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Perlan Project

The Perlan Project is a nonprofit aeronautical exploration and atmospheric science research organization that employs specialized, unpowered gliders to probe the stratosphere, collect data on climate phenomena such as ozone depletion and pollutants, and push the boundaries of sustained, wing-borne flight in zero-emission conditions.^[1] Conceived by former NASA test pilot Einar Enevoldson in the early 1990s after observing stratospheric mountain waves during high-altitude flights, the project was formally incorporated as a 501(c)(3) organization in 2010 to advance aviation innovation, scientific discovery, and public inspiration.^[1]^[2] Early efforts culminated in the 2006 Perlan 1 mission, where Enevoldson and adventurer Steve Fossett piloted an unpressurized glider to a then-record altitude of 50,727 feet (15,460 meters) over Argentina's Andes Mountains, validating the use of polar vortex-driven waves for high-altitude soaring.^[1]^[3] The project evolved with the development of Perlan 2, a pressurized, two-seat glider designed for extreme altitudes, funded by philanthropists including Morgan Sandercock and Dennis Tito, and supported by chief scientist Dr. Elizabeth Austin.^[1] In 2015, it partnered with Airbus to launch the Airbus Perlan Mission II, an all-volunteer international effort involving engineers, meteorologists, and aviators that conducts annual campaigns in Patagonia to harness stratospheric waves for research and record-setting flights.^[1]^[3] Notable achievements include Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)-certified world records: 52,172 feet (15,902 meters) in 2017 by pilots Jim Payne and Morgan Sandercock, and 74,334 feet (22,657 meters) in 2018 by Payne and Tim Gardner (corresponding to a pressure altitude of 76,124 feet), surpassing the altitude of the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft and marking the highest crewed, unpowered, wing-borne flight to date.^[1]^[4]^[5] After a COVID-19-induced pause, the 2023 season resumed testing in Argentina, achieving flights above 60,000 feet (18,288 meters), including a record for the highest in-flight Wi-Fi hotspot, while carrying student experiments on atmospheric science via the Teachers in Space program.^[6]^[7] The Perlan Project's ongoing goals center on reaching 90,000 feet (27,432 meters) to study the polar night jet stream and its climate implications, fostering international collaborations such as with the Argentine Air Force, and promoting sustainable aviation through engineless flight demonstrations; the next campaign is planned for Southern Patagonia in 2026.^[1]^[8]^[9]

Overview

Founding and Organization

The Perlan Project was founded in 1992 by Einar Enevoldson, a former NASA test pilot and glider enthusiast, who conceived the initiative after observing stratospheric mountain waves during high-altitude test flights for the German Aerospace Center (DLR).^[1]^[10] Inspired by LIDAR imagery revealing potential for unpowered flight to extreme altitudes, Enevoldson aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of riding these waves with sailplanes to advance aeronautical exploration.^[10] In 2010, the project was formally incorporated as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, Perlan Project, Inc., headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon.^[1]^[11] Its mission centers on conducting aeronautical exploration and atmospheric science research using engineless gliders to probe the stratosphere, with a focus on zero-emissions flight and data collection for climate studies.^[1]^[12] The project evolved from Enevoldson's personal vision into a structured entity through incremental milestones, beginning with early conceptual work in the 1990s and the first proof-of-concept flight in 2006 using the unpressurized Perlan 1 glider.^[1] Initial funding posed significant challenges, relying heavily on Enevoldson's resources and sponsorship from adventurer Steve Fossett, amid skepticism from aviation experts who questioned the practicality of stratospheric soaring.^[1]^[13] By the late 2000s, the initiative shifted to a collaborative research model, incorporating volunteers, engineers, and additional backers like businessman Dennis Tito in 2010, which formalized operations and expanded scope.^[1] As a non-profit, the Perlan Project's status facilitates partnerships with aerospace firms and scientific institutions, enabling shared resources for glider development and data analysis without commercial constraints.^[1]^[3] Notable collaborations include Airbus as the title sponsor since 2014 for the Perlan Mission II.^[3] This structure has sustained the project's growth into an international effort involving global researchers.

Key Personnel

Einar Enevoldson, a former NASA research pilot and founder of the Perlan Project, originated the concept of using stratospheric mountain waves for high-altitude glider flights.^[14] With over 18 years at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center from 1968 to 1986, Enevoldson served as a test pilot for experimental aircraft including the SR-71 Blackbird and X-24B lifting body, accumulating expertise in high-altitude and supersonic flight testing.^[14] A lifelong glider pilot and former U.S. Air Force jet fighter pilot, he attended the Empire Test Pilots' School in England and set a glider altitude record of 50,722 feet in 2006 with Steve Fossett using the Perlan concept.^[14] As Chairman Emeritus until his death in 2021, Enevoldson guided the project's scientific vision.^[15] Elizabeth Austin, the project's Chief Meteorologist and Chief Scientist, has led atmospheric analysis for Perlan since 1998, specializing in stratospheric mountain waves and optimal flight conditions.^[16] Holding a PhD in meteorology, she serves as President of WeatherExtreme Ltd. and Research Professor at the Desert Research Institute, University of Nevada, Reno, with expertise in climate change, aviation meteorology, and mesoscale modeling.^[16] An active member of the American Meteorological Society, where she chairs the Certified Consulting Meteorologists Board, Austin has consulted on over 1,000 cases involving weather-related incidents, including aviation accidents and wildfires.^[16] Her work has been instrumental in identifying polar vortex wave opportunities essential to Perlan's missions.^[16] Ed Warnock, CEO and Board Member, oversees the project's operations, strategic partnerships, and executive leadership.^[15] With a BS in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Arizona and an MA in Systems Theory, Warnock's career includes roles at the Naval Weapons Center in China Lake and as a pilot-mechanic in international aviation support programs.^[17] Currently a managing partner at Cumulus Resources and an adjunct professor teaching executive MBA courses at the University of Oregon, he brings decades of experience in aerospace systems and consulting to manage Perlan's volunteer-driven efforts.^[17] Jim Payne, Chairman of the Board and Chief Pilot, directs flight operations and test programs with extensive high-altitude soaring expertise.^[18] A retired U.S. Air Force pilot who graduated from the Air Force Academy in 1974, Payne flew fighter jets including the F-16 and attended the U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School, later earning a master's in flight test engineering.^[18] He has coached U.S. soaring teams to multiple world championships and authored a textbook on flight testing, applying this knowledge to lead Perlan's pilot training and safety protocols.^[18] Morgan Sandercock, a major donor, Project Manager, Chief Engineer, and Board Member, has been pivotal in reviving and sustaining the project through engineering oversight and funding.^[15] An Australian glider pilot and Chief Flying Instructor at the Hunter Valley Gliding Club, Sandercock works professionally as a project manager with skills in aviation engineering and operations.^[19] His contributions include managing construction and testing phases, drawing on hands-on experience in glider maintenance and high-performance flight.^[20] Dennis Tito, the primary financial backer since 2010, has provided critical funding and infrastructure support to advance Perlan's goals.^[21] A pioneering space tourist and founder of Wilshire Associates, Tito holds a BS in astronautics and aeronautics from NYU and an MS in engineering science from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, with early career work at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory designing trajectories for Mariner missions to Mars and Venus.^[21] His sponsorship includes constructing a dedicated hangar in Minden, Nevada, for the Perlan 2 glider, enabling key development and testing activities.^[22] Stéphane Fymat, Head of glider build efforts and fundraising as a Board Member, leverages his aerospace engineering background to support Perlan's technical and financial growth.^[23] With a BS in aerospace engineering and computer science from UCLA and an MBA from Columbia University, Fymat has 25 years in the industry, starting as an engineer at Aerojet-Electrosystems and later leading business units at Wang Laboratories and Passlogix, where he grew operations to significant scale before acquisitions.^[23] A private pilot and member of the ASTM F44 committee for aircraft certification, he holds patents in avionics and focuses on innovative aviation projects.^[23]

