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Flutter

Look up flutter in , the free dictionary. Flutter may refer to several concepts across different fields: In technology: In medicine: In arts and entertainment:
  • Flutter (music), a production technique or effect
  • Flutter (film), various films or media with the title
Other uses:

Technology

Software framework

Flutter is Google's open-source user interface (UI) software development kit (SDK) created for building natively compiled applications for mobile, web, desktop, and embedded devices from a single codebase. It enables developers to craft high-quality, responsive experiences across platforms using the Dart programming language, which is optimized for fast development and performance. Unlike traditional cross-platform tools that rely on platform-specific bridges, Flutter compiles directly to native machine code for supported platforms or to JavaScript/WebAssembly for web, ensuring consistent rendering and behavior without intermediaries. Flutter was first announced by Google at the I/O developers conference in May 2017 as a response to the need for efficient, beautiful app development across iOS and Android. The framework reached its first stable release, version 1.0, on December 4, 2018, marking its readiness for production use and introducing foundational support for multi-platform deployment. Developed internally at Google since 2015 as "Sky," originally as the user interface toolkit for Google's Fuchsia operating system, Flutter draws from experiences with earlier UI toolkits and emphasizes a reactive programming model where the entire UI is built as a tree of widgets. At its core, Flutter provides a rich set of customizable widgets that follow design languages like for and Cupertino for , allowing developers to create platform-adaptive interfaces with minimal code. The framework's reactive treats everything as a —immutable descriptions of UI elements that respond to state changes—enabling efficient updates without full rebuilds. Key development features include stateful hot reload, which preserves app state while injecting code changes in milliseconds for rapid iteration. Rendering is powered by the or Skia graphics engines, high-performance 2D libraries that ensure smooth 60 frames per second (fps) animations and graphics across devices. Flutter supports deployment to (from version 13), (from API level 16), (via , CanvasKit, or renderers), Windows (versions 10 and 11), macOS (from 10.15), and (Debian-based distributions), compiling to native code for each target. This cross-platform capability allows a single codebase to produce optimized binaries, reducing development time compared to separate native implementations. Adoption of Flutter has grown significantly, with millions of developers worldwide using it by , driven by its efficiency in building scalable apps. Major companies include , which powers apps like , , and Create; Alibaba, utilizing it for its Xianyu marketplace to cut feature development time by half; and for in-car infotainment interfaces. The ecosystem integrates seamlessly with Google's Firebase for backend services and includes state management solutions like Provider and Riverpod, available through the official pub.dev package repository. As of November 2025, Flutter's latest stable release, version 3.38 (announced ), introduces enhancements like default stateful hot reload for web-server mode, a new web_dev_config. file for easier web setup, and unification of CanvasKit and Skwasm renderers for improved web consistency and efficiency. It aligns with 3.10, which adds dot shorthands for concise enum access, building on earlier introduced in 3.0 for more expressive code handling. Support for 15's mandatory 16 KB memory page size is now included, requiring NDK r28 and ensuring compatibility for apps targeting 35 or higher starting November 1, 2025. The Impeller rendering engine, now default on and , boosts graphics performance with reduced jank and better compilation, facilitating integrations for / features like on-device inference in apps. Flutter's primary advantages include its ability to achieve consistent 60 performance through native compilation and the Skia/Impeller engines, alongside cost savings from a unified that accelerates time-to-market. However, initial app sizes can be larger—often exceeding 4 MB for minimal apps—due to the bundled engine and widgets, though optimizations like deferred loading mitigate this for complex projects.

