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Police jury

A police jury is the elected legislative and executive governing body for a parish in Louisiana, the U.S. state that uniquely divides its territory into 64 parishes rather than counties, with the jury serving functions analogous to a county commission elsewhere.^[1]^[2]

Police juries govern more than half of Louisiana's parishes under state general laws, enacting ordinances, maintaining public infrastructure such as roads and bridges, levying taxes, and overseeing services like law enforcement coordination with parish sheriffs and emergency operations.^[2]^[1] Jurors are elected from parish wards or districts for four-year terms during state general elections, with membership ranging from five to fifteen depending on population, ensuring representation across rural and urban areas.^[3]^[4] Originating in the early 19th century from territorial adaptations of French and Spanish administrative traditions, the system has evolved to emphasize local self-governance while some parishes have transitioned to home rule charters for greater flexibility.^[2]^[5] The Police Jury Association of Louisiana, formed in 1924, advocates for these bodies, highlighting their role in addressing parish-specific needs like flood control and economic development amid the state's diverse geography.^[6]

Definition and Legal Basis

Overview of the Police Jury System

The police jury constitutes the governing authority for parishes in Louisiana that adhere to the traditional police jury form of government, serving as the combined legislative and executive branch at the local level. It enacts ordinances, adopts budgets, and administers essential services such as road maintenance, waste management, and public health initiatives within its jurisdiction.^[7]^[8]^[9] Of Louisiana's 64 parishes, 38 operate under this system as of recent assessments, with the remainder functioning under home rule charters that permit deviations from the standard structure for greater flexibility in administration.^[1] Police juries derive their operational framework from state general laws, primarily outlined in Louisiana Revised Statutes Title 33, which delineate powers including taxation, zoning, and contract approvals while prohibiting personal liability for jurors in delegated functions.^[3]^[10] Compositionally, a police jury comprises elected members, known as police jurors, selected from designated wards or districts—typically numbering 5 to 15 per parish depending on population and geography—who convene regularly to elect internal leadership, such as a president, and conduct business requiring a majority quorum for action.^[1]^[11] Jurors must meet residency requirements, including at least one year in the parish and two years in the state prior to election, ensuring localized representation.^[8] This system emphasizes direct electoral accountability, distinguishing it from appointed or consolidated models in other states, though it has faced critiques for potential inefficiencies in larger parishes leading some to pursue charter alternatives.^[12]^[2]

Statutory and Constitutional Foundations

The statutory and constitutional foundations of police juries in Louisiana derive primarily from Article VI of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974, which establishes the structure for local government and recognizes parishes as fundamental political subdivisions with boundaries ratified as of the constitution's effective date.^[13] This article empowers parish governing authorities to manage local affairs, subject to general laws, while Section 5 authorizes the adoption of home rule charters through voter-approved processes, allowing parishes to customize their governance beyond traditional forms unless prohibited by state law or the constitution.^[13] For parishes without such charters, the police jury serves as the default governing body, blending legislative and executive roles with authority to exercise powers necessary for parish administration, provided they align with constitutional and statutory limits.^[6] A key expansion occurred via a constitutional amendment ratified by voters on October 19, 1991, and effective November 1991, which extended home rule charter options to parishes, enabling structural reforms while preserving police juries as the operative model in most of Louisiana's 64 parishes.^[1] Article VI, Section 7 further delineates that no local ordinance may define felonies or impose punishments exceeding specified fines and imprisonment terms, reinforcing state oversight on criminal matters while granting police juries broad regulatory discretion in civil and administrative domains.^[13] These provisions underscore a balance between local autonomy and state uniformity, with police juries retaining general police powers not abridged by the constitution.^[13] Statutorily, Louisiana Revised Statutes Title 33, Chapter 3 (Sections 1221 et seq.) codifies the police jury's organization and operations, mandating election of jurors—ranging from five to fourteen members per parish—at state general elections for four-year terms, with districts apportioned to approximate equal population representation.^[3] Section 1236 enumerates core powers, including self-regulation of internal governance; construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, and drainage; zoning and subdivision controls; livestock regulations; public safety ordinances on taverns, explosives, and traffic; taxation and poor relief; and appointment of administrative officers.^[14] These statutes, rooted in earlier codes but refined post-1974, limit police juries to constitutionally authorized actions, prohibiting personal liability for ministerial duties performed in good faith and ensuring alignment with state fiscal and ethical standards.^[10]

