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Pechiney

Pechiney SA was a prominent French multinational corporation specializing in aluminum production and packaging, originating from a chemical plant established in 1855 and evolving into one of Europe's leading aluminum groups before its acquisition by Alcan in 2003.^[1] Founded as the Compagnie des Produits Chimiques d'Alais et de la Camargue by Henri Merle to produce caustic soda, the company pivoted to aluminum in 1860 using a chemical process, securing a monopoly on French aluminum production for the next three decades.^[1] By adopting electrolytic methods in 1897 and merging with Froges in 1921 to form Aluminium Français (AFC), Pechiney expanded its technological edge, producing 80% of France's primary aluminum by 1971 and developing high-quality alloys, semi-finished products like foils and forgings, and innovations in electrolysis cells used globally.^[2]^[1] Post-World War II, Pechiney reorganized in 1948 into four divisions: aluminum, electrothermics, chemicals, and mining products, initiating international growth with plants in Cameroon (1954), Guinea (1960), the United States (1962, 1966, 1970), Germany (1968), and the Netherlands (1971).^[2]^[1] A major merger in 1971 with Ugine-Kuhlmann created Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann (PUK), France's largest industrial conglomerate at the time, though it faced challenges from oil crises and rising energy costs in the 1970s.^[2] Nationalized by the French government in 1982 amid economic difficulties, it was renamed simply Pechiney in 1983 after divesting non-core steel and chemical units, refocusing on aluminum and acquiring American National Can in 1988 to bolster its packaging division for food, healthcare, and cosmetics markets.^[1]^[2] Privatized and listed on the Paris and New York stock exchanges in 1995, Pechiney operated 320 facilities across 50 countries with 31,300 employees by 2000, generating €10.7 billion in sales.^[1] In July 2003, Canadian firm Alcan launched a hostile €3.4 billion bid for Pechiney, valuing it at €41 per share—a 28% premium—and aiming to form the world's largest aluminum and packaging entity with anticipated annual savings of $250 million, despite regulatory hurdles from U.S., Canadian, and EU authorities.^[3] The acquisition was completed by December 2003, integrating Pechiney into Alcan, which itself was acquired by Rio Tinto in 2007 for US$38.1 billion, marking the end of Pechiney as an independent entity.^[2]^[4] Throughout its history, Pechiney was renowned for technological leadership in aluminum corrosion resistance, product development for aerospace and automotive sectors, and a paternalistic labor model that enhanced productivity, producing the same output in 1994 with 2.5 times fewer workers than in 1970.^[2]

History

Founding and Early Years (1855–1920)

Pechiney originated as a chemical manufacturing venture when chemical engineer Henri Merle established the Compagnie des Produits Chimiques d'Alais et de la Camargue in 1855 at the Salindres plant in Gard, France, with imperial authorization from Napoleon III to produce caustic soda using the Leblanc process from local sea salt.^[1]^[5] The factory's construction began in June 1855, with operations commencing late the following year, marking an early industrial effort in southern France's chemical sector amid significant local opposition due to pollution concerns.^[5] In 1860, the company expanded into aluminum production at Salindres, employing Henri Sainte-Claire Deville's chemical reduction process, which involved treating bauxite with sodium carbonate and chlorination to yield the metal; initial output reached 505 kg in the first year.^[1]^[6] This innovation secured a French monopoly on aluminum for approximately 30 years, as Salindres became the world's sole producer, leveraging nearby bauxite and salt resources despite the process's high costs and low yields, often described as akin to goldsmithing in its labor intensity.^[1]^[6] The monopoly reinforced Pechiney's dominance in France's nascent metal sector, though it faced financial strains from the process's inefficiencies and external pressures, including over 287 lawsuits between 1865 and 1872 over environmental nuisances, resulting in compensations totaling 1,856.60 francs by 1876.^[6]^[5] By 1889, competition from more efficient electrolytic methods, pioneered by Paul Héroult, rendered the chemical process obsolete, prompting the company to cease aluminum production the following year after a peak output of 2,959 kg.^[6]^[1] Pechiney reentered the aluminum market in 1897 by acquiring a rival firm and adopting electrolytic production, aligning with global technological shifts.^[1] This period's monopoly dynamics in French chemicals and metals underscored Pechiney's strategic pivots amid economic vulnerabilities, culminating in its first international venture in 1912 with the establishment of an aluminum plant near Badin, North Carolina, under French interests via L'Aluminium Français to tap hydroelectric resources.^[1]^[7]

Expansion and Mergers (1921–1970)

