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Ranula

A ranula is a fluid-filled that forms in the floor of the , typically under the , due to leakage of from a damaged or blocked , most commonly the . It appears as a soft, painless, bluish or translucent swelling resembling the underbelly of a —hence its name, derived from the Latin word for "little frog." Ranulas are a type of , specifically involving major salivary glands, and are classified into two main types: simple (or oral) ranulas, which remain confined to the , and plunging (or cervical) ranulas, which extend through the into the neck. These lesions arise primarily from trauma to the salivary ducts, such as from accidental or during dental procedures, leading to of mucus into surrounding tissues without forming an epithelial lining. Less commonly, they may result from obstruction by sialoliths (salivary stones), mucus plugs, or underlying conditions like chronic inflammation associated with or . Epidemiologically, ranulas have a of approximately 0.2 cases per 1,000 and are most common in teenagers and young adults, with higher incidence reported in and populations; they primarily originate from the . They are benign and non-cancerous, though larger plunging ranulas can cause functional issues like difficulty speaking, swallowing, or breathing if they compress nearby structures. Diagnosis typically involves a clinical to identify the characteristic swelling, supplemented by imaging such as , , or MRI to confirm the extent and rule out mimics like tumors or abscesses, especially for plunging variants. is often conservative if , as small ranulas may resolve spontaneously, but persistent or symptomatic cases require . Options include needle aspiration or for temporary relief, to create an open pathway for drainage, or surgical excision of the affected to prevent recurrence (with rates as low as 0-10% for complete excision but up to 50-70% without). Prognosis is excellent with appropriate management, though plunging ranulas carry a of complications like if untreated.

Clinical Presentation

Signs and Symptoms

A ranula is defined as a translucent, dome-shaped that appears bluish or clear, typically arising from the sublingual salivary gland and located in the floor of the mouth. It presents as a soft, fluctuant mass that elevates the and does not blanch upon compression, often resembling the belly of a —hence the name, derived from the Latin word for . These lesions are usually 2-3 cm in diameter but can grow larger, up to 4 cm or more, depending on the extent of mucus accumulation. The primary symptom is a painless swelling under the , which may go unnoticed if small and . Patients often report a sensation of a lump in the , with the swelling occasionally fluctuating in size due to production. is rare unless secondary occurs, though some discomfort may arise during eating if outflow is obstructed. If the ranula enlarges, it can interfere with tongue movement, leading to difficulties in speech, , and mastication; in severe cases, or challenges with may ensue. Large lesions may also cause a feeling of fullness or in the . Ranulas are distinguished from superficial mucoceles by their location in the floor of the rather than the lips or buccal mucosa, as well as their origin from a major . In cases of plunging ranulas, the may extend into the , presenting as an additional submandibular swelling.

Complications

Ranulas, if left untreated or inadequately managed, can lead to secondary , manifesting as pain, redness, swelling, and fever. These infections may require and antibiotics. Large ranulas pose a risk of airway compromise, resulting in dyspnea or , particularly in pediatric cases where rapid growth can obstruct the upper airway. This life-threatening complication may necessitate emergency intervention, such as or surgical , to restore breathing. Plunging ranulas, which extend through the into the submandibular or parapharyngeal spaces, can compress adjacent neck structures, including the or pharyngeal tissues, leading to , neck swelling, or further airway issues. This extension occurs due to the for leakage, potentially mimicking more serious pathologies like deep neck infections. In cases of partial treatment, such as incomplete excision or , chronic complications including , scarring, or recurrent swelling may develop, driven by ongoing and tissue reaction. These issues can perpetuate a cycle of inflammation and reformation, with recurrence rates up to 63% reported in some conservative approaches. Although ranulas are benign, atypical presentations may raise concerns for malignant mimicry, such as salivary gland neoplasms, necessitating for definitive differentiation. Histopathological examination is crucial when features like rapid growth or solidity deviate from typical cystic behavior. Untreated ranulas can significantly impact , causing eating difficulties and speech impediments that lead to or , especially in children with large lesions interfering with and mastication. These functional impairments may also contribute to withdrawal or nutritional deficits over time.

