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Teti

Teti (c. 2323–2291 BC) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who founded the Sixth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, succeeding Unas of the Fifth Dynasty and marking a transition in royal lineage through his marriage to Iput, a daughter of Unas.^[1]^[2]^[3] His reign, estimated at around 12 to 33 years based on ancient king lists like the Turin Canon, focused on maintaining centralized authority, as evidenced by royal decrees such as the one exempting the Abydos temple from taxes, and fostering cults like that of Hathor at Dendera.^[1]^[4] Teti's most notable monument is his pyramid complex at Saqqara, the second after Unas to incorporate Pyramid Texts—hieroglyphic spells intended to aid the king's ascent to the afterlife—signaling evolving funerary beliefs during the late Old Kingdom.^[2]^[5] The complex includes a main pyramid, satellite pyramids for queens, a mortuary temple, and a surrounding cemetery for high officials, reflecting the era's architectural and administrative prominence.^[1] His successor was likely his son Pepi I, though a brief rule by Userkare has sparked debate over possible intrigue or assassination at the end of Teti's life, as hinted in ancient accounts.^[3]^[4]

Names and Titles

Royal Cartouches

In the Old Kingdom, the royal titulary of Egyptian pharaohs typically comprised five distinct names, each enclosed within specific symbolic frames and serving to affirm the king's divine authority, unity over the Two Lands (Upper and Lower Egypt), and eternal role as intermediary between gods and humanity. This system, fully developed by the Fifth Dynasty, included the Horus name (emphasizing the king's falcon-god incarnation), the Nebty name (honoring the protective goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet of Upper and Lower Egypt), the Golden Horus name (symbolizing eternal power and solar associations), the prenomen (throne name, often in a cartouche denoting the king's official identity), and the nomen (birth name, also in a cartouche). These names were inscribed on monuments, seals, and official artifacts to propagate royal ideology, with cartouches—oval enclosures representing the king's dominion over the cosmos—primarily used for the prenomen and nomen.^[6] Teti's titulary adhered to this framework, with his names reflecting themes of pacification, unity, and divine favor central to Sixth Dynasty ideology. His Nebty name, sḥtp nb.tj (transliterated as Sehetep-nebty), meaning "The one who pacifies the Two Ladies," underscored the king's role in harmonizing the dual realms of Egypt under the goddesses' protection; a variant, ḥtp nb.tj ("The Two Ladies are at peace"), appears on select artifacts. The Golden Horus name, smȝ bik nbw ("The golden falcon unites"), evoked the pharaoh's eternal, unifying force akin to the sun god, with a simpler variant bik nbw ("The golden falcon") attested in some inscriptions. These names are documented on items such as a copper-alloy sistrum now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where they accompany ritual dedications to Hathor.^[7]^[2] The prenomen, sḥtp-tȝ.wy (Seheteptawy), enclosed in a cartouche and meaning "He who pacifies the Two Lands," encapsulated Teti's ideological mission to restore order (ma'at) and consolidate power across Egypt, a motif echoed in his Horus name of the same form. This name appears prominently on seals, stelae from Saqqara, and pyramid temple reliefs, often paired with epithets invoking solar divinity. The nomen, sȝ rʿ tti ("The son of Re, Teti"), in cartouche, identified his personal lineage from the sun god Ra while preserving his birth name tti (Teti), whose etymology remains obscure but was extended in some contexts as tti mr n pṯḥ ("Teti, beloved of Ptah") on later king lists like the Turin Canon. These cartouche names, inscribed on administrative seals and votive objects from sites including Abydos and Heliopolis, symbolized Teti's legitimacy and eternal sovereignty, reinforcing the pharaoh's role as unifier amid potential dynastic transitions.^[7]^[8]

