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Poisson

Poisson is a French surname. It may also refer to places in France, concepts in mathematics and physics named after the mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson, and other uses.

People

Siméon Denis Poisson

Siméon Denis Poisson was a prominent French mathematician and physicist born on June 21, 1781, in Pithiviers, France, to a family of modest means; his father, a former soldier, held a lowly administrative post locally. He received his early education at home and in local schools before entering the École Centrale in Fontainebleau in 1796 and excelling in the entrance examination to the École Polytechnique in Paris in 1798, where he studied under influential figures such as Pierre-Simon Laplace and Joseph-Louis Lagrange. Poisson graduated in 1800 and began his academic career as a répétiteur at the École Polytechnique, advancing to deputy professor in 1802 and full professor in 1806. He also held positions as an astronomer at the Bureau des Longitudes from 1808, chair of mechanics at the Faculté des Sciences from 1809, and was elected to the physics section of the Académie des Sciences in 1812.^[1]^[2] Poisson's scholarly output was prolific, with over 300 mathematical works spanning probability theory, celestial mechanics, electrostatics, and partial differential equations. In probability, his 1837 treatise Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile extended earlier ideas on the law of large numbers and introduced concepts central to modern statistical distributions. His contributions to physics included advancements in the mathematical theory of heat, magnetism, and electricity, often building on the analytical frameworks of his mentors. Poisson's rigorous approach to applying mathematics to physical phenomena solidified his reputation as a key figure in the development of mathematical physics during the early 19th century.^[1]^[3] Poisson's legacy endures through numerous scientific concepts bearing his name, such as Poisson's equation in electrostatics and the Poisson distribution in probability theory, reflecting his enduring influence on both fields. He received several honors, including election as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1818 and progression through the ranks of the Légion d'honneur, culminating in the title of Commandeur in 1837. Poisson died on April 25, 1840, in Sceaux near Paris, leaving a profound impact on French science and international mathematics.^[1]^[2]

Poisson (surname)

Poisson is a French surname derived from the Old French word poisson, meaning "fish," and typically served as an occupational name for a fisherman, fishmonger, or seller, or occasionally as a nickname for someone with fish-like features.^[4]^[5]^[6] The name originated in medieval France and remains prevalent in French-speaking regions, including Quebec and other parts of Canada due to historical migration.^[7] Among notable individuals bearing the surname, beyond the renowned mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson, are several historical figures from politics, arts, and culture. Jeanne Antoinette Poisson (1721–1764), known as Madame de Pompadour, was the influential chief mistress of King Louis XV and a prominent patron of the arts.^[8] Her brother, Abel-François Poisson (1727–1781), Marquis de Marigny, served as director of the Bâtiments du Roi, overseeing major artistic and architectural projects under Louis XV.^[9] In the theater world, Paul Poisson (1658–1735) was a celebrated French actor with the Comédie-Française, renowned for his comedic roles including the character Crispin. Later, Paul Poisson (1887–1983) became a Canadian politician, serving as the first mayor of Tecumseh, Ontario, in 1921 and representing Essex North in provincial politics.^[10] The surname's global distribution shows it held by around 21,000 people, ranking as the 26,335th most common worldwide, with the highest incidence in France (approximately 13,000 bearers) and significant presence in Canada and the United States.^[6] Genealogical databases like FamilySearch record over 100,000 historical entries for Poisson, reflecting its enduring use in French diaspora communities.^[4] Variations such as Poissonnier or Pousson occasionally appear, often denoting related occupations like fish preparation.^[7]

Places

Poisson, Saône-et-Loire

Poisson is a commune located in the Saône-et-Loire department of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It lies on the border between the Charolais and Brionnais areas in southern Burgundy, at coordinates approximately 46°23′N 4°08′E, and covers an area of 35.48 km². The commune features varied terrain including prairies, woods, and the meandering Arconce River, which supports local pisciculture activities.^[11]^[12]^[13] As of the 2022 census, Poisson has a population of 559 inhabitants, reflecting a slight decline from 603 in 1968, with an average annual variation of -0.2% between 2016 and 2022. The population density stands at 15.8 inhabitants per km². Historically, the commune has been tied to rural development in the Charolais region, with its landscape shaped by agricultural traditions dating back to medieval times, including its position along the route of Romanesque churches.^[14]^[14]^[13] The local economy centers on agriculture, which accounts for about 50% of the 16 establishments in the commune, employing 8 people as of 2023. It is particularly renowned for Charolais beef production, with supporting amenities like an artisan bakery and a restaurant specializing in local meats and fish. Notable features include marked walking trails for outdoor recreation and the Church of Saint John the Baptist, a key historical site. Governance is handled by a municipal council, with recent administrative updates including the adoption of the PanneauPocket app for community alerts. The commune is situated near Mâcon, approximately 35 km to the east, facilitating regional connections.^[14]^[13]^[15]

