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Pasona

Pasona Group Inc. is a specializing in human resource services, including temporary staffing, (BPO), consulting, and career support solutions. Headquartered in , the company was founded on February 16, 1976, as Temporary Center Inc. in , initially focusing on temporary staffing to address labor shortages in . Today, it operates as a with 62 subsidiaries and 5 affiliates, employing 22,982 people (including contract workers as of August 22, 2025), and reported net sales of 309.2 billion yen for the ended May 31, 2025. The company was established by Yasuyuki Nambu, who serves as its Group CEO and has driven its evolution from a domestic staffing firm to a global HR leader. Key milestones include obtaining a General Worker Dispatching license in 1986, renaming to Pasona Inc. in 1993, and listing on Nasdaq Japan in 2001 followed by the Tokyo Stock Exchange First Section in 2003. In 2007, it restructured as Pasona Group Inc., shifting its headquarters to the Shin-Marunouchi Building and expanding into diverse segments such as global services, childcare, nursing care, and regional revitalization. Notable innovations include the opening of the underground farm PASONA O2 in 2005 to promote sustainable agriculture and employment, as well as the JOB HUB SQUARE facility near Tokyo Station in 2017 for enhanced job matching. Pasona Group's core business segments encompass BPO Solutions for operational , Expert Solutions for specialized professional dispatching, Career Solutions for permanent placement and outplacement, Global Solutions for international , Life Solutions for support in and , and Regional Revitalization and Tourism Solutions to boost local economies. With branches in over 10 countries, including expansions to in 2005 and in 2011, the company supports Japanese firms abroad and facilitates cross-border workforce mobility. Its corporate philosophy emphasizes creating a society where individuals can balance work and life, aligning with initiatives in , , and ethical practices.

Corporate Profile

Founding and Headquarters

Pasona was founded on February 16, 1976, by Yasuyuki Nambu as Temporary Center, Inc., in the Kita-ku district of , . The company was established to provide temporary staffing services, responding to 's shifting labor demands in the after the end of the high era, when flexible employment models began gaining traction amid slower expansion and structural changes in the workforce. In July 1978, as operations grew, the company relocated its headquarters from to the Nippon Press Center Building in Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda-ku, , establishing it as the headquarters and positioning the firm in the capital's core business area. The current headquarters are located at Pasona Square, 3-1-30 Minami-Aoyama, Minato-ku, 107-8351, —a central business district in that supports access to key clients and operations. As of May 31, 2025, Pasona Group employs 8,894 full-time staff, supporting its staffing and related operations.

Legal Status and Listing

Pasona operates as a publicly traded specializing in services, with its shares listed on the Prime Market of the under the 2168 (TYO: 2168). The company initially went public through a listing on Japan in December 2001, marking a significant step in its evolution toward broader market accessibility before transitioning to its current exchange. The entity's legal foundations trace back to its incorporation as Temporary Center, Inc., which underwent a key to Pasona Inc. in June 1993 to reflect its expanding focus on comprehensive solutions. This name change signified a shift from a narrow temporary model to a more integrated provider, aligning with Japan's evolving labor market regulations at the time. In October 2007, Pasona restructured into a model with the establishment of Pasona Group Inc. as the parent entity, designed to oversee and coordinate the operations of its diverse subsidiaries. This formation enabled centralized governance while allowing operational flexibility across the group's approximately 62 subsidiaries and 5 affiliates, primarily focused on staffing, outsourcing, and related HR services in and internationally.

History

Establishment and Early Years

In the aftermath of Japan's post-war , which saw rapid industrialization and sustained high growth rates through the , the brought new pressures on the labor market. The oil crises of 1973 and 1979 disrupted this momentum, leading to slower GDP expansion and heightened demands for workforce flexibility amid rising labor costs and economic volatility. This period marked an emerging need for temporary staffing solutions, particularly to accommodate part-time and non-regular work, as traditional lifetime models strained under cyclical fluctuations. Pasona originated as Temporary Center Inc., established in February 1976 in , with a focus on temporary staffing services primarily targeting and service sectors. The company was founded to support housewives' re-entry into the , addressing barriers to women's labor participation in a era when flexible employment options were scarce. Later that year, in November 1976, it opened its first office to broaden its reach. Early operations faced significant hurdles due to Japan's stringent labor regulations, which largely prohibited direct temporary dispatching until the . Many firms, including , navigated these restrictions by structuring services as disguised contract work, operating in a legally ambiguous environment that limited scalability and exposed them to enforcement risks. Despite these constraints, the company achieved initial growth through operational expansions, relocating its headquarters in July 1977 to accommodate increasing business volume and designating as its headquarters in July 1978 as demand grew. By the late , Temporary Center had solidified a presence in western , transitioning from modest beginnings to a regional player in temporary placements, setting the stage for further development ahead of the 1986 deregulation that granted licenses for general worker dispatching.