Following the First World War, Pechiney underwent significant consolidation through a key merger in 1921, when Alais et Camargue combined with the leading French aluminum producer Froges to create the Compagnie des Produits Chimiques et Électrométallurgiques d'Alais, Froges et Camargue (AFC), commonly known as Pechiney in financial circles.^[8] This merger unified major domestic players in aluminum production, chemicals, and electrometallurgy, enabling greater economies of scale and resource sharing amid post-war reconstruction demands.^[9] By the 1930s, Pechiney extended its reach into European markets beyond France, establishing a notable presence through technology licensing for electrolysis cells and partnerships in hydroelectric exploitation across the Alps and neighboring regions.^[2] The post-World War II era marked a pivotal reorganization for the company. In 1948, AFC restructured into four primary divisions—aluminum, electrothermics, chemicals, and mining products—before adopting the simplified name Pechiney, a nod to its longstanding informal identity and influential former director Alfred Rangod Pechiney.^[1] This shift facilitated a multidivisional management model inspired by American practices, emphasizing decentralization and specialization, while signaling the onset of aggressive international growth to secure raw materials and markets.^[2] Concurrently, Pechiney ramped up investments in downstream operations, focusing on fabrication, alloy development, and semi-finished products; this included acquiring independent firms and internal expansions to vertically integrate from bauxite refining to end-user applications like packaging.^[2] International outreach accelerated in the mid-20th century, beginning with Africa's establishment in 1954 via the launch of an aluminum smelter at Édéa in Cameroon (Alucam), leveraging local bauxite and hydroelectric resources for integrated production.^[10] The 1960s saw further diversification, with a 20% stake in Australia's Gladstone alumina refinery in 1962 to access Weipa bauxite deposits, continued penetration of Latin America through equity in Argentine and Brazilian fabrication plants dating to 1947–1948, and entry into Greece via the 1966 opening of the Aluminium de Grèce (ADG) alumina-aluminum complex, securing concessions in the Delphi region.^[8] Expansions also touched Asia, including exploratory bauxite projects and technology transfers, as Pechiney sought to counterbalance European energy constraints with global supply chains.^[11] Strategic acquisitions bolstered this growth trajectory. In 1962, Pechiney purchased Howe Sound Inc., a U.S.-based aluminum producer and processor, granting access to North American markets and downstream capabilities in sheet and strip rolling, with the subsidiary later rebranded as Howmet.^[10] This move diversified production amid rising global demand. By 1967, Pechiney acquired Tréfimétaux, a prominent French specialist in copper and non-ferrous metals, integrating it as a dedicated division to broaden beyond aluminum into wiredrawing, laminating, and alloy diversification, thereby enhancing the group's resilience against sector-specific fluctuations.^[1]

Nationalization and Restructuring (1971–1995)

In 1971, Pechiney merged with Société Ugine Kuhlmann to form Pechiney-Ugine-Kuhlmann (PUK), establishing France's largest private industrial conglomerate with diversified operations spanning aluminum production, chemicals, copper, nuclear fuels, and special steels.^[12]^[13] The merger integrated Pechiney's expertise in metals with Ugine Kuhlmann's strengths in chemicals and engineering, creating a multinational entity that employed over 100,000 people worldwide but faced immediate challenges from disparate business lines and financial instability.^[14] This consolidation positioned PUK as a key player in France's postwar industrial strategy, though it ultimately strained resources and halted Pechiney's prior growth momentum.^[14] The company's trajectory shifted dramatically in 1982 when the French Socialist government under President François Mitterrand nationalized PUK as part of a broader program targeting major industries to address economic recession and enhance state influence over production.^[15] Nationalization placed Pechiney under direct state control, with government-appointed managers overseeing operations amid a workforce of over 650,000 across the affected groups, and included significant financial support to stabilize the firm, such as approximately $1.6 billion in aid allocated to the five newly nationalized industrial groups between 1982 and 1983.^[15]^[16] By 1983, the entity was renamed Pechiney, and the government stripped away non-aluminum subsidiaries—including those in chemicals and special steels—to refocus exclusively on primary aluminum production and related core competencies.^[12] This restructuring aimed to streamline operations and leverage Pechiney's historical strengths in aluminum, divesting peripheral activities that had diluted profitability during the PUK era.^[12] A pivotal expansion occurred in 1988 when Pechiney, through its U.S. subsidiary, acquired Triangle Industries for $1.3 billion, thereby gaining control of American National Can (ANC) and establishing Pechiney as the world's leading packaging firm.^[17]^[18] The deal doubled Pechiney's size, with packaging activities—bolstered by ANC's consumer container operations—accounting for about 45% of total sales post-acquisition, while shifting the balance away from pure aluminum toward diversified metals and packaging.^[19] This strategic move enhanced Pechiney's global footprint in North America but also escalated its debt load significantly.^[12] The period culminated in 1995 with Pechiney's privatization under the French government's economic liberalization efforts, marking the sale of its state-held shares and listings on both the Paris and New York stock exchanges.^[20]^[21] This transition, which raised approximately 7 billion francs ($1.43 billion), ended decades of state dominance and positioned Pechiney as a fully private entity focused on competitive restructuring in aluminum and packaging sectors.^[22] The privatization reflected broader French policy shifts toward market-oriented reforms, allowing Pechiney to pursue independent growth strategies amid global industry consolidation.^[12]

