Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Red Book

The Red Book: Liber Novus is a folio-sized manuscript compiled by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung between 1915 and 1930, in which he transcribed, analyzed, and illustrated a series of visions and dialogues arising from his practice of active imagination—a self-induced technique for engaging the unconscious mind amid a personal psychological crisis following his break with Sigmund Freud. This privately held work, bound in red leather and featuring over 100 pages of Jung's original calligraphy and paintings including mandalas and archetypal figures, remained unpublished during his lifetime due to concerns over its esoteric content potentially undermining his professional credibility. The manuscript's contents, rooted in Jung's empirical self-observation of inner phenomena, underpin core elements of analytical psychology, such as the concepts of archetypes, the collective unconscious, and individuation—the process of integrating conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche. A facsimile edition, accompanied by scholarly apparatus, was released in 2009 by the Philemon Foundation and W.W. Norton, sparking renewed interest in Jung's foundational methods and their implications for understanding human cognition beyond strictly materialist frameworks. While praised for its introspective depth and artistic merit, the Red Book has elicited debate regarding the boundary between psychological insight and subjective mysticism, with critics questioning the reproducibility of its visionary experiences in contrast to its influence on subsequent therapeutic practices.

Political texts

Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung

Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung, commonly known as the Little Red Book, is a compilation of selected excerpts from Mao Zedong's speeches and writings, organized into 33 thematic chapters covering topics such as class struggle, the Communist Party, and revolutionary tactics.^[1] The volume was initially assembled in 1964 by an editorial office under the People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Political Department, led by Lin Biao, Mao's defense minister, for internal military use as an ideological training tool.^[2] A foreword by Lin Biao emphasized Mao's thought as the pinnacle of Marxism-Leninism, urging its study to combat revisionism.^[3] Distribution escalated dramatically during the mid-1960s, with over one billion copies printed and circulated globally by the early 1970s, often in pocket-sized red vinyl covers for portability among soldiers and civilians.^[4] This mass production, supported by state printing presses, made it one of the most replicated texts in history, surpassing even some religious scriptures in volume, though exact figures vary due to decentralized and informal print runs.^[1] During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), the book served as a core instrument for enforcing ideological conformity, with mandatory study sessions imposed in schools, workplaces, and PLA units to instill Maoist principles and justify purges of perceived enemies.^[5] Red Guards, youth militias mobilized under Mao's directive, brandished the text as a symbol of loyalty, reciting passages to legitimize violent campaigns against intellectuals, officials, and rival factions, which escalated into widespread factional strife.^[6] Empirical estimates attribute 1.5 to 2 million deaths to this period's violence, including beatings, suicides under persecution, and inter-factional clashes, with the book's quotations providing doctrinal cover for such excesses.^[7] Historians like Frank Dikötter, drawing on archival records and survivor accounts, argue the Little Red Book facilitated a cult of personality that prioritized rote memorization over critical thinking, enabling Mao to orchestrate societal upheaval while suppressing dissent through peer-enforced orthodoxy, leading to breakdowns in governance and economy.^[8] Defectors' testimonies, such as those compiled in post-Mao analyses, describe how deviation from quoted maxims invited accusations of counterrevolutionary thought, fostering paranoia and arbitrary violence.^[9] In contrast, official Chinese Communist Party narratives portray its role as fostering revolutionary unity against bourgeois elements, though these claims overlook documented causal chains of coerced conformity to mass atrocities, as evidenced by provincial records of Red Guard-led killings.^[10] After Mao's death in 1976, printing halted in 1979 under Deng Xiaoping's reforms, with millions of copies destroyed to distance the regime from Cultural Revolution excesses; however, limited reprints resumed for tourist sales and historical exhibits, reflecting selective commodification rather than ideological revival.^[5] Globally, the book influenced 1960s Western counterculture, with translations selling hundreds of thousands in the U.S. and Europe among New Left radicals who adopted its anti-imperialist rhetoric, though empirical sales data indicate niche appeal rather than mass adoption, often detached from China's coercive context.^[11]