Etiology and Pathogenesis

Causes

The primary cause of ranula formation is to the or its excretory duct, which leads to rupture and of into surrounding tissues. Such can result from accidental injuries, surgical procedures, or during . Obstruction of the salivary duct also contributes to ranula development, typically due to sialoliths (salivary stones), mucus plugs, or congenital ductal anomalies that impede saliva flow. Iatrogenic factors, including scarring from or complications following dental procedures, can similarly provoke duct blockage or glandular damage. In some cases, ranulas arise idiopathically without identifiable trauma, potentially linked to spontaneous duct rupture. Rare associations exist with conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome, infection, or other chronic inflammatory states that may increase mucus production or alter ductal integrity. Congenital anatomic anomalies, such as dehiscences in the or ectopic s, may predispose to ranula formation by facilitating .

Mechanism

A ranula primarily arises through the extravasation theory, wherein trauma or spontaneous rupture of the or its excretory ducts leads to leakage of into the surrounding connective tissues of the floor of the mouth. This extravasated accumulates without forming a true epithelial lining, resulting in a that expands due to ongoing salivary secretion from the . The process is facilitated by the gland's continuous, low-pressure production of , which dissects along tissue planes rather than being contained by a structured wall. An alternative, less common mechanism involves mucus retention, where obstruction of the sublingual duct—due to factors like sialoliths or —causes backpressure, glandular , and eventual rupture, leading to mucus accumulation. In both scenarios, an inflammatory response ensues, with macrophages ingesting to form muciphages and fibroblasts depositing to create a fibrous pseudocapsule of that encapsulates the leaked fluid and perpetuates the swelling. This capsule lacks epithelial cells, distinguishing ranulas from true , and the cyst contents consist of thick, viscous rich in glycoproteins, contrasting with the more watery of the . Histologically, the lesion features an acellular pool of mucin surrounded by fibrotic tissue, scattered inflammatory cells, and muciphages, with no epithelial lining to confirm its pseudocystic nature. Progression to a plunging ranula occurs when the pseudocyst extends inferiorly through dehiscences or weakening in the mylohyoid muscle, allowing mucus to track into submandibular or submental spaces along fascial planes, potentially forming a cervical mass without additional glandular involvement.

Diagnosis

Clinical Assessment

The clinical assessment of a ranula begins with a detailed history taking, focusing on recent to the floor of the , such as from dental procedures or accidental biting, as well as oral habits like thrusting that may contribute to duct disruption. Patients are typically questioned about the duration and progression of the swelling, which often develops rapidly over 3 to 6 weeks and remains painless, though larger lesions may cause symptoms such as difficulty with speech, , or mastication due to displacement. Inquiry into associated systemic conditions or prior similar episodes helps identify potential recurrences, particularly in cases linked to superficial mucoceles. Physical examination involves careful palpation of the floor of the to assess for a soft, fluctuant, mobile that does not blanch under pressure, often measuring 1 to 4 cm in diameter and appearing dome-shaped. testing is performed, where the typically lights up positively due to its fluid content, aiding in confirming its cystic nature. The examiner evaluates mobility, noting any elevation or displacement, and inspects the neck for extensions of the lesion, while bimanual palpation distinguishes intraoral from involvement without of or . Imaging studies, such as , computed tomography (CT), or (MRI), are not routinely required for simple ranulas but are recommended for larger lesions, suspected plunging ranulas, or atypical presentations to delineate the extent of involvement, confirm the cystic appearance, and exclude differentials like neoplasms or infections; is often the initial choice, revealing a well-defined, thin-walled cystic . Diagnostic criteria for ranula, as per clinical standards in oral pathology, define it as a benign mucous extravasation pseudocyst arising in the floor of the mouth from the sublingual gland, primarily diagnosed through history and examination with confirmation via aspiration yielding thick, viscous, straw-colored saliva containing amylase. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) plays a key role, providing cytological analysis that reveals acellular mucin without epithelial lining or malignant cells, supporting the diagnosis while ruling out neoplasms. Differential diagnosis requires distinguishing ranula from other floor-of-mouth or neck masses based on location, characteristics, and response to tests; for instance, an abscess presents with tenderness and erythema, lymphoma as a firm solid mass with possible systemic symptoms, a dermoid cyst as a midline lesion with keratinous content, and a thyroglossal duct cyst as a movable mass elevating with tongue protrusion. Biopsy is indicated if the lesion exhibits solid components, rapid growth, or atypical features suggestive of malignancy, such as squamous cell carcinoma arising in the cyst wall, to ensure histopathological confirmation.