Expansion and Key Milestones

In 1993, the company underwent a significant from Temporary Center Inc. to Pasona Inc., signaling its evolution from a focus on temporary staffing to a broader array of services, including job placement and consulting, amid Japan's post-bubble economic challenges. The company's entry into public markets came in December 2001, when Pasona Inc. listed on the Japan (now known as the market), providing capital to fuel nationwide expansion and diversification of its staffing operations. By December 2007, Pasona transitioned to a structure with the establishment of Pasona Group Inc. as the parent entity, enabling more efficient oversight of its growing portfolio of subsidiaries and supporting strategic diversification across sectors like professional and . Following the 2010 acquisition of AIG Co., Ltd., which bolstered its general capabilities, Pasona established Pasona Life Care Inc. in February 2013 to expand support services for caregivers and , aligning with national efforts to address demographic pressures in response to evolving labor dynamics from Abenomics-era reforms promoting workforce flexibility and participation—such as eased regulations on . Pasona pursued targeted expansions in specialized areas. In April 2014, it acquired Medical Associa Inc., enhancing its healthcare services to meet growing demand in medical and nursing sectors during a period of labor market liberalization under reforms. In August 2017, the acquisition of NTT Human Solutions Corporation (now Pasona HS Inc.) strengthened its IT offerings, integrating advanced into its core business. By 2020, Pasona advanced its digital transformation through the launch of a major relocation project to , Hyogo Prefecture, which incorporated data-driven operations and IT strategies to optimize HR processes and foster innovation amid remote work trends accelerated by the . Since then, the company has continued its expansion with the establishment of Pasona HR HUB Inc. in July 2021 to support human resource initiatives. In May 2024, Benefit One Inc. was transferred and is no longer a . In February 2025, Pasona Sustainability Inc. was established to advance sustainability efforts.

Business Operations

Core Services

Pasona Group's core temporary staffing services form the foundation of its operations in , dispatching short-term workers to meet fluctuating demands in sectors such as , , , and fields. These services comply with the Worker Dispatching , providing skilled personnel including clerical staff, IT engineers, technical experts in and , and professionals to support businesses across various industries. In addition to temporary placements, Pasona offers recruiting services for permanent positions, connecting employers with mid-career professionals, executives such as COOs and CFOs, and entry-level talent through tailored search and temp-to-perm transitions. Outplacement support is a key component, assisting displaced workers with , job search assistance, and re-employment programs available in all 47 prefectures, having aided over 160,000 individuals with a 95% re-employment rate within one year as of 2024. Outsourcing and consulting services enable companies to streamline processes, including management, reception, , and contact center operations, through on-site or off-site (BPO) models. Pasona also provides advisory consulting on labor compliance and strategies, leveraging tools to address organizational challenges and ensure regulatory adherence in Japan's dynamic employment landscape. To address Japan's workforce upskilling needs, Pasona delivers specialized training programs focused on IT skills such as , AWS, cybersecurity, and RPA, alongside language training in English, , and , as well as professional development in , , and medical secretarial work. These initiatives, including the Pasona Career with 8,800 courses and 71,500 participants as of 2024, aim to enhance and support lifelong career growth.