Mathematics and Statistics

Poisson distribution

The Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution that models the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space, when these events happen independently with a known constant average rate and independently of the time since the last event.^[16] It is particularly useful for describing rare or random events, such as the number of defects in manufacturing or arrivals at a service facility.^[17] The probability mass function of the Poisson distribution is given by

P(K = k) = \frac{\lambda^k e^{-\lambda}}{k!}

for k = 0, 1, 2, \dots, where \lambda > 0 is the rate parameter representing the expected number of events in the interval, and e is the base of the natural logarithm.^[16] The mean and variance of a Poisson random variable K are both equal to \lambda, which highlights the distribution's equidispersion property.^[16] The Poisson distribution arises as the limiting case of the binomial distribution when the number of trials n approaches infinity and the success probability p approaches zero such that np = \lambda remains constant, making it suitable for approximating rare events in large populations.^[18] Common applications include modeling customer arrivals in queueing theory, where the number of arrivals in a fixed period follows a Poisson distribution under assumptions of a constant arrival rate, and counting radioactive decay events, as the unpredictable nature of atomic disintegrations aligns with the distribution's properties.^[19] In the context of a Poisson process, the number of events occurring in a fixed interval also follows this distribution.^[20] The distribution is named after the French mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson, who derived it in his 1837 work Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile, where he applied probabilistic methods to legal judgments.^[21]

Poisson process

The Poisson process is a fundamental stochastic model used to describe the occurrence of random events in continuous time, where events happen independently and at a constant average rate. Formally, it is defined as a counting process \{N(t), t \geq 0\} with N(0) = 0, where the increments N(t + s) - N(t) over disjoint time intervals are independent random variables, and the number of events in any interval of length t follows a Poisson distribution with mean \lambda t for a fixed rate parameter \lambda > 0. This structure captures scenarios such as particle arrivals or customer queues, ensuring that the process has no simultaneous events and restarts identically after each occurrence due to the memoryless property of the underlying distribution.^[22] Key properties of the Poisson process include stationary increments, meaning the distribution of N(t + s) - N(t) depends only on s and not on t, and independent increments across non-overlapping intervals. The number of events up to time t, N(t), has the probability mass function

P(N(t) = n) = \frac{(\lambda t)^n e^{-\lambda t}}{n!}, \quad n = 0, 1, 2, \dots

which establishes the direct link to the Poisson distribution for event counts. Additionally, the interarrival times between successive events are independent and identically distributed as exponential random variables with rate \lambda, implying an expected interarrival time of $1/\lambda. These features make the process suitable for modeling systems where events are rare and uncorrelated, such as radioactive decay or traffic incidents.^[23]^[22] There are two primary types of Poisson processes: the homogeneous Poisson process, characterized by a constant rate \lambda, and the non-homogeneous Poisson process, where the rate varies with time as \lambda(t), allowing the expected number of events in an interval (t, t + s] to be \int_t^{t+s} \lambda(u) \, du. The homogeneous case assumes uniformity over time, while the non-homogeneous variant accommodates varying intensities, such as seasonal fluctuations. In applications, the homogeneous Poisson process models steady-state arrivals in telecommunications networks, like packet transmissions, and the non-homogeneous form is used in reliability engineering to track failure rates in repairable systems over time. The marginal distribution of the number of events in fixed intervals remains Poisson, providing a probabilistic foundation for count-based analyses.^[22]^[24]^[25]

Poisson regression

Poisson regression is a type of generalized linear model (GLM) designed for analyzing count data, where the response variable represents the number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space and is assumed to follow a Poisson distribution.^[26] Introduced as part of the GLM framework, it allows the expected count μ_i for the i-th observation to be modeled as a function of predictor variables through a canonical log-link function, ensuring that predicted means are positive. The model assumes equidispersion, meaning the conditional variance of the response equals its conditional mean, which aligns with the properties of the Poisson distribution.^[26] The core model equation is given by

\log(\mu_i) = \mathbf{X}_i \boldsymbol{\beta},

where μ_i is the expected count for the i-th observation, \mathbf{X}_i is the vector of predictors (including an intercept), and \boldsymbol{\beta} is the vector of regression coefficients.^[27] This formulation implies that the expected count is μ_i = \exp(\mathbf{X}_i \boldsymbol{\beta}), and under the equidispersion assumption, the variance is also μ_i. Parameters are estimated via maximum likelihood, which maximizes the log-likelihood function