Horus Name and Epithets

Teti's Horus name, Sehoteptawy, rendered in hieroglyphs as s-ḥtp-tꜢwy, translates to "He who pacifies the Two Lands," emphasizing the pharaoh's role in unifying and stabilizing Upper and Lower Egypt.^[1]^[7] This designation, the oldest component of the royal titulary, symbolically positioned Teti as the living embodiment of Horus, the falcon god of kingship, tasked with restoring order after the perceived transitions and potential unrest at the end of the Fifth Dynasty.^[9]^[10] The name's focus on pacification served as ideological propaganda, promoting Teti's legitimacy by invoking divine authority to quell any discord and ensure cosmic harmony, a common motif in Old Kingdom royal symbolism.^[6] Attestations of Sehoteptawy appear in early reign contexts, including a sistrum handle from Saqqara now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where it is inscribed alongside invocations for the king's eternal life, reinforcing themes of enduring protection under Horus's aegis.^[2] Further evidence comes from king lists and scholarly compilations, such as Jürgen von Beckerath's Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, confirming its consistent use in official records.^[11] These elements, integrated within the broader royal cartouches, underscored Teti's mission to safeguard the realm's stability through divine endorsement.^[7]

Family Background

Parents and Ancestry

Teti's immediate parentage reflects the transitional nature of royal succession at the end of the Fifth Dynasty and the beginning of the Sixth. His mother was Queen Sesheshet, a figure of considerable influence who is attested through her titles and monumental burial adjacent to her son's pyramid complex at Saqqara. Sesheshet's pyramid, discovered in 2008 during excavations led by Zahi Hawass, measures approximately 22 meters on each side with a height of 14 meters and features a corbelled burial chamber containing remains thought to be hers, underscoring her status and Teti's efforts to honor her legacy.^[12] This structure, one of the earliest known subsidiary pyramids for a non-royal consort, highlights her pivotal role in facilitating Teti's accession amid potential instability following the death of Unas, the last king of the Fifth Dynasty.^[13] The identity of Teti's father remains unattested in surviving records, with no contemporary inscriptions or artifacts naming him. Scholarly analysis of succession patterns suggests he was likely a high-ranking noble or official rather than a direct descendant of Fifth Dynasty royalty, as no evidence links Teti biologically to Unas or his predecessors.^[13] This lack of royal paternal lineage indicates that Teti's rise may have relied on alliances, administrative support, and his mother's connections within the elite circles of the late Old Kingdom.^[14] Teti's ancestry thus embodies the dynastic shift from the Fifth to the Sixth Dynasty, a period marked by efforts to consolidate power after Unas's reign. Sesheshet's prominence, possibly stemming from her own noble origins, helped bridge potential gaps in legitimacy, enabling Teti to establish a stable foundation for the new dynasty through familial and institutional ties. No siblings of Teti are definitively attested, though the broader context of elite intermarriages points to extended networks that reinforced his rule.^[13]

Wives

Teti's principal wife was Iput I, the daughter of his predecessor Unas, who bore the titles "King's Daughter," "King's Wife," and later "King's Mother" following the accession of her son Pepi I.^[13] Her pyramid, located adjacent to Teti's in the Saqqara necropolis, attests to her high status, with inscriptions confirming her royal lineage and marital role in linking the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties.^[15] Another attested queen was Khuit II, whose pyramid was constructed near Teti's complex, suggesting her prominence as a chief consort; archaeological evidence indicates that work on her tomb began prior to that of Iput I.^[15] Inscriptions from her pyramid identify her with titles such as "King's Wife" and "King's Mother," though her exact parentage of Teti's children remains uncertain based on available textual fragments.^[16] In 2021, excavations at Saqqara revealed the funerary temple of Queen Neith, a previously undocumented wife of Teti, confirming her as a principal queen through her name inscribed on temple walls and a fallen obelisk.^[17] This discovery, led by Zahi Hawass, highlights Neith's role in the royal cult, with her associated satellite pyramid further underscoring her political and religious significance during Teti's reign.^[15]

