustainability, including bio-based alternatives reducing fossil fuel dependency by up to 50%.Bookbinding
Bookbinding is the craft and industrial process of physically joining printed or written pages, known as signatures or gatherings, into a cohesive and durable codex format, typically protected by covers to form a book. This practice ensures the longevity and accessibility of textual content, evolving from ancient techniques to mechanized production methods that support mass dissemination of knowledge. The process emphasizes precision in assembly to prevent page detachment and maintain structural integrity over time.[45] The origins of bookbinding trace back to the Roman codex in the first and second centuries CE, where folded parchment sheets were bound between wooden boards using leather thongs or cords, marking a shift from scrolls to the page-turning format still used today. During the medieval period, monastic communities in Europe refined these techniques, producing hand-bound volumes in scriptoria where monks copied manuscripts and applied protective leather covers, often with wooden boards for durability; this era emphasized preservation for religious and scholarly texts. The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century transformed bookbinding through mechanization, with David McConnell Smyth's invention of the first practical book-sewing machine in 1868, patented as an improvement for sewing signatures, enabling faster production and paving the way for commercial publishing. By 1882, the Smyth Manufacturing Company commercialized these machines, revolutionizing the industry by automating thread-sewing of gatherings.[45][46][47][48] The core process of bookbinding begins with folding printed sheets into signatures, groups of nested pages that form the book's sections, which are then collated into gatherings. These gatherings are sewn together using thread along the spine fold, either by hand with a kettle stitch or mechanically, to create a flexible text block; alternatively, in adhesive methods, the spine edges are roughened and glued. Endpapers—decorative or plain sheets—are attached to the first and last pages of the text block to reinforce the structure and provide a clean attachment point for the cover. The text block is then cased in, where it is glued or sewn to the cover, which consists of boards (cardboard or wood) covered in cloth, leather, or paper, followed by trimming the edges for uniformity. In case binding, the cover is pre-made separately and attached via hinges formed by the endpapers, while perfect binding relies solely on adhesive along the spine without sewing, commonly used for paperbacks. Adhesives in gluing stages, such as PVA glue, employ binder materials to achieve strong, flexible bonds.[49][50][51][52] Bookbinding encompasses various types tailored to purpose, durability, and aesthetics. Hand-binding, a traditional craft, involves manual sewing of signatures with linen thread and application of fine leather covers, often featuring gold tooling—where heated tools emboss designs or lettering onto the leather using gold leaf—for decorative editions prized by collectors. Case binding produces hardcovers by encasing the sewn text block in rigid boards covered with cloth or leather, offering superior protection for long-term use. Paperback binding, or perfect binding, uses only adhesive like PVA to attach pages to a flexible paper cover, prioritizing cost-efficiency for mass-market books. Common materials include linen or cotton thread for sewing, PVA glue for adhesion, and buckram cloth for durable covers.[53][50][54][52] In modern practices, bookbinding integrates digital printing technologies, allowing short-run production where signatures are printed on demand and bound using automated lines for efficiency in custom or limited editions. Conservation techniques for rare books focus on reversible repairs, such as rebacking spines with archival materials to stabilize without altering originals, preserving historical artifacts in libraries and archives. Essential tools include the bone folder, a polished bone or synthetic implement used for creasing paper sharply and smoothing folds without damage, and the nipping press, a small vise-like device that applies even pressure to set glue and flatten the book block during casing-in. These methods blend tradition with innovation to meet contemporary demands for sustainability and precision.[55][56][57][58]Mechanical Devices
Reaper-binder
The reaper-binder is a historical agricultural machine that integrates harvesting and bundling functions to cut grain crops such as wheat and oats at the base and automatically form them into tied sheaves for subsequent threshing. Developed primarily in the United States during the 19th century, it represented a significant advancement over manual labor and earlier reapers by reducing the need for hand-binding, thereby increasing efficiency on large farms. Typically powered by horses or early tractors, the machine featured a cutting platform with reciprocating sickle blades driven by a large bull wheel, which converted forward motion into mechanical power, and a binding mechanism that used twine to secure bundles.