\ell(\boldsymbol{\beta}) = \sum_{i=1}^n \left[ y_i \log(\lambda_i) - \lambda_i - \log(y_i!) \right],

with λ_i = \exp(\mathbf{X}_i \boldsymbol{\beta}); however, no closed-form solution exists, so iterative methods like iteratively reweighted least squares are employed.^[27] In practice, real-world count data often exhibit overdispersion, where the variance exceeds the mean, violating the equidispersion assumption and leading to underestimated standard errors in standard Poisson models. To address this, quasi-Poisson regression incorporates a dispersion parameter φ > 1 to scale the variance as φ μ_i, while maintaining the same mean structure and using quasi-likelihood estimation.^[27] Alternatively, negative binomial regression models the variance as μ_i + α μ_i^2 (with dispersion parameter α > 0), providing a more flexible distribution for overdispersed counts and enabling full likelihood-based inference.^[28] The choice between quasi-Poisson and negative binomial depends on the variance-mean relationship: quasi-Poisson assumes a linear scaling, suitable for moderate overdispersion, whereas negative binomial captures quadratic variance, often preferred for highly clustered data.^[28] Poisson regression finds wide application in fields requiring count modeling, such as epidemiology for estimating disease incidence rates and relative risks across covariate strata, as seen in analyses of cancer data where it accounts for interactions and nonlinear effects.^[29] In economics, it is used to model accident rates, predicting the frequency of events like traffic incidents based on factors such as road conditions or driver characteristics.^[30] Model diagnostics include goodness-of-fit tests, particularly the deviance test, which assesses whether the fitted model adequately captures the data by comparing the deviance statistic D = -2 \ell(\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}) to a chi-square distribution with n - p degrees of freedom, where n is the sample size and p the number of parameters. A non-significant p-value (e.g., p > 0.05) indicates good fit, while overdispersion can be detected if the deviance exceeds expectations.^[31]

Physics and Mechanics

Poisson's ratio

Poisson's ratio, denoted by \nu, is a fundamental measure of a material's elastic behavior, defined as the negative ratio of transverse strain to axial strain under uniaxial stress:

\nu = -\frac{\epsilon_{\text{transverse}}}{\epsilon_{\text{axial}}},

where the negative sign accounts for the typical contraction in the transverse direction when the material is extended axially.^[32]^[33] This property was introduced by the French mathematician and physicist Siméon Denis Poisson in his 1829 memoir on the elasticity of solids, where he derived it theoretically from molecular interaction hypotheses, predicting a value of \nu = 1/4 for isotropic materials based on contemporary experiments with brass wires.^[33]^[34] For most stable, isotropic, linear elastic materials, thermodynamic constraints limit \nu to the range -1 < \nu < 0.5, with typical values falling between 0.2 and 0.5; metals such as steel and aluminum exhibit \nu \approx 0.3, while rubber approaches \nu \approx 0.5 due to near-incompressibility.^[32]^[35] Certain engineered auxetic materials, however, display negative values, such as \nu = -0.7 in re-entrant polymer foams, causing lateral expansion under axial tension and enhancing properties like fracture toughness.^[34] In elasticity theory and engineering design, Poisson's ratio informs the prediction of deformation in structures like beams and aircraft components, where it influences anticlastic bending and stress concentrations; it relates to other elastic moduli via \nu = \frac{3K - 2G}{6K + 2G}, with K as the bulk modulus and G as the shear modulus, highlighting trade-offs in incompressibility and shear resistance.^[35]^[32] In continuum mechanics, it connects to the formulation of Poisson's equation for displacement fields in elastic media.^[33]

Poisson bracket

In mathematics and classical mechanics, the Poisson bracket is a fundamental binary operation defined on the space of smooth functions over the phase space of a dynamical system. It was introduced by the French mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson in 1809 during his investigations into the variation of arbitrary constants in problems of dynamics, particularly in the context of celestial mechanics.^[36]^[1] This operation plays a central role in Hamiltonian mechanics by encoding the symplectic structure of phase space and facilitating the description of time evolution and symmetries. For two smooth functions f and g on the phase space with canonical coordinates (q_1, \dots, q_n, p_1, \dots, p_n), where q_i are generalized positions and p_i are conjugate momenta, the Poisson bracket is defined as

\{f, g\} = \sum_{i=1}^n \left( \frac{\partial f}{\partial q_i} \frac{\partial g}{\partial p_i} - \frac{\partial f}{\partial p_i} \frac{\partial g}{\partial q_i} \right).