Classification

Ranulas are primarily classified based on their anatomical extent, which influences clinical presentation and management decisions. The simple ranula, also known as an oral or intraoral ranula, is confined to the sublingual space above the and represents the most common form, arising from accumulation in the floor of the . In contrast, the plunging ranula, or cervical ranula, extends inferiorly through a dehiscence or below the into adjacent spaces such as the submandibular, submental, or even parapharyngeal regions, often presenting as a mass without an obvious intraoral component in some cases. A mixed ranula combines features of both, with intraoral swelling accompanied by extension into the cervical spaces. Classification by etiology distinguishes between extravasation and retention types. The extravasation ranula, which accounts for over 90% of cases, is a lacking an lining and results from traumatic rupture of the duct, leading to and fibrous wall formation. Retention ranulas, comprising less than 10%, are true cysts lined by and form due to ductal obstruction, such as from sialoliths or plugs, causing glandular distension. Clinically, ranulas are further categorized as congenital or acquired, as well as primary or recurrent. Congenital ranulas are rare and typically present neonatally due to developmental anomalies like imperforate ducts or adhesions, potentially resolving spontaneously in some instances. Acquired ranulas, the predominant subtype, develop postnatally from , , or iatrogenic causes such as prior . Primary ranulas occur as initial lesions, while recurrent ones arise after incomplete resolution or following intervention, with recurrence rates higher in plunging variants due to persistent glandular sources. Although no formal staging system exists, ranula size can vary widely (from <1 cm to >4 cm), with larger lesions more often associated with plunging extensions and greater diagnostic challenges.

Management

Treatment

The management of ranulas prioritizes conservative approaches for small, lesions, escalating to minimally invasive or surgical interventions based on size, symptoms, and type ( or plunging). For small, ranulas measuring less than 1 cm, with regular clinical for growth or complications is recommended, as spontaneous can occur in some cases, particularly congenital ones. Marsupialization involves surgical creation of a pouch by unroofing the and suturing its edges to the , which is effective for simple intraoral ranulas with reported success rates around 80% when combined with packing to promote epithelialization. However, recurrence rates can reach 24-61% if the is not addressed, as the underlying production persists. Excision of the sublingual gland and associated duct represents the gold standard for recurrent simple ranulas or plunging types, achieving success rates of 95-100% with recurrence under 2% when performed completely. This approach targets the source of mucus , reducing the risk of reformation. Sclerotherapy offers a minimally invasive through percutaneous or intraoral injection of sclerosing agents such as OK-432 or , which induce and cyst shrinkage, yielding resolution rates of 70-90% across studies, though multiple sessions may be required and it is less effective for larger plunging ranulas. Emerging outpatient techniques like (e.g., for ) are suitable for small lesions, providing precise tissue destruction with minimal bleeding and faster recovery compared to traditional . Surgical approaches favor intraoral access for both simple and plunging ranulas to facilitate removal while avoiding external neck scars, though transcervical methods may be necessary for extensive plunging lesions confined to the neck. Postoperative care typically includes antibiotics if infection is present, oral hygiene instructions, and follow-up imaging or clinical exams at 1-3 months to assess resolution and detect early recurrence.