Subsidiaries and Divisions

Pasona Tech, Inc., a key subsidiary of the Pasona Group, was established in to address Japan's growing shortages in IT and talent by providing specialized , consulting, and services. The division focuses on dispatching skilled professionals for , , and AI-related projects, enabling companies to tackle technical challenges efficiently. Pasona Foster Inc., established in , specializes in healthcare and support services tailored to Japan's aging population, including staffing for medical facilities, personnel training in caregiving, and community-based care programs. It also extends to childcare solutions such as daycare centers and after-school programs to support working families, integrating expertise with family welfare initiatives. This plays a vital role in bridging labor gaps in the healthcare sector through certified training and on-site deployment. Pasona Create Inc. operates in the creative industries, offering staffing and outsourcing for advertising, design, and marketing roles to support content creation and brand development projects. It provides talent for graphic design, event planning, and digital media production, helping businesses innovate in visual and promotional strategies. Pasona Academy serves as the group's education and training arm, delivering programs in professional skills such as IT certification, language training, and business management to upskill workers and facilitate career transitions. These initiatives focus on developing human resources for emerging sectors like technology and global business. Under the Pasona Group structure, these subsidiaries integrate through cross-divisional committees that coordinate initiatives. This enhances service delivery by leveraging specialized expertise across units, contributing to the group's overall operational in addressing domestic needs.

International Presence

Global Operations

Pasona's international expansion commenced in the mid-1980s, marking its entry into global markets to support Japanese businesses abroad. The company first established a presence in Asia through Pasona Asia Co., Limited in Hong Kong in 1984, followed by North America with the founding of Pasona N.A., Inc. in the United States in 1985, initially focusing on temporary staffing and recruitment for Japanese-owned firms. By the 2000s, Pasona accelerated its growth in Asia, entering China in 2005 with the establishment of Pasona Management Consultancy in Shenzhen to provide HR and management consulting services tailored to multinational operations. This timeline reflects a strategic progression from pioneering outposts in key economic hubs to broader regional coverage, adapting to the needs of Japanese enterprises navigating overseas challenges. Today, Pasona maintains operations across 14 countries, including Canada, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam. These markets enable the company to leverage a global network for coordinated HR support, with offices facilitating everything from local talent sourcing to cross-border coordination. In Canada, operations began in 1992 from Toronto, extending North American coverage beyond the U.S. To meet diverse regulatory environments, Pasona adapts its core model with localized services, such as tailored solutions for expatriates, cross-border recruiting processes, and strict adherence to local labor laws. For instance, in , the company offers IT outsourcing and services, including (KPO) for tech-driven functions, helping Japanese firms comply with data and regulations while scaling operations. In other regions like , , and , adaptations include joint ventures for automotive and sectors, ensuring cultural and legal alignment. The overarching strategic goals of Pasona's global operations center on bolstering companies' overseas expansion by providing comprehensive infrastructure, including for expatriates and global systems. Simultaneously, the company aims to attract international talent to , fostering through initiatives like global recruitment for domestic projects and leveraging events such as in to build a worldwide network. This dual focus enhances cross-cultural workforce mobility and supports sustainable growth for both and global clients.

Key Overseas Subsidiaries

Pasona N.A., Inc., established in 1985 as a wholly owned of Pasona Group Inc., serves as the primary U.S.-based arm focused on bilingual and solutions for companies operating in . It provides temporary , recruiting, , , and consulting services tailored to needs, supporting over 35 years of operations in the region. This entity pioneered recruitment for firms in the U.S., emphasizing individualized solutions for labor and resource challenges. Pasona India Private Limited, a wholly owned founded in 2006, specializes in IT, BPO, talent acquisition, and consulting services, capitalizing on 's extensive talent pool to assist businesses establishing operations there. Since its , it has supported and initiatives for global clients, including staffing for and . The operates from key cities, providing end-to-end solutions to bridge skill gaps in the competitive tech sector. In , Pasona Human Resources (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., established in 2006, handles recruiting, consulting, management, and employee care services, with a focus on supporting firms and within Asian supply chains. It offers placement and advisory for global talent, particularly aiding Japanese companies navigating local regulations and workforce needs. Similarly, Pasona Consulting (Thailand) Co., Ltd., launched in 2012 as a , delivers recruitment and services customized for Thai-Japanese operations and executive placements in . It provides global personnel sourcing and consulting to facilitate business expansion in 's industrial hubs. Other key subsidiaries include Pasona Co., Ltd. (established 2011), providing HR services for Japanese-affiliated companies in ; Pasona Co., Ltd., focusing on recruiting, consulting, BPO, and management; PT Pasona HR (established 2012), offering HR services in ; and Pasona HR Sdn. Bhd. (established 2014), specializing in recruiting and consulting for Japanese firms in . In , Pasona Pte. Ltd., established in , supports recruitment and HR solutions for regional hubs, serving as a key node for Southeast Asian operations. These entities align with Pasona's broader of centralized HR support across 14 countries.