[59] The invention of the reaper-binder emerged in the 1870s amid rapid mechanization of American agriculture, building on Cyrus McCormick's earlier reaper designs from the 1830s. Key innovation came from inventor John F. Appleby, who developed a reliable twine knotting device after years of experimentation; he patented his tying apparatus for harvester-binders on July 8, 1878 (U.S. Patent No. 208,137), and a related binder mechanism on February 18, 1879. Appleby's twine binder addressed the limitations of wire binders, which could injure livestock, and was quickly integrated into McCormick reapers; in 1881, Appleby sold his patents to the Champion Machine Works, leading to widespread adoption by manufacturers like McCormick, Deering, and Osborn. Usage peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with machines like the McCormick-Deering model becoming standard on grain farms, enabling farmers to harvest acres per day that previously required teams of laborers.[60][61][62] In operation, the reaper-binder's cutting platform lowered to crop height, where reciprocating blades sheared the stalks near the ground, adjustable via a raised or lowered platform to suit varying field conditions. The severed grain then fell onto a canvas conveyor belt or platform that transported it rearward to a binding table, where mechanical fingers gathered a predetermined bundle size—typically 10 to 20 sheaves worth, adjustable by operators for crop density. The Appleby knotter then wrapped and tied the bundle with twine (or early wire), forming a compact sheaf that was ejected to the side for manual collection and shocking into stooks for drying; the entire process was ground-driven, with no separate engine required for horse-drawn models. This automation minimized grain loss and labor, though operators often followed to ensure even bundles.[59][63][61] By the 1940s, the reaper-binder became obsolete in developed regions like the United States and Europe, supplanted by the combine harvester, which integrated cutting, threshing, and cleaning in one pass, drastically reducing post-harvest handling. Production of models like the Deering push binder continued until 1943, but wartime labor shortages and technological shifts accelerated the transition. In developing countries, however, simpler horse- or engine-powered reaper-binders remain in use for smallholder farms due to their low cost and suitability for uneven terrain, as evidenced by performance evaluations in wheat fields where they cut harvesting costs by up to 40% compared to manual methods. The machine's twine-tying knotter influenced modern balers, with Appleby's design principles still underpinning many twine-binding mechanisms.[64][65][66][61]Chain binder
A chain binder, also known as a load binder, is a mechanical device used to tension transport chains for securing heavy cargo on flatbed trailers, rail cars, or other vehicles during transit.[67] It connects to the ends of a chain, shortening its effective length through mechanical leverage or ratcheting to apply the necessary force that prevents load shifting or falling.[68] This tool is essential in logistics and trucking for complying with cargo securement standards that protect drivers, other road users, and infrastructure.[69] The two primary types of chain binders are ratchet binders and lever binders, distinguished by their tensioning mechanisms. Ratchet binders employ a gear-driven ratcheting system that allows for gradual, precise tightening, making them suitable for controlled adjustments on sensitive or oversized loads.[67] In contrast, lever binders use an over-center leverage action, where a long handle pivots to rapidly tension the chain, offering quicker operation but requiring careful handling to manage the sudden force.[70] Working load limits (WLL) for these binders typically range from 5,400 lbs to 15,000 lbs, depending on the chain size and grade, with higher capacities supporting loads up to several tons when used in assemblies.[71] Chain binders emerged in the early 20th century amid the rapid expansion of the trucking industry, which necessitated reliable methods for hauling goods over long distances.[72] Early U.S. patents for load binders date to 1927, reflecting innovations in mechanical tensioning for emerging motor transport.[72] By the 1970s, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) had established federal safety regulations under the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) precursors, standardizing cargo securement practices—including chain binder use—to reduce accidents from shifting loads.[69] In operation, a chain binder is hooked to the two ends of a transport chain draped over or around the cargo, then tightened by cranking the handle on a ratchet model or swinging the lever on a lever model until the desired tension is achieved, typically measured by deflection limits in regulations.[73] Grade 70 transport chain is required for compatibility, offering a minimum WLL of 3,150 lbs per 1/4-inch link and resistance to highway corrosion.[68] Safety protocols emphasize personal protective equipment like heavy gloves to guard against pinch points, proper body positioning to avoid entanglement, and gradual tensioning to prevent over-tightening, which can cause dangerous recoil if the binder or chain fails.[74] Maintenance involves routine visual and functional inspections for cracks, elongation, or deformation in the binder's hooks and body, as well as checking chain links for wear; damaged components must be discarded to avoid failure under load.[75] Lubrication of moving parts, such as the ratchet pawl or lever pivots, with appropriate grease ensures reliable performance and extends service life.[76] For lighter-duty applications under 5,000 lbs, winches provide a safer, less forceful alternative to chain binders.[67]Businesses