^[37] This expression arises naturally from the symplectic form on phase space and is invariant under canonical transformations, preserving the underlying geometric structure.^[38] The Poisson bracket exhibits several key algebraic properties that make it a Lie bracket on the algebra of functions: it is bilinear, meaning \{\alpha f + \beta g, h\} = \alpha \{f, h\} + \beta \{g, h\} and similarly for the second argument; it is antisymmetric, with \{f, g\} = -\{g, f\}; and it satisfies the Jacobi identity, \{f, \{g, h\}\} + \{g, \{h, f\}\} + \{h, \{f, g\}\} = 0.^[39] Additionally, it obeys the Leibniz rule, \{f, gh\} = g \{f, h\} + h \{f, g\}, reflecting its derivation-like behavior.^[37] These properties ensure that the Poisson bracket defines a Lie algebra structure, essential for analyzing integrability and symmetries in mechanical systems.^[40] In Hamiltonian mechanics, the Poisson bracket generates the time evolution of any function f via Hamilton's equations: \frac{df}{dt} = \{f, H\} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial t}, where H is the Hamiltonian function.^[41] If \frac{\partial f}{\partial t} = 0 and \{f, H\} = 0, then f is a constant of the motion. This framework extends to broader applications in symplectic geometry, where the Poisson bracket defines the Poisson manifold structure underlying Hamiltonian systems. It also serves as a classical precursor to quantum mechanics, where the commutator [ \hat{f}, \hat{g} ] / i \hbar replaces the Poisson bracket \{f, g\} in the quantization process, establishing a direct correspondence between classical and quantum observables.^[41]

Poisson's equation

Poisson's equation is a fundamental partial differential equation in potential theory, describing the relationship between a scalar potential and its source distribution in various physical fields. It was derived by the French mathematician and physicist Siméon Denis Poisson in 1812, building on the work of Laplace and Lagrange in scalar potential formulations for gravitational and electrostatic problems.^[42] In electrostatics, Poisson's equation takes the form \nabla^2 \phi = -\frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}, where \phi is the electric potential, \rho is the charge density, \varepsilon_0 is the vacuum permittivity, and \nabla^2 is the Laplacian operator. This equation arises from combining Gauss's law with the definition of the electric field as the negative gradient of the potential. In Newtonian gravity, the analogous form is \nabla^2 \phi = 4\pi G \rho, where \phi is now the gravitational potential, \rho is the mass density, and G is the gravitational constant; this follows from the divergence form of Newton's law of gravitation. When the source term vanishes (\rho = 0), the equation reduces to Laplace's equation, \nabla^2 \phi = 0, which governs source-free regions.^[43] Solutions to Poisson's equation can be obtained using the Green's function approach, which transforms the differential equation into an integral equation. The Green's function G(\mathbf{r}, \mathbf{r}') satisfies \nabla^2 G = -\delta(\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}') with appropriate boundary conditions, such as vanishing at infinity in unbounded space. For electrostatics in three dimensions, the fundamental solution is G(\mathbf{r}, \mathbf{r}') = \frac{1}{4\pi |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}'|}, leading to the integral form \phi(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon_0} \int \frac{\rho(\mathbf{r}')}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}'|} \, dV'. ^[44] This integral represents the superposition of contributions from all source points, generalizing Coulomb's law for continuous charge distributions. For a point charge q at the origin, it recovers \phi(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{q}{4\pi \varepsilon_0 r}, the Coulomb potential. The gravitational case follows similarly, with G = -1 replaced by the appropriate constant.^[43] Poisson's equation finds broad applications across physics. In electrodynamics, it determines the electrostatic potential in charge distributions, forming the basis for solving boundary-value problems in dielectrics and conductors. In fluid dynamics, a pressure Poisson equation emerges in the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, obtained by taking the divergence of the momentum equation and applying mass conservation, which enforces the divergence-free velocity field. In quantum mechanics, it appears in the Hartree-Fock method for approximating the many-electron Schrödinger equation, where the self-consistent potential satisfies a Poisson equation sourced by the electron density.^[43]^[45]^[46]

Other Uses

Poisson (crater)

Poisson is a lunar impact crater located on the near side of the Moon in the southern highlands, centered at 30.34° S latitude and 10.56° E longitude. It has a diameter of 41.4 km and lies to the east of the crater Aliacensis and to the northwest of Gemma Frisius. The crater's rim is eroded and irregular, with overlaps from adjacent formations along its western and southern sides, and satellite craters such as Poisson Z attached to the northwest rim and Poisson A to the south.^[47] The interior floor of Poisson is relatively flat and covered by darker material, indicative of resurfacing by basaltic lava flows during the Imbrian period. Low ridges cross the floor, likely resulting from tectonic compression or volcanic processes, while possible remnants of additional lava flows contribute to its smooth appearance. The crater's ejecta blanket extends outward, overlapping the western portion of the nearby Aliacensis crater. Due to its position on the Moon's near side, Poisson is visible from Earth, particularly under conditions of favorable libration. It has been cataloged in comprehensive global lunar crater databases as part of efforts to map impact features larger than 1–2 km in diameter.)^[48] The crater was named by the International Astronomical Union in 1935 after Siméon Denis Poisson (1781–1840), the French mathematician renowned for contributions to mathematical analysis, probability theory, and celestial mechanics. This naming honors his scientific legacy, as part of a broader tradition of commemorating notable scientists through lunar features. The designation appears in the authoritative compilation Named Lunar Formations by Mary A. Blagg and Karl Müller.^[47] High-resolution imagery of Poisson and its surroundings has been captured by NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) since 2009, enabling detailed analysis of its morphology, composition, and geological history through the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC). While no Apollo missions landed in this region, orbital photography from Apollo flights provided early views, supplemented by modern remote sensing data that reveal the crater's basaltic infill and structural details.