Historical Development

Colonial and Early American Origins

The parish system in colonial Louisiana originated under French rule in the early 18th century, when the territory was divided into administrative units influenced by Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdictions, a structure retained and formalized under Spanish control after 1762.^[6] In 1769, Spanish Governor Alejandro O'Reilly reorganized the colony into seven civil parishes aligned with church boundaries to facilitate governance, taxation, and local administration, including oversight of roads, markets, and public order—functions that prefigured later local bodies.^[15] These colonial divisions emphasized civil law traditions over Anglo-American county models, preserving a framework of parish-level authority derived from European municipal "police" regulations, akin to French juries de police for maintaining public welfare and security.^[6] Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the U.S. Congress established the Territory of Orleans, initially dividing it into 12 counties in 1804 to impose American administrative practices.^[15] However, recognizing the entrenched civil law heritage and population's familiarity with parish units, the territorial legislature in 1807 reorganized the area into 19 parishes, largely mirroring the Spanish ecclesiastical boundaries from 1769, and instituted a governing body consisting of a parish judge and 12 appointed jurors responsible for local "police"—encompassing sanitation, roads, levees, and slave regulation, including a gendarmerie to capture runaways.^[6] ^[15] This hybrid system blended American elective principles with colonial precedents, adapting French-Spanish local oversight to territorial needs without fully adopting county commissions.^[6] The formal "police jury" designation emerged in 1811, shortly before statehood, when the Third Legislature's act rendered the 12 jurors elective rather than appointed, explicitly naming the body a "police jury" and diminishing the parish judge's dominance while retaining justices of the peace as ex-officio members.^[15] This evolution reflected early American efforts to democratize local governance in Louisiana, yet preserved the civil law-oriented parish structure unique to the region, as subsequent laws in 1813 introduced representational wards and fines for non-attendance to ensure functionality.^[6] By statehood in 1812, police juries had become the foundational mechanism for parish self-government, numbering jurors flexibly and expanding powers over infrastructure and fiscal matters amid rapid settlement.^[15]

19th-Century Evolution and Expansion

In the early 1800s, following the Louisiana Purchase, the territorial Legislative Council reorganized governance by dividing the region into 19 parishes in 1807, drawing on ecclesiastical boundaries, and establishing a 12-member jury alongside a parish judge and justices of the peace to handle local administration and "police" matters such as public order and infrastructure.^[1] This structure initially mirrored county systems but adapted to local needs, with the jury focusing on practical duties like road maintenance and regulating transient populations, including enslaved people.^[6] By 1810, sheriffs were appointed in each parish, funded through jury levies, marking an initial expansion in enforcement capabilities.^[1] A pivotal shift occurred on April 30, 1811, when legislation rendered jury members elective rather than appointive, officially designating the body as a "police jury" and diminishing the parish judge's dominant role while retaining justices of the peace as ex officio members.^[1] This democratization aligned with broader territorial trends toward representative local government prior to statehood in 1812.^[6] Further refinements in 1813 divided parishes into wards for electing jurors, who served without compensation but faced fines for absenteeism, enhancing accountability and geographic representation.^[1] In 1824, justices of the peace were removed from jury membership, streamlining the body toward lay elected officials.^[1] By 1830, parish judges were excluded entirely, severing judicial oversight and solidifying the police jury as an independent executive-legislative entity.^[1] The Louisiana Constitution of 1845 eliminated references to counties, affirming parishes and police juries as the standard units of local governance, while incrementally broadening jury authority over subsequent decades to include taxation, public works, and ordinance-making, functions that evolved from ad hoc responses to growing settlement demands.^[1] This period saw territorial expansion drive parish proliferation; starting from 19 in 1807, new parishes like Calcasieu in 1840 were carved from larger predecessors to accommodate population growth and economic development in frontier areas.^[16] By mid-century, police juries had transitioned from limited administrative panels—originally tasked with slavery regulation and basic policing—to more robust bodies capable of fiscal and infrastructural policy, reflecting causal pressures from statehood, westward migration, and the need for localized decision-making amid centralized state limitations.^[6]

20th-Century Standardization and Challenges

In the early 20th century, the Police Jury Association of Louisiana was established in 1924 to advocate for improved parish governance, providing education and lobbying for uniform practices in areas such as road maintenance, public works, and fiscal management across the state's parishes.^[6] This organization facilitated standardization by promoting consistent application of state laws, including flexible juror numbers scaled to parish population and ward-based elections, which had been refined since statehood but gained broader implementation through legislative amendments.^[6] The association's efforts culminated in the publication of the first Police Jury Manual in 1960, prepared by the Public Affairs Research Council to compile and update statutes affecting juries, addressing the frequent legislative changes—dozens per session—that impacted their operations.^[17] Despite these advancements, police juries faced persistent challenges from the fragmented structure of parish government, where independently elected officials like sheriffs, assessors, and clerks operated with limited oversight, complicating coordinated policy execution and expenditure control.^[1] This inefficiency became acute in urbanizing and suburban parishes during the mid-to-late century, as the combined legislative-executive role of juries struggled to adapt to population growth and complex service demands, such as infrastructure expansion and economic development.^[6] The 1974 Louisiana Constitution introduced home rule charter options, granting parishes greater autonomy to deviate from the traditional police jury model, which prompted reforms in response to these structural limitations; by the late 20th century, 23 of the 64 parishes had transitioned to alternatives like council-president or consolidated systems, primarily in more populous areas, while rural parishes retained the jury form for its simplicity in smaller-scale governance.^[6]^[1]