BINDER GmbH
BINDER GmbH is a family-owned company founded in 1983 by Peter M. Binder in Tuttlingen, Germany, where it remains headquartered. Specializing in the development and manufacturing of simulation chambers for scientific and industrial laboratories, the company focuses on creating controlled environmental conditions for testing biological, chemical, and physical processes. As a 100% family-owned enterprise, BINDER emphasizes innovation and precision, holding over 160 patents and investing 10% of its revenue in research and development. The company's product portfolio includes a wide range of environmental simulation equipment, such as CO₂ incubators for cell cultivation, drying and heating ovens for material processing, and growth chambers for plant and microbial studies. These products are designed to maintain precise temperature, humidity, and atmospheric conditions, complying with DIN EN ISO 9001:2015 quality management standards. BINDER's equipment is widely used in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and food industries for applications like stability testing, sterility assurance, and environmental simulation to ensure product reliability and compliance with regulatory requirements.[77] With more than 490 employees, BINDER has achieved annual revenues exceeding €100 million and maintains a global presence through 11 company locations and sales partners in over 135 countries, including subsidiaries in the United States and China. Recent expansions, such as the 2025 acquisition of Parameter Generation & Control in the U.S., enhance its capabilities in large-scale humidity testing systems. This growth underscores BINDER's position as the world's leading specialist in laboratory simulation chambers. Key innovations include the patented APT.line™ technology, which utilizes a preheating chamber and forced convection to achieve superior spatial and temporal temperature uniformity, minimizing fluctuations even during door openings. BINDER also prioritizes sustainability through energy-efficient designs, such as low-power consumption models and eco-friendly refrigerants, aligning with global environmental standards while reducing operational costs for users.[78]binder (circular connectors)
binder is a family-owned German company specializing in the development and manufacture of circular connectors designed for rugged applications in harsh environments. Founded in 1960 in Neckarsulm by Franz Binder, the company began producing circular connectors in 1968 and has since grown into a leading provider of IP-rated connectivity solutions, including IP67 and IP69K protection levels, suitable for industrial automation and outdoor use. As part of the binder Group, it emphasizes automated production processes and quality certifications such as ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 to ensure reliability in demanding conditions.[79][79] The product portfolio includes a wide array of series tailored for sensors, actuators, and field devices, notably the M8, M12, and M16 lines, which support compact installations in space-constrained setups. These connectors offer over 5,000 variants, encompassing options for power, signal, and data transmission, with configurations ranging from 2 to 24 contacts and shielding capabilities to minimize electromagnetic interference. All products conform to international standards like IEC 61076 for dimensional and performance specifications, enabling seamless integration in automated systems. For example, the M12-A series provides threaded locking for secure connections in sensor networks, while M8 variants facilitate high-density wiring in robotics.[80][81] binder serves key sectors including factory automation, medical technology, and transportation, where its connectors ensure robust performance amid vibration, moisture, and temperature extremes. The company operates through 45 sales partners across five continents, supporting global distribution, and employs approximately 2,000 people worldwide as of 2023. Its solutions are deployed in applications such as patient monitoring devices, rail signaling systems, and process control equipment, prioritizing durability and ease of installation.[82][83][84] In terms of technological advancements, binder has introduced hybrid connectors that integrate power and Ethernet transmission in a single unit, such as D-coded M8 models, to streamline cabling in data-intensive setups. The HEC (Harsh Environment Connector) series features bayonet locking for quick plug-and-play assembly, achieving IP68/IP69K ratings even when unmated, ideal for mobile machinery and outdoor infrastructure. These innovations align with Industry 4.0 requirements by supporting high-speed data protocols like Industrial Ethernet and Single Pair Ethernet (SPE), enabling efficient IIoT connectivity without compromising on environmental resilience.[85][86][87]Geography
Binder, Khentii