Financial Performance

Revenue and Growth Trends

Pasona Group's has demonstrated steady expansion since the early 2000s, fueled by progressive in Japan's temporary sector, which broadened permissible job categories and spurred industry-wide . Net sales grew from approximately ¥193 billion in 2009 to ¥327 billion by 2019, reflecting a of around 5% amid increasing demand for flexible workforce solutions. This trajectory was particularly pronounced between 2004 and 2006, when the sector expanded by 70% following key legislative revisions to the Worker Dispatching Act. In 2019 (ended May 31, 2019), Pasona reported net sales of ¥327 billion (approximately $2.98 billion at contemporary exchange rates), with the majority derived from core services. Revenue breakdown highlighted temporary (Expert Services) at 48.5%, (BPO) and contracting at 29.7%, and at 10.8%, while international operations contributed 2.4% through activities. This structure underscores Pasona's reliance on domestic and related services, with temporary and contracting segments collectively accounting for nearly 80% of . Key growth drivers in the and included economic policies, which from 2012 onward promoted labor market flexibility through eased restrictions on non-regular employment, alongside persistent demographic-driven labor shortages in . Post-COVID-19 recovery further bolstered demand for HR services, as businesses adapted to and talent retention challenges, contributing to net sales peaks of ¥373 billion in fiscal year 2023. Recent trends in the 2020s show a mix of growth and moderation, with year-over-year increases of 9.5% in and 1.7% in , driven by subsidiary expansions and adoption of digital HR tools such as AI-powered platforms. However, saw a decline to ¥309 billion, attributed to waning pandemic-related demand, though annual reports emphasize ongoing investments in to sustain 5-10% medium-term growth targets.

Stock and Market Position

Pasona Group Inc. (TYO:2168) has been publicly traded on the since December 21, 2001. As of November 11, 2025, its is approximately ¥72.35 billion, reflecting a 78.92% increase from ¥40.44 billion at listing, with a of 2.46% over that period. Post-listing, the company reached valuation highs in the early , with its adjusted peaking at around ¥60 in April 2004 amid a bullish market for firms following Japan's regulatory of temporary . In the staffing industry, Pasona ranks as the third-largest firm by , trailing leaders Holdings and Holdings, according to Staffing Industry Analysts' assessments. Globally, it positions as the 30th-largest provider, competing in the broader services sector against international giants like Adecco and , which dominate with significantly larger market shares in and . Domestically, key rivals include En , focusing on , underscoring Pasona's competitive emphasis on comprehensive and solutions. Pasona's investor relations strategy emphasizes shareholder returns through a progressive dividend policy and capital management initiatives. For the fiscal year ended May 31, 2025, the company declared a year-end dividend of ¥75 per share, consisting of ¥15 in ordinary dividends and ¥60 in special dividends, payable on August 8, 2025, aligning with its commitment to stable payouts despite fluctuating earnings. In parallel, Pasona initiated share repurchases in early 2025 to enhance , acquiring 1,846,200 shares for ¥3.9 billion by October 31, 2025, as part of a program targeting up to 2 million shares. Regarding ESG integration, Pasona holds a negligible ESG risk score of 14.3 from and is included in prominent indexes such as the Japan ESG Select Leaders Index, reflecting its focus on sustainable practices within the staffing sector.

