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Potidaea

Potidaea was an ancient Greek city located on the narrow isthmus of the Pallene peninsula in Chalcidice, northern Greece, founded around 600 BC by Corinthian colonists as a strategic trading outpost.^[1] It served as a member of the Delian League under Athenian influence but maintained strong ties to its mother city Corinth, leading to conflicts that shaped classical Greek history.^[2] During the Persian Wars, Potidaea faced a siege by Persian forces in 479 BC, but the city was miraculously saved when a massive tsunami—described by the historian Herodotus as divine intervention by Poseidon—drowned hundreds of invaders and forced the Persians to retreat.^[3] This event, corroborated by geological evidence of sediment deposits near the site, marked one of the earliest recorded tsunamis in history and underscored the city's vulnerability and resilience amid broader Greco-Persian conflicts.^[3] In the lead-up to the Peloponnesian War, tensions escalated when Athens demanded in 432 BC that Potidaea sever its Corinthian connections, raze part of its walls, and submit hostages, prompting the city to revolt alongside local Chalcidian allies.^[2] The ensuing Athenian siege, lasting from 432 to 430/429 BC, involved over 3,000 troops and 50 ships; it ended in starvation for the defenders, with reports of cannibalism, and cost Athens dearly in lives and treasure—around 2,000 talents—exacerbating the war's outbreak as Corinth invoked Spartan aid.^[4] Thucydides highlights this revolt as a pivotal grievance, intertwining local loyalties with the superpower rivalry between Athens and Sparta.^[2] Potidaea's fortunes declined further when Philip II of Macedon razed it in 356 BC during his consolidation of Chalcidice, but it was refounded in 316/315 BC by Cassander as Cassandreia, a Hellenistic stronghold that prospered under Roman rule with notable archaeological remains including fortifications, temples, and inscriptions.^[1] Throughout its history, the city's position at the crossroads of trade routes and its involvement in major wars exemplified the turbulent dynamics of ancient Macedonian and Greek politics.^[1]

Geography and Founding

Location and Topography

Potidaea was located on the isthmus of Pallene, the westernmost of the three peninsulas projecting southward from Chalcidice in northern Greece, positioned at the narrowest point where the peninsula connects to the mainland. This strategic placement placed the city between the Thermaic Gulf to the west and the Toronean Gulf to the east, facilitating maritime access on both sides.^[5] The site occupied a low-lying plain, ideal for settlement and port development, with natural harbors formed by the adjacent gulfs that supported the city's role as a maritime hub. The isthmus itself measured approximately five stadia in width, equivalent to about 900 meters, creating a compact land bridge that enhanced the site's defensibility and connectivity.^[6] Topographically, the terrain featured minimal elevation changes, with sandy and alluvial soils extending from the mainland toward the peninsula, bordered by shallow coastal waters suitable for anchoring vessels. This configuration allowed Potidaea to function as a chokepoint for overland and sea trade routes across Chalcidice, while its enclosing walls, spanning the isthmus, provided control over regional military access.^[5] The dual harbors enabled efficient commerce and naval operations, underscoring the city's economic and defensive advantages in the northern Aegean.

Establishment as Corinthian Colony

Potidaea was founded around 600 BC by settlers from Corinth, establishing it as one of the key Corinthian colonies in the northwest Aegean alongside settlements like Apollonia and Epidamnus. This colonization effort occurred during the height of Corinth's commercial expansion in the late Archaic period, with the settlement positioned at the narrow isthmus of the Pallene peninsula to capitalize on its strategic location.^[7] The primary aim of the founding was to extend Corinth's trade networks into Macedonia and the interior, leveraging the isthmus to control overland transport and portage between the Thermaic Gulf to the west and the Toronean Gulf to the east, thereby securing dominance over regional sea routes and commerce. The Corinthian colonists interacted with the local Bottiaean populations, who had been displaced eastward from the Thermaic Gulf by Macedonian expansion,^[8] likely incorporating some locals into the new community through synoecism or alliances as was common in Greek colonization practices. Early governance in Potidaea followed the Corinthian model, maintaining strong ties to the mother city through the annual dispatch of a Corinthian magistrate (epistates) who oversaw political and judicial affairs. The oikist, the expedition's founding leader, held enduring religious and political authority, a role that included directing the establishment of cults central to the colony's identity, such as that of Poseidon—Corinth's patron deity—emphasizing Potidaea's maritime vocation and ritual connections to its origins. These institutions reinforced Potidaea's status as a dependent apoikia, with ongoing participation in Corinth's festivals and sacrifices.