Structure and Composition

Election and Term Limits

Police jury members are elected in partisan elections coinciding with Louisiana's statewide general elections held on the first Saturday in November of even-numbered years, with terms of office commencing on January 1 following the election.^[3] Elections occur at-large within single-member districts established by the police jury, subject to reapportionment every ten years following the federal decennial census to ensure districts are compact, contiguous, and as equal in population as practicable.^[3] ^[1] The number of districts—and thus members—ranges from a minimum of five to a maximum of fifteen per parish, except parishes with populations under 10,000, which may have as few as three members; certain parishes retain pre-1974 authorizations for more than fifteen if applicable.^[3] ^[4] Candidates must meet standard qualifications under Louisiana election law, including being at least 18 years old, a U.S. citizen, a resident of Louisiana for two years, the parish for one year, and the district for the period specified by local ordinance (typically three to six months prior to qualifying), and not holding incompatible public offices.^[8] ^[18] All police jurors serve concurrent four-year terms, with no provision for staggered elections since 1986.^[19] Louisiana imposes no statewide term limits on police jury service, allowing indefinite re-election absent local restrictions.^[17] Police juries themselves lack authority to enact term limits, as member terms are fixed by state statute; any such measures require legislative approval via special acts targeting specific parishes.^[17] Efforts to introduce limits have varied: voters in DeSoto and Bossier Parishes rejected propositions in September 2023, while bills proposing two-term limits (eight years total) advanced for Sabine Parish in the 2025 legislative session and for West Feliciana Parish under its home rule charter.^[20] ^[21] ^[22]

Organizational Framework and Leadership

The police jury convenes its first organizational meeting on the second Monday in January following the general election, at which newly elected jurors take their oaths of office and proceed to elect officers.^[10] A majority quorum is required for such organization; failure to achieve it triggers a rescheduled meeting within one month, with notice provided by the parish sheriff.^[10] The jurors elect a president annually from their membership to serve as the presiding officer and chief executive of the parish government.^[10] ^[23] The president chairs meetings, signs ordinances and contracts, represents the parish in official capacities, and holds sole authority among parish officials to declare local disasters or emergencies.^[24] ^[23] A vice president may be elected to assume these duties during the president's absence, though this position is optional and determined by the jury's discretion.^[10] Internal operations rely on standing committees appointed by the president, typically covering functions such as public works, finance (ways and means), personnel, budget, and agenda review, with each committee comprising a subset of jurors plus the president ex officio.^[12] ^[25] These committees deliberate on specialized matters before full jury votes, enabling efficient handling of policy and administrative tasks.^[12] Police jurors bear no personal liability for the body's collective actions or ministerial duties properly delegated, except in cases of individual negligence or tortious conduct.^[10] The framework affords flexibility, as juries may adopt rules governing their procedures, meetings, and delegations, subject to state law.^[1] ^[14]

Powers and Responsibilities

Legislative and Policy-Making Roles

Police juries in Louisiana function as the primary legislative bodies for parishes operating under the traditional police jury system, with authority to enact ordinances and adopt resolutions that address local governance matters not reserved to the state or federal levels.^[14] This legislative power derives from Louisiana Revised Statutes § 33:1236, which enumerates over 40 specific grants of authority, including the ability to regulate parish operations, establish rules for public conduct, and enforce compliance through fines or penalties.^[14] For instance, police juries may pass ordinances governing zoning, land subdivision, building codes, and nuisance abatement to maintain public order and safety within parish boundaries.^[1] ^[6] In their policy-making capacity, police juries set strategic directions for parish resources and services by adopting comprehensive budgets, prioritizing expenditures on infrastructure like roads and bridges, and initiating programs for economic development or tourism promotion.^[7] Under R.S. 33:1236(11) and (44), they hold the power to levy property taxes, sales taxes, and special assessments, which fund policy initiatives such as public health services, indigent care, and waste management systems.^[14] Policy decisions often involve balancing fiscal constraints with community needs; for example, juries must comply with the Local Government Budget Act (R.S. 39:1301 et seq.), requiring public hearings and adoption of balanced annual budgets by December 15 each year to guide resource allocation.^[26] Police juries also shape policy through intergovernmental cooperation, such as entering contracts with municipalities or state agencies for shared services like emergency response or environmental regulation, as authorized by R.S. 33:1236(15).^[14] Resolutions may establish advisory committees or partnerships to address specific issues, including flood control districts or agricultural regulations, reflecting a deliberative process where jurors vote on proposals following public input sessions mandated by the Louisiana Open Meetings Law (R.S. 42:11 et seq.).^[17] These roles underscore the juries' dual legislative-administrative nature, though their policy scope remains subordinate to state preemption in areas like education and criminal law.^[1]