Reign

Chronology and Duration

Teti is recognized as the founder of Egypt's Sixth Dynasty, immediately succeeding Unas at the close of the Fifth Dynasty around the mid-24th century BC.^[18] Modern reconstructions of absolute chronology, drawing on radiocarbon dating, astronomical alignments, and synchronisms with Near Eastern records, place the start of his reign circa 2323 BC. Ancient sources provide conflicting durations for Teti's rule, highlighting uncertainties in the historical record. The Turin King List, a hieratic papyrus from the Ramesside period compiling royal reigns, assigns Teti approximately 12 years, though the entry is partially damaged and requires reconstruction from surviving fragments.^[19] This shorter estimate aligns with contemporary evidence from the South Saqqara Stone, an annalistic document recording six cattle counts during his reign—typically biennial events tied to Nile flood cycles—indicating a minimum of 12 years.^[20] In contrast, the Ptolemaic-era historian Manetho credits Teti (whom he calls Othoes) with 33 years, a figure widely regarded as inflated, possibly incorporating later attributions or scribal errors. The Palermo Stone, a basalt slab preserving Fifth Dynasty annals up to Unas, offers relative dating through detailed Nile inundation heights and festival records, enabling scholars to position Teti's accession shortly after Unas's death and link it to dated inscriptions on his monuments.^[21] Debate persists regarding potential overlap or co-regency with Userkare, the ephemeral second ruler of the Sixth Dynasty, whose brief 1–4 year reign appears in the Turin King List between Teti and Pepi I; some evidence from titulary variations suggests Userkare may have acted as a transitional figure during Teti's final years.^[22] Overall, integrating these sources yields a modern reign estimate of circa 2323–2291 BC, encompassing about 32 years while accounting for the damaged 12-year Turin attribution as a core effective period.^[18]

Administrative and Military Achievements

Teti's administrative achievements marked a transitional phase in the Sixth Dynasty, characterized by structural reforms to the vizierate and efforts to consolidate central authority amid growing provincial influences. He streamlined the vizierate by consolidating key functions, such as oversight of the six great houses (imy-r ḥwt-wrt-6), seal bearer of the king of Lower Egypt (ḥtm(t)y-bity), and overseer of Upper Egypt (imy-r Šmaw), under a single high-ranking official, elevating all viziers to the ranks of hereditary prince (iry-paḥt) and count (ḥaty-a).^[23] This reform, distinct from the Fifth Dynasty's hierarchical model, emphasized mortuary and ceremonial duties, reviving archaic titles like sole one among the wearers of the feather (wa-m-mrw ḥb) to align with royal pyramid cults.^[23] Teti also introduced marriage alliances between royal daughters and high officials, including viziers, to secure loyalty and political stability, a practice that empowered the nobility while reinforcing Memphis-based governance.^[23] Additionally, Teti issued a decree exempting the temple of Osiris at Abydos from various taxes and labor obligations, demonstrating support for religious institutions and central control over provincial resources.^[24] He was the first king associated with the cult of Hathor at Dendera, fostering ties to important provincial religious centers.^[4] A prominent example of these reforms is the appointment of Mereruka as vizier, who held an unprecedented 84 titles, including chief justice, overseer of the royal palaces' protection—a new role under Teti—and high priest of Re, reflecting a blend of administrative, judicial, and religious authority.^[25] As Teti's son-in-law, Mereruka's tenure emphasized security and resource management during a period of potential instability, with his tomb scenes depicting strict oversight of accounts, including corporal punishments for discrepancies, which influenced later administrative practices.^[25] Teti extended administrative reach into Upper Egyptian provinces by appointing governors, such as Isi in Nome 2 (Ta-Seti) and Wenisankh in Nome 4 (Nḫwt), to oversee local production and prevent economic losses to provincial elites, thereby bolstering central revenues from agriculture and trade.^[26] These policies facilitated a noticeable shift of wealth toward high officials, evidenced by the construction of expansive mastabas near Teti's pyramid at Saqqara, such as Mereruka's elaborate multi-chapel tomb, which spanned three sections and featured detailed depictions of administrative and daily life, underscoring the officials' elevated status and access to resources.^[23] This decentralization of wealth supported a burgeoning bureaucracy but also highlighted tensions with the powerful priesthood of Re at Heliopolis.^[26] On the military front, Teti's Horus name, Sḥtp-tȝwy ("He who pacifies the Two Lands"), symbolized efforts to stabilize borders and maintain security, continuing Old Kingdom traditions of expeditions to secure resources like turquoise from the Sinai and copper from Nubia.^[27] Officials' biographies from the early Sixth Dynasty, such as that of Weni, record the organization of multi-ethnic troops, including Nubian groups like the Medjay and Irtjet, for southern reconnaissance and resource procurement under Teti's successors, building on administrative foundations laid during his reign. These operations protected trade routes and quelled nomadic threats.^[28] Economic policies under Teti emphasized trade facilitation, with provincial appointments aimed at channeling agricultural surpluses and mineral resources from Upper Egypt to Memphis, as detailed in governors' titles and biographies that highlight oversight of estates and expeditions.^[26] This approach mitigated declining Nile productivity by redirecting provincial outputs to royal and elite needs, fostering stability through controlled resource flows.^[26]