Health and medical references

American Academy of Pediatrics Red Book

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Red Book, formally the Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, serves as a primary clinical reference for pediatricians on the prevention, diagnosis, and management of infectious diseases in children. First published in 1938 as an eight-page booklet covering 18 diseases, it has evolved into a comprehensive resource updated every three years by the AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases (COID).^[12]^[13] The 33rd edition, released in 2024 and valid through 2027, spans over 1,200 pages and addresses more than 200 childhood infectious diseases, incorporating data from clinical trials, epidemiology surveillance, and guidelines from agencies like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO).^[14]^[15] Key features include concise disease summaries detailing etiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, antimicrobial therapy, and immunization strategies, grounded in peer-reviewed evidence and public health data.^[14]^[16] Treatment protocols emphasize antimicrobial stewardship to combat resistance, with expanded sections on multidrug-resistant pathogens and stewardship principles.^[15] The online version, Red Book Online, provides continuous updates between editions, including visual libraries of disease images and errata for emerging issues like outbreaks.^[16] Unlike parental health records such as the United Kingdom's Personal Child Health Record, the Red Book functions as a professional tool for clinicians rather than a consumer-facing tracking document. The 2024–2027 edition reflects recent epidemiological shifts, with strengthened recommendations for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immunoprophylaxis using nirsevimab, a monoclonal antibody advised universally for infants under 8 months to prevent lower respiratory tract disease during RSV season (typically October through March in most U.S. regions).^[17] Updates on syphilis management address surging U.S. congenital cases—nearly 4,000 in 2024, the 12th consecutive annual rise—emphasizing maternal screening, prompt penicillin treatment, and post-treatment serologic follow-up at 6, 12, and 24 months, with closer monitoring for HIV-co-infected cases.^[18]^[19] Coverage of vaccine-preventable diseases and emerging threats like mpox has been revised for consistency with 2024 AAP and CDC immunization schedules, prioritizing active and passive immunization based on efficacy data from randomized trials.^[15] Widely adopted by U.S. pediatric health professionals for over 85 years, the Red Book informs daily clinical decisions on infection control and therapy.^[14] Its recommendations derive from COID's synthesis of empirical data, though critics, including some independent researchers, contend that vaccine-related guidance sometimes favors committee consensus and short-term trial outcomes over extended longitudinal studies on rare adverse events, potentially underemphasizing systems like VAERS for causality assessment amid institutional pressures for high uptake.^[20] Such debates highlight tensions between rapid public health responses and rigorous causal inference from observational data.

United Kingdom Personal Child Health Record

The Personal Child Health Record (PCHR), commonly referred to as the Red Book, is a standardized paper-based document issued by the National Health Service (NHS) to parents or carers of newborns in the United Kingdom to serve as the primary record of a child's health, growth, and development from birth through early childhood.^[21] It includes sections for documenting birth details, weight and length measurements using standardized growth charts, developmental milestones such as first smiles or steps, results from routine screening tests (e.g., hearing and vision checks), and the national immunization schedule with spaces to record vaccine dates and any adverse reactions.^[22] The booklet also provides parental guidance on topics like feeding, sleep patterns, and when to seek medical advice, facilitating shared use between families and healthcare professionals during routine visits.^[23] First introduced in its modern comprehensive form in the 1990s as part of efforts to standardize child health monitoring, it has been distributed to virtually all UK births since, with periodic updates to align with evolving NHS guidelines, such as revisions to immunization protocols for diseases like pertussis (whooping cough).^[24] The primary purpose of the Red Book is to promote continuity of care by enabling verifiable tracking of a child's progress, which supports early identification of deviations from normal development, such as growth faltering or delays in motor skills. Healthcare providers use it during well-child checks to plot measurements against centile charts and note observations, while parents can add informal entries on behaviors or illnesses, though professional endorsements ensure accuracy for key data. Empirical data from the Millennium Cohort Study, involving over 18,000 UK children born in 2000-2001, indicate high parental engagement: 93% of mothers presented the PCHR when requested, with 85% demonstrating effective use (e.g., up-to-date weights and immunizations), correlating with better monitoring in routine care.^[25] Studies on early developmental screening affirm that tools like the PCHR, which integrate milestone checklists, contribute to timely referrals for interventions, reducing long-term impacts of undetected delays by facilitating interventions before age 2 when neuroplasticity is highest.^[26] Updates to the record, such as those reflecting the UK Green Book's immunization chapters, have incorporated reminders for pertussis boosters at 3 years and 4 months, amid rising cases (e.g., over 10,000 notifications in 2024), though no formal COVID-19 vaccination section was added, with parents directed to check schedules separately.^[27] Usage remains widespread, with NHS distribution covering all registered births, though compliance varies: urban areas show higher completion rates for entries (over 90% for weights), while disadvantaged or transient families exhibit gaps, per cohort analyses, potentially hindering detection in at-risk groups.^[24] In contrast to the United States, where no uniform national parental-held record exists and child health tracking relies on fragmented electronic systems or pediatrician-specific logs, the UK's PCHR provides a portable, parent-empowered tool that enhances data portability across providers. Criticisms include potential inaccuracies from parental self-entries without verification, which could mislead if not cross-checked, and privacy risks when the physical book is lost or shared insecurely, though its paper format mitigates digital breach concerns prevalent in electronic health records.^[28] Ongoing NHS plans aim to digitize the PCHR by integrating it into the NHS app for real-time updates, potentially addressing retention issues but introducing new data security challenges.^[29]