Aeroelasticity in aeronautics

In aeronautics, flutter refers to a self-excited aeroelastic instability characterized by sustained and potentially destructive oscillations arising from the dynamic coupling of aerodynamic, elastic, and inertial forces acting on an aircraft or structural component. This interaction can amplify small disturbances into large-amplitude vibrations, leading to structural fatigue, failure, or catastrophic loss of control if the airspeed exceeds the critical flutter boundary. Historical observations of flutter trace back to the earliest days of powered flight, with the ' 1903 glider and subsequent exhibiting mild aeroelastic effects, which they inadvertently utilized for roll through . More dramatically, aeroelastic flutter contributed to the 1940 collapse of the , where wind-induced torsional oscillations escalated due to aerodynamic-elastic coupling, highlighting the phenomenon's risks beyond . These early incidents spurred systematic research, evolving from empirical fixes in World War I-era biplanes to formalized theories by the 1930s, influencing the design of high-speed during . The physics of flutter encompasses several instability modes, including (static aeroelastic ), control reversal (loss of control surface effectiveness), and dynamic flutter (oscillatory ). Flutter typically occurs when aerodynamic forces from unsteady airflow synchronize with the structure's natural frequencies, transferring energy from the airstream to the structure. Critical flutter speed, the threshold airspeed at which initiates, is predicted using analytical models like Theodorsen's for two-dimensional sections. In Theodorsen's formulation, the 's motion is assumed harmonic, expressed as plunge displacement h = h_0 e^{i \omega t} and pitch angle \alpha = \alpha_0 e^{i \omega t}, where h_0 and \alpha_0 are amplitudes, \omega is the oscillation frequency, and i is the . The aerodynamic lift and moment are derived via the Theodorsen function C(k), which accounts for wake effects through the reduced frequency k = \omega b / U, with b as the semi-chord and U as freestream velocity. is determined by solving the flutter eigenvalue problem from the coupled : \begin{bmatrix} m & S_\alpha \\ S_\alpha & I_\alpha \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \ddot{h} \\ b \ddot{\alpha} \end{bmatrix} + \begin{bmatrix} K_h & 0 \\ 0 & K_\alpha \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} h \\ b \alpha \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} L \\ M \end{bmatrix} where m and I_\alpha are mass and moment of inertia, S_\alpha is static mass moment, K_h and K_\alpha are structural stiffnesses, and L and M are unsteady aerodynamic lift and moment. The critical speed emerges when the real part of the eigenvalue changes sign, marking the onset of self-sustained oscillation. Prevention and analysis of flutter rely on a combination of experimental and computational methods to ensure stability margins well above operational speeds. Wind tunnel testing with scaled aeroelastic models simulates fluid-structure interactions under controlled conditions, allowing identification of flutter boundaries through forced excitation or free vibration. Finite element modeling couples with to predict modes and speeds, often validated against tunnel data. Suppression techniques include passive measures like mass balancing, where counterweights are placed forward of the elastic axis to shift the center of gravity and increase the flutter speed by 20-50% in control surfaces, and aerodynamic tailoring to alter distributions. Active controls, such as piezoelectric actuators or systems, dampen oscillations in real-time, as demonstrated in modern designs. In the , extensive flutter testing during certification confirmed wing up to 1.15 times the dive speed, incorporating composite materials for inherent . Beyond aircraft, aeroelastic flutter affects structures like suspension bridges, where the Tacoma Narrows failure prompted aerodynamic fairings and tuned mass dampers in designs such as the . In , blades experience edgewise and flapwise flutter at high wind speeds, mitigated through twist-coupled composites to enhance stability. Helicopter rotors are susceptible to forward flight flutter due to advancing-retreating blade asymmetries, addressed via lag dampers and higher harmonic control inputs.

Signal distortion in electronics

In , particularly in analog audio and video systems, flutter refers to the high-frequency component of speed variations in recording or playback media, typically above 4 Hz, which causes rapid fluctuations in signal frequency or pitch. This is distinct from , which involves slower variations below about 4 Hz, and is quantified as a of the nominal speed, with professional-grade aiming for levels below 0.1%. Flutter arises primarily from mechanical instabilities in , such as uneven tape speed in reel-to-reel or cassette players due to capstan or pinch-roller irregularities, disk or bearing wear in turntables, and motor vibrations. In digital systems, analogous effects can occur through clock , which introduces timing errors akin to , or from high frequencies, though these are less pronounced than in analog media. Historically, flutter was a significant issue in pre-digital audio reproduction during the 1950s to 1980s era of records and , when mechanical transports dominated consumer and professional equipment. Standardized measurement methods, such as those from the (), employ a weighted peak detection on a 3 kHz test tone to assess flutter, capturing deviations that mimic perceptual impacts on audio signals. These variations produce a noticeable "wobbling" or vibrato-like effect in reproduced music, degrading tonal stability especially on sustained notes from instruments like or strings. For instance, the B77 professional achieved flutter specifications below 0.06% at 15 ips, exemplifying high-end performance of the period. Mitigation in analog systems involved servo-controlled DC motors for precise speed regulation and quartz-crystal stabilization to lock , reducing flutter to negligible levels in premium designs. The advent of digital formats like compact discs and streaming has virtually eliminated mechanical flutter, as fixed sampling rates avoid speed-dependent distortions. Related acoustic phenomena include flutter echo in film soundtracks, where rapid reflections between parallel surfaces create a metallic ringing that can overlay audio tracks, and phase flutter in radio communications, caused by atmospheric variations or antenna movement leading to signal instability.