Prognosis

The prognosis for ranula is generally favorable following appropriate surgical intervention, with complete excision of the sublingual gland achieving resolution rates of 94-100% in most cases. In contrast, less invasive procedures such as marsupialization alone are associated with significantly higher recurrence rates, ranging from 50% to over 80%, due to incomplete addressing of the underlying glandular pathology. Plunging ranulas carry a higher risk of recurrence compared to simple oral variants, particularly if the sublingual gland is not fully excised, with incomplete excision leading to recurrence in up to 25% of cases versus near 0% with complete removal. Prognosis tends to be more favorable in adults than in children, where anatomical factors may complicate complete excision and increase recurrence potential. Post-treatment follow-up typically involves clinical examinations at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months to monitor for recurrence, with imaging such as recommended if symptoms re-emerge. Potential complications after management include injury causing temporary sensory deficits in approximately 5% of patients, and scarring, though these are generally minor and resolve without long-term sequelae. Most patients experience full restoration of oral function and after successful treatment, with rare instances of or persistent discomfort. A network of treatments found no single approach clearly superior for preventing recurrence, with low to very low certainty of evidence.

Epidemiology

Prevalence and Demographics

Ranulas exhibit a low overall of approximately 0.2 cases per 1000 persons, making them rarer than mucoceles, which occur at a rate of 2.4 cases per 1000 persons. The annual crude incidence rate is estimated at 2.4 per 100,000 person-years in studied populations, such as in , , though this may not fully represent global figures due to varying diagnostic practices. The condition predominantly affects children and young adults, with studies showing a peak incidence in the age group of 0 to 20 years, accounting for up to 70-75% of cases in some cohorts; occurrences in the elderly are rare. There is a slight female predominance, with a male-to-female ratio of about 1:1.25 to 1:1.4 observed across multiple case series. Ethnic variations are notable, particularly in regions with diverse populations, where rates are elevated among and groups—up to 6.7 per 100,000 person-years for and 4.4 per 100,000 for , representing 3 to 10 times higher incidence compared to European or Asian populations in the same areas, potentially linked to genetic or cultural factors such as oral habits. Emerging evidence from case series of bilateral plunging ranulas in suggests a genetic component contributing to the predisposition in these populations. Geographically, ranulas are more frequently reported in countries, including , , and , based on case series and epidemiological data; however, underreporting is likely in low-resource settings due to limited access to oral health diagnostics.

Risk Factors

Ranula formation is often preceded by trauma to the of the , including oral injuries, dental procedures such as extractions or implant placements, and during , which can disrupt salivary ducts and lead to . Individuals of Polynesian descent, particularly Maori and Pacific Island populations, exhibit a higher incidence of ranula, with age-adjusted rates up to 6.7 per 100,000 among Maori compared to 2.6 per 100,000 overall in studied cohorts, suggesting a possibly related to anatomy. Oral habits that cause repeated microtrauma, such as lip biting or piercings, increase susceptibility by damaging minor s or ducts in the of the . Comorbid conditions like infection and Sjögren's elevate risk through salivary gland inflammation or dysfunction, with ranula reported as an early manifestation in these patients; in HIV-endemic regions such as , ranulas are frequently associated with pediatric infection and may represent an early clinical manifestation, with prevalence rates as high as 88-95% in affected children. Prior episodes of further compromise gland integrity. In pediatric cases, congenital duct stenosis or anatomical anomalies predispose to obstruction, while frequent falls or accidental heighten the likelihood of in young children. Environmental factors, including radiation exposure in therapy, can induce formation akin to ranula by causing glandular damage and fibrosis.