Scientific and technical standards

Compact Disc Digital Audio standard

The Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA) standard, informally known as the Red Book, was jointly developed by Philips and Sony through collaborative efforts beginning in the late 1970s, with key standardization meetings held between 1979 and 1980 to establish a unified optical disc format for consumer audio playback.^[30]^[31] Philips contributed manufacturing processes derived from its earlier video disc technologies, while Sony provided advancements in digital encoding and laser optics, resulting in the first agreed-upon specification in 1980.^[32] The Red Book document, published in 1983, formalized these parameters for 120 mm polycarbonate discs encoded with two-channel, 16-bit pulse-code modulation (PCM) audio at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate, enabling up to 74 minutes of playback time per disc under optimal conditions.^[33]^[34] This sampling rate originated from compromises between Sony's preference for 44.056 kHz (derived from U-matic video tape standards) and Philips' 44.1 kHz, selected to accommodate professional audio workflows while minimizing data overhead.^[35] Commercial adoption accelerated following the release of the first CD player, Sony's CDP-101, and the inaugural pressed disc—Billy Joel's 52nd Street—on October 1, 1982, in Japan, with European and North American launches in March 1983.^[36]^[37] The format's robustness stemmed from its Cross-Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code (CIRC) error correction system, which interleaves data across frames to detect and repair burst errors from scratches or defects, allowing correction of up to 3,500 consecutive erroneous symbols (equivalent to about 2.5 mm of surface damage) without audible artifacts.^[38]^[39] This digital approach supplanted analog vinyl and cassette tapes by offering near-perfect fidelity, immunity to wear from playback, and random access to tracks, driving a paradigm shift in music distribution; by the early 2010s, cumulative global sales exceeded hundreds of billions of units, peaking at nearly 1 billion annually in the early 2000s before declining with digital alternatives.^[40] Despite its innovations, the Red Book format has faced scrutiny for environmental consequences, as mass production of polycarbonate discs and aluminum reflective layers contributed to plastic waste accumulation, with non-recycled CDs persisting in landfills due to their resistance to biodegradation and potential release of additives like bisphenol A upon degradation.^[41]^[42] E-waste from obsolete players and discs exacerbates resource depletion, though recycling processes can recover polycarbonate for reuse, mitigating some impacts when implemented at scale.^[43] In terms of longevity, CDs offer superior archival stability over streaming services, which rely on server infrastructure and potential format obsolescence; properly manufactured and stored discs maintain bit-perfect, uncompressed 16-bit/44.1 kHz audio indefinitely, outperforming lossy streaming codecs in fidelity tests and avoiding dependency on internet access or corporate data policies.^[44] This contrasts with enterprise documentation like IBM Redbooks, which serve technical reference purposes rather than consumer media encoding.^[45]