Archaic and Persian Periods

Early Development

Potidaea's economy in the 6th and early 5th centuries BC drew on its strategic position on the isthmus between the Thermaic Gulf and the Toronean Gulf in Chalcidice, serving as a hub for maritime trade connected to its mother city Corinth and regional routes across the Aegean.^[9] The city's monetary system reflected its Corinthian heritage, with minting of silver coins commencing around 500 BC. These early issues adhered to the Corinthian standard, featuring the Pegasus on the obverse—a symbol tied to the Bellerophon myth and Corinth's emblem—alongside motifs like the kappa (κόππα), the archaic initial of Corinth. Such coinage supported local trade and harbor activities, with silver sourced from regional mines.^[10]^[11] Socially, Potidaea comprised a blend of Dorian settlers from Corinth and indigenous Bottiaean populations, fostering a hybrid community where Greek colonists maintained distinct cultural practices while integrating local elements. This mix shaped an oligarchic governance typical of western Greek colonies, with Corinthian aristocratic norms influencing early leadership. Urban development followed standard colonial patterns, with fortifications to secure the settlement and a temple dedicated to Poseidon reflecting its maritime ties.^[9] Culturally, Potidaea sustained strong allegiance to its mother city Corinth, manifested in shared religious and institutional links. Interactions with neighboring Chalcidian cities remained primarily economic and pragmatic, as Potidaea's Corinthian foundation set it apart from the predominantly Ionian-influenced league in the region.^[9]

Involvement in Persian Wars

During Xerxes I's invasion of Greece in 480 BC, Potidaea, a Corinthian colony in the Chalcidice peninsula, submitted to Persian authority alongside other regional cities under the Macedonian kingdom's sway, which had already acknowledged Persian overlordship.^[12] As part of this submission, Potidaea contributed triremes to the Persian fleet, reflecting the coerced allegiance of northern Greek communities amid the advancing invasion.^[13] After the Persian defeat at Salamis in late 480 BC and Xerxes' retreat to Asia, Potidaea joined other settlements on the Pallene peninsula in revolting against Persian rule in early 479 BC, capitalizing on the weakened imperial presence in the Aegean.^[14] Artabazus, whom Xerxes had left with 60,000 troops to pacify Thrace and Chalcidice, responded by capturing Olynthus—executing its male inhabitants and enslaving the women and children—before turning to besiege Potidaea, which resisted for three months.^[15] The siege's turning point came when Persian forces, exploiting an extreme ebb tide to cross the narrow isthmus linking Potidaea to the mainland, were overtaken by a sudden, unprecedented flood tide that Herodotus described as the sea's retaliation, drowning many non-swimmers and allowing Potidaeans in boats to slay the swimmers.^[16] The defenders attributed the disaster to divine intervention by Poseidon, angered by the Persians' plundering of his temple and image during the siege.^[16] Fearing further inundations, Artabazus lifted the siege without capturing the city and led his surviving forces south to join Mardonius in Thessaly.^[16] Potidaea's successful resistance paved the way for its integration into the broader Greek counteroffensive; in summer 479 BC, the city dispatched 300 hoplites to the allied army under Pausanias, where they fought alongside the Corinthians at the Battle of Plataea, contributing to the decisive defeat of Mardonius and the Persian land forces in Greece.^[17] Simultaneously, the Greek naval triumph at Mycale expelled Persian squadrons from the Aegean, ending the immediate threat and enabling Potidaea's transition to independence from Persian suzerainty.^[18]

Classical Period

Relations with Athens

Following the Persian Wars, Potidaea aligned itself with Athens by joining the Delian League around 478–477 BC, providing military support including ships for the ongoing campaigns against Persian forces and later transitioning to monetary contributions for collective defense.^[19] As a key port in the Chalcidice, Potidaea's economic capacity from maritime trade reflected Athens' strategy to secure northern Aegean allies against Persian resurgence.^[19] This integration fostered economic ties, as Potidaea benefited from expanded Athenian commerce networks that boosted its role in grain and timber exports, yet it bred political tensions due to escalating tribute demands and the erosion of local autonomy under Athenian oversight. Persistent Corinthian influence, rooted in colonial familial bonds and shared commercial interests, complicated these relations, with Potidaea maintaining proxenoi—Corinthian representatives—who reinforced loyalty to the mother city despite League obligations.^[20] Tensions culminated in the prelude to conflict during 433–432 BC, when Athens, wary of Corinthian expansion after the Corcyra dispute, issued demands for Potidaea to demolish the wall facing Pallene, surrender hostages, dismiss its Corinthian magistrates, and halt the annual reception of Corinthian officials, aiming to sever lingering ties and prevent broader unrest among Thraceward allies.^[20] These measures underscored the solidarity between Potidaea and Corinth, heightening diplomatic pressures as Athens sought to consolidate imperial control over its northern periphery.^[21]