Scientific Foundations

Stratospheric Mountain Waves

Stratospheric mountain waves, also known as lee waves, are stationary atmospheric oscillations generated by stable airflow encountering topographic barriers such as mountain ranges. These waves form when prevailing winds perpendicular to a mountain ridge force air to rise over the obstacle, creating a series of undulations downwind that can propagate vertically through the atmosphere.^[24] In the context of high-altitude soaring, the discovery of these standing waves dates back to 1933, when German glider pilots Wolf Hirth and Hans Deutschmann inadvertently encountered strong updrafts while flying in the lee of the Riesengebirge Mountains, marking the first documented use of mountain waves for sustained unpowered flight.^[25] This observation laid the groundwork for applying wave phenomena to glider operations, demonstrating how pilots could exploit the smooth, laminar updraft regions for altitude gains without engine power.^[26] The formation of stratospheric mountain waves begins in the troposphere, where airflow over mountain ranges displaces air parcels vertically, initiating oscillations that behave like waves in a stable atmosphere. These tropospheric waves can extend upward into the stratosphere when amplified by interactions with upper-level wind structures, particularly the polar night jet—a strong, eastward-flowing wind band at the boundary of the polar vortex.^[27] The polar night jet, which can reach speeds of up to 80 m/s (155 knots) near 36 km (118,000 feet), injects momentum into the wave system, enabling the waves to maintain coherence and amplitude well above the tropopause.^[27] Without this amplification, typical mountain waves dissipate at lower altitudes due to increasing atmospheric stability and wind shear.^[28] These waves interact critically with the tropopause, the transitional layer between the troposphere and stratosphere at approximately 10-12 km altitude, where temperature begins to increase with height. In standard conditions, gliders are confined below the tropopause by decreasing air density and lift efficiency, but stratospheric mountain waves provide continuous updrafts that penetrate this boundary, allowing ascent into the thinner stratospheric air.^[29] The wave's upward-propagating phase lifts gliders beyond conventional limits, with vertical displacements enabling flights to altitudes exceeding 20 km in favorable conditions.^[27] Historical observations have progressively revealed the potential of these waves for extreme-altitude soaring. A pivotal moment came in 1992, when LIDAR imagery captured standing mountain waves extending into the stratosphere west of Kiruna, Sweden, inspiring further investigation into their structure and exploitability.^[28] These images depicted coherent wave patterns reaching heights of over 20 km, confirming the waves' persistence in the stable stratospheric environment.^[30] Key characteristics of stratospheric mountain waves include vertical wavelengths typically ranging from 15 to 20 km, determined by the background wind speed and atmospheric stability, which allow for broad, gentle undulations suitable for glider penetration.^[31] Updraft speeds within these waves can reach several meters per second, providing reliable lift while the overall flow remains stable and laminar, minimizing turbulence that could disrupt unpowered flight.^[27] This stability arises from the stratosphere's high static stability, which supports wave propagation without rapid breaking, making the phenomenon viable for sustained high-altitude gliding.^[24] Such waves align with objectives for achieving unprecedented altitude records by harnessing natural atmospheric dynamics for energy-efficient ascent.^[1]

Optimal Flight Conditions

The Perlan Project relies on specific meteorological and geographical conditions to enable unpowered glider flights into the stratosphere by harnessing stratospheric mountain waves. These conditions must align to generate sufficient lift for extreme altitudes, with prefrontal weather patterns being optimal as they produce the strongest and most persistent waves, often lasting through the frontal passage and into post-frontal periods in drier regions like the Andes.^[32]^[33] Key prerequisites include ridge-top winds of at least 40 knots (74 km/h), ideally perpendicular to the mountain ridgeline within 30 degrees, accompanied by strong low-level winds in a stable atmosphere and a gradual increase in wind speed with altitude to supply energy to the waves.^[32] Additionally, alignment with the polar vortex is essential, as it influences the regional atmosphere and facilitates wave propagation into the stratosphere when the tropopause is sufficiently weak.^[32]^[33] These favorable conditions occur during narrow seasonal windows in the southern hemisphere's high latitudes, typically from mid-August to mid-October, when winter stratospheric dynamics are active, providing 3-4 opportunities per year.^[1] The primary location is Patagonia, particularly around El Calafate, Argentina, where the Andes mountains interact closely with the jet stream and the outer boundary of the polar vortex.^[32] Alternative sites include New Zealand's South Island, such as Omarama at approximately 45°S, and the edges of Antarctica, where similar mountain-wave setups can align with the vortex.^[33]^[1] The polar night jet plays a crucial role in amplifying these waves, providing the high-altitude wind shear necessary to extend them upward to over 90,000 feet (27,000 m) at the edge of space.^[28] However, challenges include the unpredictable shifts in the polar vortex position, which can disrupt wave formation, and the need for precise, high-resolution forecasting to identify viable windows amid variable stratospheric conditions.^[32]^[33]