IBM Redbooks

IBM Redbooks constitute a series of technical publications issued by IBM, offering detailed implementation guides, best practices, and architectural insights for deploying and managing IBM technologies across enterprise IT environments. These manuals target systems administrators, developers, and architects, emphasizing practical configurations for hardware like IBM Z mainframes, software platforms such as z/OS, and emerging areas including artificial intelligence via IBM Watson and hybrid cloud integrations with tools like Red Hat OpenShift. Content is derived from collaborative residencies where IBM specialists, clients, and partners contribute empirical knowledge, often incorporating verifiable performance metrics from tested scenarios.^[46]^[47]^[48] The IBM Redbooks Residency program, central to production, assembles diverse experts for focused workshops to author volumes based on hands-on projects, ensuring relevance to real-world challenges like anomaly detection in mainframe subsystems or data lakehouse architectures for AI workloads. Examples include guides for leveraging IBM Z with Watson for anomaly analytics in Db2 and CICS environments, and frameworks for hybrid cloud-native development on z/OS, which document efficiency enhancements such as minimized recovery times through automated mean time to recovery (MTTR) strategies. Case studies within these publications highlight quantifiable outcomes, including reduced asset downtime via predictive maintenance in industrial settings and productivity gains from workload consolidation, though results vary by implementation.^[47]^[49]^[50] Freely downloadable from IBM's platform, Redbooks receive acclaim for their depth, accessibility, and utility in bridging theoretical documentation with operational deployment, particularly for IBM-centric ecosystems. However, critiques note a structural vendor bias, as authorship and focus inherently favor IBM hardware, software, and services—such as promoting proprietary integrations over open-source equivalents—potentially skewing recommendations toward ecosystem lock-in rather than vendor-agnostic alternatives, a consequence of IBM's internal development process.^[46]^[51] This aligns with broader observations of promotional intent in corporate technical literature, where empirical claims are validated within controlled IBM trials but may underrepresent interoperability costs or competitive benchmarks.

OECD/IAEA Uranium Resources Red Book

The OECD/IAEA Uranium Resources Red Book, formally titled Uranium: Resources, Production and Demand, is a biennial reference publication jointly produced by the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD-NEA) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).^[52] It provides a comprehensive statistical profile of the global uranium industry, including data on exploration expenditures, identified recoverable resources categorized by production cost, current and projected production, and reactor-related requirements derived from official government submissions.^[53] First published in 1965, the series—now in its 30th edition—tracks long-term trends in uranium supply and demand to assess resource adequacy for nuclear energy expansion, emphasizing the need for sustained investment amid geopolitical supply concentrations.^[54] The publication's methodology relies on standardized reporting from member states and international organizations, compiling reasonably assured and inferred resources (RAI) recoverable at costs up to $130/kg and $260/kg U, alongside undiscovered resources estimated via geological analogs.^[55] As of the 2024 edition, global identified recoverable uranium resources totaled 7.93 million tonnes (tU), sufficient to meet projected demand under high-nuclear-growth scenarios through 2050 and beyond at current consumption rates of approximately 67,000 tU per year, though secondary supplies like reactor inventories and reprocessing could extend this further.^[56] These figures represent a stable resource base compared to prior editions, with total identified resources largely unchanged since 2022, underscoring the importance of new exploration to offset production shortfalls from major suppliers such as Kazakhstan (43% of 2023 global output) and risks from sanctions on Russian enrichment services. The report highlights that while resources exceed known demand by a factor of over 100 years under baseline usage, cumulative requirements could surpass current inventories without accelerated mining development, particularly for emerging technologies like small modular reactors.^[57] Policy implications drawn in the Red Book stress the viability of nuclear power as a scalable baseload energy source, countering narratives that question fuel security by demonstrating empirical resource abundance when paired with realistic demand forecasts.^[52] It advises against premature phase-out policies, advocating for diversified supply chains and investment in conventional and in-situ recovery mining to mitigate bottlenecks, as global production in 2023 fell short of reactor needs by about 20,000 tU annually, reliant on stockpiles.^[56] Drawing on government-verified data rather than speculative models, the publication maintains high credibility through its apolitical aggregation of empirical metrics, though it notes challenges from underinvestment in exploration, which declined in real terms over the past decade despite rising nuclear capacity projections to 2030. Updates in future editions, expected biennially, will likely incorporate post-2023 data on demand surges from net-zero commitments and advanced reactor deployments.^[53] The U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) Red Book, formally titled "The Red Book: A Guide to Work Incentives," serves as a comprehensive reference on employment supports available to beneficiaries of Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI).^[58] It details provisions designed to encourage disabled individuals to attempt employment without immediate loss of benefits, including rules for reporting earnings, protecting Medicaid coverage, and accessing vocational rehabilitation services.^[59] First published in the late 1970s amid expansions in disability programs under the Social Security Disability Amendments of 1980, the guide has evolved into an annual update to reflect statutory changes, inflation adjustments, and administrative clarifications.^[60] Central to the Red Book's content are work incentive mechanisms such as the Trial Work Period (TWP) for SSDI recipients, which permits up to nine non-consecutive months of employment—defined by monthly earnings of $1,160 or more in 2025—while retaining full benefits regardless of income level, allowing beneficiaries to test work capacity without penalty.^[61] ^[62] The Ticket to Work program, expanded in 1999, further enables participants to assign a "ticket" to an employment network or state vocational agency for job placement support, with extended Medicaid eligibility during extended periods of substantial gainful activity (SGA), set at $1,620 monthly for non-blind individuals in 2025.^[63] SSI-specific incentives include disregards for impairment-related work expenses and continued benefits during temporary absences from work, aimed at mitigating poverty for low-income disabled adults and children.^[64] The 2025 edition incorporates cost-of-living adjustments (COLA), raising the maximum federal SSI benefit rate to $967 per month for individuals and $1,450 for eligible couples, reflecting a 2.5% increase to account for inflation.^[65] ^[66] These updates also revise SGA and TWP thresholds annually based on the national average wage index, ensuring alignment with economic conditions. Empirical data from SSA longitudinal studies indicate modest success in promoting employment: among SSDI awardees tracked over a decade, approximately 28% engaged in any paid work, with only 6.5% experiencing benefit suspensions due to earnings in at least one month.^[67] SSI recipients show similarly low rates, with employment-population ratios around 10-12% based on survey data, suggesting that while incentives exist, actual returns to substantial self-support remain limited.^[68] Proponents of these programs, including SSA administrators, emphasize their role in reducing reliance on cash assistance by facilitating partial work, with SSI benefits credited for lowering poverty rates among severely disabled households from 29% in 1980 to under 15% by 2020 per Census Bureau metrics.^[69] Critics, however, including analyses from policy institutes like the Heritage Foundation, contend that the complexity of overlapping rules—such as phased benefit reductions post-TWP and reporting requirements—creates bureaucratic disincentives that discourage sustained employment and foster long-term dependency, evidenced by SSDI rolls expanding from 3.9 million in 1990 to over 8.9 million by 2023 amid stagnant labor force participation for working-age disabled individuals at 25%.^[70] ^[71] This perspective aligns with causal observations that high effective marginal tax rates on earnings (up to 50-100% in some benefit cliffs) undermine self-reliance incentives, contrasting with simpler private-sector wage structures. Unlike governance manuals such as the American Association of University Professors' Redbook, the SSA Red Book focuses exclusively on disability-specific employment transitions rather than institutional policies.^[67]