Children and Succession

Known Sons

Teti's primary male heir was Pepi I, who succeeded him as the second pharaoh of the Sixth Dynasty and whose parentage is directly attested through a decree from Coptos (Coptos Decree A) granting tax exemptions to the ka-chapel of his mother, Queen Iput, explicitly identifying her as the mother of the king.^[29] Pepi I bore royal titles from an early age, including "Horus Mery-Re," and constructed early monuments such as his pyramid complex at Saqqara, which reinforced his legitimacy as Teti's successor and ensured the continuity of the dynasty.^[30] Another attested son was Nebkauhor, also known by the name Idu, who held the prestigious title "eldest son of the king of his body," indicating his status as a favored heir apparent.^[31] He was interred in a mastaba tomb at Saqqara that originally belonged to the vizier Akhethetep (Hemi) from the Fifth Dynasty, which Nebkauhor usurped, as evidenced by inscriptions and seals found within the structure that link him directly to Teti.^[32] These artifacts, including stelae, confirm his royal lineage but suggest he predeceased his father without ascending the throne. Tetiankhkem, a son of Teti and Queen Khuit, is known from his mastaba tomb adjacent to Teti's pyramid complex at Saqqara, where inscriptions identify him as a royal prince and crown prince with administrative titles.^[30] Although he did not become king, fragmentary evidence from the site points to a prominent non-royal role in the court, potentially in oversight of royal estates or vizierial duties, highlighting the distribution of power among Teti's male offspring to support dynastic stability.

Known Daughters

Teti had several known daughters, many of whom shared the name Seshseshet after his mother and held the title of King's Daughter, signifying their direct royal lineage. These princesses were instrumental in consolidating power through marriages to high-ranking officials, a common strategy in the Old Kingdom to bind the nobility to the throne. Evidence from mastaba tombs in the Teti Cemetery at Saqqara reveals their prominent status and roles in religious cults, particularly those dedicated to Hathor.^[33] Among the attested daughters is Watetkhethor, also called Seshseshet, who bore the titles King's Daughter and Priestess of Hathor; she married the vizier Mereruka, and their elaborate joint mastaba (now known as Mastaba 39) at Saqqara attests to her elevated position and the couple's shared burial arrangements.^[33]^[34] Another, Nubkhethor, similarly titled King's Daughter, wed the vizier Kagemni, whose large mastaba complex nearby underscores the political alliances forged by such unions.^[33] Two further Seshseshets, both King's Daughters, married nobles of significant rank: one to Neferseshemptah, Overseer of the Great Court, and the other to Shepsespuptah, Count and Keeper of the Royal Headdress, as recorded in inscriptions from associated tombs.^[33] Seshseshet Idut, titled King's Daughter of his body, possessed an independent mastaba in the Unas Cemetery at Saqqara, originally built for the vizier Ihy under Unas but usurped and adapted during Teti's reign; the tomb's nine rooms, including offering chapels and storerooms, highlight her high status and involvement in mortuary cult practices.^[35] These burials, clustered around Teti's pyramid, reflect the daughters' integration into the elite necropolis and their role in perpetuating royal cultic traditions. Some daughters may trace their maternal lineage to Teti's wives, including Khuit.^[35]

