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Pyramid of Pepi I

The Pyramid of Pepi I is an ancient Egyptian funerary complex built for Pharaoh Pepi I, a pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty during the Old Kingdom (reigned c. 2325–2280 BCE), located in South Saqqara near the ancient capital of Memphis. Known anciently as Mennefer-Pepi, the main pyramid, originally a true pyramid with a square base of approximately 78.75 meters per side and a height of 52.5 meters at a slope of about 53 degrees, was constructed using local limestone cored with Tura limestone casing, though much of it has eroded into a low mound today.^[1] The complex includes a mortuary temple, causeway, valley temple, and at least four subsidiary pyramids for queens such as Ankhesenpepi II and Nebwenet, reflecting the royal family's prominence.^[2] Pepi I's pyramid is most notable for preserving one of the earliest complete sets of the Pyramid Texts, inscribed in hieroglyphs on the walls of its burial chamber and antechambers, dating to around 2300 BCE and comprising spells intended to aid the pharaoh's ascent to the afterlife.^[3] These texts, first discovered during excavations by Gaston Maspero in the 1880s, represent the oldest substantial body of religious literature from ancient Egypt, offering crucial evidence of evolving mortuary beliefs, solar theology, and the pharaoh's divine transformation into an akh (transfigured spirit).^[4] The substructure features a descending corridor leading to an antechamber and a granite sarcophagus chamber, with the texts showing signs of later revisions, indicating ongoing ritual adaptations during construction.^[5] Archaeological work, beginning with Maspero's clearance of the substructure and continuing with French expeditions in the 1930s under Jean-Philippe Lauer and later in the 1980s revealing the queens' pyramids, has illuminated the site's role in Sixth Dynasty royal necropoleis.^[4] The complex's layout and inscriptions highlight Pepi I's long reign—possibly over 50 years—and his efforts to consolidate power through extensive building projects and foreign expeditions, marking a transitional phase in Old Kingdom architecture toward smaller, more text-focused pyramids compared to earlier Giza monuments.^[2] Today, the site contributes to understanding the decline of centralized pyramid-building and the rise of textual magic in Egyptian funerary practices.^[6]

Location and Excavation History

Site Overview

The Pyramid of Pepi I is situated in the South Saqqara necropolis, approximately 2.4 kilometers north of the pyramid of Djedkare Isesi and near the ancient capital of Memphis.^[7] This positioning places it within the broader Saqqara necropolis layout, serving as the northernmost royal monument in the South Saqqara area.^[2] The site's environmental setting features a high desert plateau, offering geological stability for monumental construction, while its proximity to the now-extinct Ahramat Branch of the Nile River—located 2.5 to 10.25 kilometers west of the modern Nile—enabled efficient transportation of materials and laborers during the Old Kingdom.^[8] This branch, active through Dynasty 6, ran along the foothills of the Western Desert Plateau, directly supporting pyramid-building logistics in South Saqqara.^[8] Originally, the pyramid had a square base measuring 78.75 meters per side, a height of 52.5 meters, and a slope angle of 53°7'48".^[9] In its current ruined state, the structure rises to about 12 meters. The monument bore the ancient name "Men-nefer-Pepi," translating to "Pepi’s Enduring Splendor," which later contributed to the naming conventions associated with Memphis.^[7]

Key Excavations and Discoveries

The pyramid of Pepi I at South Saqqara was first surveyed in the 1830s by British engineer John Shae Perring as part of broader explorations of Egyptian pyramids, during which he documented the site's ruins. In 1880, French Egyptologist Gaston Maspero, then director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service, led the initial entry into the pyramid's substructure, clearing debris to access the burial chamber and revealing the Pyramid Texts inscribed on the walls. This discovery included 2,263 lines and columns of hieroglyphic inscriptions, marking a pivotal find in understanding Old Kingdom funerary literature.^[7] Maspero's team also uncovered fragments of a black granite sarcophagus positioned against the burial chamber's west wall, along with scattered bone fragments presumed to be from Pepi I's remains and remnants of funerary equipment such as wooden weights and ostrich feathers.^[10] Systematic modern excavations began in the 1950s under the French Archaeological Mission at Saqqara (MAFS), which cleared and documented the main pyramid and mortuary temple, with significant contributions from Egyptologist Jean Leclant, who founded the mission in 1963 alongside architect Jean-Philippe Lauer.^[11] Leclant's leadership focused on the Pepi I necropolis, including studies of associated structures and Pyramid Texts, enhancing preservation and analysis of the site through annual campaigns.^[12] In recent years, no major new excavations have targeted the core pyramid of Pepi I, with efforts centered on ongoing conservation of exposed structures and documentation rather than new digs. Unexcavated areas, such as the full extent of the causeway, valley temple, and pyramid town, remain buried under sand and debris, representing key gaps in the site's exploration.^[7]