American Association of University Professors Redbook

The American Association of University Professors' Policy Documents and Reports, commonly known as the Redbook due to its distinctive red cover, serves as a compilation of foundational policy statements on academic governance, professional ethics, and faculty rights in higher education. First published in 1968 as an 88-page collection of key AAUP documents, it has evolved through multiple editions to include core principles such as the 1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure, which defines academic freedom as encompassing extramural utterance, teaching, research, and institutional governance, with tenure providing a safeguard against arbitrary dismissal after a probationary period typically lasting seven years.^[72]^[73] The Redbook emphasizes due process in faculty evaluations, shared governance between faculty, administrators, and trustees, and ethical standards prohibiting discrimination based on political beliefs or extramural activities, positioning these as essential to maintaining institutional integrity amid external pressures.^[74] The twelfth edition, released on April 22, 2025, by Johns Hopkins University Press, incorporates revisions to longstanding documents alongside new statistical data and legal analyses reflecting contemporary challenges in higher education, such as the erosion of tenure protections and the rise of contingent faculty labor. AAUP data indicate that full-time tenure-track appointments declined by approximately 7 percent from fall 2002 to fall 2023, while part-time contingent positions increased by about 20 percent over the same period, contributing to a workforce where non-tenure-track faculty now constitute the majority and face diminished job security and academic influence. The edition reaffirms tenure's role as a bulwark against administrative overreach and politicization, advocating for policies that prioritize merit-based evaluation over ideological criteria, though it has drawn criticism for perceived inconsistencies in applying these standards amid ideological pressures in academia.^[75]^[76] In response to post-October 2023 campus unrest, including protests related to the Israel-Hamas conflict, the Redbook and associated AAUP statements address threats to academic freedom from both administrative crackdowns and legislative interventions, rejecting conflations of political criticism—such as of Israeli policy—with antisemitism that could justify speech restrictions under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act. These positions critique efforts to impose ideological conformity through mechanisms like mandatory diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) evaluations, which the AAUP argues can coexist with academic freedom if not used as litmus tests, yet external observers note that such criteria have correlated with faculty self-censorship and dismissals in cases diverging from prevailing institutional orthodoxies. Empirical investigations by AAUP committees have documented instances of faculty sanctions for extramural speech, underscoring the need for robust due process to counter erosions driven by donor pressures or government mandates.^[77]^[78] Historically rooted in early 20th-century defenses against loyalty oaths and dismissals, the AAUP's framework has faced internal and external controversies, including accusations of left-leaning bias that prioritizes certain forms of dissent while critiquing others as disruptive, as seen in union advocacy that some view as expanding faculty power at the expense of administrative efficiency. Recent editions have incorporated reports on emerging issues like the professionalization of non-tenure-track roles, yet critics from conservative perspectives argue that the organization's emphasis on collective bargaining and opposition to DEI bans overlooks systemic ideological homogeneity in hiring and promotion, evidenced by surveys showing overrepresentation of progressive viewpoints among faculty. Despite these debates, the Redbook remains a reference for institutional policies, distinguishing itself from social welfare guides by focusing exclusively on higher education's internal dynamics rather than public benefit programs.^[79]^[80]