Death and Succession

Theories on Assassination

The primary historical account of Teti's death comes from the Egyptian priest Manetho, writing in the 3rd century BCE, who states that Teti (known to him as Othoes), after ruling for 30 years, was assassinated by his own bodyguards in a conspiracy originating within the royal harem. Manetho's Aegyptiaca provides the earliest surviving reference to a pharaoh's violent end, though composed nearly 2,000 years after the events and preserved only in later epitomes by Africanus and Eusebius, which may introduce interpretive variations. No contemporary Egyptian inscriptions or documents directly corroborate Manetho's claim, with the absence of records from Teti's late reign—particularly after his 12th regnal year, when administrative texts like cattle-count annals cease—suggesting a period of instability that could align with a coup.^[36] Scholars generally estimate Teti's reign at around 12 years, although Manetho attributed 30 years to his rule, placing the alleged assassination toward its close, potentially disrupting preparations for a sed festival renewal rite.^[13] Modern Egyptologists, such as Naguib Kanawati, lend credence to Manetho's narrative by interpreting archaeological evidence like the deliberate erasure of high-ranking viziers' names from Saqqara mastabas as signs of post-assassination purges, implying political intrigue among elite officials or a faction led by the ephemeral ruler Userkare, who briefly succeeded Teti in a succession anomaly lasting 1–4 years.^[37] Some theories posit Userkare as Teti's son or co-regent turned usurper, exploiting palace rivalries to seize power before Teti's heir Pepy I restored stability.^[13] Claims of skeletal evidence, such as wounds on remains purportedly linked to Teti, remain speculative due to the unidentified or unrecovered state of his mummy, with no forensic analysis confirming violence.^[37] In the cultural milieu of the Old Kingdom, harem politics often intertwined with royal succession, as secondary wives and their kin vied for influence over heirs, a dynamic echoed in administrative texts and biographical inscriptions that highlight the oversight of palace women by viziers and priests.^[38] While no Old Kingdom literary tale explicitly details a harem plot against Teti, broader evidence from the period, including the structured role of the jpt nswt (royal harem institution), underscores how such intrigues could escalate to regicide, paralleling later documented conspiracies.^[39]

Immediate Successors

Userkare ascended the throne immediately following Teti's death, reigning for a brief period of 2 to 4 years in the Sixth Dynasty, as indicated by the spatial allocation in the South Saqqara royal annals fragment. His exact relation to Teti remains a subject of debate among Egyptologists, with some proposing he was a son of Teti by Queen Khuit or another consort, while others suggest he was an unrelated usurper who capitalized on the instability surrounding Teti's demise.^[12]^[37] Userkare's rule is attested in king lists such as the Abydos King List, but he left scant monumental evidence, limited primarily to seal impressions and no known funerary complex, which has fueled speculation about a deliberate erasure of his legacy or simply the brevity of his tenure.^[40] The transition to Pepi I, widely accepted as Teti's son by Queen Iput I, marked a restoration of Teti's direct lineage, with Pepi I's accession supported by year counts in administrative papyri and inscriptions that align sequentially after Userkare's interregnum.^[37]^[41] This shift implies dynastic implications of a possible coup or power struggle in the immediate aftermath of Teti's death, potentially linked to assassination theories, though Userkare's motivations and ties remain unresolved.^[37] Pepi I's subsequent rule stabilized the Sixth Dynasty, evidenced by renewed administrative continuity and monumental projects that reaffirmed the royal line's authority.^[26]