Medicine

Atrial flutter

is a common characterized by rapid, organized electrical activity in the atria due to a macro-reentrant , most often involving the cavotricuspid (CTI) around the tricuspid annulus in the right atrium. This typically results in an atrial rate of 250 to 350 beats per minute, with the left atrium activated passively. On electrocardiogram (ECG), it manifests as sawtooth-shaped flutter waves (F-waves) at approximately 300 beats per minute, replacing normal P-waves and lacking an isoelectric baseline. Patients with commonly experience , , , , or chest discomfort, though some cases are . The ventricular response is often moderated by atrioventricular () node conduction, with 2:1 block being typical, leading to a ventricular rate of around 150 beats per minute; higher rates can occur in 1:1 conduction, exacerbating symptoms. Diagnosis relies primarily on ECG, which shows characteristic F-waves with regular atrial activity and variable ventricular rates depending on conduction. Holter monitoring or event recorders may confirm intermittent episodes, while evaluates for underlying structural heart disease, and transesophageal assesses for left atrial prior to . Atrial flutter is classified as typical (CTI-dependent, the most common form, often counterclockwise with negative F-waves in inferior leads) or (CTI-independent, involving other atrial sites, frequently post-surgery or ). Treatment strategies aim for rate control, rhythm control, and stroke prevention. Rate control uses beta-blockers (e.g., metoprolol) or (e.g., ) to slow AV conduction, targeting a ventricular rate below 110 beats per minute at rest. Rhythm control involves electrical or antiarrhythmic drugs like for chemical , particularly in hemodynamically stable patients. targeting the CTI is highly effective for typical atrial flutter, achieving acute success rates of 90-95% and long-term freedom from recurrence in 80-90% of cases. Anticoagulation is recommended based on the CHA2DS2-VASc score, with therapy indicated for scores of 2 or higher in men and 3 or higher in women to mitigate thromboembolic risk. Epidemiologically, atrial flutter affects approximately 200,000 individuals annually in the United States, representing the second most common sustained after . It is more prevalent in males and increases with age, with key risk factors including , , , , , and excessive alcohol use. Post- recurrence rates for typical atrial flutter range from 10-20%, often due to atypical circuits or underlying . Atrial flutter often coexists with or progresses to , with up to 50% of patients developing AF after CTI , necessitating ongoing monitoring and potential additional therapies. As of 2025, advancements include AI-guided mapping systems that enhance precision by predicting termination sites in real-time, improving procedural safety and outcomes for complex cases.

Ventricular flutter

is a life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmia defined by a rapid exceeding 250 beats per minute, characterized by a monomorphic, sinusoidal waveform on electrocardiogram (ECG) with no distinct QRS complexes or isoelectric intervals. This arises from reentrant circuits in the ventricular myocardium, often facilitated by in patients with prior (MI) or underlying , where heterogeneous conduction creates a for sustained rapid activation. Patients typically experience syncope or sudden hemodynamic collapse due to inadequate , with a high propensity to degenerate into (VF), leading to if untreated. Diagnosis relies on ECG, which reveals a regular, undulating pattern at 250-350 beats per minute, distinguishing it from (VT) by the absence of an isoelectric baseline between deflections; confirmation may involve (ICD) interrogation or electrophysiologic study in survivors. Acute treatment mandates immediate using 200 J biphasic waveform, followed by intravenous for rhythm suppression in hemodynamically stable cases; secondary prevention includes ICD implantation, while targets scar-related reentry circuits in recurrent scenarios. is a rare that often degenerates into , a leading cause of sudden cardiac , predominantly in individuals with ischemic heart or genetic predispositions such as . As of 2025, advancements include FDA-approved wearable cardioverter-defibrillators incorporating for enhanced arrhythmia detection and response, alongside ongoing trials targeting inherited forms like to modulate function and prevent arrhythmic triggers.

