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Perkasa

Pertubuhan Pribumi Perkasa Malaysia (PERKASA), translating to "Mighty Indigenous Organisation of Malaysia," is a non-governmental organization in Malaysia focused on safeguarding the constitutional special rights and privileges granted to Malays and other bumiputera under Article 153 of the Federal Constitution.^[1] Founded by Datuk Seri Ibrahim Ali shortly after the 2008 general election, which saw significant gains by opposition parties advocating for policy reforms, PERKASA positioned itself as a defender of Malay interests against perceived dilutions of affirmative action measures like the New Economic Policy.^[2]^[3] The organization has mobilized rallies, public campaigns, and political advocacy to promote Malay unity and economic empowerment, often criticizing multi-ethnic coalitions and liberal reforms as threats to indigenous dominance.^[4] Under Ibrahim Ali's leadership until his resignation in 2018, PERKASA gained notoriety for provocative statements and actions, including calls to defend Islamic sanctity and opposition to interfaith dialogues deemed compromising.^[2] Subsequent leaders, such as Syed Hassan Syed Ali, have continued its involvement in contemporary issues, including solidarity events for political figures aligned with Malay causes and protests against perceived injustices toward the community.^[5]^[6] While praised by supporters for amplifying marginalized Malay voices in a diversifying society, critics from mainstream outlets have labeled its rhetoric as divisive, though such portrayals often reflect institutional preferences for egalitarian narratives over constitutional particularism.^[7]

History

Formation and Early Years

Pertubuhan Pribumi Perkasa Malaysia (Perkasa) was founded in 2009 by Ibrahim Ali, a former United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) member who had become an independent politician, as a non-governmental organization dedicated to advancing Malay nationalist interests.^[8] The group's establishment occurred in the wake of the March 8, 2008, general election, during which the ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, led by UMNO, lost its two-thirds parliamentary majority and control of five state assemblies, including Malay-majority ones like Perak and Selangor, prompting alarm among Malay leaders over divided ethnic Malay votes and the rising influence of the opposition Pakatan Rakyat alliance.^[9] Perkasa emerged from widespread dissatisfaction within Malay conservative circles with UMNO's perceived softening on affirmative action and failure to staunch the erosion of bumiputera privileges, which include quotas in education, public sector employment, and economic opportunities enshrined under the New Economic Policy.^[8] Ibrahim Ali positioned the organization as a vehicle to pressure the government externally, arguing that internal UMNO reforms alone could not adequately address these vulnerabilities exposed by the election results, where ethnic Malays showed splintered support toward opposition parties like Parti Keadilan Rakyat and Parti Islam Se-Malaysia.^[9] In its early phase, Perkasa concentrated on mobilizing grassroots Malay sentiment by emphasizing the inviolability of Article 153 of the Federal Constitution, which entrusts the Yang di-Pertuan Agong with safeguarding the special position of Malays and natives of Sabah and Sarawak.^[8] Public rallies and statements from Ali underscored the need to defend these constitutional provisions against liberal reforms and multicultural pressures, framing the group's mission as a bulwark against any dilution of Malay dominance in national politics and economy.^[8]

Evolution Through Political Shifts

Following the 2013 general election (GE13), in which Barisan Nasional (BN) retained power with a reduced majority of 133 seats against Pakatan Rakyat's 89, Perkasa asserted its instrumental role in mobilizing Malay voters to secure BN's victory, demanding recognition and policy concessions to safeguard affirmative action measures like the New Economic Policy (NEP).^[10] This stance positioned the organization as a bulwark against opposition-driven reforms perceived to erode Malay privileges, including vocal campaigns urging adherence to constitutional provisions for Bumiputera interests amid BN's internal debates on economic liberalization.^[10] The 2018 general election marked a seismic shift with Pakatan Harapan (PH)'s upset win, securing 113 seats and ending BN's 61-year rule, prompting Perkasa to decry the new coalition—particularly its inclusion of the Democratic Action Party (DAP)—as a threat to Malay dominance through proposed dilutions of NEP-linked quotas in education and business. Throughout PH's tenure from May 2018 to February 2020, Perkasa sustained critiques of the government's multicultural tilt, framing reforms like institutional overhauls as concessions to non-Malay influences that undermined ethnic hierarchies enshrined in Article 153 of the Constitution. The subsequent political flux, including the Sheraton Hotel defections leading to Muhyiddin Yassin's Perikatan Nasional government in March 2020 and further instability until Anwar Ibrahim's unity government in November 2022, saw Perkasa adapt by aligning selectively with Malay-centric elements while rejecting hybrid coalitions diluting special rights. Into the 2020s, Perkasa underwent leadership transition with Syed Hasan Syed Ali succeeding as president, enabling continuity in advocacy amid Malaysia's fragmented politics.^[11] Under his stewardship, the group organized a Malay rights rally on May 24, 2025, emphasizing preservation of constitutional powers despite logistical hurdles from the ASEAN Summit.^[12] In February 2025, Syed Hasan issued statements warning against "systematic efforts" by DAP to equalize racial privileges, particularly in economic and land allocations, reinforcing Perkasa's fixed commitment to Malay primacy irrespective of governing alliances.^[11] This evolution underscores the organization's resilience, pivoting from electoral support for BN to oppositional vigilance across regimes while prioritizing unchanging defenses of ethnic entitlements.

Ideology and Objectives

Advocacy for Malay Supremacy and Rights

Perkasa's core doctrine emphasizes Ketuanan Melayu (Malay lordship) as a foundational principle for preserving political dominance, economic equity, and cultural preeminence for Malays, whom it regards as the indigenous stewards of Malaysia's federal structure. This advocacy frames Malay primacy not as ethnic chauvinism but as a pragmatic response to structural imbalances that historically undermined national cohesion, asserting that diluting such primacy risks destabilizing the multi-ethnic polity.^[13] The organization's rationale draws directly from the 13 May 1969 racial riots, which exposed acute pre-existing disparities—Malays, comprising about 50% of the population, held only 2.4% of total equity capital in 1970—prompting the New Economic Policy (NEP) as a causal intervention to avert future eruptions of inter-ethnic violence through targeted redistribution. Perkasa contends that sustaining Ketuanan Melayu via affirmative measures like the NEP is empirically justified, as these policies demonstrably narrowed poverty and ownership gaps, enabling Malay corporate equity to rise substantially from its 1970 baseline and fostering a viable Malay entrepreneurial class.^[14]^[15]^[16] In rejecting universal meritocracy, Perkasa prioritizes race-conscious policies over color-blind alternatives, arguing that empirical outcomes under the NEP—such as elevated Bumiputera participation in corporate ownership and management—validate their necessity in Malaysia's context of entrenched ethnic economic stratification, where non-intervention perpetuated dominance by other groups. It views challenges to this framework, including pushes for ICERD ratification in 2018, as existential threats that would dismantle constitutional safeguards under Article 153, potentially unraveling the social compact forged post-1969 by invalidating preferential mechanisms proven to mitigate conflict risks.^[17]^[18]^[19]