Revolt and Siege of Potidaea

In 432 BC, amid escalating tensions between Athens and Corinth following the Battle of Sybota, the Athenians grew suspicious of Potidaea's loyalty due to its status as a Corinthian colony and its alliances in the region, particularly with King Perdiccas II of Macedon. To prevent a potential revolt that could destabilize Athenian control over Thrace, Athens dispatched Archestratus son of Lycomedes with four colleagues and thirty ships and issued an ultimatum to Potidaea: the city must raze the fortifications facing the Pallene peninsula, surrender hostages to Athens, and expel the Corinthian magistrates, while agreeing not to admit future Corinthian officials.^[20] Potidaea, advised by Perdiccas, rejected these demands and appealed for support to Sparta and Corinth, prompting Corinth to dispatch a force of 1,000 hoplites under the command of Aristeus, along with troops from other Peloponnesian allies, to bolster the city's defenses.^[22] With Corinthian reinforcements arriving, Potidaea openly revolted against Athens, declaring independence and fortifying its walls and the isthmus connecting it to the Pallene peninsula. The Athenian fleet, now reinforced to forty ships under General Callias son of Calliades, landed at the isthmus and engaged the combined Potidaean and Corinthian forces in battle; although Aristeus's wing initially routed the Athenians on their left, the main Athenian line prevailed, forcing the rebels to retreat within the city's defenses after sustaining heavy casualties on both sides.^[23] Callias, facing logistical challenges and internal disputes, soon withdrew part of his forces, but Athens committed to a full siege by constructing a double wall across the isthmus—complete with towers and garrisons—to blockade land access, while stationing ships to seal the harbors and prevent resupply by sea.^[24] As the Peloponnesian War erupted in 431 BC, the siege of Potidaea persisted under rotating Athenian commanders, including Hagnon and Cleopompus, who reinforced the blockade with additional troops. A plague outbreak afflicted the besiegers, killing 1,050 out of 4,000 heavy infantry in about 40 days, yet the Athenians maintained their commitment despite the strain on resources.^[25] Spartan-led invasions of Attica in 431 and 430 BC, intended as diversions to compel Athens to abandon the siege, proved ineffective. Inside Potidaea, the prolonged blockade led to acute hardships, including famine so severe that residents resorted to extreme measures such as consuming belts and leather hides boiled in water, and even reports of cannibalism among the defenders; several breakout attempts by the garrison failed, further exacerbating the internal crisis.^[26] The siege also saw service by notable Athenians such as Socrates and Alcibiades among the hoplite forces.^[27] By winter 430/429 BC, with supplies exhausted and no relief forthcoming, Potidaea surrendered to the Athenian generals Xenophon son of Euripides, Hestiodorus son of Aristocleides, and Phanomachus son of Callimachus on negotiated terms that allowed the inhabitants—combatants along with women, children, and auxiliaries—to evacuate the city with one garment per person (two for women), two months' provisions, and the right to take their property and slaves. The Potidaeans, preserving their ties to Corinth, relocated initially to Athens and other safe havens before settling in parts of Chalcidice, such as Olynthus; Athens, having incurred costs of 2,000 talents to sustain the siege, promptly dispatched 1,000 Athenian cleruchs to repopulate and secure the site.^[26] This prolonged operation not only drained Athenian finances but also intensified the broader conflict, as Thucydides notes it as a key factor in the war's early escalation alongside other demands from Sparta.^[26]