Administrative and Fiscal Duties

Police juries in Louisiana exercise administrative duties primarily through executive oversight of parish operations, including the preparation of annual budgets under the Local Government Budget Act (La. R.S. 39:1301 et seq.), which mandates comprehensive budgeting for general and special revenue funds without exceeding estimated revenues, submission by the 15th day of the fiscal year, and public hearings with at least 10 days' notice.^[17] They appoint essential officials such as the parish treasurer, who serves a two-year term and may be removed for cause, and the registrar of voters, while setting compensation for these roles and providing necessary resources.^[17] Additionally, police juries may adopt merit-based civil service systems for parish employees (La. R.S. 33:1236) and manage contracts for public works and supplies, adhering to the Public Bid Law that requires competitive bidding and allows multi-year agreements with annual cancellation options (La. R.S. 38:2211 et seq.; La. R.S. 39:1311).^[17] In personnel and organizational management, police juries govern salaries for various elected officials including assessors, clerks of court, sheriffs, and coroners, and appoint members to boards such as library boards consisting of 5 to 7 members.^[17] They direct activities under their jurisdiction, including intergovernmental agreements for public purposes like hospital management, though their authority over independently elected constitutional officers—such as sheriffs and assessors—remains limited, with budgets for these offices often mandated by state law and funded separately.^[1] Budget amendments occur quarterly or as needed through open meetings, with public inspection required for budgets exceeding $500,000, ensuring fiscal discipline while accommodating district-specific budgets for entities like sewerage or waterworks boards.^[17] Fiscal duties center on revenue generation and expenditure control, with police juries authorized to levy ad valorem taxes up to 4 mills on assessed valuation for general purposes without voter approval, and higher rates or special levies for debt service or public works upon election (La. Const. art. VI, § 26).^[27] They may also impose sales and use taxes up to 3 percent of retail sales with voter approval, plus an additional 1 percent in certain parishes, alongside special taxes for facilities like hospitals (up to 5 mills) or recreation (up to 2 mills).^[17] Revenues from these sources, supplemented by state revenue sharing, federal grants, and licenses such as beer and alcoholic beverage permits, fund expenditures strictly limited to appropriated amounts, prohibiting deficits, donations, or loans except in emergencies (La. Const. art. VII, § 14; La. R.S. 39:1314).^[1] Biennial audits are required to verify compliance (La. R.S. 24:513), and ordinances for debt must fully provision for principal and interest payments.^[17]

Oversight of Local Services and Infrastructure

Police juries in Louisiana exercise oversight over parish infrastructure by constructing, maintaining, and repairing roads, bridges, and drainage systems outside municipal limits.^[12] This includes regulating traffic and speed limits on parish roads to ensure safety and functionality.^[12] For instance, the Bossier Parish Police Jury manages nearly 685 miles of roadways, 104 bridges, and associated ditches.^[28] Similarly, the Rapides Parish Public Works Department, under police jury direction, handles surface maintenance, right-of-way clearing, and bridge repairs.^[29] In addition to transportation infrastructure, police juries supervise drainage facilities and flood control measures, often coordinating with levee districts.^[30] They also oversee solid waste disposal, sewerage systems, and water distribution through special districts or direct operations, as seen in Concordia Parish where the police jury maintains these utilities.^[31] Ouachita Parish's Public Works Department, accountable to the police jury, focuses on road and drainage upkeep to mitigate flooding risks.^[32] Local services under police jury purview include issuing building permits and enforcing zoning regulations that impact infrastructure development.^[8] Police juries approve budgets and enact ordinances for these functions, ensuring fiscal accountability; for example, Jackson Parish directs activities related to road oversight and related services.^[4] Under Louisiana Revised Statutes Title 33, Chapter 1, police juries hold general powers to regulate and improve public works, including ferries and toll bridges where applicable.^[14] This authority extends to environmental services like animal control and waste management, though implementation often occurs via dedicated departments.^[30]