Objectives

Altitude and Performance Goals

The Perlan Project's primary objective is to achieve repeatable flights to 90,000 feet (27,432 meters) in the stratosphere using engineless sailplanes, marking the highest altitude ever attained by a wing-borne aircraft. This target represents a pioneering effort in unpowered aviation, leveraging stratospheric mountain waves to enable sustained gliding without propulsion systems. By reaching this elevation, the project seeks to demonstrate the viability of zero-emissions, high-altitude flight operations that are both safe and economical, minimizing environmental impact while expanding the boundaries of atmospheric exploration.^[1] Secondary targets include surpassing established altitude records set by powered aircraft, such as the Lockheed U-2's FAI-ratified horizontal flight record of 73,760 feet (22,482 meters) and the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird's record of 85,069 feet (25,929 meters). Additionally, the project aims to showcase precise maneuvering capabilities at extreme altitudes, allowing the glider to navigate and loiter within specific atmospheric layers for extended periods. These performance metrics emphasize controlled, repeatable operations in thin air, where traditional powered flight faces significant limitations due to engine inefficiencies and fuel constraints.^[1]^[34]^[35] Altitude achievements are verified using GPS measurements, which provide accurate geodetic data independent of atmospheric pressure variations. For glider records above 50,000 feet (15,000 meters), the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) mandates GPS altitude as the standard, ensuring precision and comparability with prior benchmarks. This methodology has been integral to ratifying Perlan's interim records, such as the 74,334-foot GPS altitude attained in 2018.^[36] In the long term, the project envisions proving the feasibility of high-altitude platforms for applications in space access, including suborbital research and edge-of-space technologies that bridge aviation and space exploration. This zero-emissions approach not only advances sustainable flight paradigms but also informs future developments in unpowered aerial systems for scientific and exploratory missions.^[37]

Atmospheric Research Aims

The Perlan Project's atmospheric research aims extend beyond altitude achievements to gather critical data on stratospheric conditions, including measurements of the ozone layer, temperature profiles, and wind patterns. By riding stratospheric mountain waves, the project collects in-situ observations that are difficult to obtain from satellites or ground-based instruments, providing high-resolution data on ozone concentrations and their distribution.^[38] These efforts help monitor the ozone hole's formation and persistence, particularly over Antarctica, where flights target the polar regions during optimal wave conditions.^[39] Temperature and wind data, captured during ascents up to 90,000 feet, reveal vertical profiles that inform models of stratospheric circulation. A key focus is advancing understanding of climate change through studies of polar vortex dynamics and their links to global warming. The polar vortex, which energizes the stratospheric waves exploited by the project, influences tropospheric weather patterns and the ozone layer's recovery.^[40] Research during flights examines sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs), events that disrupt the vortex and may become more frequent with climate change, affecting global circulation and extreme weather.^[1] By harvesting data on these phenomena without emitting pollutants, the project contributes to insights on how stratospheric processes modulate surface climate variability.^[41] In aerospace applications, the project gathers aerodynamic data relevant to high-altitude flight, simulating conditions akin to those on Mars where air density is similarly low. Flights provide empirical data on wing performance and stability in thin atmospheres, aiding the design of planetary exploration vehicles.^[42] This research supports advancements in unpowered or low-thrust aerial systems for extraterrestrial environments.^[38] Broader impacts include enhancing weather prediction and environmental monitoring by elucidating stratospheric phenomena that propagate downward to influence tropospheric systems. Data from the project improves global models for forecasting ozone-related risks and pollutant transport, fostering international collaborations in atmospheric science.^[43] Onboard instrumentation, such as sensors for ozone, temperature, pressure, wind speed and direction, UVA/UVB radiation, and telemetry systems, enables real-time logging and transmission of data during wave-riding ascents. These tools, powered by specialized batteries, ensure reliable collection in the extreme stratospheric environment.^[38]

Historical Development

Inception and Early Research

The Perlan Project originated in 1992 when Einar Enevoldson, a retired NASA test pilot, conceived the idea of using stratospheric mountain waves to achieve extreme altitudes in unpowered glider flight.^[1] Inspired by LIDAR imagery captured during high-altitude test flights for the German Aerospace Center (DLR), Enevoldson observed standing mountain waves extending to approximately 75,000 feet over northern Sweden, west of Kiruna, which suggested untapped potential for soaring to the edge of space.^[10] These images, taken by DLR researcher Wolfgang Renger, revealed wave structures far beyond conventional tropospheric phenomena, prompting Enevoldson to explore their application for glider ascent following his career at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center.^[1] From 1992 to 1998, Enevoldson conducted initial research to validate the feasibility of gliding in these stratospheric waves, analyzing LIDAR data and related atmospheric observations to confirm the presence and persistence of such high-altitude wave systems.^[2] This preparatory phase focused on gathering empirical evidence of wave dynamics, drawing from global meteorological records to demonstrate that polar stratospheric conditions could sustain lift without propulsion, though direct satellite imagery analysis was limited by the era's technology.^[10] The work established a conceptual foundation but highlighted significant gaps in understanding wave propagation at extreme altitudes. In 1998, meteorologist Dr. Elizabeth Austin joined Enevoldson as chief scientist, expanding the research to model the interactions between stratospheric mountain waves and the polar night jet stream within the winter polar vortex.^[1] Her analysis solidified the project's meteorological basis, showing how the jet stream could amplify tropospheric waves to heights exceeding 60,000 feet, providing the energy transfer needed for sustained glider flight.^[28] This collaboration addressed key uncertainties in wave formation and stability, transforming initial observations into a rigorous scientific framework. The early phase faced considerable challenges, including widespread skepticism from the aviation community, which viewed engine-less stratospheric soaring as impractical due to physiological risks, structural demands, and unproven aerodynamics.^[1] Experts questioned the reliability of wave predictions and the glider's ability to capitalize on them, necessitating proof-of-concept through detailed simulations before committing resources. By 1999, these hurdles began to ease as adventurer Steve Fossett, upon learning of Enevoldson's efforts, provided funding and joined as co-pilot, enabling the transition from research to mission planning.^[28]