Alignment with Constitutional Provisions

Perkasa asserts that Article 153 of the Federal Constitution mandates the reservation of quotas for Malays and bumiputera in public services, education, scholarships, exhibition permits, and trading licenses as enduring safeguards for their special position, rather than provisional affirmative action subject to periodic review or amendment.^[20]^[21] The organization interprets the provision's language—entrusting the Yang di-Pertuan Agong with ongoing responsibility to "safeguard" these interests—as prohibiting dilution through needs-based alternatives, emphasizing that judicial interpretations have upheld the quotas' reasonableness without deeming them temporary.^[22] In defending these clauses, Perkasa contrasts its stance with reformist proposals from opposition parties like the Democratic Action Party (DAP), which advocate shifting to class- or merit-based policies, arguing that such changes would exacerbate bumiputera underrepresentation in high-income sectors where ethnic income disparities persist despite decades of implementation.^[23] For instance, mean household incomes remain lower for Malay households compared to Chinese and Indian ones, with bumiputera equity ownership in corporations hovering below the 30% target set under the New Economic Policy, underscoring the need for race-specific protections over universal needs assessments.^[24] Perkasa frames its advocacy as adherence to the framers' intent at independence, where the Alliance Party's social contract granted citizenship and equal rights to non-Malays conditional on enshrining Malay special rights to ensure national stability in a multiethnic federation, rejecting characterizations of its position as supremacist by positioning it as constitutional preservation against erosion.^[25]^[26] This interpretation aligns with government reaffirmations that Article 153 remains non-negotiable, as echoed in executive statements upholding bumiputera quotas amid political debates.^[27]^[28]

Critique of Multiculturalism and Liberal Reforms

Perkasa has consistently critiqued multiculturalism and associated liberal reforms as empirically misguided attempts to impose normative equality on Malaysia's ethnically stratified society, disregarding the causal primacy of Malay political and economic dominance for stability. Organization leaders, including president Ibrahim Ali, argue that such policies erode the constitutional safeguards for bumiputera under Articles 153, fostering resentment rather than cohesion by sidelining the historical vulnerabilities of the Malay majority.^[29] This stance positions Perkasa against egalitarian dilutions of affirmative action, which they claim succeed in Malaysia by addressing entrenched disparities absent in purely meritocratic alternatives. In contrasting models, Perkasa rejects Singapore's color-blind approach as inadequate for Malay advancement, dismissing ministerial assertions of superior outcomes for Singaporean Malays as insulting and unsubstantiated, while crediting Malaysia's bumiputera quotas with tangible gains in equity ownership—from under 2% in 1970 to approximately 23% by the 2010s—and broader economic inclusion.^[30] ^[31] The group demands intensified quotas, such as 60% bumiputera equity and university enrollment reserves, to counter perceived abuses while affirming the system's overall efficacy in building a Malay middle class and contributing to national GDP through diversified participation.^[32] They contend that abandoning these for liberal universalism would replicate Singapore's persistent Malay socioeconomic lags, where integration policies have not erased income and educational gaps relative to other groups. Perkasa extends this critique to educational reforms, opposing shifts toward English-medium dominance that risk diluting Bahasa Melayu and Malay cultural fortitude against external influences. While advocating English readiness in rural schools to equip bumiputera for global competition, Ibrahim Ali has questioned excessive emphasis on English mastery, prioritizing national language preservation as foundational to ethnic identity and resilience.^[33] ^[34] The organization similarly scrutinizes NGOs like Bersih as proxies for non-Malay urban interests challenging bumiputera-centric governance, mounting counter-marches against their reform agendas amid data indicating disproportionate non-Malay participation in such urban protests.^[35] ^[36] Perkasa frames these as liberal fronts eroding Malay safeguards, urging securitization of constitutional Malay prerogatives over purportedly neutral electoral tweaks.^[37]

Organizational Structure

Leadership Succession

Pertubuhan Pribumi Perkasa Malaysia (Perkasa) was founded in March 2009 by Datuk Ibrahim Ali, who assumed the role of its inaugural president, emphasizing a hardline defense of Malay rights and bumiputera privileges amid perceived threats from multicultural policies.^[2] Ali's leadership from 2009 onward was marked by provocative public statements aimed at rallying Malay support, including calls to protect constitutional Malay supremacy against opposition parties like the Democratic Action Party (DAP), though these often drew legal scrutiny for seditious content without altering the organization's core ideological commitment.^[2] Ali tendered his resignation as president on May 16, 2018, citing personal reasons, but the Perkasa Supreme Council initially rejected it, as it had a prior attempt in 2013, reflecting internal efforts to retain his symbolic influence despite accumulating personal controversies such as multiple police investigations and public clashes.^[2] ^[38] This transition period underscored the organization's reliance on advisory structures, including councils with ties to UMNO-linked nationalists, to preserve doctrinal continuity in advocating Malay primacy even as Ali shifted focus to other ventures like founding PUTRA in 2019. By late 2018 or early thereafter, effective leadership passed to Syed Hasan Syed Ali, previously the secretary-general, ensuring the group's unyielding stance on ethnic Malay interests persisted amid Malaysia's post-2018 political flux. Under Syed Hasan Syed Ali's presidency, confirmed in multiple public statements from 2024 onward, Perkasa has sustained its adversarial posture toward perceived dilutions of Malay privileges, navigating the 2021-2022 government of national unity by critiquing non-Malay influences while aligning with broader conservative Malay coalitions.^[39] ^[11] This succession highlights ideological resilience, with Syed Hasan's prior role in internal dynamics facilitating a seamless shift that prioritized organizational purity over individual leader's personal liabilities, as evidenced by continued emphasis on constitutional Malay safeguards despite evolving national alliances.^[40]