Acquisition by Alcan (1996–2003)

In 1999, Pechiney spun off its ANC packaging division to focus on core aluminum operations, retaining a 45% stake in the new entity before selling it to Rexam PLC in 2000.^[8] This move allowed Pechiney to streamline its portfolio amid growing competition in the global packaging sector. A proposed three-way merger involving Pechiney, Alcan, and Switzerland's Algroup in 2000 collapsed due to unresolved antitrust concerns from European regulators, who required divestitures that the parties could not agree upon. The failure left Pechiney independent but prompted Alcan to proceed with acquiring Algroup alone, reshaping the competitive landscape of the aluminum industry. In 2001, Pechiney launched an aggressive acquisition program aimed at doubling its size by 2005, building on its position as of 2000 with approximately 31,300 employees and €10.7 billion in sales.^[1] This strategy sought to expand its primary aluminum production and engineered products through targeted buys, enhancing its global footprint despite market volatility. By 2003, Alcan Corporation acquired Pechiney for $4.5 billion in a deal that integrated Pechiney's 34,000 employees and 320 facilities across 50 countries, creating one of the world's largest aluminum producers.^[23] The acquisition, cleared by U.S. and European regulators after required divestitures to address competition in markets like beverage can sheet, bolstered Alcan's supply chain efficiency and market share.^[24] In 2007, Rio Tinto took over Alcan in a $38.1 billion transaction, rebranding the combined entity as Rio Tinto Alcan and further consolidating control over global aluminum production.^[4] The Pechiney-Alcan merger had lasting effects on global aluminum supply chains, enabling greater vertical integration from bauxite mining to finished products and influencing pricing dynamics through reduced fragmentation among top producers.^[25] This consolidation supported innovations in sustainable sourcing and recycling, though it also intensified scrutiny on market concentration in key regions.

Business Operations

Aluminum and Primary Products

Pechiney's primary aluminum production encompassed the full vertical integration of the supply chain, beginning with bauxite mining, followed by alumina refining, and culminating in electrolytic smelting to produce aluminum metal. The company secured bauxite supplies through mining operations and partnerships worldwide, converting the ore into alumina at key refineries such as the Salindres facility in France, which originated as the birthplace of industrial aluminum production in the country in the 1860s and remained central to Pechiney's refining capabilities.^[26] In Australia, Pechiney held a significant stake in Queensland Alumina Ltd., which commenced operations in 1967 as one of the world's largest refineries at the time, employing 2,800 workers and underscoring Pechiney's role in expanding global alumina capacity.^[27] Smelting occurred at integrated plants, including those in France and international joint ventures like the Tomago Smelter in Australia, established through a 1978 partnership where Pechiney took a majority ownership, achieving an annual capacity of 220,000 tons by 1985 and representing 28% of Australia's smelting output.^[27] In the United States, Pechiney expanded its smelting and refining footprint through acquisitions, notably purchasing Howe Sound Inc. in 1962, a major American aluminum producer, which bolstered its primary production capabilities across North America.^[26] By the late 1980s, following the 1988 acquisition of American National Can, aluminum products accounted for approximately 30% of Pechiney's manufacturing sales, positioning the company as one of the world's leading primary aluminum producers with substantial market influence.^[26] This era highlighted Pechiney's competitive standing, as it produced around 80% of France's total aluminum output in the early 1970s, reinforcing its dominance in the European market.^[28] Downstream from primary production, Pechiney engaged in rolling, extrusion, and fabrication processes to transform aluminum into semifinished products tailored for high-value industries. These activities supplied alloys and components for aerospace applications, automotive parts, and construction materials, leveraging the company's integrated operations to ensure quality and efficiency.^[29] By 2003, Pechiney's global network comprised 320 manufacturing and sales sites across 50 countries, enabling seamless progression from raw materials to finished aluminum goods and supporting its role as a vertically integrated leader.^[30] Pechiney's aluminum operations played a pivotal economic role in France, where it remained the nation's foremost producer, sustaining thousands of jobs in industrial regions and contributing to the country's nonferrous metals sector through its emphasis on primary and transformed products.^[31] The company's employment footprint extended internationally, as evidenced by its Australian ventures, while domestically it anchored France's aluminum industry with facilities like Salindres driving long-term regional development.^[26]