Hellenistic and Later Periods

Refounding as Cassandreia

Following the Athenian siege and capture of Potidaea in 430 BC, the city was effectively destroyed, with its original Corinthian colonists expelled and replaced by Athenian cleruchs, leaving the original settlement desolate.^[28] The site remained largely abandoned for decades, though a second wave of Athenian cleruchs was established around 361 BC in response to petitions from displaced Potidaean descendants and nearby settlements seeking to revive the area amid ongoing regional instability.^[29] However, in 356 BC, Philip II of Macedon captured and razed the city during his campaigns in Chalcidice, ceding its territory to Olynthus and leaving the site abandoned once more. In 316 BC, Macedonian king Cassander decisively refounded the city, renaming it Cassandreia in his own honor and transforming it through a synoecism that incorporated Potidaea's ruins along with several other local settlements on the Pallene peninsula. Cassander invested heavily in its development, erecting extensive new defensive walls and expanding the urban area to establish it as a prominent port on the isthmus, leveraging its strategic position for maritime trade and military control. This refounding marked a shift from its prior Athenian orientation, aligning it firmly with Macedonian interests. Under Hellenistic rule, Cassandreia flourished as a vital naval base for the Macedonian kingdom, facilitating naval operations and contributing to regional security. Its integration into the broader Macedonian economy promoted prosperity, with the city rapidly growing to become one of the kingdom's most powerful urban centers, supported by agricultural resources from the surrounding peninsula and its role in interregional commerce. Although local coinage under Cassander is scarce, the city's economic vitality was reflected in the circulation of royal Macedonian issues bearing symbols associated with his dynasty, such as the head of Heracles and equestrian motifs.^[30]

Roman and Byzantine Eras

Following the Roman victory at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC, which ended Macedonian independence, Cassandreia was incorporated into the new Roman province of Macedonia established in 146 BC, where it retained its name and status as a significant urban center.^[31] The city benefited from its strategic location on the isthmus of the Pallene peninsula, facilitating maritime trade in regional products such as grain from the Macedonian hinterlands and salted fish from the Thermaic Gulf, contributing to its economic vitality within the province. Ancient geographers noted its prominence; Strabo described it as the key settlement on the isthmus formerly known as Potidaea, emphasizing its role in the peninsula's geography and historical myths. Pliny the Elder similarly listed Cassandreia among notable Macedonian towns in his geographical catalog, underscoring its enduring recognition in Roman imperial literature.^[32] Under Augustus, Cassandreia was elevated to a Roman colony with ius Italicum privileges, granting it legal autonomy and tax exemptions that further boosted its prosperity as a trade hub.^[33] The city maintained coinage production and administrative functions, integrating into the broader Roman network of Macedonian ports that supplied grain and fisheries to imperial markets. This period of stability lasted until the late 5th century, when external pressures began to mount. In the Byzantine era, Cassandreia experienced a resurgence under Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565), who rebuilt and fortified the city after its partial destruction, enhancing its defenses with walls and structures to protect against barbarian incursions. As an early Christian bishopric, it played a role in the Christianization of the Chalkidiki region, with ecclesiastical records attesting to its diocese by the 6th century and its mention in later notitiae episcopatuum. However, around 539–540 AD, the city suffered severe destruction from Hunnic raids, though some accounts attribute similar devastation to Slavic incursions in the mid-6th century.^[34] The city's final decline accelerated in the 7th century amid repeated invasions by Slavs, Avars, and Persians, which disrupted trade routes and depopulated coastal settlements; by this time, economic shifts toward inland fortifications led to Cassandreia's gradual abandonment.^[35] The site transitioned into scattered medieval villages, marking the end of its urban prominence.^[1]

Archaeology and Rediscovery

Excavation History

The archaeological investigation of ancient Potidaea, refounded as Cassandreia in the Hellenistic period, began with informal surveys by European travelers in the 19th century. British officer and antiquarian William Martin Leake visited the site during his travels across northern Greece between 1804 and 1810, documenting visible remnants of the ancient city walls, towers, and double harbors in his 1835 work Travels in Northern Greece. Leake's observations highlighted the strategic isthmian location and noted scattered marble fragments and inscriptions, providing the first modern identification of the site's extent.^[36] During the Ottoman era, which lasted until Greek independence in 1912, the area experienced significant neglect, with no organized excavations or preservation efforts, allowing natural erosion and agricultural activity to obscure much of the remains.^[37] Systematic archaeological work commenced in the 20th century following the construction of the modern Potidaea Canal (1935–1937), which bisected the isthmus and inadvertently exposed sections of the ancient diateichisma (cross-wall) and submerged portions of the northern fortifications due to rising sea levels.^[38] This prompted initial rescue operations by Greek authorities in the late 1930s and 1940s, though wartime disruptions limited progress. Post-World War II, the Greek Archaeological Service initiated more structured interventions, with the 16th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities leading ongoing rescue excavations from the 1970s onward in response to urban expansion in nearby Nea Poteidaia. These efforts focused on threatened zones, including the northern perimeter and cemetery areas.^[1] Major excavation campaigns occurred between the 1960s and 1980s, involving collaborative surveys and limited digs coordinated by Greek institutions, including the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki's Department of Archaeology. These activities, part of broader regional studies in Chalkidiki, employed surface surveys and test trenches to map Classical-era walls and urban layouts without large-scale disruption to the modern settlement. The university's landscape archaeology initiatives integrated historical records with field data, emphasizing non-invasive methods to document the site's evolution.^[39] Since the 2000s, investigations have shifted toward advanced techniques to mitigate impacts from tourism and infrastructure development. EU-funded initiatives have supported geophysical mapping (e.g., ground-penetrating radar) and underwater surveys in the ancient harbors, aiming to assess erosion and submersion risks while preserving submerged structures. These efforts prioritize digital documentation and climate resilience for coastal sites like Potidaea.