Membership and Internal Dynamics

Perkasa's membership base consists primarily of Malays from rural and semi-urban regions, motivated by concerns over perceived dilutions of bumiputera affirmative action policies originating from the New Economic Policy (NEP) framework established in 1971.^[41] These members, often grassroots supporters, view the group's emphasis on constitutional Malay privileges under Article 153 as a bulwark against multicultural encroachments and economic liberalization that they believe disadvantage indigenous communities. While precise membership figures remain unverified and sparsely documented, the organization has been described as drawing from a dedicated cadre aligned with its pribumi empowerment agenda, fostering loyalty through shared cultural and economic anxieties rather than formal recruitment drives.^[41] Internally, Perkasa operates via a decentralized network of state-level branches, such as those in key areas like Selangor, to coordinate local activities and sustain volunteer engagement without heavy reliance on centralized bureaucracy. This structure prioritizes ideological cohesion around bumiputera primacy, with operations funded mainly through member donations, sympathetic contributions from Malay business interests, and revenue from public events promoting the cause. Adherence to core principles has helped mitigate potential factionalism, particularly following transitions in leadership influence, by channeling disputes toward unified advocacy rather than schisms, maintaining operational focus on internal mobilization over external politicking.^[42]^[43]

Key Activities and Campaigns

Defense of Bumiputera Policies

Perkasa mounted vigorous opposition to the New Economic Model (NEM) unveiled by Prime Minister Najib Razak in March 2010, which sought to transition affirmative action from strict race-based quotas to a more needs-oriented framework, potentially diluting Bumiputera preferences in equity ownership and public procurement. The group coordinated with multiple Malay rights organizations to protest the reforms, asserting that such changes threatened the socioeconomic safeguards enshrined in Article 153 of the Malaysian Constitution, which mandates special provisions for Malays and natives of Sabah and Sarawak. Perkasa's leadership warned that abandoning race-specific measures would perpetuate Malay economic exclusion, citing the NEM's emphasis on high-income growth as incompatible with addressing entrenched disparities in corporate equity, where Bumiputera holdings remained below the 30% target despite decades of policy implementation.^[44]^[45] In advocating retention of the 30% corporate equity quota for Bumiputera, Perkasa highlighted empirical shortfalls, noting that official estimates placed actual private-sector Bumiputera ownership at approximately 23-25% as of the early 2010s, far short of the New Economic Policy's (NEP) objectives and attributable to competitive disadvantages in capital access and business networks. The organization rejected dilution proposals as economically shortsighted, arguing that without quotas, Malay participation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs)—which constitute over 90% of businesses but exhibit high failure rates exceeding 50% within five years—would collapse due to insufficient institutional support and historical capital deficits. By 2013, Perkasa escalated demands to a 60% equity threshold, positioning these quotas not as racial entitlements but as causal interventions to rectify structural imbalances in a market dominated by non-Bumiputera conglomerates.^[46]^[47] Perkasa collaborated with over 70 affiliated Malay NGOs to lobby for indefinite NEP extensions past its 2020 deadline, pressuring United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) conservatives through joint statements and assemblies to prioritize sustained affirmative action amid reformist pressures. These efforts framed policy preservation as grounded in economic realism, emphasizing data on persistent wealth concentration—where non-Bumiputera groups controlled 40-50% of corporate assets despite comprising a minority—as justification for ongoing quotas to foster self-reliant Bumiputera industrial communities. Public forums and declarations, such as those urging Najib in September 2013 to implement "corrective measures" without hesitation, portrayed the defense as pragmatic equity-building for the ethnic majority, countering narratives of policy as outdated by invoking constitutional imperatives and observed market failures in quota-free scenarios.^[32]^[48] Perkasa vehemently opposed the Bersih 2.0 rally held on July 9, 2011, viewing it as a potential source of agitation that could undermine Malay interests and national stability. Led by president Ibrahim Ali, the organization planned a concurrent "Peace March" to counter the event, warning of possible violence from Bersih participants and positioning their action as a safeguard for public order. This response emphasized rallying Malay voters to bolster electoral turnout, arguing that higher participation from the majority community would ensure outcomes aligned with constitutional protections for Bumiputera rights rather than reforms perceived as externally driven.^[49]^[37]^[50] After Pakatan Harapan's upset victory in the 14th general election on May 9, 2018, Perkasa intensified critiques of the coalition's approach to race-based policies, pointing to pre-election manifesto pledges that the group had dismissed as dismissive of Malay concerns over special rights. As Harapan grappled with unfulfilled commitments amid internal debates on affirmative action reforms, Perkasa forecasted political fragility from eroding these safeguards, a prognosis realized in the Sheraton Move of February 23, 2020, when defections collapsed the government and installed a more Malay-centric Perikatan Nasional administration under Muhyiddin Yassin.^[51] In the unity government era commencing November 24, 2022, with Anwar Ibrahim's appointment as prime minister, Perkasa cautioned against the inclusion of non-Malay-dominated parties like DAP in the cabinet, interpreting it as a dilution of Malay privileges through overly inclusive governance. Ibrahim Ali highlighted the democratic framework's role in fragmenting Malay solidarity, arguing it hindered unified advocacy for Bumiputera priorities amid multi-ethnic power-sharing.^[3]

Recent Positions on National Issues

In February 2025, Perkasa president Syed Hasan publicly criticized the Democratic Action Party (DAP) for promoting policies that seek to equate the status of Malays with other ethnic groups, arguing that such efforts undermine constitutionally enshrined Malay privileges under Article 153 of the Federal Constitution, which mandates special protections for Malays and natives of Sabah and Sarawak as the foundational ethnic groups of the nation.^[11] Hasan's statements emphasized the asymmetry in national policy reflecting Malaysia's historical and demographic realities, where Malays constitute the majority and Islam is the official religion per Article 3, rejecting any dilution of these provisions in favor of uniform racial treatment.^[11] Perkasa has maintained its advocacy for prioritizing Malay economic interests in recovery measures following the COVID-19 pandemic, citing government data from 2020-2022 showing disproportionate job losses and income declines among Bumiputera households—estimated at 25-30% higher than non-Bumiputera groups due to reliance on informal sectors and micro-enterprises—while opposing extensions of aid without affirmative action quotas to preserve long-term equity aligned with New Economic Policy objectives.^[52] This stance, reiterated in 2023 internal briefings, insists that post-pandemic fiscal allocations, such as those under the PEMERKASA package totaling RM20 billion in targeted support, must reinforce rather than erode Bumiputera-specific incentives to address persistent wealth gaps evidenced by Household Income Survey data indicating Bumiputera median income at RM5,240 versus RM6,610 for Chinese households in 2022.^[53] Amid Malaysia's assumption of the ASEAN chairmanship on January 1, 2025, Perkasa urged a foreign policy orientation that elevates Malay and Islamic priorities within regional diplomacy, advocating for stronger advocacy on issues like Palestinian rights and halal trade standards over neutral multilateralism, to align ASEAN initiatives with domestic constitutional imperatives and counter perceived dilutions of national identity in global forums.^[54]