Leadership and Governance

Executive Leadership

Yasuyuki Nambu founded Pasona in 1976 as Temporary Center, Inc., initially focusing on temporary staffing to enable homemakers, particularly women who had raised children, to re-enter the workforce amid Japan's limited opportunities for such returns at the time. Under his leadership as Group CEO, Nambu drove innovations in human resources, including the promotion of flexible work arrangements and advocacy for greater female participation in the labor market, which aligned with Pasona's mission to address societal employment challenges. He served in executive roles for nearly five decades, shaping the company's expansion into a comprehensive HR services provider before transitioning leadership in 2025. As of November 2025, Hirotaka Wakamoto serves as Representative Director, Chairperson, and CEO of Pasona Group Inc., having assumed the CEO role in June 2025 following Nambu's resignation. Wakamoto, who joined Pasona in 1991 and rose through operational roles, including as and , has emphasized international expansion and operational efficiency, contributing to the group's global initiatives and strategic partnerships abroad. His tenure has focused on integrating into services to support Pasona's growth in diverse markets. Key supporting executives include Yuko Nakase, who has been Senior Managing Executive Officer and since 2017, overseeing financial strategy with a focus on sustainable growth and amid the company's post-pandemic recovery. In talent management, Junko Fukasawa, appointed Director, Vice President, and Executive Officer in August 2025, leads the Pasona Way General Headquarters, driving initiatives in employee development and corporate culture to enhance workforce diversity and retention. Shintaro Nakao, Representative Director, President, and COO since August 2025, manages day-to-day operations, building on his prior experience as President of Pasona Inc. to streamline service delivery across divisions. Pasona's leadership has evolved from Nambu's founder-led model, which dominated until the company's 2007 listing on the , to a professional management structure emphasizing specialized expertise in operations, , and . This transition, accelerated by Nambu's 2025 handover to Wakamoto and subsequent appointments like Nakao's, reflects deliberate to foster generational renewal while maintaining the group's innovative HR ethos.

Corporate Governance Structure

Pasona Group Inc. operates under a "company with supervisory " structure, as adopted in line with Japan's Companies Act, which separates the roles of management execution and supervision to enhance oversight and accountability. The consists of 10 members, including 6 internal directors (comprising executives such as the Group CEO and President) and 4 external directors, all of whom meet the Stock Exchange's criteria for . This composition ensures a balance between internal expertise in and staffing operations and external perspectives on and risk. The supervisory , functioning as the , includes 5 members: one full-time internal and four external directors, responsible for auditing financial reporting, internal controls, and legal compliance. Additionally, a voluntary and compensation , composed of three members (one and two external directors), advises the board on appointments, performance evaluations, and policies to promote objectivity and alignment with shareholder interests. To promote and , Pasona has implemented policies aligned with Japan's Corporate Governance Code (revised 2021), particularly Principle 2-6 on board , aiming for gender balance and broader . As of May 31, 2025, women comprise 26.8% of officers and 50.2% of managers company-wide, with initiatives such as flexible work arrangements (including telecommuting and ) and the "Wonder Woman Training" program, which has elevated participants to senior roles like Group president. On the board, two female internal directors contribute to , reflecting efforts to increase female participation in , though external directors remain all male. These measures support sustainable growth by fostering diverse viewpoints in strategic oversight. Risk management at Pasona is overseen by a dedicated Risk Management Committee and an Internal Control Systems Committee, with frameworks tailored to the staffing industry's challenges, including HR ethics, data privacy, and sustainability. The Compliance Committee enforces a corporate code of conduct and an internal reporting system (whistleblower hotline) to address ethical issues in recruitment and employment practices, while document management regulations ensure compliance with data privacy laws like Japan's Act on the Protection of Personal Information. Sustainability reporting adheres to the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) framework since 2021, integrated via an Environmental Management Strategy Board, covering environmental, social, and governance risks in global operations. These structures mitigate operational vulnerabilities and align with Principle 4-1 of Japan's Corporate Governance Code on risk management systems. Shareholder engagement is facilitated through annual general meetings held in late , where is enabled via the and English summaries of proceedings are provided for investors. Post its 2006 listing on the , Pasona has enhanced transparency with biannual investor presentations, comprehensive IR materials on its , and policies against anti-social forces to build trust. This approach complies with Principle 5-1 of Japan's Code, emphasizing dialogue with shareholders to reflect their input in decisions.