Key Archaeological Remains

The archaeological remains at Potidaea primarily consist of extensive fortifications from the Classical period, dating to the 5th century BC, which enclosed the city across the narrow isthmus of the Pallene peninsula. These walls, constructed with large limestone blocks, measured approximately 3-4 meters in thickness and were designed to protect the strategic position controlling access between the Thermaikos and Toroneos Gulfs.^[40] Later Hellenistic expansions under Cassander in the 4th century BC reinforced these defenses, with surviving sections of the Hellenistic wall incorporating towers and gates for enhanced military functionality.^[41] Traces of the city's double harbors, one facing each gulf, include remnants of breakwaters and quays built from rubble and stone, facilitating trade and naval operations central to Potidaea's prosperity as a Corinthian colony. Infrastructure elements such as the ancient canal, dug in the Hellenistic period and later improved, connected the harbors and survives as a visible engineering feature spanning the isthmus.^[42] Foundations of the agora have been identified, with nearby pottery kilns indicating local production of ceramics for export. Coin hoards, including silver tetradrachms from the 5th century BC, have been recovered, providing evidence of economic activity during the Persian and Peloponnesian periods.^[43]^[44] Notable finds include inscriptions referencing proxenoi agreements and Athenian tribute obligations, such as a bilingual Greek-Macedonian text commemorating the construction of a gymnasium in the Hellenistic era. Bronze statues, including fragments depicting deities and athletes, underscore artistic influences from Corinth and Athens. Evidence of the 479 BC "Potidaea tsunami," triggered by an earthquake during the Persian Wars, appears in high-energy sediment deposits containing submerged Persian artifacts like arrowheads and pottery shards, confirming Herodotus's account of the event's role in halting the invasion.^[45]^[3] Notable finds from the site are displayed in the Archaeological Museum of Polygyros.^[46]

Modern Site and Legacy

Contemporary Location

The modern settlement of Nea Poteidaia lies adjacent to the ancient site of Potidaea, in the Chalkidiki regional unit of Central Macedonia, northern Greece, serving as the primary land access point to the Kassandra Peninsula. Founded in 1922 by Greek refugees from Eastern Thrace amid the population exchanges following the Greco-Turkish War, the village features a coastal layout surrounded by the Thermaic and Toronean Gulfs. As of the 2021 Greek census, Nea Poteidaia has a resident population of 1,543. Its economy centers on agriculture—particularly olive groves, fruit orchards, and local produce—and tourism, drawing visitors for its beaches, proximity to archaeological remains, and role as a regional gateway.^[47]^[48]^[49] The Potidaea Canal, completed in 1937, cuts across the narrow isthmus at the site's location, spanning 1,250 meters in length and 40 meters in width to enable maritime passage between the Thermaic and Toronean Gulfs while aiding flood prevention through improved drainage. This engineering project, initiated in 1935, directly overlays portions of the ancient fortifications and has reshaped the topography by linking the inland lagoon systems to the open sea, facilitating easier navigation around the peninsula.^[42]^[50] These 20th-century modifications have introduced preservation issues, notably the partial submersion of the ancient eastern harbor and nearby defensive structures due to altered water flows and sea level rise induced by the canal. The entire site is designated and safeguarded as an archaeological zone under Greek Law 3028/2002, which mandates state protection of antiquities to preserve cultural heritage amid modern developments. The Ephorate of Antiquities of Chalkidiki and Mount Athos continues conservation efforts, including excavations and restoration of structures like the diateichisma.^[38]^[51]