Poisson (software)

PoissonRecon is an open-source C++ software library designed for surface reconstruction from oriented point clouds by solving a screened Poisson equation using adaptive finite element methods.^[49] It formulates the reconstruction problem as an elliptic partial differential equation (PDE), specifically a Poisson system, to generate watertight triangle meshes that faithfully represent the input geometry while handling noise and incompleteness in the data. Developed primarily for computer graphics and scientific visualization, the library employs multigrid solvers to efficiently handle the resulting linear systems, making it suitable for high-resolution 3D modeling tasks.^[50] Key features include support for 3D point clouds with oriented normals, adaptive octree-based meshing for efficient discretization in 2D and 3D domains, and configurable parameters such as B-spline degree (default linear) and boundary conditions (Neumann by default). The library enables parallel processing for large datasets and outputs formats like PLY for meshes, XYZ for grids, and OFF for octrees, facilitating integration into visualization pipelines. Applications span surface reconstruction in 3D scanning and rendering, as well as extensions to image processing, such as seamless blending in panoramas via screened Poisson solving. For instance, it has been used to reconstruct models like the eagle statue from laser scans, achieving smooth surfaces with minimal artifacts.^[51]^[52] Originally released in the mid-2000s by researchers at Johns Hopkins University and Microsoft Research, PoissonRecon stems from foundational work on Poisson-based reconstruction published in 2006, with significant updates through the 2010s incorporating screened variants and envelope constraints.^[50] It has been integrated into broader toolkits like the Point Cloud Library (PCL) and Open3D for enhanced functionality in point cloud processing workflows. Usage examples include academic research in geometry processing and industrial applications in 3D printing preparation, where it outperforms greedy projection methods in handling sparse or noisy inputs.^[53]^[54] While effective for linear elliptic problems like the screened Poisson equation, the library is primarily tuned for reconstruction tasks and may require extensions from other frameworks, such as deal.II or FEniCS, for nonlinear PDE variants or custom material properties in simulations like heat transfer. It assumes oriented input data, potentially limiting direct applicability to unoriented point sets without preprocessing.^[55]

French word for fish

In French, "poisson" is a masculine noun denoting a fish, typically referring to aquatic vertebrates with gills and fins, such as salmon or cod.^[56] The word's etymology traces back to Old French "peis" or "pois," derived directly from the Latin "piscis," meaning "fish," with early attestations around 980 AD in forms like "pescion."^[56] The plural form is "poissons," used for multiple fish, as in "les poissons rouges" for goldfish.^[56] The term features prominently in French cuisine, where fish dishes emphasize fresh, seasonal preparations; examples include "poisson à la bordelaise," a gratin of white fish with shallots, white wine, and breadcrumbs, or "poisson meunière," sole pan-fried in butter with lemon and parsley.^[57] In astrology, the zodiac sign Pisces is translated as "les Poissons," symbolizing intuition and adaptability for those born between February 19 and March 20.^[58] Idioms like "ni chair ni poisson" describe something or someone indecisive or indefinable, literally meaning "neither flesh nor fish," originating from medieval dietary distinctions between meat and fish during religious fasts. Culturally, fish hold symbolic value in French literature and art, often representing abundance, transformation, or tranquility; for instance, Henri Matisse's 1912 painting Goldfish uses the motif to evoke serene mindfulness amid life's chaos.^[59] In heraldry, fish appear in coats of arms to signify fishing heritage or virtues like temperance, as seen in the arms of coastal towns like Cassis, where paired fish highlight maritime importance.^[60] As of 2021, France's annual per capita fish consumption is approximately 33.6 kilograms, reflecting a strong culinary tradition; in 2022, over 8 billion euros were spent yearly on seafood.^[61] Linguistically, "poissonnier" refers to a fishmonger or the fish preparation station in a professional kitchen, while "poissonnerie" denotes a fish shop.^[62] The word has near-homophones like "poison" (poison), distinguished by pronunciation—"poisson" as /pwa.sɔ̃/ with a clear 's' sound, versus /pwa.zɔ̃/ for the toxin—leading to common learner mix-ups but no true homophones in standard French.^[63] Surnames like Poisson often originate from occupational ties to fishing or fish selling.^[5]