Arts and entertainment

Music

In music, "Flutter" has been used as a title for several notable songs across genres. Bonobo's "Flutter," released in 2003 on the album Dial 'M' for Monkey by Ninja Tune, is an electronic downtempo track characterized by shuffling beats and xylophone elements, contributing to the album's blend of jazz and IDM influences. Autechre's "Flutter," from their 1994 Anti EP on Warp Records, exemplifies experimental IDM with non-repetitive beats and ambient textures, designed for playback flexibility across speeds. Chris Cornell's "Flutter Girl," featured on the 1992 promotional Poncier EP, is a grunge-influenced ballad reflecting early solo explorations beyond Soundgarden, later re-recorded for his 1999 album Euphoria Morning. More recently, the South Korean K-pop group Hearts2Hearts included "Flutter" on their 2025 debut mini-album FOCUS under SM Entertainment, a city pop track with strings, horns, and warm synths evoking romantic urban vibes. Albums titled Flutter include Serayah's 2023 EP Flutter, a seven-track R&B/ release featuring introspective songs like "Feel Something" and collaborations such as "Real" with , blending vintage and modern production over 19 minutes. Indie releases have also adopted the title, such as The LightField Project's 2022 Flutter EP, which explores atmospheric and ambient soundscapes across six tracks. Beyond titles, flutter-tonguing refers to a classical technique on wind instruments, involving rapid tongue vibration—often by rolling the "r" sound—to produce a or fluttering effect, dating to the with early uses in Tchaikovsky's (1892). In orchestral , it enhances timbral color, as in Maurice Ravel's late works where flutter-tongued winds create surreal interruptions and vivid textures. The technique extends to , notably in Rahsaan Roland Kirk's multi-instrumental performances, where it added percussive and breathy layers to lines in pieces like "Serenade to a Cuckoo" (1964), pioneering extended woodwind aesthetics. Bonobo's "Flutter" has appeared in media, including the 2005 series , underscoring its crossover appeal in visual storytelling, while influences modern compositions for its evocative, non-traditional .

Film

In film, "Flutter" has been used as a title for several short films and features, often exploring themes of escape, transformation, and emotional instability through metaphorical depictions of flight or instability. The 2006 Canadian animated short Flutter, directed by Howie Shia and produced by the (NFB), follows a young boy who attaches newspaper "wings" to his shoes and leaps into an urban adventure, symbolizing a departure from routine life into a mechanized world. Running approximately six minutes, the film blends influences with a poignant on childhood and , earning the award for Best Quebec Short Feature at the 2006 and a Jury Award at the Yorkton Film Festival. The 2011 British black comedy Flutter, directed by Giles Borg, centers on a compulsive gambler named John (played by Joe Anderson) who encounters a enigmatic female bookie, leading to increasingly risky bets that blur lines between thrill and self-destruction. This 96-minute feature delves into the psychological toll of , with its tense pacing and highlighting the "flutter" of uncertainty in high-stakes decisions, though it received mixed reviews for its uneven tone, holding a 38% approval rating on based on limited critic consensus. Subsequent works titled Flutter continue to emphasize personal turmoil and metamorphosis. The 2014 American drama feature film, directed by Eric Hueber, portrays a and her son grappling with abandonment after the father's departure, using intimate dynamics to convey emotional fragility over 90 minutes; it screened at the Dallas International . In the 2020s, indie animated works like the 2023 short by Adam Reed Levy, a 5-minute-36-second children's starring about a learning to fit in and themes of isolation and connection, garnered festival accolades including the Grand Prize for Best Children's Animation at the Flickers' International and concluded its two-year festival circuit in 2025, now available on . A 2024 live-action short directed by Sofia Ayerdi, produced through the Academy Gold Rising Program, explores relational tensions. These pieces, often distributed via platforms like and streaming services, underscore fluttering as a for anxiety and , with runtimes typically under 10 minutes. Beyond titles, "flutter" serves as a technical term in , particularly in scoring. In music for live orchestral performances of scores, a "flutter" refers to a visual cue consisting of three to seven rapid "punches"—brief flashes on screen—that act as a metronome-like to conductors on and hit points, ensuring precise alignment between visuals and audio. This technique remains essential in modern restorations of classic s. Additionally, "wow and flutter"—pitch variations from imperfections—are deliberately incorporated in contemporary to evoke a nostalgic, aesthetic. Sound engineers apply these subtle modulations to music tracks in period pieces or restorations, such as enhancing the warmth of 1950s-era and scores without affecting clarity, as seen in for films aiming to replicate optical artifacts. This approach adds emotional depth by simulating the organic instability of early cinema audio.