Monuments and Legacy

Pyramid of Teti

The Pyramid of Teti is situated in the southern portion of the Saqqara necropolis, within the pyramid field immediately south of the Fifth Dynasty pyramid of Userkaf and north of those of later Sixth Dynasty kings. Constructed as Teti's primary burial monument during his reign in the mid-24th century BCE, it exemplifies the true pyramid form that had become standard by the Sixth Dynasty, evolving from the stepped designs of earlier periods like Djoser's at Saqqara. With a square base measuring 78.5 meters per side and an original height of 52.5 meters—dimensions corresponding to 150 by 100 royal cubits—the pyramid's slope was approximately 53 degrees, achieving a smooth-sided profile through its outer casing.^[42] The core was built using roughly hewn blocks of local limestone arranged in horizontal, stepped accretions, with internal voids filled by rubble and construction debris to reduce material costs and labor. This core was originally sheathed in high-quality, polished Tura limestone blocks, sourced from quarries across the Nile, to create a gleaming, seamless exterior that symbolized the sun's rays and the pharaoh's eternal ascent. The pyramid's substructure featured a north-facing entrance leading to a descending passage lined with Aswan granite portcullises for security, transitioning to a horizontal corridor, vestibule, antechamber, and the main burial chamber oriented east-west. The burial chamber housed an unfinished sarcophagus carved from greywacke basalt alongside a pit for a canopic chest, reflecting standard Old Kingdom funerary provisions.^[42] A defining feature of the pyramid's interior is the presence of Pyramid Texts inscribed in vertical columns on the walls of the burial chamber, antechamber, and portions of the adjacent passage, marking the second known royal use of these hieroglyphic spells after their debut in the pyramid of Unas. These texts, comprising over 200 utterances in Teti's case, invoke solar and stellar deities to ensure the king's transformation into an akh spirit and safe passage through the afterlife, emphasizing themes of resurrection and divine kingship central to late Old Kingdom theology. While some scholars debate the completeness of Teti's corpus due to ancient damage, the inscriptions confirm their adaptation from Unas's version, with innovations like the "recitation" monogram (dd-mdw) appearing for the first time.^[43] The complex was linked to the Nile floodplain via a causeway and valley temple, though these surface elements have largely eroded or been quarried away. The pyramid's exploration began in the mid-19th century under Auguste Mariette, director of Egyptian antiquities, who initiated clearance of the site around 1854 amid his broader Saqqara campaigns. Systematic excavation of the substructure occurred in 1881, ordered by Mariette and conducted by his successors, uncovering the empty sarcophagus and Texts amid evidence of ancient robbery. Further work in the 1920s by Cecil M. Firth focused on surrounding areas but confirmed the pyramid's poor preservation. Today, the superstructure stands as a low, eroded mound of core rubble, vulnerable to sand encroachment, while the accessible substructure preserves key architectural and textual evidence; subsidiary pyramids for Teti's queens and family lie adjacent to the southeast.^[44]^[42]

Subsidiary Pyramids and Temples

The subsidiary pyramids in Teti's pyramid complex at Saqqara served as burial sites for royal family members, complementing the main pyramid as the central feature of the ensemble. Two prominent subsidiary pyramids were constructed for Teti's queens, Iput I and Khuit, located to the north and southeast of the main structure, respectively. Iput I, identified as the mother of Teti's successor Pepi I, had a pyramid approximately 20 meters in height, built primarily of mudbrick with limestone casing, and accompanied by a small mortuary chapel for cult rituals.^[45] Khuit's pyramid, similarly modest in scale and material, reflects her status as another principal consort, though her exact relation to Teti's lineage remains debated among Egyptologists.^[45] These structures underscore the integration of royal consorts into the pharaoh's funerary landscape. A third subsidiary pyramid, belonging to Queen Sesheshet—Teti's mother and a key figure linking him to the Fifth Dynasty—was discovered in 2008 during excavations south of the main pyramid. Measuring about 14 meters in height, it was constructed mainly of mudbrick with a limestone outer layer, and its identification was confirmed by inscriptions and architectural alignment with Teti's complex.^[46] This discovery affirmed Sesheshet's prominent maternal role in legitimizing Teti's rule. Additionally, a small cult pyramid, positioned east of the main pyramid, functioned symbolically as a protective or ritual adjunct, typical of Old Kingdom designs to ensure the pharaoh's eternal offerings.^[47] The funerary temples associated with these pyramids facilitated ongoing cult practices and offerings to sustain the ka (life force) of Teti and his family. The primary mortuary temple, adjoining the east face of the main pyramid, featured a non-standard layout with an open courtyard, offering hall, and statue niches designed for daily rituals, including the presentation of food and incense.^[48] Integration with a temple dedicated to Queen Neith, another consort, included shared architectural elements like aligned causeways, allowing coordinated ceremonies that honored multiple royal figures. These spaces ensured the continuity of family cults, providing ritual environments for priests to perform eternal veneration and maintain ancestral ties beyond the pharaoh's death.^[49]