Perlan Mission I and Initial Records

The Perlan Project's first operational phase, known as Perlan Mission I, began with a pivotal partnership formed in 1999 between project founder Einar Enevoldson, a former NASA test pilot, and adventurer Steve Fossett, who provided funding to modify a Glaser-Dirks DG-505M motorized glider for high-altitude wave-soaring experiments.^[28]^[44] The modifications included removing the engine and propeller, installing liquid oxygen tanks for pilot breathing, and equipping the unpressurized cabin with borrowed NASA pressure suits to enable safe operation in the thin stratosphere.^[28]^[45] This setup allowed the glider, dubbed Perlan 1, to be towed to an initial altitude by a conventional tug aircraft before transitioning to unpowered flight on stratospheric mountain waves generated by the Andes.^[46] On August 29, 2006, Enevoldson and Fossett piloted Perlan 1 from El Calafate, Argentina, capitalizing on strong polar vortex conditions to ride a stratospheric mountain wave.^[46] The flight reached an absolute altitude of 15,460 meters (50,727 feet), surpassing the previous glider world record by 507 meters and marking the first time an unpowered aircraft had entered the stratosphere under FAI rules.^[46] The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) ratified the achievement as the new Open Class absolute altitude record for gliders, validating Enevoldson's theoretical research on exploiting atmospheric waves for extreme altitudes without engines or ballast.^[46] This milestone demonstrated the feasibility of glider-based stratospheric exploration, providing initial data on polar night jet streams and their role in global weather patterns.^[1] The project's momentum stalled following Fossett's death in a small-plane crash on September 3, 2007, which resulted in the loss of his personal funding and led to a multi-year hiatus for Perlan Mission I's successors.^[1] Without Fossett's support, plans for a pressurized glider capable of higher altitudes were shelved, shifting focus temporarily to data analysis from the 2006 flight until new sponsorship revived the effort in the 2010s.^[1]

Airbus Perlan Mission II

Glider Design and Specifications

The Perlan II glider was developed by Windward Performance in collaboration with RDD Enterprises, focusing on engineering a pressurized, high-altitude research aircraft capable of sustained flight in the stratosphere.^[30]^[47] The design incorporates a carbon-fiber composite structure with double-walled construction and foam cores to withstand extreme temperatures ranging from -50°C to -85°C and severe turbulence from stratospheric mountain waves.^[48]^[49] This robust airframe supports a two-pilot pressurized cabin maintained at 8.5 PSI, equivalent to a 14,000-foot altitude, allowing pilots to operate without pressure suits while using a rebreather system with pure oxygen.^[1] Key specifications include a wingspan of 84 feet (26 meters), wing area of 263 square feet, and an aspect ratio of 27, optimizing lift-to-drag efficiency for low-density air at altitudes up to 90,000 feet.^[1] The empty weight is 1,500 pounds (680 kg), with a gross weight of 2,000 pounds (907 kg) including crew, instruments, and fuel, resulting in a low wing loading of approximately 7.6 pounds per square foot for minimal sink rates around 200 feet per minute at 50,000 feet.^[1]^[43] The glider features a best glide ratio of about 30:1, with airfoils tailored to maintain a constant indicated airspeed of 48 knots across altitudes, enabling true airspeeds up to 350 knots at 90,000 feet while managing transonic flow.^[48] Innovations emphasize safety and performance in extreme conditions, including mass-balanced control surfaces to prevent flutter, accelerometers for real-time vibration monitoring, and a science bay for mounting atmospheric instruments, high-definition cameras, and satellite communication systems.^[1]^[48] Reinforced high-aspect-ratio wings provide exceptional efficiency for wave soaring, while the structure is designed to endure shear forces from stratospheric turbulence without compromising integrity.^[41] Fail-safe systems comprise dual parachutes—a drogue chute for high-altitude stabilization and a BRS ballistic parachute for lower altitudes—along with redundant oxygen supplies and emergency descent procedures.^[48] As a pure glider without propulsion, the Perlan II relies on aerial towing for initial ascent, primarily using a modified Grob G 520 Egrett turboprop aircraft capable of releasing it at altitudes up to 47,100 feet, the highest recorded glider tow.^[50] This method, enabled by project sponsorship, positions the glider directly into stratospheric wave updrafts for unpowered climb.^[51] In contrast to the Perlan I, a modified DG-505 glider that required pressure suits for its pilots and reached a maximum of 50,727 feet (15,460 meters) in 2006, the Perlan II introduces full pressurization, enhanced thermal and structural durability, and purpose-built wings for repeated access to 90,000 feet.^[48]^[52]

Sponsorship and Project Revival

Following the death of primary sponsor Steve Fossett in September 2007, the Perlan Project faced significant challenges, with progress on Perlan Mission II stalling due to the loss of key funding and leadership.^[53]^[13] In 2008, Australian glider pilot and engineer Morgan Sandercock stepped in to revive the initiative, providing personal funding and technical expertise to sustain the effort and prevent its complete dissolution.^[54]^[55] A pivotal boost came in 2010 when entrepreneur and former orbital space tourist Dennis Tito made a major donation, enabling the project to resume design and development of the Perlan 2 glider while attracting additional interest from potential collaborators.^[56]^[57] By 2014, Airbus joined as the title sponsor for Perlan Mission II, committing substantial resources, engineering expertise, and financial support to complete the glider's construction, conduct flight testing, and pursue altitude records, marking a full-scale revival of the project.^[8]^[37] This sponsorship was complemented by contributions from partners such as Weather Extreme Ltd. for meteorological forecasting and logistics, along with entities like Raytheon and United Technologies providing technical and operational aid.^[58]^[22] Under the leadership of CEO Ed Warnock, who assumed the role in the early 2010s, the project secured these partnerships through targeted outreach, emphasizing the mission's alignment with aerospace innovation and atmospheric research goals.^[37]^[59] With Airbus's involvement, construction of the Perlan 2 glider accelerated from 2014 to 2015, culminating in its maiden flight on September 23, 2015, at Redmond Municipal Airport in Oregon, towed to 5,000 feet for initial handling tests.^[37]^[60]