Historical Significance Today

Potidaea's siege, as chronicled in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War (Book 1.56–66), remains a cornerstone of modern historiography on the conflict's outbreak, serving as a detailed case study of Athenian imperialism and colonial revolt. Thucydides portrays the 432 BCE event as a pivotal escalation, where Athens deployed its naval superiority to suppress Potidaea's rebellion against Delian League tribute demands, highlighting the fragility of imperial control and the tensions between metropole and colony. Scholars analyze this account to explore themes of expansionist overreach, with the siege exemplifying how Athens' thalassocracy—its sea-based empire—fostered resentment among allies like Corinth, ultimately catalyzing the war. For instance, the narrative contrasts Pericles' assurances of stability with the practical perils of naval enforcement, underscoring imperialism's double-edged nature.^[52] In contemporary scholarship, Potidaea exemplifies key aspects of ancient Greek colonization and environmental history. Founded circa 600 BCE by Corinth as a strategic outpost on the Pallene peninsula, it illustrates the mechanics of apoikiai—overseas settlements that extended trade networks and cultural influence across the Aegean. Studies emphasize Potidaea's role in broader patterns of colonial foundation, where cities balanced autonomy with ties to their mother-city, often leading to conflicts over loyalty during interstate rivalries. Additionally, the 479 BCE earthquake and tsunami near Potidaea, which reportedly drowned Persian invaders during the Greco-Persian Wars, is recognized as one of the earliest documented natural disasters in Western records, providing insights into ancient seismic risks and coastal vulnerabilities. This event, triggered by a magnitude 7.0 quake in the Thermaikos Gulf, has informed geomorphological research on paleotsunamis, with sediment evidence confirming its scale and impact on early Greek settlements. Potidaea's planned layout, featuring orthogonal streets and fortifications adapted to its isthmus location, further contributes to examinations of urban planning in colonies, where grid systems facilitated defense and resource management in frontier environments.^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56] Potidaea's legacy permeates modern cultural narratives, particularly through media depictions of Classical warfare and heritage tourism. Documentaries such as Kings and Generals' "Battle of Potidaea 432 BC" series draw on Thucydides to dramatize the siege's tactical innovations, like Athenian circumvallation, educating audiences on the Peloponnesian War's strategic dynamics. These productions, alongside short films exploring the revolt's role in imperial decline, have popularized Potidaea in online historical discourse, fostering interest in themes of resistance and power. The site's remnants near modern Nea Poteidaia attract visitors interested in its fortifications and connection to ancient events like the siege and tsunami, blending archaeological tourism with reflections on ancient resilience. The modern canal, following the line of an ancient Hellenistic waterway, adds to the site's historical layers.^[57]^[58]^[59]^[60]