Historical and Architectural Context

Reign of Pepi I

Pepi I, the third pharaoh of Egypt's Sixth Dynasty during the Old Kingdom, is estimated to have reigned for 40 to 50 years circa 2330–2280 BC, a period marked by sustained prosperity and expanding state influence.^[13] His rule saw the celebration of multiple Sed festivals, royal jubilee rituals traditionally held after 30 years to rejuvenate the pharaoh's divine authority, with the earliest comprehensive evidence appearing in inscriptions and reliefs from his era.^[14] Militarily, Pepi I authorized expeditions to Nubia, where garrisons were established to control trade in ivory, ebony, and gold, and to the Sinai Peninsula to combat Bedouin threats and exploit turquoise and copper mines, as detailed in the autobiography of his official Weni.^[15] Further campaigns extended to the southern Levant, landing troops via maritime routes to secure eastern frontiers and foster commerce.^[16] Administratively, he enacted reforms to decentralize certain powers, appointing non-noble officials and expanding provincial oversight in Upper Egypt through enhanced tax collection and warehouse networks, countering the rising autonomy of local nomarchs while maintaining central authority.^[17] Pepi I's family dynamics were instrumental in ensuring dynastic continuity, with several prominent queens bearing heirs who ascended the throne. His chief consorts included the sisters Ankhesenpepi I and Ankhesenpepi II, daughters of the influential nomarch Khui of Abydos, whose marriages strengthened ties with Upper Egyptian elites.^[18] Ankhesenpepi I gave birth to Merenre Nemtyemsaf I, Pepi I's immediate successor, while Ankhesenpepi II mothered the future Pepi II, whose exceptionally long reign would extend the dynasty.^[18] Another wife, Inenek-Inti, appears in temple inscriptions, highlighting the pharaoh's strategic alliances through royal unions.^[19] The commissioning of Pepi I's pyramid complex at Saqqara represented the pinnacle of his extended rule, embodying the ideology of divine kingship and the eternal pharaonic cult central to Old Kingdom theology.^[20]

Design Innovations and Significance

The Pyramid of Pepi I represents a key stage in the architectural evolution of Old Kingdom royal tombs, building on the true pyramid form established in the Fourth Dynasty while reflecting the resource constraints and ideological shifts of the Sixth Dynasty. Unlike the massive Giza pyramids of Khufu and Khafre, which exceeded 200 meters in base length, Pepi I's structure measured approximately 78.75 meters on each side with a height of 52.5 meters, a more modest scale indicative of decreasing centralized economic power compared to earlier reigns. This pyramid continued the southward shift of royal necropolises to Saqqara, aligning with Fifth Dynasty precedents like Unas's tomb, but incorporated refined elements such as a standardized substructure layout—featuring an antechamber and burial chamber—that symbolized the pharaoh's passage through the underworld for rebirth.^[21]^[9] A primary innovation was the extensive inscription of Pyramid Texts within the burial chambers, expanded significantly from those in Unas's pyramid, with over 2,263 columns and lines of hieroglyphs. First introduced in Unas's pyramid, the texts in Pepi I's monument blended solar and stellar imagery with emerging Osirian mythology to guide the king's transformation into an eternal spirit, emphasizing resurrection and divine kingship. The pyramid's name, Men-nefer-Pepi ("Pepi's splendor is enduring"), not only evoked permanence but also lent its shortened form, Men-nefer, to the nearby capital, evolving into the Greek "Memphis" and underscoring the monument's role in urban and cultural nomenclature.^[22]^[9] Religiously, the pyramid highlighted a synthesis of solar and Osirian cults, portraying Pepi I as both a solar deity ascending to the heavens and an Osiris figure undergoing renewal in the Duat, with associated structures like the mortuary temple facilitating ongoing ka rituals for spiritual vitality. This ideological emphasis reflected broader Sixth Dynasty trends toward democratizing afterlife beliefs, as the texts' motifs later influenced non-royal burials and evolved into Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts. Culturally, the complex influenced subsequent Sixth Dynasty pyramids, such as those of Merenre and Pepi II, by standardizing queens' satellite pyramids and reinforcing the pharaoh's intermediary role between gods and humans amid growing provincial autonomy and resource limitations.^[21]^[22]