Alternative Forms of Parish Government

City-Parish Consolidated Governments

City-parish consolidated governments in Louisiana integrate municipal and parish governance under a unified structure, typically authorized through home rule charters, to coordinate services, reduce administrative overlap, and manage growth in urbanizing areas. These forms deviate from the traditional police jury by establishing combined legislative bodies that assume both city and parish responsibilities, such as zoning, budgeting, and infrastructure maintenance, often with a strong executive like a mayor-president. As of recent assessments, four parishes operate under such consolidations: Orleans, East Baton Rouge, Lafayette, and Terrebonne.^[33]^[34] In East Baton Rouge Parish, consolidation took effect on January 1, 1949, following voter approval of a plan that abolished the separate police jury and city commission, extended city boundaries to encompass most populated areas, and created a mayor-president executive with a metropolitan council of elected members handling legislative duties for the unified entity. This structure divides the parish into urban, industrial, and rural zones to tailor services, though several incorporated municipalities like Baker, Zachary, Central, and St. George have since opted for independence, serving about one-third of the parish's population outside the consolidated government.^[35]^[36] Lafayette Parish established its city-parish consolidated government in 1996 via a home rule charter, vesting legislative authority in separate but complementary city and parish councils—each with nine members elected from districts—while consolidating executive functions under a mayor-president to oversee shared services like public works and economic development across the former City of Lafayette and unincorporated areas. This setup emerged from a 1992 voter-approved charter commission process aimed at addressing fiscal inefficiencies, though it has faced ongoing debates over resource allocation between urban core and suburban zones.^[37]^[38] Terrebonne Parish operates as a consolidated government encompassing the City of Houma, where the parish council and president absorb municipal powers to administer parish-wide operations, including emergency services and land use planning, under a framework that prioritizes coastal resilience and economic coordination. Orleans Parish represents a longstanding de facto consolidation, as the City of New Orleans boundaries align entirely with the parish since its early 19th-century formation, governed by a mayor and city council that perform all police jury-equivalent functions without a separate parish body.^[39]^[40] These consolidated models enable centralized decision-making on issues like taxation and infrastructure that span urban-rural divides, but they require periodic voter referenda for charter amendments and can encounter resistance from peripheral communities seeking autonomy, as evidenced by secession efforts in East Baton Rouge.^[35]^[1]

Home Rule Charter Options

Under Article VI, Section 5 of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974, any parish may adopt a home rule charter, enabling it to organize its government structure, powers, and functions in ways not prohibited by the state constitution or general laws.^[13]^[41] This provision reverses traditional constraints like Dillon's Rule, granting parishes broad authority to manage local affairs autonomously, provided the charter is drafted by a commission—either appointed by the governing authority or elected following a petition signed by at least 10% of qualified electors (or 10,000, whichever is fewer)—and approved by a majority of voters in a special election.^[41] As of 2023, 23 of Louisiana's 64 parishes operate under such charters, compared to 41 retaining the traditional police jury system.^[42] Home rule charters typically introduce separation of legislative and executive powers, contrasting with the combined roles in police juries; for instance, they often feature an elected parish president as chief executive responsible for administration, budget preparation, and veto authority, alongside a policy-making council.^[43] The most prevalent form is the council-president structure, adopted in 21 parishes, where the president is elected parish-wide for a four-year term and oversees executive functions independently of the council.^[1] Other variants include commission-style governments, with one example among the home rule parishes, and consolidated city-parish models that merge urban and rural governance, though these may involve additional voter-approved consolidations.^[1] Examples of adoption include St. Tammany Parish, which transitioned from a police jury to a president-council form via a voter-approved charter effective January 2000, emphasizing streamlined executive leadership for rapid growth management.^[44] Similarly, St. Bernard Parish implemented a president-council charter in 2016, defining the president as the chief executive with authority over services and facilities not conflicting with state law.^[45] Iberia Parish's 2015 charter also established a president-council framework, with the president serving concurrent four-year terms aligned with council members.^[46] These charters must align with constitutional limits, such as preserving independent offices like sheriff or school boards, and cannot expand powers beyond state prohibitions.^[41] Amendments or repeals follow the same commission and voter approval process.^[41]

Criticisms and Controversies

Allegations of Inefficiency and Cronyism

Critics of the police jury system have alleged cronyism through favoritism in appointments and contracts, exemplified by the 2022 arrest of St. Helena Parish Police Jury President Frank Johnson on charges of bribery and malfeasance in office, amid a broader reputation for nepotism and patronage in parish operations.^[47]^[48] In Union Parish, the Louisiana Board of Ethics filed charges in April 2025 against former Public Works Director Thomas Durrett Jr. for violations including improper use of public resources, highlighting potential insider dealings in infrastructure management.^[49] Similarly, Concordia Parish Police Jury initiated an investigation into possible employee misconduct in April 2024, reflecting ongoing concerns over accountability in personnel decisions.^[50] State ethics laws, such as Louisiana Revised Statutes 42:1119, explicitly prohibit nepotism by barring agency heads and governing authority members from employing immediate family in their agencies, yet enforcement relies on complaints and audits, with allegations persisting due to the juries' control over hiring for road maintenance, administrative roles, and contracts.^[51]^[52] In St. Helena Parish, public commentary has attributed recurrent leadership turnover and legal issues to entrenched patronage networks, where political allies receive preferential treatment in public works and service allocations.^[53] Inefficiency allegations stem from the system's structural design, where police juries function without a dedicated executive branch, combining legislative and administrative duties among part-time elected members who often hold other employment, leading to fragmented oversight of services like roads and budgets.^[54] This setup contributes to delays, as seen in Concordia Parish's failure to release its 2024 audit by mid-2025—despite requirements for timely filing—and reliance on outdated processes that hinder coordination with independent officials like sheriffs and assessors.^[55]^[1] Audits by the Louisiana Legislative Auditor routinely flag internal control weaknesses in parish financial reporting, such as inadequate segregation of duties and untimely reconciliations, which exacerbate fiscal mismanagement risks in resource-limited rural parishes.^[56] Critics argue this part-time, multi-role structure fosters reactive rather than proactive governance, with centralization of responsibilities straining limited capacities and enabling ad hoc decision-making over strategic planning.^[57]