Packaging and Diversified Activities

Following nationalization in 1982 and subsequent restructuring, Pechiney divested its chemicals division in 1983, transferring activities to entities such as Rhône-Poulenc, Elf Aquitaine, CdF-Chimie, and EMC to refocus on core aluminum operations.^[8] This marked a strategic pivot from the conglomerate diversification of the 1970s, when the 1971 merger with Ugine-Kuhlmann had expanded into steel, chemicals, and other sectors, toward a streamlined emphasis on aluminum production and downstream applications like packaging.^[8] Similarly, Pechiney's copper activities, bolstered by the 1967 merger with Tréfimétaux—a specialist in copper wiring, cables, and related products—were sold to Europa Metalli in 1987, with Pechiney retaining a 20% stake thereafter.^[1] The 1988 acquisition of American National Can (ANC), a U.S.-based packaging giant with $5 billion in annual sales and operations in aluminum and steel containers, propelled Pechiney into global leadership in packaging for beverages, food, and consumer goods, accounting for 45% of its manufacturing sales post-deal.^[1] This move, executed through the purchase of ANC's parent Triangle Industries, expanded Pechiney's footprint to over 100 factories worldwide and balanced its portfolio, with aluminum comprising 30% and other activities 25% of sales.^[1] Packaging operations targeted markets such as beverage cans and industrial containers, supporting global exports and leveraging aluminum base materials for lightweight, recyclable solutions. Key subsidiaries drove this diversification, including Cebal—established in 1966 as a packaging specialist—and Alltub, whose roots trace to Pechiney and Cebal organizations, producing aluminum squeeze tubes, laminate tubes, aerosol cans, and rigid containers for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and industrial uses.^[1]^[32] Cebal operated internationally, with facilities in Europe, China (via a 60% stake in Cebal Zhongshan Co. Ltd.), and beyond, contributing to specialty packaging that represented about 20% of Pechiney's total sales by 2000.^[1] Pechiney also held minor stakes in non-aluminum sectors, such as rare-earth magnets through the 1980 acquisition of RECOMA Inc., integrated into its UGIMAG division for producing samarium-cobalt and neodymium magnets used in high-performance applications.^[33] These activities were part of broader downstream diversification but remained secondary. By the late 1990s, amid privatization and cost-cutting initiatives like the 1996 Challenge program—which reduced debt by FFr 10.4 billion—Pechiney spun off ANC in 1999, retaining a 45% stake before selling it to Rexam PLC in 2000, further sharpening its packaging focus until the eventual integration with Alcan.^[1]

Innovations and Technologies

Key Developments in Aluminum Production

Pechiney initially produced aluminum using chemical methods developed by Henri Sainte-Claire Deville starting in 1860, but these processes were limited in scale and efficiency.^[1] In the late 1890s, the company adopted the electrolytic Hall-Héroult process, which revolutionized production by enabling scalable electrolytic reduction of alumina in cryolite baths using carbon anodes, replacing costly chemical extraction and allowing industrial volumes of aluminum.^[1] This shift positioned Pechiney as a leader in electrolytic smelting, with early implementations focusing on optimizing cell design for consistent current flow and reduced power loss. Post-World War II, Pechiney invested heavily in alumina refining to secure upstream supply for its smelters, including a 20% stake in Queensland Alumina Limited (QAL) in Gladstone, Australia, acquired in 1963.^[34] QAL commenced operations in March 1967 as the world's largest alumina refinery at the time, with an initial capacity of 600,000 tons per year, processing local bauxite via the Bayer process into high-purity alumina for export and domestic use.^[34] This facility, later expanded to over 2 million tons annually, exemplified Pechiney's strategy to integrate refining with smelting, reducing dependency on external suppliers and improving overall production efficiency.^[34] In 1956, Pechiney engineers developed a pioneering prototype for continuous strip casting, which solidified molten aluminum between a rotating wheel and a flexible belt to produce uniform strips directly, bypassing traditional ingot casting and rolling.^[35] This innovation enabled the production of wider coils up to 400 mm and heavier outputs reaching 500 kg, facilitating downstream fabrication into sheets and foils while minimizing material waste and energy use in reheating.^[35] The prototype laid the groundwork for patented advancements in 1958, influencing modern continuous casters that scaled outputs dramatically. During the 1970s and 1980s, Pechiney advanced smelting efficiency through its proprietary AP series prebake cell technologies, starting with AP18 pots prototyped in 1976 and industrially launched in 1979 at 180 kA.^[36] These point-fed cells featured improved magnetic compensation and automated feeding to achieve current efficiencies around 95% and energy consumption of approximately 13 kWh per kg of aluminum, a notable reduction from earlier Söderberg designs exceeding 15 kWh/kg.^[36] The subsequent AP30 technology, introduced in 1981 and commercialized in 1986 at over 280 kA, further optimized proprietary cell designs with enhanced busbar configurations and cooling systems, lowering energy use to about 12.5 kWh/kg while maintaining high productivity.^[36] These developments were licensed globally, including to Alcoa in 2003 following the Alcan-Pechiney merger, enabling widespread adoption in over 16 smelters for energy-efficient reduction.