Flight Campaigns and Achievements

Test Flights and Early Campaigns

The Perlan II glider achieved its maiden flight on September 23, 2015, at Redmond Municipal Airport in Oregon, where it was towed to 5,000 feet by a Piper Pawnee and successfully tested basic stability, control surfaces, and systems during a 20-minute flight.^[37]^[60] Following this, the aircraft was relocated to Minden-Tahoe Airport in Nevada, established as the project's primary testing base due to its proximity to mountain wave conditions ideal for glider operations.^[61] Over the ensuing months, a series of test flights in Minden validated key features, including the pressurized cockpit capable of maintaining 8.5 psi at high altitudes and the glider's aerodynamic performance, with iterative upgrades such as enhanced instrumentation and control adjustments implemented based on flight data to refine handling and pressurization reliability.^[62]^[63] In preparation for stratospheric wave flights, the team conducted initial campaigns in El Calafate, Argentina, starting in July 2016, leveraging the region's strong polar vortex-driven mountain waves over the Andes for higher-altitude testing.^[64] Launches from El Calafate's airport involved towing the Perlan II to release points using a ground support team that coordinated weather forecasts, telemetry monitoring, and chase aircraft for real-time data collection on wave capture efficiency and atmospheric sampling.^[65] These early sorties focused on proving the glider's ability to transition into stratospheric flows, reaching altitudes up to approximately 26,000 feet in 2016 while gathering preliminary data on wind patterns and pressure differentials, though operations were frequently hampered by unpredictable weather delays and the precise positioning required to enter favorable wave vortices.^[66] The 2017 Argentine campaign built on these foundations, with further test flights emphasizing pressurized operations and extended wave riding. On September 3, 2017, pilots Jim Payne and Morgan Sandercock, supported by ground crews managing tow logistics with a high-performance aircraft, achieved an altitude of 15,902 meters (52,172 feet) over El Calafate, demonstrating the viability of sustained flight in thin stratospheric air and validating the cockpit's environmental controls for crew safety.^[67]^[68] This flight incorporated lessons from prior tests, such as improved vortex alignment techniques to maximize lift, despite ongoing challenges from variable polar vortex dynamics that often postponed launches and required adaptive ground support for rapid repositioning.^[69] Overall, these early efforts established operational protocols, including volunteer-led ground teams for assembly, telemetry, and post-flight analysis, paving the way for more ambitious missions while highlighting the project's reliance on precise meteorological modeling to mitigate weather-related setbacks.^[70]

Record-Setting Missions

During the 2018 flight campaign in Patagonia, Argentina, the Airbus Perlan Mission II team capitalized on powerful stratospheric mountain waves generated by the Andes to pursue unprecedented altitudes, with flights towed aloft by a Grob Egrett to approximately 44,000 feet before unpowered soaring commenced.^[71]^[72] On August 26, 2018, pilots Jim Payne and Morgan Sandercock achieved the first major breakthrough, soaring to a GPS-measured altitude of 18,492 meters (60,669 feet) in a 5.6-hour flight that crossed into the lower stratosphere.^[71] This marked the glider's initial surpassing of prior unpowered records and initiated a series of rapid advancements. Just two days later, on August 28, 2018, Payne, paired with Miguel Iturmendi, pushed further to 19,439 meters (63,776 feet), crossing the Armstrong Line where unpressurized human flight becomes impossible without specialized suits, and setting a provisional world record pending documentation.^[73] The campaign culminated on September 2, 2018, when Payne and Tim Gardner attained 22,657 meters (74,334 feet), establishing the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) absolute altitude record for gliders and exceeding the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft's stratospheric benchmark for the first time by an unpowered vehicle.^[74]^[75] These flights, enabled by favorable polar vortex dynamics and wave conditions, collected valuable atmospheric data on ozone concentrations, wind patterns, and energy exchanges in the stratosphere, contributing to broader research on Earth's upper atmosphere and potential analogies for Martian conditions.^[76]^[77] The FAI ratified all three records following submission of telemetry, GPS logs, and witness statements, confirming them as official world marks in the gliding category by late 2018.^[73]^[74] The achievements garnered extensive media attention, with coverage in outlets like AOPA, CNN, and Airbus press releases highlighting the engineering feat and scientific implications of human-piloted, engine-free stratospheric flight.^[72]^[78]^[75]

Recent Developments and Future Plans

Following the record-setting flights of 2018, the Perlan Project continued its atmospheric research through the Airbus Perlan Mission II, with the fifth season launched in 2023 in El Calafate, Argentina.^[6] This campaign emphasized repeated high-altitude flights to refine data collection on stratospheric waves, completing 74 flights overall for the glider, including a peak of 60,300 feet on August 23 despite suboptimal conditions.^[7] The effort focused on validating wave dynamics and gathering instrumentation data, though the season concluded early in September due to insufficient stratospheric wave activity.^[79] In 2022, the project raised public awareness through a demonstration at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh, where the Perlan 2 glider performed its first public flight, towed aloft by the Grob Egrett to showcase high-altitude capabilities to over 650,000 attendees.^[80] This event highlighted the glider's design for edge-of-space research without engines, fostering partnerships and educational outreach.^[81] In December 2024, the project conducted a three-week flight test campaign in Minden, Nevada, in collaboration with Airbus and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), achieving the world's first in-flight measurements of contrails from hydrogen propulsion systems to assess their environmental impact for sustainable aviation. This effort contributed to the project's nomination for the 2024 Robert J. Collier Trophy.^[82]^[83] As of November 2025, the project is preparing for its next stratospheric wave-hunting expedition in Southern Patagonia, scheduled for 2026, with support teams emphasizing enhanced safety protocols, logistics for remote operations, and integration of new research payloads.^[84] These preparations include evaluating high-altitude aerosol sampling to advance climate monitoring.^[85] The Perlan Project's future goals center on achieving 90,000 feet in sustained wing-borne flight to surpass the SR-71 Blackbird's 85,069-foot record, enabling zero-emissions exploration of the stratosphere.^[1] This ambition supports expanded climate studies, particularly on polar vortex dynamics and their influence on global weather patterns, by riding stratospheric mountain waves generated by the vortex.^[40] Challenges include sustaining nonprofit funding through sponsorships and addressing environmental variability, such as unpredictable wave conditions that have delayed campaigns.^[86] While no new altitude records have been set since 2018, annual efforts continue to advance atmospheric research and glider technology.^[8]