Political and Local Disputes

In Ouachita Parish, Police Jury President Shane Smiley faced a recall effort in September 2025 following the release of a profanity-laced video that sparked public division, with residents voicing strong opinions at a September 2 meeting on whether he should remain in office amid allegations of unprofessional conduct.^[58]^[59] In Cameron Parish, a July 2025 controversy over a $74,000 overpayment for dirt procurement led to the resignation of one police juror and the demotion of the parish's Road and Bridge Department head, highlighting fiscal oversight lapses in infrastructure projects.^[60] Morehouse Parish Police Jury dismissed the entire hospital Board of Commissioners on September 8, 2025, citing mismanagement evidenced by community complaints and staff concerns over operational failures at the facility.^[61] The Louisiana Board of Ethics charged former Union Parish Police Jury Public Works Director Thomas Durrett Jr. in April 2025 with violations related to improper contracting and conflicts of interest, underscoring ongoing scrutiny of administrative integrity in parish governance.^[49] Boundary disputes, such as the 2006 Rapides Parish Police Jury case against Grant Parish over jurisdictional lines derived from historical parish formations, have periodically escalated into legal battles affecting local taxation and services.^[62] In Allen Parish, the Police Jury opposed Class VI injection wells for carbon sequestration in October 2025, aligning with resident concerns over potential environmental and safety risks from private energy projects, reflecting tensions between local autonomy and industrial development.^[63] Bossier Parish Police Jury encountered political friction in 2024 over library policies, including signage supporting certain community initiatives that drew partisan criticism and legal challenges regarding public funding priorities.^[64]

Calls for Systemic Reform

Critics of the traditional police jury system argue that its combined legislative and executive functions, a holdover from 19th-century origins, hinder efficient governance in parishes facing modern urban demands, such as zoning, infrastructure, and fiscal management.^[65] This structure, which vests broad authority in elected jurors without separation of powers, has been described as antiquated, prompting calls for systemic shifts to home rule charters that delineate distinct executive and legislative roles for improved accountability and specialization.^[66] Proponents of reform, including policy analysts, contend that home rule enables parishes to tailor governance to local needs, exercising powers not explicitly denied by state law, which contrasts with the statutory constraints on police juries.^[66] Adoption of home rule has been advocated as a direct remedy to these inefficiencies, with East Baton Rouge Parish pioneering the model in 1947 to better address metropolitan service demands previously unmet by the police jury's restrictive framework.^[35] Subsequent transitions, such as St. Tammany Parish's 1981 home rule charter, were viewed by both supporters and opponents as advancements over the police jury, offering streamlined decision-making and reduced overlap in administrative duties.^[44] In rural or less urbanized areas, however, resistance persists; for instance, a 2019 Natchitoches Parish proposal to replace the police jury with home rule was rejected by voters outside the city limits, citing concerns over financial implications despite arguments that the jury form exacerbates fiscal waste through untargeted spending.^[67] Think tanks like the Pelican Institute have amplified calls for broader fiscal reforms within parish governments, recommending elimination of mechanisms such as sales tax increment financing districts that incentivize inefficient or politically motivated projects under police jury oversight.^[68] These proposals emphasize reallocating dedicated funds—totaling hundreds of millions annually across parishes—to flexible uses, arguing that police juries' reliance on such revenues fosters cronyism and suboptimal resource allocation rather than prioritizing essential services like roads and public safety.^[69] Despite these efforts, as of 2023, 41 of Louisiana's 64 parishes retain the police jury model, reflecting a divide where rural jurisdictions value its familiarity, while reformers push for statewide incentives to encourage modernization amid ongoing debates over governance adaptability.^[2]