Archaeological Discoveries

In 2008, a joint Egyptian archaeological team led by Zahi Hawass discovered a subsidiary pyramid at Saqqara belonging to Queen Sesheshet, mother of Pharaoh Teti and a key figure in the Sixth Dynasty. The structure, originally estimated at 14 meters in height with a base measuring 22 meters per side, represents one of the most intact subsidiary pyramids found in the Saqqara necropolis, highlighting the architectural integration within Teti's pyramid complex. This find underscores Sesheshet's prominent role in supporting her son's reign and preserving royal lineage continuity.^[50] Excavations in 2021 by Hawass's team at Saqqara revealed the funerary temple of Queen Neith, a previously undocumented wife of Teti, located adjacent to his pyramid. The temple features limestone statues and hieroglyphic inscriptions that explicitly confirm Neith's status as a royal consort, providing new evidence of the pharaoh's marital alliances and the roles of his queens in Old Kingdom rituals. This discovery reestablishes Neith's historical presence, which had been obscured in prior records.^[51] The same 2021 efforts yielded additional artifacts, including a cache of over 50 sarcophagi and associated mummies from the New Kingdom period, unearthed in burial shafts near Teti's pyramid area. These finds illustrate the prolonged use of Saqqara as a necropolis across dynasties, bridging Old Kingdom royal monuments with later interments and offering insights into evolving burial practices.^[15] In January 2025, a joint French-Swiss archaeological mission discovered the mastaba tomb of Teti Neb Fu, a high-ranking royal physician from the Sixth Dynasty during the reign of Pepi II, in the southern part of Saqqara near Teti's pyramid complex. The tomb, dating to around 2200 BCE, contains carved reliefs depicting medical and ritual scenes, highlighting advanced Old Kingdom knowledge of medicine, magic, and elite funerary customs. This find enriches understanding of the necropolis's role in accommodating high officials associated with the dynasty.^[52] Ongoing joint Japanese-Egyptian archaeological missions, led by institutions such as Kanazawa University, continue excavations in the northern Saqqara region, uncovering mastabas, rock-cut tombs, and artifacts from the Early Dynastic Period and later eras. These efforts expand knowledge of Saqqara's development as a necropolis across multiple dynasties.^[53]