Controversies

Incidents Involving Seditious or Inflammatory Statements

In March 2013, Perkasa president Datuk Ibrahim Ali called on Malaysian Muslims to burn Malay-language Bibles distributed by the Bible Society of Malaysia that used the word "Allah" to refer to God, arguing it threatened Islamic sanctity and could confuse Muslims.^[55] The statement drew widespread condemnation from Christian groups, opposition politicians, and international observers as inflammatory and potentially inciting religious violence, with Malaysia's Bar Council urging prosecution under sedition laws.^[55] However, the Attorney General's Chambers declined to charge Ali in 2014, determining that the full context showed no seditious tendency, as the remarks were framed as a defense of Islam's position under Article 3(1) of the Federal Constitution, which declares Islam the religion of the Federation.^[56] ^[57] Perkasa maintained the call was protected speech advocating for the majority's religious rights, emphasizing constitutional primacy of Islam over non-Muslim usages that risked dilution of faith.^[58] On December 12, 2012, Ibrahim Ali described Malaysian Chinese as a national security threat, citing their disproportionate support for opposition parties in elections as evidence of disloyalty undermining Malay political dominance.^[59] This echoed Perkasa's broader publications and rhetoric in the 2010s warning of ethnic economic imbalances, where Chinese Malaysians, comprising about 23% of the population, controlled over 70% of corporate equity and wealth, potentially eroding bumiputera sovereignty without affirmative action safeguards.^[60] Critics, including human rights advocates, labeled the remarks seditious for fostering racial paranoia, but Perkasa defended them as data-driven realism, pointing to empirical disparities in wealth distribution as causal risks to national stability if unaddressed.^[61] No sedition charges followed, with supporters arguing such speech was essential for majority groups to assert rights against perceived existential threats, akin to protections in other multi-ethnic states.^[62]

Clashes with Opposition Groups and Minorities

In response to the Bersih 2.0 rally organized by the Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections on July 9, 2011, Perkasa announced plans for a counter-protest in Kuala Lumpur to prevent perceived chaos and disruption by the opposition-led demonstration, which it viewed as a threat to Malay interests and national stability.^[63] Perkasa president Ibrahim Ali warned of potential violence against Bersih participants, framing the counter-action as necessary defense against anti-establishment agitation that could undermine Bumiputera privileges under the New Economic Policy.^[49] Ultimately, the planned rally was canceled to avoid internal divisions among Malays, though the threats heightened tensions with opposition supporters.^[64] During its inaugural Chinese New Year open house on January 29, 2012, Perkasa distributed approximately RM10,000 in cash aid to around 300 ethnic Chinese senior citizens, but used white-colored ang pow envelopes—a hue associated with mourning and funerals in Chinese culture—prompting widespread outrage and accusations of deliberate racial insensitivity.^[65] The incident symbolized, in Perkasa's defensive narrative, resistance to perceived ingratitude among non-Malays for affirmative action benefits, though the group later expressed regret, claiming it was inadvertent and not intended to offend.^[66] Chinese community leaders demanded apologies, viewing it as a provocative slight amid broader ethnic frictions over resource allocation.^[67] Perkasa vehemently opposed efforts to repatriate the ashes of Malayan Communist Party leader Chin Peng following his death on September 16, 2013, arguing that his historical role in the communist insurgency—which killed thousands of Malaysians—remained an unhealed wound incompatible with national reconciliation.^[68] The group warned that allowing the remains into Malaysia would provoke public backlash and hurt communities still scarred by the insurgency's violence, positioning its stance as protective of Malay victims' memory against opposition calls for leniency.^[69] In religious disputes, Perkasa confronted Christian minorities over the use of "Allah" in Bahasa Malaysia publications, demanding expulsion of the Vatican envoy in July 2013 for allegedly confusing Muslims and asserting the term's exclusivity to Islam as per Malaysia's social contract prioritizing Malay-Islamic norms.^[70] President Ibrahim Ali called for the burning of Bibles containing the word, framing it as a defensive measure to safeguard Islamic sanctity against perceived proselytization, which escalated interfaith tensions amid court rulings upholding the ban. Similarly, Perkasa vice-president Zulkifli Noordin's 2011 remarks criticizing Hindu practices drew complaints from Hindu groups in 2013 for fostering hostility, though Perkasa defended them as upholding constitutional protections for the Malay majority's religious primacy.^[71]

Legal and Public Backlash Events

In January 2013, Perkasa president Ibrahim Ali called for the burning of Malay-language Bibles containing the word "Allah," arguing it was necessary to defend Islam against perceived proselytization efforts targeting Muslims, consistent with Syariah principles prohibiting conversion inducement.^[72] The Attorney-General's Chambers declined to prosecute Ali under the Sedition Act 1948, determining his statements lacked intent to incite hatred and were made in defense of Islamic sensitivities, despite police investigations.^[57] This decision prompted immediate public condemnation from the Christian Federation of Malaysia, which described it as granting extremists "carte blanche" to threaten minorities, and the Bar Council, which urged private prosecution authorization.^[73] ^[74] The non-prosecution fueled accusations of selective enforcement, as the Sedition Act was invoked against opposition figures and critics in over 20 cases in 2014 alone, including opposition MPs and NGO activists, while Perkasa leaders faced no similar sedition charges for comparable rhetoric.^[75] ^[76] Critics, including DAP leaders, highlighted this disparity, noting Ali's immunity contrasted with prosecutions of non-Malay or opposition voices for lesser offenses.^[77] In parallel, Ali's 2014 contempt of court conviction—stemming from comments undermining a judicial ruling—was overturned on appeal, with the Court of Appeal citing procedural errors and setting aside the one-day jail term and fine.^[78] Despite the inflammatory nature of Ali's statements, no documented incidents of violence or Bible burnings followed, with police reports confirming the rhetoric did not translate to public disorder or attacks on Christian sites.^[79] This absence of escalation underscored claims by supporters that media amplification exaggerated risks, while Perkasa maintained strong backing from Malay constituencies who viewed the positions as safeguarding bumiputera interests under Article 153 of the Constitution.^[58] The events reinforced perceptions of institutional leniency toward Malay nationalist groups, even as they drew rebukes from international observers like Human Rights Watch for uneven application of hate speech laws.^[61]