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[10]
The Perlan Project | LinkedIn
Headquarters: Beaverton. Type: Nonprofit. Locations. Primary. Beaverton, us. Get directions. Employees at The Perlan Project. Click here to view Morgan ...
[11]
Lofty Ambitions - Wingborn Ltd
With Fossett's support, Enevoldson founded the Perlan Project, Inc, a not-for-profit aeronautical exploration and atmospheric scientific research organization.Missing: non- | Show results with:non-
[12]
Perlan Project pushes envelope of possibility - UND Today
Apr 13, 2021 · Perlan II was created as Enevoldson and his co-pilot descended from a then-record 50,722 feet above El Calafate in 2006. Since then, with the ...
[13]
Einar Enevoldson - The Perlan Project
Einar Enevoldson - The Perlan Project. Einar, a lifelong glider pilot, former jet fighter pilot in the USAF, and exchange officer with the Royal Air Force ...Missing: profit | Show results with:profit
[14]
Perlan Team
ELIZABETH TATTERSALL. ALUMNI. Bio. EINAR ENEVOLDSON. FOUNDER, CHAIRMAN EMERITUS, ALUMNI. Bio. ED WARNOCK. CEO, BOARD MEMBER. Bio. JIM PAYNE.Missing: key personnel
[15]
Elizabeth Austin - The Perlan Project
### Summary of Elizabeth Austin's Bio, Background, Expertise, and Contributions to Perlan Project
[16]
Ed Warnock - The Perlan Project
### Summary of Ed Warnock
[17]
Jim Payne - The Perlan Project
### Summary of Jim Payne (Perlan Project)
[18]
Morgan Sandercock | Perlan Project
Morgan Sandercock is a glider pilot from Australia. Morgan is the Chief Flying Instructor at the Hunter Valley Gliding Club. Morgan works as a project manager ...
[19]
[PDF] Airbus Perlan Mission II soars to over 62,000 feet, setting second ...
Aug 27, 2018 · The 2017 record broke a previous record that was set in 2006, in the unpressurized Perlan 1, by Perlan Project founder Einar Enevoldson and ...
[20]
Dennis Tito - The Perlan Project
He began his career at NASA's jet propulsion laboratory where he was responsible for designing the trajectories for the Mariner spacecraft missions to Mars and ...
[21]
Dennis Tito's Perlan Hangar
Dec 10, 2015 · ... Dennis Tito, a major backer of the volunteer-run Perlan Project. Tito built a new hangar to accommodate the Perlan 2 glider with its 84-foot ...
[22]
Stephane Fymat - The Perlan Project
Stéphane has 25 years of experience in the aerospace and computer industries. He began his career as an engineer for Aerojet-Electrosystems, ...
[23]
[PDF] Chapter 9: Glider Flight & Weather - Federal Aviation Administration
Typical mountain wavelengths vary considerably, between 2 and 20 miles. The amplitude is half the vertical distance between the trough and crest of the wave.
[24]
[PDF] significant features of turbulence, con - Public Knowledge Project
Apr 30, 2020 · 1: First wave soaring flight over Gru- nau (Germany) by Wolf Hirth and his interpretation of airflow induced by up- stream mountain range of ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[25]
The atmosphere under the waves: forgotten meteorology from Nazi ...
Aug 8, 2017 · This paper reviews how the existence of the atmosphere under the mountain waves was realised in Nazi Germany, where mountain waves were ...
[26]
[PDF] SOARING THE PERLAN AIRCRAFT TO 30 km - Ams.Confex.Com.
This polar night jet provides wind energy to the tropospheric waves that become stratospheric waves. Peak polar night jet winds reach a maximum near an altitude ...
[27]
Surfing the mountain wave - Royal Aeronautical Society
Sep 25, 2018 · In conditions where the stratospheric polar night jet aligns with the lower-level jet stream over mountains, it can create winds which increase ...
[28]
Glider aims for new heights and rare scientific data | Science | AAAS
Jul 10, 2017 · Polar night jets are eastward-flowing winds that circle the globe high in the stratosphere in the winter, driven by the stark temperature ...Missing: formation | Show results with:formation
[29]
Sailplane to the Stratosphere - Smithsonian Magazine
After his epiphany, Enevoldson began studying stratospheric mountain waves. He learned from atmospheric balloon experiments that all stratospheric waves ...
[30]
Three-Dimensional Characteristics of Stratospheric Mountain Waves ...
The largest-amplitude waves at 13.1 km in terms of vertical velocity occur along the northern flight segment, in contrast to IOP 4 and IOP 6. The wave ...
[31]
[PDF] Elizabeth J. Austin, Ph.D., CCM
Strong low-level winds in a stable atmosphere with ridge top winds 40 knots is best (25 knots will work). •. Winds within 30 degrees of perpendicular to ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[32]
[PDF] AMS Perlan Paper
An important key to understanding these waves is the polar vortex. It is known that these waves propagate into the middle and upper stratosphere when the outer ...
[33]
U-2C World Record Flights | Museum of Aviation Foundation
Apr 17, 2014 · The records, set on 17 and 18 April 1989, still stand today and are ratified by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI), the ...
[34]
What is the straight-and-level altitude record for a heavier-than-air ...
May 23, 2021 · The official (as verified by FAI) "altitude in horizontal flight" category record goes to the SR-71 on 28 Jul 1976 at an altitude of 25 929 m (85 069 ft).
[35]
Aviation Measurements - The Perlan Project
Sep 4, 2019 · Above about 50,000 feet (15,000 meters) the rules controlling records for gliders (FAI and IGC) require use of GPS altitude since it is more ...
[36]
Airbus Perlan Mission II