Other Technological Contributions

Pechiney developed specialized aluminum alloys renowned for their enhanced corrosion resistance, particularly suited for demanding environments in marine, automotive, and aerospace applications. The Sealium alloy, a 5xxx series variant designated as 5383, offered superior resistance to seawater corrosion and fatigue compared to the standard 5083 alloy, enabling its use in boatbuilding and marine structures without extensive painting.^[37]^[38] For aerospace, Pechiney Rhenalu produced high-strength alloys such as 7449 and 6056, which provided excellent intergranular corrosion resistance alongside high toughness, supporting structural components in aircraft.^[39] In the automotive sector, these alloys contributed to lightweight, durable parts exposed to harsh conditions, emphasizing Pechiney's role in advancing corrosion-resistant materials for key markets.^[38] Through acquisitions in the 1980s, Pechiney expanded into advanced magnet production, integrating RECOMA Inc. with its UGIMAG division to specialize in rare-earth permanent magnets. This development focused on samarium-cobalt (SmCo) magnets, such as SmCo5 and Sm2Co17, which achieved high energy products and thermal stability for applications in electronics and motors.^[40]^[33] Later advancements under Pechiney/UGIMAG included neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets, enhancing performance in high-demand sectors and establishing the company as a key player in rare-earth magnet technology.^[41]^[42] Pechiney's contributions to electrometallurgy extended beyond aluminum via its 1967 acquisition of Tréfimétaux, which became the group's copper division and advanced electrolytic refining techniques for high-purity copper production. Tréfimétaux specialized in electrorefining processes that improved impurity removal and cathode quality, supporting efficient copper extraction from anodes in industrial-scale operations.^[2] These methods enhanced energy efficiency and metal recovery in non-ferrous metallurgy, broadening Pechiney's expertise in electrolytic applications.^[2] In packaging, Pechiney innovated through integration of technologies from subsidiaries like Cebal and American National Can (ANC), pioneering prototype developments in aluminum aerosol cans and collapsible tubes. These advancements enabled lightweight, recyclable containers for cosmetics and consumer products, with ANC's contributions focusing on seamless tube extrusion and aerosol valve integration for improved durability and barrier properties.^[43]^[30] Pechiney's tube technologies set benchmarks for metal-plastic laminates, enhancing product preservation in diverse markets.^[32] Pechiney's AP technologies, including the briefly referenced AP18 and AP30 smelter designs, played a pivotal role in global standards through extensive licensing agreements that promoted energy-efficient aluminum production worldwide. By the 1980s, these technologies were licensed to over 20 smelters across continents, reducing specific energy consumption to below 13 kWh/kg and influencing industry benchmarks for potline efficiency and environmental compliance.^[29]^[44] This licensing model facilitated technology transfer, enabling producers in regions like India and Australia to adopt Pechiney's prebake cell innovations for scalable, low-emission operations.^[45]^[46]