Reception and Impact

Supporters' Perspectives and Achievements

Supporters of Perkasa view the organization as a steadfast defender of the constitutional special rights afforded to Malays and Bumiputera under Article 153 of the Malaysian Federal Constitution, which mandates safeguards for their interests in public services, education, and economic opportunities. They argue that Perkasa's advocacy counters perceived erosions of these protections amid globalization and multicultural pressures, positioning the group as essential for preserving indigenous socioeconomic equity in a nation where Malays form the majority but face competitive disadvantages in certain sectors.^[80] A key achievement cited by backers is Perkasa's role in derailing the Malaysian government's initial push to ratify the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) in 2018. On November 23, 2018, Perkasa led an anti-ICERD rally in Kuala Lumpur, drawing thousands who protested that ratification would undermine affirmative action quotas and Bumiputera privileges. Hours later, the Prime Minister's Office announced Malaysia would not proceed, attributing the reversal to widespread domestic opposition amplified by such mobilizations.^[81]^[82] Perkasa's sustained campaigns have also been credited with reinforcing the continuity of New Economic Policy (NEP)-era interventions, originally launched in 1971 to uplift Bumiputera economic participation through quotas and preferences. Despite the NEP's formal conclusion in 1990, supporters point to Perkasa's pressure on successive administrations—particularly post-2008—as instrumental in extending equivalent policies under subsequent frameworks like the National Development Policy, maintaining Bumiputera stakes in corporate equity at around 30% and university admission quotas favoring them.^[83]^[84] From this vantage, Perkasa's efforts enhance Malay unity by heightening awareness of collective interests, evidenced by turnout at its rallies and the persistence of these policies amid reform debates, which proponents link to sustained inter-ethnic equilibrium and averted escalations in socioeconomic disparities.^[85]

Critics' Assessments and Societal Effects

Critics from opposition-leaning outlets have labeled Perkasa as a driver of ethnic animosity, arguing its rhetoric exacerbates tensions between Malays and non-Malays by portraying the latter as threats to Malay dominance.^[86] For instance, in December 2011, a Malaysiakini commentary described Perkasa members as "thugs" fueling Malaysia's slide toward a "fanatical Islamic totalitarian regime" that suppresses minorities, citing the group's vocal opposition to multicultural initiatives.^[86] Such assessments often highlight Perkasa's campaigns against non-Malay economic influence, which critics claim heighten societal polarization without evidence of corresponding violence spikes; Malaysia has recorded no major ethnic riots akin to the 1969 events, with official data showing stable interethnic relations amid rhetorical clashes.^[17] Perkasa has faced charges of promoting Malay supremacism that erodes democratic pluralism, with detractors asserting its defense of exclusive privileges undermines equal citizenship.^[87] These views, voiced in analyses of Perkasa's alignment with hardline NGOs, contend the group's advocacy for unyielding Bumiputera policies fosters exclusionary nationalism.^[88] Yet, such policies trace to Article 153 of the Malaysian Constitution, which constitutionally safeguards Malay special rights, suggesting critiques overlook entrenched legal frameworks rather than Perkasa's isolated influence.^[89] On societal effects, opponents argue Perkasa's stances alienate minorities, potentially stifling national cohesion and economic integration for non-Bumiputera groups.^[90] However, empirical data indicate non-Malay households—particularly Chinese and Indian—have achieved absolute income gains under the Bumiputera-favoring system, with poverty rates across ethnicities falling substantially since the 1970s New Economic Policy, even as relative gaps persist.^[17] This growth occurred alongside Perkasa's rise post-2009, challenging direct causal links between the group's activities and minority disenfranchisement, as overall GDP per capita rose from approximately RM15,000 in 2009 to over RM40,000 by 2023 without ethnic economic collapse.^[89]

Broader Influence on Malaysian Politics

Perkasa has exerted pressure on the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition to adopt firmer positions on Malay rights and bumiputera policies, particularly in response to electoral threats from opposition parties emphasizing multiracial appeals. Following the 2008 general election losses for BN, which saw significant gains by the Pakatan Rakyat opposition, Perkasa's advocacy for unyielding defense of Article 153 of the Malaysian Constitution—guaranteeing special privileges for Malays and natives—amplified internal debates within UMNO, compelling party leaders to counterbalance reformist tendencies with assertions of Malay primacy to retain core voter support. This dynamic contributed to UMNO's strategic hardening during the lead-up to the 2013 elections, where Perkasa's mobilization of affiliated NGOs influenced campaign rhetoric on affirmative action continuity, despite UMNO officials downplaying the group's direct electoral clout.^[91] In the context of post-1969 empirical lessons from the May 13 race riots, which precipitated the New Economic Policy's race-based redistribution to avert ethnic conflict, Perkasa's insistence on preserving bumiputera frameworks has reinforced political resistance to "progressive" shifts toward needs-based or meritocratic alternatives. By framing dilutions of these policies as existential threats to Malay socioeconomic stability—evidenced by persistent gaps in equity despite decades of implementation—Perkasa has shaped discourse to prioritize causal factors like demographic imbalances and urban migration over liberal critiques, thereby sustaining BN's and later unity government coalitions' commitments to policy continuity amid 2022 electoral fragmentation. This influence manifested in the post-2022 unity pact under Anwar Ibrahim, where Malay-centric coalitions like Perikatan Nasional leveraged similar nationalist appeals to check reforms, aligning with Perkasa's broader push against perceived erosion of special rights.^[92]^[93] Long-term, Perkasa's activities hold potential to foster Malay consolidation amid demographic pressures, including a youth bulge where Malays constitute a growing urban cohort facing economic precarity. Surveys indicate sustained support among young Malays for bumiputera privileges, with only 28 percent favoring reforms in a 2024 Straits Times poll, reflecting entrenched views that these policies mitigate historical disadvantages rather than perpetuate division. This sentiment, coupled with Perkasa's networking across 76 Malay NGOs, positions the group as a counterweight to pluralistic erosion, potentially stabilizing politics by channeling grievances into unified electoral blocs rather than unrest, though critics attribute heightened polarization to such ethno-nationalist reinforcement.^[94]^[93]