Main Pyramid and Construction

External Structure

The main pyramid of Pepi I featured a core constructed from six steps of roughly hewn limestone blocks, forming the foundational structure of this Sixth Dynasty monument. Originally intended as a smooth-sided true pyramid, it was encased in fine white Tura limestone to achieve a polished exterior, though this casing has been almost entirely removed over time, exposing the underlying stepped core. The pyramid's base measured approximately 78.75 meters on each side, with an original height of 52.5 meters, yielding a total volume of about 107,835 cubic meters.^[9] Surrounding the pyramid and its associated mortuary temple, an enclosure wall of mudbrick reinforced with limestone facing delineated the sacred temenos, isolating the complex as a holy precinct dedicated to the pharaoh's cult. This wall enclosed the primary elements of the pyramid complex, maintaining its ritual boundaries.^[1] Access to the pyramid's interior was provided through an entrance on the north face, which opened into a descending corridor secured by a portcullis system of granite slabs to deter intruders. The corridor sloped downward, facilitating the transition from the external structure to the substructure below. The pyramid's slope angle of approximately 53 degrees supported overall structural stability by distributing weight effectively across the stepped core.^[1]^[9]

Building Materials and Techniques

The core of the Pyramid of Pepi I was constructed using locally quarried limestone blocks from the Saqqara area, which were relatively small in size and bound together with mud mortar to form a stepped structure of six levels.^[23] This local sourcing minimized transportation costs and leveraged the abundance of suitable limestone in the immediate vicinity of the construction site. For the outer casing, high-quality fine-grained limestone was transported from the Tura quarries across the Nile, providing a smooth, polished white finish that enhanced the pyramid's aesthetic and symbolic appearance.^[23] Granite, quarried from Aswan in southern Egypt, was employed for critical structural elements such as the portcullis slabs that sealed the substructure passages, offering durability against potential tomb robbers.^[23] These heavy granite blocks were floated down the Nile during the annual inundation season, a technique that facilitated the movement of massive stones over long distances via barges.^[24] Construction proceeded using the accretion layering method, where successive layers of core blocks were added in inward-sloping steps, creating a stable stepped core before the application of casing stones.^[25] The Tura limestone casing was installed starting from the apex and working downward, ensuring precise alignment and a seamless finish as each level was completed. Ramps, likely straight or zigzagging earthen structures built from mudbrick and debris, were employed to haul blocks to higher levels, with evidence from similar Old Kingdom pyramids indicating their use in elevating materials efficiently.^[26] The workforce consisted of several thousand laborers, drawn from skilled craftsmen, quarrymen, and seasonal farmers, organized into rotating teams known as phyles for coordinated shifts. These phyles, typically numbering five or six per project, allowed for continuous progress while accommodating the agricultural calendar, with Nile flooding providing both logistical support for material transport and a pool of temporary workers. Inscriptions attribute oversight of the construction to Queen Inenek-Inti, a vizier and wife of Pepi I, who held titles indicating her role in directing the pyramid's building efforts.^[27]