Environmental and conservation references

IUCN Red Data Books

The IUCN Red Data Books originated as a series of printed publications documenting the global status of threatened species, with the first volumes on mammals and birds released in 1966 following conceptualization in 1963.^[81]^[82] Compiled by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), these books aimed to catalog species at risk of extinction based on available biological data, initially focusing on vertebrates before expanding to other taxa such as plants, invertebrates, and fungi. By the late 1990s, the format transitioned to a dynamic online database known as the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, enabling regular updates and broader accessibility; as of 2025, it encompasses over 172,600 species assessments.^[83] Unlike resource-focused publications such as the OECD/IAEA Uranium Red Book, which tracks mineral inventories, the IUCN series emphasizes biodiversity conservation through species-level risk evaluation. Assessments employ standardized criteria to classify species into nine categories: Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient, and Not Evaluated.^[84] These categories reflect extinction risk derived from factors including population size and trends (e.g., observed or projected declines exceeding 50% over three generations for Endangered status), geographic range fragmentation, habitat extent, and quantitative models of extinction probability.^[84] Criteria prioritize empirical evidence where available, such as field surveys of population viability, but incorporate extrapolative modeling for data-poor species, which has drawn scrutiny for potential overestimation of risks when long-term field validation is limited.^[85] In the October 2025 update, the Red List reports 48,646 threatened species—approximately 28% of those assessed—spanning amphibians (41% threatened), mammals (27%), birds (13%), and reef-building corals (44%), with threats primarily attributed to habitat loss, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and climate change impacts.^[86] The system has facilitated conservation successes, including targeted interventions that downlisted over 50 species from higher threat categories between 2016 and 2025, and mobilized funding exceeding hundreds of millions annually for priority actions like protected area expansion and species recovery plans.^[87]^[88] Critiques of the methodology highlight risks of outdated assessments—up to 17% of entries lag behind new data—and biases toward vertebrates and temperate-zone species from data-rich regions, potentially underrepresenting tropical invertebrates where empirical gaps persist.^[89]^[90] Some analyses question the reliability of model-driven projections for extinction rates, arguing they may inflate perceived urgency by substituting assumptions for sparse field observations, though IUCN maintains criteria emphasize verifiable declines over speculative forecasts.^[91]^[85] Detractors, including frontline conservation scientists, contend that institutional priorities in IUCN-affiliated academia can influence listings toward environmental narratives that overlook regulatory barriers to habitat management, such as development restrictions exacerbating fragmentation over direct anthropogenic pressures.^[91] Despite these concerns, the Red List remains a foundational tool for evidence-based policy, with periodic refinements to criteria enhancing transparency and reducing bias.^[84]