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PERKASA, in criticism of DAP, warns against efforts to equate other ...
Feb 16, 2025 · PERKASA president Syed Hasan Syed Ali has warned of a systematic effort to equate other races with Malays, particularly regarding Malay privileges.
[13]
Malay rights rally goes ahead without incident, police to issue ...
May 24, 2025 · This is important for the preservation of the Malay powers,” Pertubuhan Pribumi Perkasa Malaysia (Perkasa) president Syed Hasan Syed Ali said ...
[14]
A 'Malay Malaysia', but in what sense Islamic? - New Mandala
Mar 29, 2018 · The Najib government needs to win new legitimacy at GE14 if it's to juggle Malay, Islamic, and royal claims, amid a restive East Malaysia.
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[PDF] The New Economic Policy: Goals and Strategy
In 1970, Malays and Malay interests owned 2.4% of equity capital, while. Indians held 1.1%. The Chinese, on the other hand, accounted for 27.2%,. Others 6.0 ...
[16]
[PDF] Successful Economic Development in a Multi-Ethnic Society
Malaysians thus went from owning less than 40 percent of their corporate sector in 1970 to owning three- fourths of it in 1990, a truly amazing achievement ...Missing: impact | Show results with:impact
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2021/36 "Malaysia's New Economic Policy and the 30% Bumiputera ...
Mar 25, 2021 · The New Economic Policy (NEP) has scripted Malaysia's development for 50 years, with the 30% Bumiputera equity target as the main protagonist.
[18]
Ethnic inequality and poverty in Malaysia since May 1969. Part 1
Under the NEP, the Bumiputera were to receive favorable access to education, housing, public-sector jobs and corporate share ownership. Such ethnically-grounded ...
[19]
PAS wants anti-ICERD rally to send clear message to the world ...
Members of Malay rights group Perkasa holding up banners yesterday to assert their rights and in opposition to any move to ratify ICERD. – The Malaysian Insight ...
[20]
[PDF] table of contents - Pusat KOMAS
Mar 21, 2019 · However, the government's efforts to ratify the ICERD were met with strong opposition from conservative Malay-Muslim groups and ... Perkasa's ...
[21]
Quota System In Education Provided Under Article 153 Of Federal ...
Jul 9, 2023 · The quota system in education for ethnic Malays and Bumiputeras is part of the country's affirmative action which is provided for under Article 153 of the ...
[22]
Quotas in universities provided for in Federal Constitution | FMT
Jul 11, 2023 · Article 153 of the Federal Constitution clearly mandates the reservation of quotas for Malays and natives of any of the states of Sabah and ...
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Vol. 7, No. 3, Azmi SHAROM - Southeast Asian Studies
Dec 27, 2018 · Furthermore, Article 153 makes clear that any such affirmative action must be reasonable in nature. Reasonableness is a factor that requires ...
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Income inequality among different ethnic groups: the case of Malaysia
Sep 11, 2019 · Household income inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, narrowed from 0.513 in 1970 to 0.446 in 1989 to 0.410 in 2014. On the other ...Missing: underrepresentation | Show results with:underrepresentation
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World Bank: Study shows income divide within races more an issue ...
Feb 5, 2025 · Malaysia has the highest rate of income inequality among peers nearing high-income status, with intra-ethnic disparity being the biggest contributor.
[26]
Of citizenship and Bumiputra rights | Daily Express Malaysia
Jul 28, 2024 · The “social contract” at Malayan independence involved granting citizenship to non-Malays in exchange for recognizing the special position of ...
[27]
Article 153 row: Perkasa, why bully a pastor? - Malaysiakini
Jan 2, 2012 · The way these Perkasa boys have reacted makes one wonder if the mentioning of Article 153 by any non-Malay is like committing a deadly sin. Then ...
[28]
PM gives assurance, no change to Bumiputera quota ... - NST Online
Jun 30, 2024 · Article 153 reserves quotas for Malays and natives of Sabah and Sarawak in various services and permits. This, he said, was despite the ...
[29]
'Article 153 will be upheld' | The Star
Feb 21, 2024 · The government will continue to uphold the position and principles of the Federal Constitution, including the special position of the Malays and bumiputras.
[30]
The Rise of Constitutional Patriotism in Malaysian Civil Society
Jun 26, 2013 · This paper aims to account for the resurgent interest in the protections provided in the Malaysian Federal Constitution and to understand ...
[31]
Perkasa: Singapore minister's remark an insult to King, government ...
Perkasa says statement made by K Shanmugam, who is Singapore's home affairs minister, on Singapore Malays doing better than Malays in Malaysia, was uncalled ...
[32]
[PDF] Perkasa demands 60pc Bumi equity, public university quotas
Perkasa will push for 60 per cent Bumiputera equity targets and quotas for enrolment in public universities, double ...
[33]
Perkasa tells Najib not to agonise over empowering Bumiputera
Sep 18, 2013 · Meanwhile, Perkasa has also urged Putrajaya today to pump RM1.4 trillion into the Bumiputera community to ensure the success of the revamped NEM ...
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https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2017/03/22/perkasa-can-we-implement-cambridge-accessible-tests-properly
[35]
Perkasa: Can we implement Cambridge Accessible Tests properly?
Mar 22, 2017 · Meanwhile, Perkasa president Ibrahim Ali questioned the obsession with the mastery of English. Although he acknowledged the importance of ...
[36]
Perkasa marching against Bersih abusing rights - Malaysiakini
Jun 19, 2011 · The scheduled Walk for Democracy organised by Bersih 2.0 - the coalition for free and fair elections comprising 62 NGOs - on July 9 is in ...
[37]
On Twitter, Malaysians split over alleged Chinese domination of ...
Twitter users in Peninsular Malaysia were divided in their views on the reported Chinese domination of Bersih 4, ...
[38]
IRF Press Statement on PERKASA's Opposition to BERSIH 2.0 ...
Jun 21, 2011 · We read the news on PERKASA's Ibrahim Ali claims to defend peace and stopping BERSIH 2.0 coalition from holding a demonstration on July 9 ...
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Perkasa rejects Ibrahim Ali's resignation as president - The Star
May 10, 2013 · Perkasa rejects Ibrahim Ali's resignation as president. Nation. Friday, 10 May 2013. 4:35 PM MYT. Related News. Fear against 'Malay Proclamation ...
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Ibrahim Ali (politician) - Wikipedia
Perkasa. After the 2008 Malaysian general election, Ibrahim has founded Perkasa, a non-governmental organisation (NGO) and pressure group for Malay rights, ...Early life and education · Political career · Perkasa · Controversies
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NGOs to submit memo against sale of MAHB's shares | FMT