Sep 22, 2015 · The goal of this project is to open up a world of new discoveries related to high-altitude flight, climate change and space exploration.Missing: access | Show results with:access
[37]
PARTners IN RESEARCH - The Perlan Project
We aim to provide researchers with the platforms, technical support and expertise needed to study the atmosphere, weather, aerodynamics, and flight safety.Missing: website | Show results with:website
[38]
Glider Aims to Break World Record--and Boost Climate Science
Aug 9, 2016 · The glider will carry instruments to measure levels of aerosols and greenhouse gases, including ozone, methane and water vapour, and will gather ...Missing: vortex | Show results with:vortex
[39]
Perlan 2 and Sudden Stratospheric Warming
Sep 30, 2019 · The polar vortex is believed to be a key driver of tropospheric weather and climate patterns. ... The Perlan weather balloon data is ...Missing: prefrontal ridge-
[40]
Airbus Perlan Mission II
Jun 12, 2017 · Perlan Mission II is a purpose-built glider aiming to soar on wind currents to 27.4 kilometres –the stratosphere – as it researches high-altitude flight.Missing: aims | Show results with:aims
[41]
Aviation on Mars? Airbus Perlan 2 Glider To Help Test Its Limits
Jan 31, 2016 · By pushing the atmospheric envelope at the edge of Earth's stratosphere, the Airbus Perlan 2 glider's next tests should pave the way for ...
[42]
ANALYSIS: Aiming for 90000ft with Perlan 2 glider | FlightGlobal
Jul 10, 2015 · A number of meteorological factors will have to line up in order to provide the optimal conditions for Perlan 2's flights, according to Austin.
[43]
Gliding To The Edge Of Space - AVweb
Nov 14, 2013 · The Perlan project began in 1992 and attracted the attention and funding of Steve Fossett in 1999. Fossett then served as the mission pilot ...Missing: Glaser- Dirks 500<|control11|><|separator|>
[44]
The Perlan: A Record-Setting Sailplane | The Museum of Flight
The glider, called the Perlan (Icelandic for "pearl") is now on display at the Museum of Flight. It will serve as the focal point for an exhibit, opening in ...Missing: headquarters | Show results with:headquarters<|control11|><|separator|>
[45]
Ten Years Ago Today: Steve Fossett set a gliding world record by ...
Aug 29, 2016 · The flight was the successful culmination of the Perlan Project, which had been set up by Fossett and Enevoldson in 1999. The aim of the Perlan ...Missing: involvement | Show results with:involvement
[46]
The Perlan 2 Sets New Altitude World Record - LX7 aircraft
Sep 3, 2017 · Its true flight speed at 90,000 will be 350 knots (403 mph). The cabin will be pressurized to 8.5 psi (14,500 feet). The crew will breathe pure ...Missing: FAI gliding<|control11|><|separator|>
[47]
[PDF] The Perlan 2 Glider
In about 1999, he pitched the con- struct to a fellow glider pilot who had a bankroll, Steve Fossett. Steve pre- ferred that they first obtain and modify a ...
[48]
Perlan 2 space glider sets new altitude record | CompositesWorld
Aug 29, 2018 · This marks a second glider altitude world record for Perlan Project pilots Jim Payne and Morgan Sandercock. Featured Content.
[49]
Team Egrett Makes It Possible - The Perlan Project
Aug 29, 2023 · The Perlan Project was organized to investigate stratospheric waves above 35,000 feet. Below that altitude, the tropospheric wave has been much ...
[50]
Airbus Perlan Mission II soars to over 62000 feet, setting second ...
Aug 27, 2018 · The pressurized Perlan 2 glider, which is designed to soar up to 90,000 feet, passed the Armstrong Line, the point in the atmosphere above which ...
[51]
Spirit of Steve Fosset lives on as glider is poised to soar to 90000ft
Sep 29, 2015 · In 1999, aviation legend Steve Fossett came on board as sponsor and co-pilot of Perlan Mission I, which in 2006 saw him and Enevoldson take a ...Missing: involvement | Show results with:involvement<|control11|><|separator|>
[52]
Missions | Perlan Project
These techniques were shown to work at high altitude by Perlan 1. Using clouds and instruments, the pilot will fly thePerlan 2 to areas of rising air. When ...Mission Ii · Piloting Technique · Aeromedical Factors &...
[53]
ap r il 2 0 19 $6.25
Perlan Project), Jim Payne (chief pilot), Morgan Sandercock. (Australian engineer & pilot who did CPR on the project after. Steve Fossett was lost), Dan ...Missing: death | Show results with:death
[54]
[PDF] SPEED VS GREEN - Royal Aeronautical Society
Nov 11, 2018 · Fossett died in 2007 and funding to continue the project was ... Pilots Jim Payne and. Morgan Sandercock after landing the Perlan. 2 ...
[55]
Dennis Tito - The Perlan Project
Dennis Tito. Dennis earned a B.S. in astronautics and aeronautics from ... He then founded Wilshire Associates, a global investment advisory firm. DONATE.Missing: 2010 revival
[56]
The Perlan Project Collaborates with Argentine Air Force
Perlan 2 is expected to set a new aviation altitude world record this year for piloted, level flight at 90,000 feet. The international team of aviation experts ...
[57]
UA Engineering Alumnus Aims to Send Glider to Record 90000 Feet
Aug 5, 2016 · The Perlan Project aims to break the world altitude record for engineless aircraft set by the first Perlan in 2006, when balloonist and ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[58]
Perlan II mission reaches for new heights after first flight - FlightGlobal
Sep 23, 2015 · Launching early in the morning 23 September from the Redmond Municipal Airport in Redmond, Oregon, chief pilot Jim Payne and team pilot and ...
[59]
Airbus Perlan Mission II Celebrates New Home, Start of Flight ...