Mortuary Complex

Substructure and Internal Features

The substructure of the Pyramid of Pepi I consists of a descending corridor entering from the north side of the pyramid, leading to a series of chambers designed to protect the king's burial. The descending corridor measures approximately 18.25 meters in length and connects to a horizontal passage of about 20.91 meters, secured by a triple portcullis system of granite slabs that could be lowered to block access.^[13] Beyond the horizontal passage lies an antechamber, measuring roughly 3.15 meters wide by 3.68 meters long with a ceiling height of up to 4.84 meters at its apex, followed by the burial chamber to the west.^[13]^[28] To the east of the burial chamber is a serdab, a small room approximately 6.55 meters north-south by 2.1 meters east-west and 2.64 meters high, divided into three niches for statues but left uninscribed and undecorated.^[13]^[9] The burial chamber itself, oriented east-west and situated just south of the pyramid's vertical axis, measures about 3.15 meters wide by 7.9 meters long; it originally featured a gabled roof constructed from multiple layers of massive limestone beams and a ceiling painted with stars against a dark background.^[13]^[28]^[9] A greywacke sarcophagus, roughly 1.985 meters long, 0.61 meters wide, and 0.645 meters deep, was placed against the west wall, with its exterior roughly shaped but interior finely worked; a pink Aswan granite canopic chest, measuring 1.04 meters square with a 71-centimeter cubic interior, was sunk into a niche in the floor at the foot of the sarcophagus.^[13]^[9] The substructure was heavily looted in antiquity, with robbers tunneling through the east vestibule wall to bypass the portcullis slabs, which were found raised and wedged open with small stones during modern exploration.^[13] In May 1880, Gaston Maspero entered the pyramid and discovered the sarcophagus empty of any remains or burial goods, along with the canopic chest in place but the chambers in ruins; he noted the presence of hieroglyphic inscriptions on the corridor walls.^[13] The walls of the descending corridor, horizontal passage, antechamber, and burial chamber are inscribed with the Pyramid Texts, the second known corpus of such afterlife spells after those in the pyramid of Unas, comprising 2,263 vertical columns and lines of green-painted hieroglyphs filled with spells focused on the king's resurrection, provision of offerings, and celestial journey.^[9] These texts, including Utterances 219–636 in the standard numbering, represent the most extensive Old Kingdom collection, emphasizing protection, transformation into astral forms, and integration with deities like Osiris and Nut.^[29] A single line from the Pyramid Texts was also inscribed around the sarcophagus.^[13]

Mortuary Temple

The mortuary temple of the Pyramid of Pepi I adheres to the conventional Old Kingdom architectural plan, consisting of an entrance hall, an open columned courtyard, a pillared transverse hall, an offering chapel with false doors, and five statue niches for housing royal ka statues.^[30] This layout facilitated ritual progression from public spaces to the intimate sanctuary, though the structure suffered severe damage from ancient quarrying and stone removal, leaving only fragmentary remains visible today.^[31] Key features include storage magazines flanking the entrance hall and surrounding the inner chambers for holding offerings and cult equipment, limestone basins in the offering chapel for libation rituals, and false doors inscribed for Pepi I that symbolically permitted his ba-soul to traverse between the temple and the adjacent pyramid.^[30] Excavations uncovered reused blocks bearing reliefs of offering scenes and royal cult activities, as well as damaged statues of bound, kneeling prisoners—likely originally positioned in the courtyard to symbolize the king's dominion over enemies.^[31] A Middle Kingdom block-statue of the official Smenkhuptah, serving as "Inspector of Prophets," was also found amid the debris, indicating continued use of the site into later periods.^[31] The temple functioned as the primary venue for perpetual mortuary rites conducted by endowed priests, where daily offerings of food, incense, and libations sustained Pepi I's eternal existence in the afterlife; its eastern alignment toward the rising sun reinforced the pharaoh's association with solar renewal.^[30] These rituals ensured the king's ongoing participation in cosmic cycles, with the temple's design integrating symbolically with the pyramid substructure via dedicated access points for the ba-soul.^[13] Partial excavations by the Mission Archéologique Française de Saqqara (MAFS), beginning in the mid-20th century under directors including Jean Leclant, cleared and documented the surviving elements, revealing traces of lime-burning kilns that highlight post-dynastic destruction.^[31] The work emphasized the temple's role in the broader necropolis, with preserved fragments underscoring its original grandeur despite extensive looting.^[32]