Controversies

Triangle Acquisition Scandal

In November 1988, Pechiney SA, a state-owned French aluminum conglomerate, launched an unsolicited takeover of Triangle Industries Inc., a U.S.-based packaging company, for approximately $1.3 billion, offering $56 per common share—a premium of over 400% above the stock's trading price of around $10.50 in the preceding week.^[18]^[47] The deal, announced on November 21, 1988, required approval from the French Finance Ministry due to Pechiney's public status, and it aimed to expand Pechiney's presence in consumer packaging through Triangle's subsidiary American National Can (ANC).^[47]^[48] However, the transaction swiftly triggered an international insider trading scandal when the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) identified heavy pre-announcement trading in Triangle shares, suggesting leaks of confidential merger details and yielding estimated illicit profits of about $10 million.^[49]^[50] Allegations focused on high-level French government figures providing non-public information about the deal, exploiting Pechiney's ties to the state. Roger-Patrice Pelat, a close friend of President François Mitterrand since their time as World War II prisoners of war, was indicted in February 1989 for receiving inside information; Pelat had purchased 30,000 shares at around $10 each through a Swiss institution, profiting approximately $1.1 million upon the price surge to $56, according to U.S. SEC allegations.^[51]^[52]^[53] Pelat's associate, Isabelle Pierco, faced similar charges for receiving tips from him, having bought 650 shares and earning a $21,200 gain.^[51]^[54] Alain Boublil, chief of staff to Finance Minister Pierre Beregovoy, resigned on January 20, 1989, amid suspicions that he leaked details to intermediaries like Lebanese financier Samir Traboulsi during negotiations; Boublil denied any involvement.^[55]^[56] These connections raised concerns over breaches of financial "Chinese walls" separating government oversight from private dealings in state-influenced privatizations.^[56] The SEC and France's Commission des Opérations de Bourse (COB) launched parallel investigations, with the SEC alerting French authorities to suspicious trades by entities like Soco Finance SA, which bought 88,000 shares between August and November 1988.^[47]^[50] Dubbed "Pechiney-gate," the affair—France's first major insider trading controversy—plagued the Mitterrand administration, eroding public trust and fueling accusations of Socialist Party corruption, ultimately contributing to the party's 1993 election loss.^[56]^[57] It exposed regulatory weaknesses, prompting Beregovoy to propose reforms in early 1989 to empower the COB with SEC-like investigative and prosecutorial authority, including heavier fines.^[56] Pelat's death from a heart attack on March 7, 1989, weeks after his indictment, halted aspects of the French probe into his role.^[52] In September 1993, a Paris court convicted seven individuals, including Traboulsi (fined 25 million francs, or $4.4 million, with a two-year suspended sentence) and Max Théret (another Mitterrand associate, fined 2.5 million francs), ordering disgorgement of roughly $9 million in profits from trades in mid-November 1988; no prison terms were imposed.^[57] Boublil was acquitted despite prosecution claims of his centrality as an information source.^[57] The SEC filed charges in 1997 against seven foreign nationals and two entities, securing $6.5 million in settlements for a disgorgement fund to compensate affected investors.^[50] The scandal underscored conflicts in privatizing nationalized firms like Pechiney, emphasizing the need for robust safeguards against political interference in corporate transactions.^[56]

Brandeis Brokers Affair

Brandeis Brokers Ltd. was acquired by Pechiney in 1981 as an international raw materials trading company, serving as the French aluminum producer's primary arm for metals trading on the London Metal Exchange (LME), where it held ring-dealing membership status since the exchange's founding in 1877.^[1]^[58] The Brandeis Brokers affair emerged in 2000 amid revelations of fraudulent trading practices conducted between 1996 and 1997, primarily involving the deliberate mispricing of copper orders, front-running client trades, and the misuse of confidential client information to generate illicit profits.^[58]^[59] These actions targeted clients such as Canadian metals trader Herbert Black, overcharging him on large-volume copper futures transactions and exploiting his positions for Brandeis's benefit.^[58] The scheme involved sham-like manipulations that distorted market pricing, though specific transaction volumes were not publicly detailed beyond Black's claims of losses exceeding £28 million.^[58] Regulatory responses were swift and severe. In January 2000, Brandeis voluntarily relinquished its ring-dealing membership on the LME and transferred its client accounts to Standard Bank London, effectively closing its trading operations.^[59] The UK's Financial Services Authority (FSA), succeeding the Securities and Futures Authority, conducted an investigation that culminated in December 2001 with Brandeis's full expulsion from authorized financial activities, alongside bans and fines on key personnel: trader Stewart Penfold was deemed "not fit and proper" and fined £5,000, while director Robert Swain received a two-year suspension and £35,000 in penalties including costs.^[58] Brandeis was also ordered to pay £1.75 million in compensation to Black and £317,568 toward FSA costs, in addition to a separate LME arbitration award of £3 million in damages to the trader.^[58] Although U.S. regulators like the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) initiated probes into related international metal trading manipulations during this period, no specific fines against Brandeis were imposed by the CFTC in connection to these events.^[60] Internally, the fallout was significant: Pechiney, as parent company, divested its equity stake in LME Holdings Ltd. in September 2000 and fully shuttered Brandeis's brokerage activities by early 2001, with three senior executives facing charges for their roles in the misconduct.^[59] The total settlements approached $7.5 million when converting the combined compensation and arbitration awards.^[58] The scandal severely tarnished Pechiney's reputation in the commodities sector, occurring just prior to its 2003 acquisition by Alcan, and underscored the vulnerabilities of dual-capacity trading on open-outcry exchanges like the LME, prompting broader regulatory scrutiny of metal market integrity.^[60]^[58]