References

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Jun 21, 2007 · Louisiana's Police Jury form of government has been around since the early 1800's. As you're aware, our state is unique in the nation in ...
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The police jury is the governing authority for each parish that operates under the police jury system provided by the general laws of the state.
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Beauregard Parish Police Jury
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[24]
Police Jurors – Welcome to Vernon Parish
The president of the police jury is the head of parish government, presides over meetings, and is the only authority in the parish allowed to declare a disaster ...
[25]
Police Jury - Louisiana Legislative Auditor
Until 2006, there was a provision in R.S. 33:1236.1 that authorized a police juror to serve as parish manager or assistance parish manager. R.S. 42:66(E) also ...
[26]
[PDF] Local Government Budget Act (LGBA)
Jan 22, 2010 · *A governing authority is the body that exercises the legislative functions,. e.g., the police jury or the parish council. (b) Municipality and ...
[27]
26. Parish Ad Valorem Tax - Louisiana State Legislature
The governing authority of a parish may levy annually an ad valorem tax for general purposes not to exceed four mills on the dollar of assessed valuation.Missing: jury sales
[28]
Highway Department - Bossier Parish Police Jury
Bossier Parish's highway department is responsible for the repair and maintenance of nearly 685 miles of roadway, 104 bridges and ditches both on roadsides and ...
[29]
Public Works - Rapides Parish Police Jury
The Public Works Department is responsible for the maintenance of parish roads, right of ways and bridges. This work includes related surface maintenance, ...Missing: services | Show results with:services
[30]
Police Jury | Lincoln Parish Louisiana
The Lincoln Parish Police Jury was created as part of Louisiana Act 32 of 1873 and is currently located at 100 West Texas Ave. Ruston, La on the 3rd Floor. The ...Police Jurors · Administration · Public Records Request · Open Meetings<|separator|>
[31]
CONCORDIA PARISH POLICE JURY - Concordia Parish Louisiana ...
The police jury's primary responsibilities are the maintenance and operation of roads and bridges, drainage facilities, sewerage and water distribution ...Members · Contact · Permits · Agendas & MinutesMissing: services | Show results with:services
[32]
Public Works - Ouachita Parish Police Jury, LA
The Ouachita Parish Public Works Department located at 337 Well Road in West Monroe, Louisiana, is responsible for the maintenance of parish roads and drainage.Road Maintenance · Road Closures · Departments · Inspection & Survey
[33]
Parishes in Louisiana - Ballotpedia
Four parishes—Orleans, Terrebonne, East Baton Rouge, and Lafayette—operate as a consolidated government with municipalities. The following table defaults to ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[34]
200-1100 Parish Governing Authorities | LLA - Legislative Auditor
Parish governing authorities are set up under either a police jury or a home rule charter form of government. Parishes set up under a police jury form of ...Missing: framework | Show results with:framework<|control11|><|separator|>
[35]
Why We Have City-Parish Government | Baton Rouge, LA - BRLA.gov
This brought on the need for orderly government, a government of laws, administered by men elected by a majority from among the people to be governed.
[36]
City-Parish Consolidation | Baton Rouge, LA - BRLA.gov
Outstanding Changes Provided in the Plan of Government. The city boundaries were extended far enough to include almost all the highly populated area.
[37]
Lafayette City-Parish Councils
The legislative power of the Lafayette City-Parish Consolidated Government is vested in a Lafayette City Council and a Lafayette Parish Council, ...
[38]
[PDF] Consolidation Presentation to City-Parish Alignment Committee_
Other Prior Consolidations. • Baton Rouge/East Baton Rouge Parish (1949). • 1946 amendment to Louisiana Constitution (of 1929) to authorize creation of Baton.
[39]
Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government in Houma, Louisiana
Terrebonne Parish Consolidated Government stands prepared to meet and respond to any crisis that may threaten our residents, visitors, and businesses.Job Openings · View all available links · Parish Departments · Directory
[40]
Consolidated city-county government - Ballotpedia
List of consolidated city-counties ; New Orleans · Orleans Parish · Louisiana, 383,997, Strong mayor ; Houma · Terrebonne Parish · Louisiana, 109,580, Strong ...
[41]
Home Rule Charter - Louisiana Laws - Louisiana State Legislature
Two or more local governmental subdivisions within the boundaries of one parish may adopt a home rule charter under this Section if approved by a majority of ...
[42]
Police Jury Governments Today
The general responsibility of the Police Jury is to perform and maintain duties associated with the executive and legislative branches of parish government. The ...
[43]
Parish Government Structure | St. Charles Parish, LA
St. Charles Parish operates under a Home Rule Charter, which provides for separate legislative and executive branches independent of each other.
[44]
[PDF] The St. Tammany Parish - Home Rule Charter
In January 2000, St. Tammany Parish converted from a traditional police jury system to a president-council form of government under a home rule charter.
[45]
[PDF] HOME RULE CHARTER FOR ST. BERNARD PARISH, LOUISIANA
Sep 26, 2016 · (a) The power to perform any service or provide any facility granted to the parish government by this Charter or by the constitution, statutes, ...