Valley Temple, Causeway, and Pyramid Town

The valley temple of Pepi I's pyramid complex, situated at the eastern edge of the ancient floodplain near the Nile's course during the Old Kingdom, served as the primary entry point for ritual processions and offerings transported by boat, connecting the desert necropolis to the riverine lifeline of ancient Egypt.^[8] Like other Sixth Dynasty complexes, it likely featured a harbor basin, pylon gateway, and open courtyard for ceremonial gatherings, though these elements remain unexcavated and known only through geophysical surveys and comparisons to excavated parallels such as the valley temples of Teti and Pepi II.^[33] No modern archaeological digs have targeted this structure as of 2025, limiting direct evidence to surface traces and remote sensing data indicating its position approximately 400 meters northeast of the mortuary temple.^[28] The causeway linking the mortuary temple to the valley temple descends eastward across the Saqqara plateau, measuring about 400 meters in length and incorporating two sharp turns to navigate the terrain toward the ancient Nile branch.^[28] This covered corridor, typical of Old Kingdom designs, would have facilitated the annual Opet festival processions and daily cult rituals, potentially adorned with reliefs depicting royal victories and offerings, though such decorations are buried under accumulated sand and have not been systematically explored.^[33] Excavation efforts have cleared only the initial few meters from the mortuary temple end, revealing no major artifacts beyond scattered limestone fragments, with the remainder preserved in situ due to the site's protected status and ongoing preservation priorities.^[33] Adjacent to the valley temple area, the pyramid town—known anciently as niwt Mn-nfr-Ppy ("City of the Perfection of Pepi")—housed the priests, officials, and support staff responsible for sustaining the perpetual mortuary cult of the deified king, including bakeries for ritual bread production and administrative buildings for offerings management. Located on the western flank of what was then Memphis Island, near the pyramid of Teti and close to the Nile's western branch, this settlement marked an early instance of integrating royal cult infrastructure with the emerging urban core of Memphis, whose name derives from the pyramid's epithet Mn-nfr.^[34] Archaeological investigations have not yet uncovered the town's full layout, relying instead on textual references from later decrees and comparative evidence from pyramid towns like that of Pepi II, with potential for future geophysical mapping to reveal housing clusters and cult facilities.

Cult Pyramid

The cult pyramid of Pepi I is a small subsidiary structure situated in the southeast corner of the pyramid enclosure, serving as a symbolic counterpart to the main pyramid. It measures 5.5 m along each side of its base and was constructed with a mudbrick core encased in fine limestone, mirroring the design of the primary monument on a reduced scale.^[33]^[27] Internally, the cult pyramid features a descending corridor that leads to a single high chamber, where archaeological finds include fragments of statues, stelae, and offering tables, but no burial or Pyramid Texts are present, distinguishing it from the main pyramid's substructure.^[33] This structure symbolized the king's ka, his vital spiritual double, enabling rituals for eternal renewal and the duplication of offerings to perpetuate the royal cult beyond the mortuary temple.^[33]^[7] The outline of the cult pyramid remains well-preserved compared to other elements of the complex, with initial explorations by John Shae Perring in the 1830s and subsequent work in the broader site by Jean Leclant and his team in the late 20th century.^[35]^[33]

Associated Queens' Pyramids

Overview and Layout

The associated queens' pyramids of Pepi I form a cluster of at least eight small structures located southwest of his main pyramid in South Saqqara, integrated into the royal funerary landscape.^[36] These pyramids, with bases measuring approximately 15–31 meters per side, were designed on a reduced scale compared to the pharaoh's monument, emphasizing their subsidiary role within the complex.^[37] The primary purpose of these pyramids was to provide eternal cult spaces for Pepi I's queens, linking their afterlife rituals to the pharaoh's divine kingship through shared offerings and proximity to his tomb, which underscored the polygamous structure of the Sixth Dynasty court where multiple consorts held significant status.^[36] Common architectural features include mudbrick cores encased in limestone, combined chapel and burial chamber layouts for ritual access and interment, and occasional inscriptions of Pyramid Texts to aid the deceased in the afterlife journey.^[37] These structures were identified progressively over time, beginning with early explorations in the 1880s that noted subsidiary features near Pepi I's pyramid, and continuing through systematic excavations by the Mission Archéologique Française de Saqqara (MAFS) from the late 1980s to 2017, which uncovered and mapped the full ensemble.^[36] This ongoing work has revealed the queens' pyramids as integral to Pepi I's extensive family network, reflecting the pharaoh's marital alliances and the evolving royal burial practices of the Old Kingdom.^[37]