Occurrence in Other Animals

In Dogs

In dogs, a ranula refers to a sublingual salivary mucocele, characterized as a formed by the accumulation of leaked in the surrounding connective tissues due to , obstruction, or idiopathic rupture of the sublingual or duct. This condition is the most common type of salivary in canines, accounting for a significant portion of salivary gland disorders, which overall have an incidence of less than 0.3% in veterinary consultations. Breeds predisposed to ranula include German Shepherds, , Dachshunds, and Australian Silky Terriers, with occurrences more frequent in young adults aged 2 to 4 years. Ranulas typically present as a soft, painless, fluctuant swelling on the floor of the oral cavity beneath the , which may lead to clinical signs such as , excessive salivation (ptyalism), halitosis, or difficulty eating due to interference with tongue movement. In some cases, the swelling can extend to cause intermandibular enlargement or, less commonly, pharyngeal involvement leading to respiratory issues. The lesion develops slowly and is often non-inflammatory unless secondarily infected. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical examination and confirmed through , which retrieves a clear to yellowish, viscous, rope-like fluid consistent with , often analyzed microscopically to rule out other differentials like abscesses or neoplasia. modalities such as or sialography further assess the lesion's extent, identify the affected gland, and detect contrast leakage in approximately 55% of cases, aiding in surgical planning. The standard treatment involves surgical intervention, including drainage of the and sialoadenectomy of the ipsilateral mandibular and sublingual glands to prevent recurrence, with low recurrence rates (5-14%). Alternative approaches like of the ranula or simple aspiration provide only temporary relief and carry higher risks of recurrence or . Postoperative care includes monitoring for formation or incomplete resolution, though most dogs recover fully and adapt well without the removed glands. Compared to humans, ranulas in are more frequently idiopathic in with as a suspected but unconfirmed trigger, and plunging variants extending beyond the oral cavity are less commonly reported in veterinary cases. The underlying mechanism of from the shares similarities with human ranulas, as described in the general mechanism section.

In Cats

Ranula, a type of , is a relatively rare condition in compared to , where it occurs two to three times more frequently. In s, it manifests less often as a pure oral sublingual swelling and more commonly involves pharyngeal or extensions, with studies reporting localization in approximately 32% of cases and sublingual involvement in a similar proportion. This contrasts with the predominantly oral presentation in canines. The condition arises from the of into surrounding tissues following damage to a or duct, often due to such as bite wounds from fights or foreign bodies, though the remains idiopathic in the majority of cases (over 80%). Unlike in humans, where ranula typically stems from similar ductal leakage but is confined to oral structures, the feline variant shares the core mechanism of salivary accumulation but progresses more variably due to anatomical differences. There is no clear sex or breed predisposition for ranula in , though domestic shorthairs represent the majority of reported cases (around 90%), likely reflecting their in the general population. Predisposing factors primarily include from outdoor activities or altercations, which can rupture the sublingual or mandibular glands. Clinically, cats present with sublingual swelling causing and ptyalism in about 20-25% of cases, alongside anorexia and potential respiratory distress if the ranula enlarges sufficiently to obstruct the airway. or pharyngeal extensions may appear as painless neck masses, though acute inflammation or secondary can render the swelling painful, increasing the risk of formation compared to the slower progression often seen in dogs. Pathophysiologically, the extravasated saliva incites a granulomatous inflammatory response, forming a pseudocystic cavity filled with mucoid fluid, which in cats can rapidly evolve into an abscess if infected, particularly in pharyngeal locations. Management typically begins conservatively with drainage or stab incision for small, non-recurrent lesions, but surgical excision of the affected gland-duct complex (sialoadenectomy) is the preferred definitive approach, performed in over half of documented cases to prevent recurrence. Marsupialization may be used adjunctively for sublingual ranulas, though simple drainage alone carries a high risk of relapse. The prognosis for ranula in cats is generally good to excellent with early surgical intervention, showing no recurrence in long-term follow-ups ranging from months to over a decade, though complications such as postoperative occur in a small (around 5%). Cats may exhibit lower tolerance for oral procedures due to and challenges, emphasizing the need for meticulous postoperative care.

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