[46]
[PDF] Home Rule Charter - Iberia Parish Government
Nov 17, 2015 · Form of Government. The plan of government provided by this home rule charter shall be known as the "president-council" form of government.
[47]
St. Helena Parish Police Jury president arrested on bribery ... - WAFB
Feb 14, 2022 · Helena Parish Police Jury President Frank Johnson was arrested Monday, Feb. 14 on charges of bribery and malfeasance in office. ... ST. HELENA ...Missing: corruption scandals
[48]
St. Helena police jury president arrested on malfeasance, bribery ...
Feb 14, 2022 · Frank Johnson, who's served as the police jury president since 2020, was booked into the parish jail Monday. The Louisiana Attorney ...
[49]
Ethics board files charges against former Union Parish Police Jury ...
Apr 14, 2025 · The Louisiana Board of Ethics filed charges against Thomas Durrett, Jr., former Union Parish Police Jury Public Works Director.Missing: corruption scandals<|separator|>
[50]
Concordia Parish Police Jury investigating possible employee ...
Apr 23, 2024 · Ten minutes into the 6 p.m. regularly scheduled meeting, the Police Jury voted 8-0 to enter an executive session to discuss “employee/personnel ...<|separator|>
[51]
RS 42:1119 - Louisiana Laws - Louisiana State Legislature
Nepotism. A. No member of the immediate family of an agency head shall be employed in his agency. B.(1) No member of the immediate family of a member of a ...Missing: jury patronage
[52]
[PDF] NEPOTISM - Nicholls State University
Nepotism is commonly understood to mean preference of any sort given to relatives. Some prohibitions against nepotism are contained in §1119 of Louisiana's Code ...Missing: patronage | Show results with:patronage
[53]
St. Helena's police jury swore in a new member after the parish ...
Nov 9, 2022 · Helena, Louisiana, has had a reputation of nepotism patronage, preferential treatment, & most notably CORRUPTION/CRIMINAL ACTIONS BY ITS ...
[54]
Opinions | Catahoula News Booster
They have their faults and the Police Jury system itself (no independent executive, limited independence of action) is still subject to valid criticism. Keep ...
[55]
The Concordia Parish Police Jury is woefully behind in producing its ...
Sep 11, 2025 · It should have issued its 2024 audit by now but only released its 2023 audit in July. For 2023, the jury had revenues of $8.5 million and ...
[56]
LLA Public Reports Listing - Louisiana Legislative Auditor
The Louisiana Legislative Auditor's mission is to foster accountability and transparency in Louisiana state government by providing the Legislature and ...
[57]
Calcasieu's System - KPLC
Jun 21, 2007 · There are some criticisms of the police jury system. One of those concerns is that police juries centralize responsibilities to some extent ...
[58]
Ouachita Parish residents divided over Shane Smiley's position on ...
Sep 2, 2025 · The API failed to deliver the resource. A profanity-filled rant from the President of the Ouachita Parish Police Jury is spreading like wildfire ...Missing: system | Show results with:system
[59]
Ouachita Parish Police Jury President Shane Smiley facing recall effort
Sep 3, 2025 · Many wanting to voice their opinion or witness in person how Shane Smiley would address controversy over the recent profanity-laced, viral video ...Missing: disputes | Show results with:disputes
[60]
A $74,000 overpayment for dirt has led to the resignation ... - Facebook
Jul 7, 2025 · A $74,000 overpayment for dirt has led to the resignation of a Cameron Police Juror, the demotion of the parish's Road and Bridge Department and ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[61]
Morehouse Parish Police Jury fires hospital Board of Commissioners
Sep 8, 2025 · The police jury accuses the board of mismanaging the hospital, pointing to community and staff concerns. One resident says the controversy ...Missing: political | Show results with:political
[62]
RAPIDES PARISH POLICE JURY VERSUS GRANT ... - Justia Law
... Police Jury THIBODEAUX, Chief Judge. This case involves a boundary dispute between two Louisiana parishes. Grant Parish, which was carved out of Winn Parish ...
[63]
Opposition to Class VI Injection Wells WHEREAS, the Allen Parish ...
Oct 3, 2025 · Allen Parish Police Jury is standing on solid ground by opposing Class VI injection wells. Hazardous, private, profit-driven projects can never ...Missing: disputes | Show results with:disputes<|separator|>
[64]
Between The Lines: Bossier Jury dodges bullet; problems remain
Oct 28, 2024 · This legal issue aside, the Jury/Board also has courted political controversy over library affairs. Earlier this year supportive signage for ...
[65]
Police Juries, Home Rule, and Self-Government in Louisiana
Unique in the United States, police juries are elected political bodies that govern most parishes in the state of Louisiana… parish: term used in Louisiana for ...
[66]
Home Rule Charters - 64 Parishes
Apr 28, 2023 · The first home rule charter in Louisiana was granted to East Baton Rouge Parish in 1946 through an amendment to the 1921 Louisiana Constitution.
[67]
Home Rule Charter vs Police Jury | Natchitoches Parish Journal
Aug 22, 2019 · We should be finished with police juries for financial reasons alone. In March Natchitoches voters outside the city had a chance to vote ...
[68]
Reforming Local Government in Louisiana - Pelican Policy
Sep 5, 2020 · They should start by eliminating the sources of funding that encourage questionable or wasteful spending by parishes. They should give ...
[69]
Solutions To Local Government Problems In Louisiana Spotlighted ...
Dec 5, 2018 · Some of the specific solutions the Pelican Institute offers to enact positive change for local governments in Louisiana include: • Eliminate the ...