Pyramids of Ankhesenpepi II and III

The pyramid of Ankhesenpepi II represents the largest structure among the queens' pyramids associated with Pepi I's complex at Saqqara, measuring approximately 31.4 meters on each side at its base. Excavated in 1998 by the Mission archéologique française de Saqqara (later the Mission archéologique franco-suisse de Saqqara), the substructure yielded 1,617 inscribed limestone fragments that were reassembled to reveal the burial chamber walls covered in Pyramid Texts—the first known occurrence of such inscriptions in a non-royal pyramid.^[38] These texts comprise 937 columns with at least 421 spells, including a brief selection of utterances adapted for a female beneficiary (such as replacing masculine pronouns with feminine forms) and ten new spells (TP 1201–1210) not attested in royal pyramids; they underscore her elevated role as wife to both Pepi I and Merenre I, mother of Pepi II, and regent during his early reign in the mid-6th Dynasty (ca. 2270–2200 BCE).^[38] The adjacent mortuary chapel features a limestone false door for offerings, with inscriptions affirming her titles as "King's Mother" and emphasizing her semi-independent cult, distinct from but complementary to the pharaoh's.^[38] Positioned immediately north of Ankhesenpepi II's pyramid and southwest of Pepi I's main structure, the pyramid of Ankhesenpepi III is notably smaller, with a base of about 15 meters per side. Discovered in 1932–1933 during excavations led by Gustave Jéquier as part of the broader Saqqara surveys, it includes a serdab for ka statues and a dedicated offering room adjacent to the burial chamber, reflecting a compact but functional layout typical of secondary royal tombs. Pyramid Texts appear in the substructure, comprising a selection of utterances similar to those in contemporary royal pyramids but tailored to her identity as daughter of Merenre I and wife of Pepi II, highlighting her ties to the transitional phase of the 6th Dynasty. The burial chamber contained a painted sandstone sarcophagus embedded in the floor, topped by a massive pink granite lid reused from an earlier monumental inscription known as the South Saqqara Stone, which records regnal years from the 5th Dynasty onward.^[39] Both pyramids share architectural elements such as granite portcullis slabs and basin fragments in their substructures, indicating high-quality construction materials reserved for elite burials. Despite extensive ancient looting, excavations recovered statue fragments, including a wooden head likely depicting Ankhesenpepi II from near her pyramid in 2017, suggesting the presence of cult statues in both complexes.^[40] Their proximity and parallel features— including adapted Pyramid Texts and independent chapels—demonstrate a joint emphasis on the queens' cults, providing key evidence for the evolving autonomy of royal women in Old Kingdom funerary practices during the 6th Dynasty.^[38]

Pyramids of Other Queens

The pyramid of Nubwenet, a consort of Pepi I, stands as the easternmost structure in the queens' necropolis at South Saqqara, featuring a modest limestone construction with a base measuring approximately 21 meters and an estimated original height of 21 meters. Its substructure includes a north-side entrance leading to a chapel and burial chamber with a basic offering setup, but lacks Pyramid Texts, distinguishing it from more elaborate royal tombs of the period.^[10] Adjacent to Pepi I's main pyramid lies the structure of Inenek-Inti, another wife who held the title of vizier and is credited with overseeing its design and construction, as indicated by inscribed blocks bearing her name and architectural roles.^[27] This simple pyramid, with a base and height of about 21 meters, incorporates a descending corridor, antechamber, and burial chamber adorned with inscriptions, along with a dedicated cult pyramid and mortuary chapel for offerings. To the southwest, an anonymous pyramid—possibly belonging to Meritites IV—remains largely unexcavated, with minimal architectural remains including a small chapel and basic substructure, highlighting the varying degrees of preservation among the queens' monuments.^[2] Further along the "queens' street," the pyramid of Mehaa, a wife of Pepi I, includes an associated building for her son Hornetjerikhet, featuring reliefs with the prince's image and titles, though the structure itself is eroded and lacks extensive textual decoration.^[7] Nearby, the pyramid of Behenu, identified as a queen of the Sixth Dynasty (possibly consort to Pepi I or Pepi II), measures 25 meters in length and contains a burial chamber with Pyramid Texts on its walls, including spells for the afterlife journey, alongside an intact granite sarcophagus engraved with her titles; the site was uncovered by a French archaeological mission in 2007.^[41] These secondary queens' pyramids share common traits of smaller scale compared to the prominent monuments of Ankhesenpepi II and III, utilizing the shared cemetery south and west of Pepi I's complex for familial integration, though their preservation varies due to quarrying and environmental factors, with some retaining chapels and minimal substructures while others are heavily ruined.^[2]