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[PDF] The Tomb of Mereruka: a document on his life and character
Mereruka played an important role during the reign of King Teti, but he may have also left his mark on the Egyptian administration and way of life for the ...
[25]
[PDF] The provincial policies of Teti, Pepy I and Merenre in Upper Egypt
This paper investigates the provincial administration of Upper Egypt in the reigns of the first three kings of the Sixth Dynasty, Teti, Pepy I and Merenre ...Missing: parentage | Show results with:parentage
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Old Kingdom Egyptian Activity in Nubia: Some Reconsiderations - jstor
the Egyptians.3 Yamites had served in the Egyptian army under Weni,4 and are me tioned as serving in Egypt in the Dahshur decree.5 It is clear that Yamites had ...
[27]
the alleged military campaign in southern palestine in the reign of ...
... Sinai Peninsula, since the work there was carried out by occasional expeditions and there were no permanent installations there which would have needed.
[28]
Pyramid Complex of Teti - Discover Egypt's Monuments
Teti (c.2345–2323 BC), the first ruler of the Sixth Dynasty, built his pyramidal complex not far from the Step Pyramid of Djoser (c.2667–2648 BC), ...
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[PDF] Towards a New History for the Egyptian Old Kingdom
The state is seen as the hand guiding economic poli- cies, using taxation to support state activities such as (but not limited to) building. This paper ...
[30]
[PDF] UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology - eScholarship.org
Sep 17, 2017 · Userkara was succeeded by. Pepy I, the son of Teti and Queen Iput. Indications point towards a conflict between Pepy I and the family of Teti.
[31]
[PDF] THE AUST-RALIAN CENTRE FOR EGYPTO:tOGY
Teti's chief queen, Iput, daughter of Unis. If so, she was the full sister ... As Teti had two known wives, lput and Khuit, Sheshit might be the eldest ...
[32]
Old Kingdom, New Perspectives: Egyptian Art and Archaeology ...
The tomb of Nebkauhor was excavated by Selim Hassan in mid-October 1937, during the 1937–1938 excavation season at Saqqara of the Egyptian Antiquities Service.
[33]
[PDF] The iconography of the princess in the Old Kingdom
daughters of King Teti. At least two of Teti's daughters were married to high officials: Watetkhethor, who was married to the vizier Mereruka, and ...Missing: Pharaoh scholarly
[34]
Watetkhethor - Encyclopedia.com
Princess Priestess of Hathor. King's Daughter. Watetkhethor Sheshat was born sometime before the reign of her father, King Teti.
[35]
[PDF] THE ARCHITECTURE OF MASTABA TOMBS IN THE UNAS ...
for the king's daughter Seshseshet Idut in the reign of Teti. The tomb was part of a fieldwork project led by Kanawati (Macquarie University) and Abder ...
[36]
The provincial policies of Teti, Pepy I and Merenre in Upper Egypt
... assassination of King Teti by his own bodyguards. New evidence from the author's recent excavations is set against the written claims of the ancient ...<|separator|>
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Conspiracies in the Egyptian Palace: Unis to Pepy I - ResearchGate
This original study examines the claims for sensational intrigues in the 6th century Egyptian palace, culminating in the possible assassination of King Teti ...
[38]
(PDF) The Harem Conspiracies in Ancient Egypt - ResearchGate
Many recorded conspiracies throughout the ancient Egyptian long history, causing the death of the king in some incidents.
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https://escholarship.org/content/qt1k3663r3/qt1k3663r3_noSplash_e44631748f90fbb31bf84fc7c0f8a3e3.pdf
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Minor Egyptian king lists | Pharaoh.se
Baud, M & Dobrev, V., 1995. De nouvelles annales de l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Une 'Pierre de Palerme' pour la VIe dynastie. BIFAO, 95: 23-63. Tomb of ...Missing: URL | Show results with:URL
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[PDF] egyptian phyles in the old kingdom
the phyles known from the Egyptian Old Kingdom based on the contemporary evidence and organized, for the most part, by the institutions in which they served ...
[42]
Pyramid of Teti - Madain Project (en)
As was the case with Unas' pyramid, the wall's of Teti's burial chamber, the antechamber and part of the horizontal passage are inscribed with Pyramid Texts.Missing: construction | Show results with:construction
[43]
The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts on JSTOR
The Pyramid Texts of Pepi I, third king of the Sixth Dynasty (ca. 2289–2255 b.c.), are the most extensive of all Pyramid Texts sources. ... Pepi I's corpus also ...
[44]
(PDF) The Discovery of the Pyramid Texts - Academia.edu
The pyramid of Teti was excavated between April 18 and May 29, 1881; again ... The excavation of the pyramids was carried out by order of Mariette, who ...
[45]
The Tomb of Queen Sesheshet - Smithsonian Magazine
Feb 3, 2009 · Its centerpiece is the pyramid of Teti, the first ruler of the 6th dynasty, and the subsidiary pyramids of his two principal wives, queens Iput ...Missing: father | Show results with:father
[46]
4,300-year-old pyramid discovered in Egypt - NBC News
Nov 11, 2008 · The pyramid, found about two months ago in the sand south of Cairo, probably housed the remains of Queen Sesheshet, the mother of King Teti ...
[47]
Pyramid Complex of Teti | The Ancient Egypt Site
The complex consists of the usual elements: a main pyramid entered through an entrance chapel in the north, with a mortuary temple with a smaller satellite ...
[48]
THE PYRAMIDS OF TETI - Tour Egypt
This complex has a number of unusual features, The mortuary temple, located on the east side of the pyramid, has a far from standard floor plan. It was entered ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[49]
The Pyramid of Teti at Saqqara - The Ancient Egypt Site
Children: Nebkauhor (Idu), Pepi I, Sesheshet (Idut), Teti-ankh, Userkare (?), Watet-khet-her. Teti Pyramid Quick Facts. Location: Saqqara; Name: Remaining of ...
[50]
https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/11/12/2417770.htm
[51]
4,200-year-old queen's identity among remarkable new finds in Egypt
Jan 19, 2021 · Her name was finally found, carved on a wall in the temple and also written on a fallen obelisk in the entrance to her tomb.
[52]
New discoveries in Saqqara unveil hidden secrets of ... - Ahram Online
Jan 4, 2025 · Nozomu Kawai, the Japanese mission leader, stated that the excavation work is a collaboration between the SCA and Japan's Kanazawa University.