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[35]
Cassandria (Titular See) [Catholic-Hierarchy]
Affiliated Bishops, Deceased · Georges-Stanislas-Jean Béjot † (Titular Bishop: 19 Apr 1947 to 25 Jul 1987) · Gaetano Mignani, C.M. † (Titular Bishop: 16 Jul 1928 ...
[36]
The Slavs, Avars, and Hungarians (Chapter 5)
The Magyar settlement destroyed several nascent Slavonic principalities and was accompanied by extensive raids into the Balkans and Western Europe. Either in ...
[37]
Travels in northern Greece : Leake, William Martin, 1777-1860
Apr 18, 2012 · Publication date: 1835. Topics: Greece -- Description and travel. Publisher: London : J. Rodwell, New Bond Street.
[38]
Travels in Northern Greece - Google Books
These volumes, first published in 1835, contain Leake's account of his four extensive journeys across Greece between 1804 and 1810.
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Nea Potidaea, the Diateichisma of Cassandreia
... Potidaea and extends for approximately 1200m from the Toronaic gulf in the east to the Thermaic gulf in the west. It was built in the late Roman period ...Missing: harbors | Show results with:harbors
[40]
Archaeological Excavations and Surveys
In the University Excavations the School's undergraduate and graduate students with a specialisation in Archaeology take part in order to practice ...Missing: Potidaea | Show results with:Potidaea
[41]
THETIDA project
The THETIDA project aims at safeguarding and protecting Europe's coastal and underwater cultural heritage from the effects of climate change and natural hazards.<|control11|><|separator|>
[42]
Archaeological Site of Potidea - Visit Central Macedonia
The Archaeological Site of Potidea is located in Kassandra, Halkidiki, in the area of Nea Potidea. Ancient Potidea was founded in the 7th century BC.
[43]
Archaeological Area Potidea in Nea Poteidaia | Ask Anything
Excavations have uncovered artifacts from various periods, including Hellenistic and Roman remains, as well as a unique Macedonian tomb adorned with Dionysian ...
[44]
Information about the place POTIDEA (Ancient city) HALKIDIKI - GTP
(Potidaia). A town in Macedonia, on the narrow isthmus of the peninsula Pallene, was a colony of the Corinthians. It afterwards became tributary to Athens, and ...
[45]
Potidaea | Research Starters - EBSCO
Potidaea, later Kassandrea, was an ancient city in Macedonia, founded around 600 BC, strategically located for trade, and later destroyed by Slavic invaders.
[46]
[PDF] Event deposits in the Eastern Thermaikos Gulf and Kassandra ...
Oct 10, 2019 · One of the first historical descriptions of tsunami waves and its effects on Persian troops near. Potidaea in 479 BC was made by Herodotus.
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Nea Potidea village - Visit Halkidiki
Extensive excavation works conducted by the 16th Inspectorate of Classical Antiquities have revealed many ancient objects, which are on display in museums ...Missing: archaeological | Show results with:archaeological
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2021 Population-Housing Census - ELSTAT
The purpose of the Population-Housing Census is to collect up-to-date and valid data on the demographic, economic and social characteristics of the population.
[49]
Nea Potidea - Visit Central Macedonia
Nea Potidea, one of the most historic settlements in Chalkidiki, is located at the narrow strip connecting the Kassandra peninsula with the rest of Chalkidiki.Missing: economy agriculture
[50]
Nea Potidea Canal - Visit Central Macedonia
The canal has a length of 1250 meters and a width of 40 meters and was constructed to facilitate navigation and protect the ancient city of Cassandreia, built ...Missing: 1937 | Show results with:1937
[51]
Potidea Canal | Halkidiki | Best Attractions - ALLOVERGREECE
The canal took its final form between 1935 and 1937 and the bridge that spans over the canal was constructed in 1970. The canal is 1250 meters long and 45 ...Missing: Potidaea | Show results with:Potidaea
[52]
[PDF] Archaeological-Law-3028-2002.pdf
This protection aims at preserving historical memory for present and future generations and enhancing the cultural environment. 2. The cultural heritage of the ...Missing: Potidaea | Show results with:Potidaea
[53]
None
Below is a merged summary of Thucydides' account of the Potidaea siege in relation to imperialism and revolt, combining all the information from the provided segments into a concise yet comprehensive response. To retain maximum detail, I will use a table in CSV format to organize key themes, contexts, and references, followed by a narrative summary that integrates the insights. Since the system has a "no thinking token" limit, I’ll focus on directly synthesizing the content without additional analysis beyond what’s provided.
[54]
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/12/1/4
[55]
Tsunamis in the Greek Region: An Overview of Geological ... - MDPI
Dec 22, 2021 · The 479 BC, M 7.0, Potidaea earthquake triggered a great tsunami in the homonymous sea and resulted in fatalities, damage to ships and ...
[56]
NCEI Hazard Tsunami Event Information - NOAA
In the spring of 479 BC, the M 7.0, Potidaea earthquake triggered a great tsunami in the Gulf of Kassandra, which resulted in fatalities and damage to the ...
[57]
Urban Planning in the Greek Motherland: Late Archaic Tegea - FRITT
Oct 26, 2010 · Abstract. Greek urban planning in the Archaic period has essentially been a history of colonial foundations, mainly in Magna Graecia and Sicily.
[58]
Battle of Potidaea 432 BC - Peloponnesian Wars #1 - YouTube
Jan 19, 2023 · Join this channel from your computer or Android app to get access to members-only content like this video.Missing: oikist Ariston
[59]
Explore the Timeless Wonders of the Archaeological Area Potidea
Uncover the Byzantine legacy at the Archaeological Area Potidea, where ancient ruins and stunning landscapes converge in Greece's historical heart.Missing: excavations | Show results with:excavations
[60]
Nea Potidaea, Greece - Tips By Locals
Aug 14, 2025 · Nea Potidaea attracts over 50,000 visitors annually, with many photographers drawn by its unique blend of historic sites and scenic beaches. 在 ...