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The six-stepped pyramid core was constructed by using small pieces of limestone bound with clay mortar. The casing of fine white limestone is intact only at the ...Missing: techniques workforce
[30]
https://www.ancient-egypt.org/history/old-kingdom/6th-dynasty/pepi-i/pyramid-complex-of-pepi-i/mortuary-temple-of-pepi-i.html
[31]
Mortuary Temple of Pepi I | The Ancient Egypt Site
A desolate view over the few remains Pepi I's funerary temple. Several limestone statues of bound and beheaded enemies, were found in this temple.
[32]
[PDF] 335 NUNTII Fouilles et travaux en Égypte et au Soudan, 1988-1989 ...
Mar 19, 1989 · 136 Pourl'organisation de la Mission Archéologique Française de Saqqarah, on se ... funéraires de Pépi I, M. Wuttmann a procédé au remontage de la ...
[33]
The Pyramid Complex of Pepi I - The Ancient Egypt Site
However, by this time, the name of the main pyramid was extended to the nearby temple of Ptah and to the city where this temple was located: Men-nefer > Memphis ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[34]
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANCEINT EGYPTIAN ROYAL ...
Moving north to Saqqara, we find the first attempt at constructing a pyramid. Here the founder of Dynasty III, King Djoser and his architect Imhotep, set a new ...
[35]
Pyramid of Pepi I - Crystalinks
The pyramid had a base length of around 20 m (66 ft; 38 cu), the same as Nebuunet's, but the ruins stand a paltry 3 m (9.8 ft; 5.7 cu) tall. Entry into the ...
[36]
[PDF] Recent discoveries of the Mission archéologique franco-suisse de ...
The Mission archéologique française de. Saqqâra (= MAFS) (French archaeolo- gical mission of Saqqara) was founded in. 1963 by Professor Jean Leclant and the.
[37]
[PDF] The Treasures of the Pyramids - Harvard University
THE PYRAMIDS OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY. Text by Audran Labrousse. Architect and Doctor of, Literature and Human. Sciences, he earned his Ph.D. at the University of.
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Les textes de la pyramide de la reine Ânkhesenpépy II - IFAO
The present edition provides facsimiles of the four reassembled inscribed walls, reconstructed from the 1 617 fragments discovered during the excavation, as ...Missing: report | Show results with:report
[39]
History | Ancient Egypt: A Very Short Introduction - Oxford Academic
A similar Old Kingdom set of annals, known as the South Saqqara Stone, was found in the 1930s, having been recycled as the sarcophagus lid of Ankhesenpepi, one ...
[40]
Statue of Egyptian Queen Unearthed Near Giza Pyramids
Oct 18, 2017 · The newly discovered wooden head likely portrays the sixth-dynasty ruler, Queen Ankhnespepy II (also spelled Ankhesenpepi II), the ministry said.
[41]
Spell-covered burial chamber found in Egypt's Saqqara | Reuters
Mar 4, 2010 · Behenu's 25-meter-long pyramid was discovered in 2007 along with seven queen pyramids belonging to Inenek, Nubunet, Meretites II, Ankhespepy ...
[42]
Pyramid - Ancient Egypt - History and Chronology
Length of pyramid's side 72,3m, angle of slope 53° and primary height ... Name of the pyramid Mennefer-Pepi became later name of a city built around ...Missing: nefer- current