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Pechiney Sale Advances But France May Be Forced to Sell Low
Nov 8, 1995 · The sale of Pechiney would be the last privatization undertaken by the government this year and could yield 7 billion francs ($1.43 billion) in ...
[22]
Amcor rides on Alcan/Pechiney bid - AFR
Jul 9, 2003 · Should Alcan prove successful in its ¿3.4 billion ($5.7 billion) bid for Pechiney , it will garner a 20 per cent market share of the ...
[23]
#539: 09-29-03 DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE WILL REQUIRE A ...
Sep 29, 2003 · In 2002, Pechiney reported total sales of about $11.3 billion, including over $100 million in annual sales of brazing sheet in North America, ...Missing: value | Show results with:value
[24]
Rio Tinto to buy Alcan for $38 billion - Reuters
Aug 9, 2007 · Anglo-Australian miner Rio Tinto Ltd/Plc offered $38.1 billion to buy Canada's Alcan Inc in an agreed deal to create the world's No. 1 aluminum producer.
[25]
Over 100 years of history - aluminium.ca
In 2004, Alcan became the aluminium industry world leader by acquiring Pechiney. ... aluminium value chain. 2016. In April, the United Steelworkers (USW) ...
[26]
Pechiney SA | Encyclopedia.com
The company accumulated financial losses of up to FFr 10 billion (about $2 billion) owing to difficulties in the steel and chemical sectors. In 1979, PUK ...
[27]
Pechiney in Australia: A History of Tomago Smelter (1978-1985)
Mar 21, 2018 · A smelter project had been under examination since 1977. Logically, the Australian firm initially planned it with Alusuisse, its partner in the ...
[28]
FRANCE: Pechiney, Ugine Merge | C&EN Global Enterprise
French companies Pechiney and Ugine-Kuhlmann have announced plans to regroup their activities and merge completely by early 1973.<|control11|><|separator|>
[29]
[PDF] Case No COMP/M.3225 - ALCAN / PECHINEY (II)
Case COMP/M.3225 involves Alcan acquiring control of Pechiney. The Commission found no serious doubts after undertakings were submitted. Alcan is involved in ...Missing: program | Show results with:program
[30]
[PDF] Alcan + Pechiney - SEC.gov
Alcan and Pechiney merger creates a world-leading aluminum company, a US$6 billion packaging leader, and US$250 million annual pre-tax cost synergies.Missing: 31300 | Show results with:31300
[31]
Pechiney | Aluminium producer, Conglomerate, French multinational
The Pechiney firm had its origins in a caustic-soda factory founded in Salindres, Gard, France, by the engineer Henri Merle in 1855. His firm, the Compagnie des ...
[32]
History - ALLTUB
Alltub has many decades of experience in this industrial market dating back to its original roots as part of the Pechiney, Cebal and Alcan organizations.
[33]
[PDF] Acquisitions History Infographic 2021 Mobile.cdr
RECOMA Inc was acquired by Pechiney and became part of the French magnet producer. UGIMAG. Pechiney/UGIMAG 1980. RECOMA Inc. Brown Boveri RECOMA Inc is founded ...
[34]
https://shs.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-d-histoire-de-l-aluminium-2017-1-page-32
[35]
COMPANY HISTORY - Novelis PAE
The company began life in Froges, near the city of Grenoble in the French Alps, with the development of the first horizontal strip casting machine and its first ...
[36]
August 2011: JOM Article - The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
In connection with the 125th anniversary of the Hall–Héroult process this year, we will review the most important progress that has been made in the ...
[37]
[PDF] Aluminium alloys in marine applications
They have been chosen for their level of mechanical properties, their ease of assembly by welding and their excellent corrosion resist- ance in marine ...Missing: aerospace | Show results with:aerospace
[38]
PECHINEY SEALIUM MARINE ALUMINUM ALLOY BOATBUILDING ...
Marine structures benefit from the excellent corrosion resistance offered by Sealium . ... aerospace, automotive, construction, building and transportation ...
[39]
Microstructure mapping in friction stir welds of 7449 aluminium alloy ...
The alloy studied was the commercial high-strength 7449 alloy used for aerospace applications. It was supplied by Pechiney Rhenalu as 22 mm thick extruded ...
[40]
[PDF] A Survey of the Current State-of-the-Art in High-Energy ... - DTIC
Static magnetic properties like ease of magnetizing, resistance to demagnetization (due to elevated temperature exposure while curing a glue bond, or due to ...
[41]
[PDF] evolution of - Arnold Magnetic Technologies