References

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Siméon-Denis Poisson - Biography - University of St Andrews
Poisson was named deputy professor at the École Polytechnique in 1802, a position he held until 1806 when he was appointed to the professorship at the École ...
[2]
POISSON Siméon Denis, baron - CTHS
Jul 3, 2025 · Poisson est nommé chevalier de la légion d'honneur. Académie des sciences, membre 1816-1840 ; président, 1826 et 1840. Institut national ...
[3]
Siméon Denis Poisson (1781 - 1840)
Siméon Denis Poisson, born at Pithviers on June 21, 1781, and died at Paris on April 25, 1840, is almost equally distinguished for his applications of ...
[4]
Poisson Name Meaning and Poisson Family History at FamilySearch
French: from poisson 'fish', a metonymic occupational name for a fisherman or fish seller or a nickname for someone supposedly resembling a fish.
[5]
Poisson Surname Meaning & Poisson Family History at Ancestry ...
French: from poisson 'fish' a metonymic occupational name for a fisherman or fish seller or a nickname for someone supposedly resembling a fish. In North ...
[6]
Poisson Surname Origin, Meaning & Last Name History - Forebears
Poisson is the French word for fish, and was given to one who was a fishmonger, fisherman, or could be a nickname for one who had the appearance similar to a ...
[7]
Poisson History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms - HouseOfNames
It comes from an early member of the family who was a fisherman or fishmonger having derived from the Old French word "poisson", meaning "fish".Poisson History · Etymology · Early Origins · Early History
[8]
Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, marquise de Pompadour - Britannica
Sep 27, 2025 · Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson, marquise de Pompadour was an influential mistress (from 1745) of the French king Louis XV and a notable patron of ...Missing: surname | Show results with:surname
[9]
Abel François Poisson de Vandières, Marquis de Marigny
Biography: Also known as Marquess of Vandières and of Ménars; surintendant des Bâtiments from 1746 to 1773; brother of Marquise de Pompadour (q.v.); Italian ...
[10]
Paul Poisson - | Canadian Elections Database
Paul Poisson ; ON (Oct 1929) · Essex North · Conservative Party of Ontario, 8,043, Yes ; ON (Jun 1934) · Essex North · Conservative Party of Ontario, 4,429, No.Missing: politician | Show results with:politician
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Eure | department, France - Britannica
Population declined slightly between 1851 and 1946, as in much of rural France during that period, but immigration and a relatively high birth rate have ...Missing: Poisson commune
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Dossier complet − Département de l'Eure (27) - Insee
Eure (27) - Toutes les statistiques de mon territoire : population, emploi, famille, logement, chômage, naissances, décès, revenus, entreprises…Missing: Poisson | Show results with:Poisson
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Comparateur de territoires − Commune de Poisson (71354) - Insee
Population, Commune : Poisson (71354). Population en 2022, 559. Densité de la population (nombre d'habitants au km²) en 2022, 15,8. Superficie en 2022, en km² ...Missing: Saône- Loire
[14]
Map of Poisson 71600 France
The latitude and longitude of Poisson are 46.384 degrees North and 4.128 degrees East.
[15]
Site officiel - Commune de POISSON | Saône et Loire (71)
Petit village frontière entre Charolais et Brionnais aux confins de la Bourgogne du sud, idéalement placé sur la route des églises romanes, Poisson ce petit ...Présentation de la commune · Conscrits de Poisson · Autour de Poisson · Tri sélectifMissing: Eure | Show results with:Eure
[16]
Dossier complet − Commune de Poisson (71354) - Insee
Poisson (71354) - Toutes les statistiques de mon territoire : population, emploi, famille, logement, chômage, naissances, décès, revenus, entreprises…Missing: Eure | Show results with:Eure
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Lesson 12: The Poisson Distribution - STAT ONLINE
To explore the key properties, such as the moment-generating function, mean and variance, of a Poisson random variable. To learn how to use the Poisson ...
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Poisson Distribution - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
For a radioactive sample, 10 decays are counted on average in 100 seconds. Use the Poisson distribution to estimate the probability of counting 3 decays in 10 ...
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[PDF] Poisson distribution
The Poisson distribution is a limiting case of the binomial distribution which arises when the number of trials n increases indefinitely whilst the product μ = ...
[21]
On the Validity of the Poisson Hypothesis for Low-Level Counting
Does radioactive decay follow the Poisson distribution?—a fundamental question, to which the theoretical answer seems to be, Yes. On the practical side, the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Basic Concepts of the Poisson Process - Probability Course