Jan 13, 2025 · Perkasa president Syed Hasan Syed Ali says there is no benefit in selling MAHB's shares to foreign companies.
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Perkasa condemns widespread corruption - spares only PAS
May 21, 2025 · Despite this bleak reality, Perkasa president Syed Hasan Syed Ali commended PAS for standing firm and resisting the pervasive culture of ...
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Who are Perkasa? - Malaysia Today
Feb 17, 2010 · Written by Dr Lim Teck Ghee, CPI. Dr Farish Noor's assessment of Perkasa as “a class issue… reflecting the anxieties of poor Malays who are ...
[44]
Perkasa, power and the manufacture of consent | Malay Mail
Pertubuhan Pribumi Perkasa Malaysia was established in September 2008 in a ceremony which was sanctified by former prime minister Mahathir Mohamad. This was ...<|separator|>
[45]
Perkasa members can join Tun M's party - Ibrahim Ali | AWANI ...
Any member of Pertubuhan Pribumi Perkasa Malaysia (Perkasa) can join and support Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad's new political party if they want, Perkasa ...
[46]
APSN | Time to curb Malaysia's racial attack dogs
Perkasa led several Malay groups to oppose the New Economic Model (NEM) mooted by Najib to transform Malaysia into a high-income and high-growth economy by ...
[47]
Countries at the Crossroads 2012 - Malaysia - Refworld
Sep 20, 2012 · With a free hand, UMNO then introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP), a program whose quotas on public and private sector hiring, state ...
[48]
Revisiting the Bumiputera corporate equity issue - Lim Kit Siang's Blog
Sep 5, 2010 · It is understandable why Perkasa and similar parasitic groups are raging away at the corporate equity issue. The ultra nationalist movement ...
[49]
[PDF] Growth Challenges of SMEs: Empirical Evidence in Sabah, Malaysia
The failure rate of SMEs in Malaysia is alarming, whereby 60% of the new SMEs fail within five years of establishment. Additionally, only 4 out of. 10 SMEs ...
[50]
Perkasa Pushes BN Around: Not Bad for an NGO - Malaysia Today
Since it was founded, Perkasa has lobbied for the New Economic Policy (NEP) to favour Malays and Bumiputras. ... Its deputy permanent ... So why are they so ...
[51]
After Christians, Ibrahim Ali declares war on Bersih - Malaysiakini
'Ibrahim Ali lies through his bare teeth in saying Bersih 2.0 is bent on violence. Is there a reason for Bersih to be so? How would it benefit the cause?'
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Anything can happen on July 9, Perkasa warns - YouTube
Jun 19, 2011 · Perkasa's president Ibrahim Ali has claimed the group's planned 'Peace March' on July 9 is aimed at defending the peace and stopping the ...
[53]
Perkasa slams Opposition manifestos, labelling them an insult to ...
PAS and Pakatan Harapan's (PH) manifestos for the 14th general elections (GE14) is an insult of the people's ...
[54]
[PDF] Malaysian COVID-19 Economic Stimulus Packages
During the pandemic, given the physical restrictions imposed on many populations, it became difficult to make sure that those who needed aid from the government ...
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Breakdown Of PEMERKASA Initiatives For Malaysian Startups & SMEs
Mar 19, 2021 · A full list of initiatives under the latest economic stimulus package, PEMERKASA that will mainly benefit vulnerable groups in Malaysia.
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ASEAN Malaysia 2025
Official page for the ASEAN-Malaysia Chairmanship 2025. Notional ... Copyright © 2025 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. All Rights Reserved ...Missing: Perkasa | Show results with:Perkasa
[57]
MP's call to burn Bibles heightens election tensions in Malaysia ...
Malaysia's Bar Council said on Wednesday an independent member of parliament should be prosecuted on grounds he called for the mass burning of Bibles as ...
[58]
Can't book Ibrahim Ali for bible-burning threat when he's defending ...
Oct 27, 2014 · In a statement, the AGC also said Ibrahim's remarks failed to qualify for action under the Sedition Act 1948 as it lacked a “seditious tendency” ...
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A-G defends decision on Perkasa chief's Bible-burning threat, says ...
Oct 27, 2014 · "When studied in its entire context, Datuk Ibrahim's statement is not categorised as having seditious tendencies. "It was clear Datuk Ibrahim ...
[60]
Ibrahim Ali was just defending Islam, Putrajaya says of bible burning ...
which the ...
[61]
A case of publicity for stupidity - Malaysiakini
Aug 4, 2010 · 'Ibrahim Ali behaves the way he is because he and the Umno-led BN regime come out of essentially the same mould.'.
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Ibrahim Ali – A Man of Hate - Malaysia Today
Ibrahim Ali is certainly in the latter category. This man is hateful, racist, vile and most of all, mentally subnormal. I know it is ill-mannered or ...Missing: statements | Show results with:statements
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Creating a Culture of Fear - Human Rights Watch
Oct 26, 2015 · This report examines how the Malaysian government is using and abusing such laws, and the ways in which the laws themselves fall short of international ...
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[PDF] Addressing Discrimination and Inequality in Malaysia
Article 153(5) states that this Article does not override Article 136. Tun. Suffian Hashim has interpreted the relationship between Articles 136 and. 153 in ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[65]
Perkasa ready to counter Bersih rally - Malaysiakini
Jun 13, 2011 · Right-wing Malay rights group Perkasa has warned that it will hold a counter-protest to prevent the planned Bersih 2.0 rally from "causing ...
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'Perkasa rally called off to avoid clash among Malays' - Malaysia ...
Jul 29, 2011 · (Yahoo News/Malaysiakini) – Perkasa president Ibrahim Ali claimed that he had called off the July 9 rally to counter the Bersih 2.0 march at ...
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Ibrahim Ali dishes out RM10,000 in white 'angpow' - YouTube
Jan 29, 2012 · Some 300 senior citizens and residents received a boon at Perkasa's first Chinese New Year open house today as close to RM10,000 was handed out.
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Perkasa expresses regret over 'white' ang pow incident - The Star
Feb 1, 2012 · PETALING JAYA: Perkasa president Datuk Ibrahim Ali has expressed regret over the inadvertent distribution of "white" ang pow during its ...
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Cultural gaff sparks fury among Chinese in Malaysia - China.org.cn
Feb 7, 2012 · Furious Chinese residents in Malaysia have demanded an apology from Malaysian rights group Perkasa after the group handed out white packets ...
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Perkasa opposes any attempt to bring back Chin Peng's remains