RECOMA Inc was acquired by Pechiney and became part of the French magnet producer. UGIMAG. 1980 Pechiney/UGIMAG. Magnequench. UGIMAG Inc was acquired by ...
[42]
Development Status of Rare Earth Permanent Magnet Materials and ...
Nov 16, 2021 · Great changes have taken place in the international pattern of NdFeB industry. In terms of sintered magnets, Ugimag in the United States was ...
[43]
Pechiney - Wikipedia
Pechiney SA was a major aluminium conglomerate based in France. The company was acquired in 2003 by the Alcan Corporation, headquartered in Canada.History · Brandeis Brokers · References
[44]
History - ALLTUB
Alltub has many decades of experience in this industrial market dating back to its original roots as part of the Pechiney, Cebal and Alcan organisations.
[45]
Aluminium Technology Solutions - AP Technology - Solutions ...
Worldwide we deliver the industry's most comprehensive smelter package, combining leading edge AP Technology™ design with a century of aluminium production ...About us · APXe/AP60 · Alpsys · IPH trainingMissing: licensing standards
[46]
Development of the AP Technology Through Time - ResearchGate
Aug 7, 2025 · This article presents the historical development of the AP Technology (Aluval, Voreppe, France) pot series starting with the AP13 in the ...
[47]
A history of aluminium in South Africa | Cairn.info
Aug 1, 2020 · With the AP18 pots, then the AP30 pots at the end of the 80s, research and development crossed a technology threshold, “control of magnetic ...
[48]
Insider trading scandal surrounds Pechiney takeover of Triangle - UPI
Jan 18, 1989 · Pechiney paid $56 a share for the stock, which had traded for about $10.50 the week before. The SEC letter, dated Dec. 16, 1988, indicates the ...Missing: acquisition | Show results with:acquisition
[49]
US Probe Prompts French Crisis. INSIDER TRADING: OUT IN THE ...
As a state-run company, Pechiney kept the French Finance Ministry informed of its negotiations to buy American National Can. Press reports suggested that Alain ...
[50]
INSIDER TRADING: Too Close To the Top - Time Magazine
Feb 6, 1989 · The suspected scheme was uncovered when the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission noticed heavy trading in Triangle Industries, a U.S. holding ...Missing: 1988 | Show results with:1988
[51]
Triangle Industries Insider Trading — Samir Traboulsi, et al. - SEC.gov
Feb 13, 2003 · The Court ordered that a disgorgement fund be established to distribute monies to investors harmed by the illegal trading in Triangle Industries stock.Missing: acquisition scandal
[52]
Mitterrand's Friend Charged in Scandal - Los Angeles Times
Feb 17, 1989 · Specifically, Pelat and a friend, Isabelle Pierco, are charged with “receiving” inside information on the Pechiney deal. Three other men, ...
[53]
The sudden death of Roger Patrice Pelat, a close... - UPI Archives
Mar 8, 1989 · Pelat's alleged involvement in the scandal surrounding the November takeover of Triangle by the French aluminum company Pechiney S.A. ...
[54]
CHARGES FILED AGAINST FRIEND OF MITTERRAND - The ...
An investigating magistrate charged that Mitterrand's longtime friend, Roger-Patrice Pelat, along with a woman friend of Pelat's, benefited indirectly from ...
[55]
Government aide resigns in Pechiney scandal - UPI Archives
Jan 20, 1989 · Pechiney paid $56 a share for the stock, which had traded for about dlrs 10 and 50 cents a week before. Traboulsi and another well-known ...
[56]
FRANCE PLANS ITS OWN SEC TO POLICE TRADING
Jan 29, 1989 · ”Pechiney-gate,” France`s first major insider trading scandal, has sparked a government promise to put some teeth in the Paris market`s ...Missing: acquisition | Show results with:acquisition
[57]
COMPANY NEWS; 7 Are Convicted and Fined in French Insider ...
Sep 30, 1993 · But a former top Finance Ministry official, Alain Boublil, whom the prosecution had portrayed as an important source of inside information on ...
[58]
FSA expels Brandeis over copper scandal
### Summary of Brandeis Brokers Copper Scandal
[59]
UK court rejects Brandeis arbitration appeal - News24
May 25, 2001 · Its parent, France's Pechiney, also sold the equity stake Brandeis held in LME Holdings Limited, the company set up when the exchange voted to ...Missing: scandal | Show results with:scandal
[60]
Metals broker is evicted from City and pays £1.75m | Business
Dec 20, 2001 · Metals broker Brandeis was thrown out of the City yesterday and two of its top dealers were censured as the once presitigious member of the London Metal ...Missing: Pechiney 2000