The Poisson process is one of the most widely-used counting processes. It is usually used in scenarios where we are counting the occurrences of certain events.
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Feb 8, 2019 · English Translation of Poisson's "Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile" / "Researches into the ...
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[PDF] Chapter 2 - POISSON PROCESSES - MIT OpenCourseWare
A Poisson process is a simple and widely used stochastic process for modeling the times at which arrivals enter a system.
[25]
[PDF] 1 IEOR 6711: Notes on the Poisson Process
Definition 1.2 A Poisson process at rate 0 < λ < ∞ is a renewal point process in which the interarrival time distribution is exponential with rate λ: ...
[26]
[PDF] Software reliability assessment using accelerated testing methods
This paper uses a real application dealing with telecommunications network restoration to ... and 5, suggests a non-homogeneous Poisson process as a model for the ...
[27]
[PDF] Modeling repairable system failure data using NHPP reliability ...
3.4 NHPP Reliability Growth Models. The most commonly used stochastic process for modeling reliability growth is the nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP).
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9: Poisson Regression | STAT 504
Poisson regression is a generalized linear model using the Poisson distribution for count data, like the number of calls or cars passing through an ...
[29]
T.3.1 - Poisson Regression | STAT 501
Maximizing the likelihood (or log-likelihood) has no closed-form solution, so a technique like iteratively reweighted least squares is used to find an estimate ...
[30]
QUASI‐POISSON VS. NEGATIVE BINOMIAL REGRESSION: HOW ...
Nov 1, 2007 · Quasi-Poisson and negative binomial regression models have equal numbers of parameters, and either could be used for overdispersed count data.
[31]
Epidemiologic programs for computers and calculators. Use of ...
The applications of Poisson regression analysis to problems of summarizing relative risk and disease rate modeling are illustrated with examples of cancer ...
[32]
Modeling fatal injury rates using Poisson regression: A case study of ...
The Poisson regression model has been applied to occupational accidents in the mining industry (Mallick and Mukherjee, 1996) as well as to other industries ( ...
[33]
12.3 - Poisson Regression | STAT 462
The deviance for the fitted model is -2\ell(\hat{\beta})=27.84, which is shown in the "Error" row in the Deviance Table. The deviance test statistic is ...
[34]
What is Poisson's ratio?
Rubbery materials have Poisson's ratios very close to 1/2, shear moduli on the order of a MPa, and bulk moduli on the order of a GPa. Therefore the constrained ...
[35]
Poisson's ratio over two centuries: challenging hypotheses - PMC
Sep 5, 2012 · This article explores Poisson's ratio, starting with the controversy concerning its magnitude and uniqueness in the context of the molecular and continuum ...
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[PDF] Poisson's ratio and modern materials - Rod Lakes
Oct 24, 2011 · Siméon Denis Poisson (1787–1840) was born in the village of. Pithiviers (Loiret, France). A brilliant scholar, especially talented in mathe ...<|separator|>
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Poisson Ratio - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Poisson's ratio is a required constant in engineering analysis for determining the stress and deflection properties of materials (plastics, metals, etc.). It is ...
[38]
[PDF] the works of Lagrange and Poisson during the years 1808–1810
Lagrange, Poisson and others : chronology (2). 16 October 1809 : Poisson introduces the Poisson bracket ... That will be done by Siméon Denis Poisson (1781–1840) ...Missing: original | Show results with:original
[39]
[PDF] NL2735 Poisson brackets
∂qj ) . (3) This representation of the Poisson bracket is called the canonical Poisson bracket, and the coordinates (q1,...,qn,p1,...,pn) are called canonical ...
[40]
10. Canonical Transformations - Galileo and Einstein
The Poisson bracket is invariant under a canonical transformation, meaning. [f,g]p,q=[f,g]P,Q. Let's begin by establishing that.
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[PDF] 1 Poisson brackets
1.1 Properties of Poisson brackets. The following properties follow from the definition of Poisson brackets: (a). {f,g} = −{g, f}. (6). In particular, this ...Missing: applications | Show results with:applications
[42]
[PDF] 1 The basic set-up 2 Poisson brackets
The three properties of bilinearity, anticommutativity and the Jacobi identity play such a fundamental role in many areas of mathematics that they have been ...
[43]
https://dasher.wustl.edu/chem430/readings/poisson-equation.pdf
[44]
Chapter 5 The Equations of Laplace and Poisson