Sep 15, 2013 · Malay right-wing group Perkasa will oppose any attempt to bring back Chin Peng's remains to Malaysia. “If when he was alive we objected to him ...Missing: threats | Show results with:threats
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Allowing Chin Peng's return will hurt people - Perkasa | AWANI ...
Pertubuhan Pribumi Perkasa (Perkasa), the Malay right-wing group, on Thursday voiced opposition to a proposal to allow the return to the country of former ...
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Perkasa wants Vatican envoy expelled, claims Christians out to ...
Jul 16, 2013 · Christians here intend to “confuse” Muslims with their usage of the word “Allah”, Perkasa alleged today as it joined other Malay rights groups in demanding the ...
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Hindu group decries no action against Perkasa veep - Malaysiakini
Mar 30, 2013 · Hindu Sangam says Zulkifli had allegedly made anti-Hindu remarks in 2011 but authorities have chosen to do nothing.
[74]
Call to burn Bibles heightens Malaysian election tensions | Reuters
Jan 23, 2013 · Malaysia's Bar Council said on Wednesday an independent member of parliament should be prosecuted on grounds he called for the mass burning ...
[75]
Christians say not prosecuting Ibrahim Ali gives carte blanche to ...
Oct 16, 2014 · ... burn our Holy Bible are considered an act in defence of Islam. "The ... Ibrahim had not been charged with sedition. Ibrahim's call in ...
[76]
Authorise Bar Council to prosecute Ibrahim Ali for bible-burning call ...
Nov 20, 2014 · KUALA LUMPUR, Nov 20 ― The Attorney-General should authorise the Bar Council to prosecute Perkasa president Datuk Ibrahim Ali for his call ...Missing: ban | Show results with:ban
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Not difficult to make case against Ibrahim Ali, former sedition 'victim ...
Pointing to his conviction under the colonial era law for attempting to speak up for an alleged rape victim in 1998, Lim told Putrajaya that an individual's ...
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Life after Anwar - New Mandala
Feb 12, 2015 · In 2014 over 20 sedition cases were prosecuted or investigated, directed against members of the opposition, NGOs, journalists, lawyers and even ...
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What has happened to Gani Patail's promise to review sedition ...
Oct 31, 2014 · ... Perkasa President Ibrahim Ali for his threat to burn the Bible ... What has happened to Gani Patail's promise to review sedition charges?
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Appeals Court sets aside Ibrahim Ali's conviction, jail term, fine for ...
Perkasa president Datuk Ibrahim Ali's conviction, one-day jail term and fine for contempt of court was set aside by the Court of Appeal.
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Malaysian Christians Lash Government after Supremacist Evades ...
Oct 13, 2014 · ICC Note: Hate speech and religious intolerance has been rising in Malaysia. Ibrahim Ali, the founder and president of Malay supremacist ...
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Malay quota is about national security, Perkasa tells Khairy | FMT
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Perkasa holds anti-ICERD rally, hours before PMO confirms no ...
Nov 23, 2018 · Shortly after the Perkasa protest, the Prime Minister's Office issued a statement saying Malaysia will not ratify ICERD. There are 13 other ...
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Why Malaysia backpedalled on ICERD ratification
Nov 23, 2018 · KUALA LUMPUR: Malaysia on Friday reversed a pledge to ratify a UN convention against racial discrimination, following backlash from groups ...
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[PDF] BTI 2014 | Malaysia Country Report
The Malay leaders then forged a political alliance with the major Chinese and Indian parties. This set a pattern in which the office of the prime minister was ...
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Vol. 11, No. 2, Hwok-Aun Lee - Southeast Asian Studies
Advocates assert that the NEP achieved tremendous success but remains unfinished business; detractors vouch that the NEP largely failed and has overstayed ...
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Malaysia: Malays rally amid worries over government 'weakness'
Dec 8, 2018 · Malaysia is one of only 14 countries in the world that have yet to sign the International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial ...
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Pointless to argue with Perkasa thugs - Malaysiakini
Dec 29, 2011 · Malaysia is slowly degenerating into a fanatical Islamic totalitarian regime, fueled by extremists who are hell-bent on suppressing minorities.
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What Perkasa and Malaysiakini Have in Common - Academia.edu
It has also been the focus of the international news media where terrorism issues are concerned. On 17th July 2009, once again Indonesia is traumatised yet with ...
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[PDF] Electoral Malpractice in Malaysia: The Methods and ... - Kai Ostwald
NGOs like Pertubuhan Pribumi Perkasa (Perkasa) and Ikatan Muslimim Malaysia (ISMA), who view themselves as defenders of Islam and of the Malays, whose ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] Malaysia's Protracted Affirmative Action Policy and the Evolving ...
This paper examines the evolution of the Bumiputera Commercial and Industrial Community. (BCIC) in the context of Malaysia's protracted affirmative action ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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The cases of BERSIH, HINDRAF and Perkasa - ResearchGate
Download Citation | On Jan 1, 2014, A.R. Govindasamy published Social movements in contemporary Malaysia: The cases of BERSIH, HINDRAF and Perkasa | Find, ...
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Perkasa not the force it thinks it is, Umno leaders say | Malay Mail
Yesterday, Ibrahim claimed Perkasa's clout had contributed to Umno and BN's victory in the 13th general election, despite his defeat in Pasir Mas to PAS's Nik ...
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Towards a More Democratic Regime and Society? The Politics of ...
The rising antagonistic attitudes and tension between the Malay majority and ethnic and religious minorities in Malaysia since 2007 is intriguing because it ...
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Asian Angle | Malaysia's youth survey reveals deep ethnic divides ...
Oct 13, 2024 · A recent survey of Malaysian youth reveals stark ethnic divisions, with Malays largely supporting existing preferential policies while non-Malays advocate for ...
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Malaysia's young Malays talk race and privilege | The Straits Times
Nov 23, 2024 · ST's own poll shows 28 per cent of young Malay respondents say bumiputera privileges should be kept, but reformed. 68% of Malay Respondents ...