Other uses

Linguistic and general usage

The word "flutter" originates from the verb floterian, meaning "to float about" or "to flutter," which derives from the Proto-Germanic flutrōną, a frequentative form of flutōną ("to float"). By the period around the , it had evolved to emphasize rapid, irregular flapping or waving motions, as seen in early uses describing birds or light objects in motion. As a verb, "flutter" primarily denotes light, quick flapping or waving, such as when or move their wings without sustained flight, or when flags or sails undulate irregularly in the wind. It also conveys trembling or quivering due to excitement, nervousness, or emotion, as in a heart that "flutters" with anticipation. As a noun, "flutter" refers to the act or motion of such , a brief, unsteady movement, or a of emotional , such as "" causing a flutter of anxiety before an event. It can also indicate a minor commotion or stir in a group or atmosphere. Common synonyms include flap, quiver, and flicker, depending on context, with "flutter" often implying delicacy or irregularity. Idiomatic expressions like "hearts aflutter" capture collective excitement or romantic thrill, evoking a shared sense of eager trembling. In literature, Shakespeare employed "flutter" to depict dynamic action, as in Coriolanus (Act 5, Scene 6), where it describes scattering foes: "like an eagle in a dove-cote, I / Flutter'd your Volscians in Corioli." Modern usage appears in descriptive prose, such as "an eyelid flutter" signaling subtle awakening or flirtation in narrative scenes. No significant recent linguistic shifts or variations exist between British and American English, though the term occasionally references a small wager in British slang.

Betting and gambling

In , particularly in the and , "flutter" denotes a small, informal wager, often placed on or other sporting events, evoking a sense of light-hearted excitement rather than high-stakes . The phrase "have a flutter on the horses" exemplifies its casual usage, suggesting a modest bet made for amusement without deep financial commitment. The term originated in the late , around 1870, as for a light bet, likely derived from the idea of "fluttering a coin"—tossing it in the air to decide an outcome, mirroring the unpredictable motion of a flutter. It gained popularity within the UK's horse racing culture during the , where informal betting among spectators became a social pastime. ( entry for historical usage). Culturally, "flutter" remains embedded in British and Irish traditions, especially around major events like the Grand National steeplechase, where millions participate in what is commonly called a "Grand National flutter." The term appears in media, such as the 2011 British film Flutter, a black comedy centered on escalating sports gambling that highlights the slang's association with initially innocuous wagers. According to the UK Gambling Commission's 2024 survey, approximately 48% of adults—around 25.8 million people—engaged in some form of gambling over the past four weeks, with casual low-stakes activities like flutters forming a significant portion of this participation. The term also inspired the name of Flutter Entertainment, an Irish-American multinational sports betting and gambling company founded in 2016. Related terms include "," an Irish-influenced synonym for a casual , and "," short for , both conveying similar low-risk connotations in contrast to professional or high-stakes betting. While flutters are often perceived as harmless entertainment, they fall under the oversight of the UK Gambling Commission, which enforces regulations to protect consumers, including age verification and advertising limits. Authorities issue warnings about potential risks, noting that even small bets can escalate, though surveys indicate most participants view flutters as occasional, low-impact fun.

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