Manuscripts and literary works

Carl Jung's Liber Novus

Liber Novus, also known as The Red Book, is a folio manuscript produced by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung from 1915 to 1930, transcribing and elaborating on visions and dialogues recorded in his private notebooks (the Black Books) dating to 1913–1916. This work originated during Jung's psychological crisis following his split with Sigmund Freud in 1913, involving deliberate engagement with unconscious contents via a method he termed active imagination—a technique of consciously amplifying spontaneous inner images to foster dialogue with autonomous psychic figures. The manuscript comprises 205 oversized pages of calligraphic text in German, accompanied by 53 full-page paintings and 100 smaller illustrations, including symbolic mandalas representing psychic integration; Jung viewed these as empirical records of his inner experiences, conducted as a self-experiment to explore the psyche's autonomous dynamics amid personal turmoil.^[92]^[93]^[94] The content details Jung's encounters with archetypal entities—such as the prophet Elijah, the scholar Philemon, and the anima figure Salome—depicting a descent into the collective unconscious, prophetic warnings of cultural upheaval, and reflections on God, evil, and individuation (the process of psychic wholeness). These sequences form a narrative of moral and spiritual confrontation, where Jung critiques rationalism's limits and posits the psyche as a self-regulating system driven by compensatory forces, foundational to his analytical psychology's emphasis on symbols over Freudian reductionism. He added interpretive Scrutinies sections later, analyzing visions through dialogues that prefigure concepts like the shadow and synchronicity, but withheld broader dissemination, fearing dismissal as schizophrenic delusion rather than rigorous phenomenology of the mind; Jung shared excerpts selectively, such as Septem Sermones ad Mortuos (Seven Sermons to the Dead) in 1916, but deemed the full work too personal and potentially misinterpreted absent his mature theoretical framework.^[95]^[94]^[92] Published posthumously in a facsimile edition on October 7, 2009, by W.W. Norton under editor Sonu Shamdasani—after Jung's heirs lifted a 1950s prohibition amid scholarly advocacy—the volume includes translations and apparatus clarifying its context. Reception among Jungian scholars highlights its causal illumination of archetype formation through lived encounter, validating analytical psychology's experiential roots over abstract theory, as evidenced by its role in clarifying concepts like the transcendent function. Critics, however, including some psychiatrists, argue the visions reflect hypomanic or dissociative states akin to psychosis, unsubstantiated by neuroscientific metrics like brain imaging, which prioritize measurable correlates over introspective claims; empirical psychology often dismisses such content as unfalsifiable mysticism, contrasting with data-driven models of cognition. Unlike J.R.R. Tolkien's Red Book of Westmarch, a fictional compendium of invented lore, Jung's work documents therapeutic self-analysis aimed at real psychic causality, not mythological world-building.^[93]^[96]^[97]

J.R.R. Tolkien's Red Book of Westmarch

The Red Book of Westmarch, also known as the Red Book of the Periannath, is a fictional manuscript central to J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium, purporting to be the original source material for the narratives in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Within the story's internal chronology, it began as Bilbo Baggins's diary chronicling his quest with Thorin Oakenshield in Third Age 2941, later augmented by Frodo Baggins with detailed accounts of the Fellowship's journey and the destruction of the One Ring in 3019. Samwise Gamgee contributed sections on the Battle of Bywater and subsequent hobbitish restorations, completing the core text post-War of the Ring around Fourth Age 13 (Shire Reckoning 1421). Bound in red leather and initially stored at Bag End, it was eventually archived in the Great Smials of Tuckborough, serving as a hobbit-preserved historical archive encompassing translations from Elvish works like Annals of the Kings and Bilbo's scholarly translations from the Elder Days.^[98]^[99] Tolkien frames his published works as partial modern English renderings of this ancient volume, a device elaborated in the prologues and appendices of The Lord of the Rings, which describe the book's evolution through scribal copies, abridgements, and linguistic annotations over centuries. This includes 142 pages in Frodo's fair copy, plus extensive appendices on calendars, runes, and genealogies tracing hobbit lineages back to the Third Age. The structure underscores a layered textual history, with later Gondorian scholars like Findegil producing authoritative versions in Minas Tirith by Fourth Age 172, from which hobbit copies derived.^[100] In real-world composition, Tolkien modeled the Red Book on medieval manuscript traditions, particularly the 15th-century Red Book of Hergest—a Welsh codex compiling poetry, history, and prose that influenced his philological approach to fabricating authenticity. Scholarly examinations emphasize its contribution to world-building by simulating antique historiography, integrating constructed languages like Westron (rendered as English) and Tengwar script to evoke immersive depth without relying on overt exposition. This contrasts with Carl Jung's Liber Novus, an autobiographical record of visionary experiences, as Tolkien's artifact fabricates a collective mythic history through iterative scholarly pretense rather than individual psyche exploration. Empirical linguistic analyses of the appendices reveal consistent etymological derivations, such as Hobbit names from Old English roots, bolstering the legendarium's internal coherence.^[98]^[101]^[102]^[103]