Binder is a sum, or administrative district, in Khentii Province in eastern Mongolia.[88] It covers an area of 5,386 km² and lies at an elevation of approximately 1,051 meters. The district borders Russia to the north along the Onon River and encompasses diverse landscapes including vast steppes, forested areas, and parts of the Onon River basin, which is renowned as the birthplace of Genghis Khan.[89][90] The population of Binder sum was 4,154 as of 2024, with a density of about 0.77 people per km², reflecting its predominantly rural character.[91] Residents are primarily Khalkha Mongols who maintain a traditional nomadic lifestyle centered on herding sheep, goats, and horses across the steppe and riverine environments.[90] The district is 100% rural, with age demographics showing 30.2% under 15 years, 63.8% between 15 and 64, and 6% over 65 as of 2021 estimates.[88] The administrative center is the small settlement of Binder, located 179 km east of Chinggis City, the provincial capital, and offering basic services such as local governance and essential amenities for residents and visitors.[92] The local economy relies on agriculture, particularly livestock herding, alongside small-scale mining activities including gold extraction, and emerging eco-tourism drawn to the natural and historical landscapes.[93][94] Binder sum was established in 1923 as part of the reorganization of administrative units in Mongolia.[92] It holds cultural significance due to its proximity to Mongol heritage sites in the Onon River basin, where ancient nomadic communities, including forebears of the Mongols, practiced herding and maintained sacred traditions linked to Genghis Khan's origins.[90]Legal and Personal
Insurance binder
An insurance binder is a temporary written agreement issued by an insurer or its authorized agent that provides immediate, interim coverage to the insured until a formal insurance policy is issued or the application is rejected.[95] This document serves as proof of coverage during the processing period, which can take days or weeks, ensuring protection against specified risks without delay.[96] Binders are legally binding contracts but are typically superseded by the full policy once issued.[97] The concept of insurance binders emerged in the early 20th century, evolving from the need for quick coverage in property and casualty insurance transactions where formal policy issuance could cause delays.[98] Over decades, judicial decisions and legal commentaries addressed inconsistencies in binder enforceability, particularly in the United States, leading to greater standardization in practice.[95] By the mid-20th century, binders became a common tool in the insurance industry, with variations in life and health insurance often using "conditional receipts" as equivalents.[95] Key elements of an insurance binder include identification of the insured and insurer, a description of the covered property or risks (such as property damage or liability), specified coverage limits and premiums, the effective start date (often immediate upon issuance), any exclusions, and an incorporation by reference of the terms from the forthcoming formal policy.[95] These components ensure the binder functions as a valid, enforceable temporary contract, though its duration is usually limited to 30 to 90 days or until the policy is delivered.[99] Cancellation of a binder generally requires written notice from the insurer, and failure to issue the policy may result in continued coverage under the binder's terms. Insurance binders are particularly essential in time-sensitive scenarios, such as real estate closings where a homebuyer needs immediate coverage before finalizing the purchase, or automobile sales requiring proof of liability insurance prior to driving off the lot.[100] They are most commonly used in property and casualty lines, providing temporary protection while underwriting is completed, and help facilitate smooth business transactions by bridging the gap to permanent coverage.[101]Binder (surname)
Binder is a surname of German origin, primarily an occupational name derived from the Middle High German word "binder," referring to a bookbinder (Buchbinder) or a cooper, someone who makes or repairs barrels ((Fass)binder).[102] The name emerged in the 13th century.[103] It is common among German-speaking populations in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, as well as in Jewish Ashkenazic communities, where it reflected skilled crafts often pursued due to historical restrictions on other professions.[104][105] The surname remains prevalent in German-speaking regions today, with approximately 75,968 bearers worldwide, the highest concentrations in Germany (over 30,000) and Austria (highest density per capita).[103] In the United States, the 2010 Census recorded 9,720 individuals with the surname Binder, reflecting immigration patterns from Europe, particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries.[106] Variants include Bindler, Bindner, and less common forms like Pebinder, often arising from regional dialects or spelling adaptations.[104] Notable individuals bearing the surname include:- Hans Binder (born June 12, 1948), an Austrian former Formula One racing driver who competed for teams like Ensign, Wolf, Surtees, and ATS between 1976 and 1978, participating in 13 Grands Prix.[107]
- Franz Binder (December 1, 1911 – April 24, 1989), an Austrian footballer and coach known as "Bimbo," who played as a centre-forward for SK Rapid Wien, scoring a record 1,006 goals in 757 games and winning multiple Austrian league titles.[108]
- Brad Binder (born August 11, 1995), a South African motorcycle racer competing in MotoGP for Red Bull KTM Factory Racing, who won the 2020 Czech Republic Grand Prix.[109]
- Mike Binder (born June 2, 1958), an American filmmaker, stand-up comedian, actor, and director known for films such as Reign Over Me (2007) and The Upside of Anger (2005).[110]
- Otto Binder (August 26, 1911 – October 13, 1974), an American science fiction author and comic book writer who co-created characters like Mary Marvel and Supergirl for Fawcett Comics and DC Comics.[111]