Dec 9, 2015 · Airbus Perlan Mission II, which completed a successful first flight in Oregon on Sept. 23, has its new home in Minden thanks to Dennis Tito, a ...
[60]
Airbus completes Perlan 2 test flight - Airport Technology
May 9, 2016 · Led by Perlan project's chief pilot Jim Payne, the test flight was conducted at Minden-Tahoe Municipal Airport, Nevada, US.Missing: tow | Show results with:tow
[61]
Perlan 2 Upgrades
Jul 1, 2017 · Here's a partial list of improvements that are ready for Campaign Two in Argentina. Probably most significant is the ability to seal the cabin ...Missing: early 2016
[62]
Airbus Perlan Mission II sets sail for Argentina to begin glider flights ...
Jul 17, 2016 · Summary. Team relocating to El Calafate, Argentina, after successful flight test program in Minden, Nevada; Pilots will look for stratospheric ...
[63]
Second Check Flight in Argentina - The Perlan Project
Sep 11, 2016 · So on September 11, 2016 Perlan 2 took to the skies of Patagonia for the second time. Jim and Tim Gardner piloted this one, with Morgan as Cap ...
[64]
Perlan 2 glider topped 26000 feet in Argentina tests - AOPA
Oct 11, 2016 · The Airbus Perlan Project aircraft Perlan 2 “will fly to 90,000 feet at the edge of space to explore the science of giant mountain waves that ...
[65]
Airbus Perlan Mission II – World Record Claim Sept 3, 2017
Sep 3, 2017 · Perlan 2 flown by Jim Payne and Morgan Sandercock clawed their way to 52,172 feet GPS altitude with tenacious flying and strong support from the ...Missing: 15902 m
[66]
Highest flight in a glider (male) - Guinness World Records
Highest flight in a glider (male) ; Who: Jim Payne, Morgan Sandercock ; What: 15,902 metre(s) ; Where: Argentina (El Calafate) ; When: 03 September 2017.
[67]
Perlan 2 soars to altitude record - AOPA
Sep 7, 2017 · Perlan 2, a glider piloted by Jim Payne and Morgan Sandercock, reached 52,172 feet on Sept. 3, riding the stratospheric mountain wave above ...
[68]
Perlan Support Teams – Part One
Sep 7, 2023 · Prior to a flight, CapCom starts a 48 hour launch-countdown-timer, which is the signal for seven teams to prepare the glider, towing aircraft, ...Missing: iterative | Show results with:iterative
[69]
World Record Claim Above 60000 Feet on August 26, 2018
Aug 26, 2018 · High altitude wave soaring above the tropopause has only ever been done once by Einar in Perlan 1 and now twice by Jim in Perlan 2. The ...Missing: FAI | Show results with:FAI
[70]
Perlan soars to new record - AOPA
Aug 29, 2018 · ... fail. Two days later, on Aug. 28, Payne, this time joined by pilot Miguel Iturmendi, soared higher still, up to a pressure altitude of ...Missing: FAI | Show results with:FAI
[71]
Airbus Perlan Mission II soars to the highest altitude ever reached ...
Aug 29, 2018 · She found that the Polar Vortex, and one of its principal components, the stratospheric polar night jet, existing only in winter, provided the ...
[72]
1st anniversary of the highest altitude reached by a glider - FAI
Sep 2, 2019 · Record file · FAI article · Image gallery. The Perlan Project's Mission II aim is to reach the edge of space at 90,000 feet (27.4km) in this ...
[73]
Airbus Perlan Mission II glider soars to 76000 feet to break own ...
Sep 3, 2018 · The pressurized Perlan 2 glider is designed to fly to 90,000 feet, conditions permitting.Missing: optimal | Show results with:optimal
[74]
Perlan 2 Soars Above 76000 feet
Sep 4, 2018 · The Perlan 2 is optimized for high altitudes. But the higher you go and the faster the true airspeeds, the stronger lift Perlan needs just to ...Missing: optimal | Show results with:optimal
[75]
Perlan Mission II Soars to Record-Breaking 62K Feet
Aug 30, 2018 · The aircraft was released by a high altitude tow plane at 42,000 feet and then glided along stratospheric mountain waves to 62,000 feet. The ...
[76]
Experimental Perlan 2 aircraft breaks high-altitude human flight record
Sep 5, 2018 · The Airbus Perlan Mission II achieves a new altitude record by flying at more than 76000 feet over El Calafate, Argentina.Missing: platforms access
[77]
Farewell Argentina 2023 - The Perlan Project
Sep 11, 2023 · So we made the tough, bittersweet decision to pack up and return to Minden. In El Calafate in 2023 Airbus Perlan Mission II: Soared to 60,300 ...Missing: campaign | Show results with:campaign
[78]
Perlan Glider Soars Into AirVenture History Books - EAA
Jul 27, 2022 · The Perlan 2 glider, which will attempt to set the all-time world altitude record for wingborne flight in 2023, made its first public flight demo at EAA ...<|separator|>
[79]
Perlan Soars at AirVenture22 – The REST of the Story
Jan 3, 2023 · Perlan Project had a rare opportunity to soar at the July 2022 EAA AirVenture at Oshkosh. It's definitely on the bucket list for any pilot.<|control11|><|separator|>
[80]
2024 in Review Rounding out our top moments from 2024, we ...
Perlan is presently evaluating high-altitude aerosol sampling and research on our next campaign in Argentina. Check out NASA's stunning Science On A Sphere ...
[81]
Perlan Project: IQAir's clean air technology empowers climate ...
Mar 12, 2024 · It's when flight conditions in Patagonia are ideal for the project's Perlan 2 glider; stratospheric waves are energized on the outer boundary ...Missing: optimal | Show results with:optimal
[82]
Airbus Perlan 2 Glider Beginning Final Flight-test Campaign
May 3, 2023 · The pressurized, high-altitude Perlan 2 glider is expected to reach a record-breaking altitude of 90,000 feet during the upcoming flight test ...