Controversies and Challenges

Labor and Ethical Issues

In 2014, Pasona faced indirect scrutiny amid Japan's proposed "white-collar exemption" labor reform, which sought to exempt highly paid professionals from pay requirements to combat excessive working hours and boost in the services sector. The proposal, advanced by the administration of Prime Minister , drew sharp criticism from labor unions and the public, who viewed it as a potential mechanism to extend work hours without compensation for average employees, despite its intended focus on high earners above a certain threshold. Pasona's connections to key government figures, including Yasuyuki Nambu's hosting of lavish events attended by Labor Minister Norihisa Tamura, amplified media attention and fueled perceptions of by firms on deregulation efforts that could benefit temporary practices. Allegations of poor worker treatment have also targeted Pasona, particularly regarding its role in outplacement services that critics describe as coercive. In cases involving large corporations like and , Pasona's affiliate, Nihon Employment Creation Organization Inc., has been used to reassign middle-aged employees deemed surplus, effectively isolating them in a "banishment room" environment where they are pressured to seek new employment or accept early retirement. These workers, often in their 40s and 50s, report daily job-search mandates with minimal support, leading to accusations of disguised dismissals subsidized by government funds totaling 30.1 billion yen in the 2014 budget to cover half the costs of such programs. Japanese Communist Party lawmaker Akira Koike condemned the practice as unethical, prompting the Labor Ministry to investigate potential violations of labor protections. Temporary placements facilitated by Pasona have been linked to broader concerns over and unequal conditions in Japan's industry, where non-regular workers often endure longer hours and lower stability compared to permanent staff. Reports highlight instances of excessive workloads in dispatched roles, contributing to Japan's pervasive (death from overwork) issue, though specific metrics for Pasona remain limited; for example, the company's temporary staff have faced criticism for lacking the and benefits afforded to core employees, exacerbating vulnerabilities in a market where non-regular rose to over 38% of the workforce by the mid-2010s. disparities persist in staffing roles, with women comprising a majority of temporary positions yet earning approximately 75% of men's wages on average in similar jobs, reflecting systemic pay gaps that Pasona has been urged to address through better equity policies. Pasona's association with public figures drew further ethical questions in through the , where pop star Aska's arrest for drug possession spotlighted Nambu's guesthouse parties attended by politicians and hostesses, raising concerns about conflicts of interest in labor policy discussions. The incident, covered extensively in tabloids, underscored perceptions of elite networking that could influence reforms favoring staffing , though no direct wrongdoing by Pasona was proven. More recently, Pasona's reputation has been impacted by fraudulent activities impersonating the company. In 2023, warnings emerged about scammers posing as Pasona recruiters on and calls, soliciting or fees under false job offers, which eroded trust among job seekers and prompted official alerts from the firm itself. Pasona advised blocking suspicious contacts and verifying opportunities through official channels to mitigate these risks, highlighting ongoing challenges in maintaining ethical standards amid rising .

Financial and Regulatory Scrutiny

In 2023, Pasona Group Inc. faced significant financial scrutiny over allegations of overcharging local governments for operating vaccination call centers. The company, acting as the prime contractor, subcontracted operations to Eter Co., which allegedly falsified records on staff numbers and call volumes, leading to inflated billing. This affected three cities: and in , and in Hyogo Prefecture, with total overcharges amounting to approximately 1.08 billion yen (about $8.2 million). For instance, in , Eter reported handling around 38,000 calls but only managed about 10,000, while staffing levels were substantially below contracted figures, such as only 33 operators present instead of the promised 100 during a surprise inspection by Pasona. Pasona acknowledged negligent oversight in failing to detect Eter's discrepancies during the period from March 2021 to December 2022 and committed to refunding the full overcharged amounts to the affected cities—roughly 360 million yen to , 270 million yen to , and 450 million yen to . The company also initiated legal action against Eter to recover the funds and announced internal reforms to strengthen subcontractor monitoring and systems, including enhanced auditing protocols for contracts. While no formal fines or penalties were imposed by regulatory authorities at the time, the incident prompted Pasona to apologize publicly for undermining trust in its services. The had notable operational repercussions, exacerbating service disruptions for residents seeking appointments and highlighting vulnerabilities in Pasona's management of government-backed projects. Cities reported widespread complaints about inaccessible call centers, which strained efforts during the . Although specific halts to broader government contracts were not documented, the refunds and subsequent reforms underscored the financial and reputational costs, contributing to temporary pressures on Pasona's revenue streams from engagements.

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