In 1812 Siméon Denis Poisson, who had been a student of Lagrange and a disciple of Laplace, took over the scalar potential from Laplace's and Lagrange's studies ...
[45]
[PDF] Poisson's Equation in Electrostatics
Mar 8, 2011 · Poisson's equation is derived from Coulomb's law and Gauss's theorem. In math- ematics, Poisson's equation is a partial differential ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[46]
Poisson's Equation - Richard Fitzpatrick
Poisson's equation is written Here, the function $ v({\bf r})$ is conventionally referred to as a source. Suppose that we have to solve Equation (137) over all ...
[47]
[PDF] 2.29 Numerical Fluid Mechanics Lecture 18 Slides
momentum equation, using cons. of mass: • For constant viscosity and density: – This pressure equation is elliptic (Poisson eqn. once velocity is known).
[48]
Solution of periodic Poisson's equation and the Hartree–Fock ...
Jun 27, 2002 · Solution of periodic Poisson's equation and the Hartree–Fock ... Group Theory and Quantum Mechanics. McGraw-Hill: New York, 1964. Google ...
[49]
Planetary Names
### Summary of Poisson Crater
[50]
A New Global Database of Lunar Impact Craters >1–2 km
Nov 26, 2018 · This paper presents a new, global database of lunar impact craters, estimated to be a complete census of all craters with diameters larger than 1–2 km.Missing: naming | Show results with:naming
[51]
Grape Of The Week: Mondeuse Noire – greenegrapewine
Sep 2, 2024 · This wine, made from 100% Mondeuse, IS produced from sustainably farmed grapes. Opening with perfumed notes of violet and red fruits, the wine ...Missing: Poisson | Show results with:Poisson<|control11|><|separator|>
[52]
Mondeuse- Plantgrape
There is no officially recognized synonym ... In France, Mondeuse is officially listed in the "Catalogue of vine varieties" on the A list and classified.
[53]
Mondeuse (Noire) - Grape Variety | Wine-Searcher
### Summary of Mondeuse Noire Grape
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Mondeuse Noire - Lexicon - wein.plus
Feb 7, 2025 · The red grape variety originates from France. There are around 80 synonyms that testify to its great age and wide distribution.
[55]
Mondeuse Noir - Falstaff
Today the Mondeuse Noir vineyard area in eastern France is 300 to 350 hectares. However, since this variety is currently being rediscovered and is considered to ...
[56]
[PDF] MONDEUSE NOIRE - The Australian Wine Research Institute
Other synonyms include Gros Rouge (Switzerland), Maldoux (Jura),. Persagne ... Mondeuse Noire wines are well-coloured, aromatic and tannic with good ...
[57]
MONDEUSE NOIRE
### Summary of Mondeuse Noire from VIVC (https://www.vivc.de/index.php?r=passport%2Fview&id=7921)
[58]
Screened Poisson Surface Reconstruction (and Smoothed Signed ...
produces a reconstruction that more faithfully fits the input point positions. A reconstruction of the eagle that extrapolates the color values from the input ...
[59]
https://smarthistory.org/matisse-goldfish/
[60]
https://www.heraldica.org/topics/fish.htm
[61]
mkazhdan/PoissonRecon: Poisson Surface Reconstruction - GitHub
This code-base was born from the Poisson Surface Reconstruction code. It has evolved to support more general adaptive finite-elements systems.
[62]
pcl/surface/poisson.h Source File - Point Cloud Library
Set the ratio between the diameter of the cube used for reconstruction and the diameter of the 121 samples' bounding cube.
[63]
isl-org/Open3D-PoissonRecon: Poisson Surface Reconstruction
This code-base was born from the Poisson Surface Reconstruction code. It has evolved to support more general adaptive finite-elements systems.
[64]
https://www.cs.jhu.edu/~misha/MyPapers/CGF18.pdf
[65]
POISSON : Définition de POISSON
### Etymology and Origin of "Poisson"
[66]
What to eat in France? Top 23 French Fish Dishes - TasteAtlas
Oct 15, 2025 · List includes: Poisson à la bordelaise, Meunière, Saumon à l'oseille, Sardines grillées, Soupe de poisson à la rouille.
[67]
French Translation of “PISCES” | Collins English-French Dictionary
French translation of 'Pisces'. Pisces noun les Poissons masc. I'm Pisces. Je suis Poissons. Collins Beginner's English-French Dictionary.
[68]
Henri Matisse, Goldfish - Smarthistory
For Matisse, the goldfish came to symbolize this tranquil state of mind and, at the same time, became evocative of a paradise lost, a subject—unlike goldfish— ...
[69]
Fish in Heraldry - Heraldica
For example, the lobster was thought to be the enemy of serpents and hence a symbol of temperance (the serpent being associated with sin, cf.
[70]
https://www.statista.com/topics/7569/the-fisheries-sector-in-france/
[71]
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/french-english/poissonnier
[72]
What is the French pronunciation of 'poisson'? - Quora
Mar 15, 2016 · Thus, Poisson sounds like poo-aa-ss-awn. 'Boisson' sounds like bwan-ssawn. However, 'poison' would sound like pwa-zawn since it has only one 's ...What are some French homophones? - QuoraIs it common for languages with grammatical gender to have words ...More results from www.quora.com