Historical administrative Red Books

The Red Book of the Exchequer (Liber Rubeus de Scaccario), compiled circa 1230, constitutes a key medieval English administrative record maintained by the royal Exchequer, the central fiscal institution responsible for auditing sheriffs' accounts and managing crown revenues. This vellum manuscript, bound in red leather—hence its designation—aggregates precedents, office procedures, and documentary excerpts spanning from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the early 13th century, including royal charters, grants of land, records of knight's fees and serjeanties (hereditary services in lieu of military tenure), and selections from annual pipe rolls that tracked feudal dues, fines, and tallages.^[104] ^[105] It functioned as an operational handbook for Exchequer officials, standardizing practices for verifying land-based revenues akin to extensions of the Domesday survey's fiscal framework, thereby ensuring systematic collection and accountability in a feudal economy reliant on manorial assessments and scutage payments.^[106] The document's contents reveal granular insights into 12th- and 13th-century economic structures, such as quantified holdings of demesne lands, customary renders (e.g., agricultural produce or labor services), and escheats from deceased tenants-in-chief, which underpinned the crown's annual income estimated at around £20,000–£30,000 by Henry III's reign through mechanisms like the view of account. Archival analyses confirm its role in bolstering centralized finance amid baronial pressures, with pipe roll integrations providing audit trails for discrepancies in sheriffs' tallies, as evidenced in cross-references to rolls from 1130 onward.^[104] While primarily pragmatic, it preserved statutes like those on forest law enforcement, linking fiscal oversight to broader royal prerogatives without the interpretive liberties seen in narrative chronicles.^[107] Analogous compilations, though less prominently titled "Red Books," appeared in other European contexts for feudal record-keeping, such as diocesan Liber Ruber registers in Ireland (e.g., Ossory's 13th–14th-century ecclesiastical audits) and York's fabric rolls incorporating red-bound administrative precedents for local fiscal officers.^[108] These served similar audit functions but remained decentralized compared to the Exchequer's national scope. Scholarly debates center on precise assembly dates and potential later interpolations, yet editions like the 1896 Rolls Series affirm its authenticity as a primary source for reconstructing medieval fiscal causality, where revenue shortfalls directly correlated with administrative enforcement rather than abstract entitlements. Its legacy endures in the evolution of double-entry precursors and archival preservation norms, distinguishing these utilitarian ledgers from symbolic or literary works bearing the "Red Book" moniker.^[105]

Modern digital and media uses

Xiaohongshu, internationally known as Little Red Book or RedNote, is a Chinese social media platform launched in June 2013 by Shanghai-based Xiaohongshu Information Technology Co., Ltd., initially as a user-generated guide for overseas shopping experiences targeted at Chinese consumers.^[109] The app evolved into a hybrid of social sharing and e-commerce, enabling users to post photos, videos, and reviews on lifestyle topics including beauty, fashion, travel, and product recommendations, much like an Instagram-Douyin fusion with seamless purchasing options.^[110] By August 2025, it reported over 300 million total users globally, with 143 million daily active users reflecting a 32.4% year-over-year increase, driven primarily by young urban females in China who prioritize authentic, peer-endorsed content over traditional advertising.^[111] The platform's e-commerce integration has significantly boosted cross-border sales, allowing global brands to leverage user-generated "notes" for viral marketing and direct conversions, with reported 21.4% purchase rates from content interactions in 2025.^[111] In 2024 and 2025, amid U.S. legislative threats to ban TikTok over national security concerns, Xiaohongshu experienced a sharp influx of American users—gaining nearly 3 million U.S. downloads on January 13, 2025 alone—as influencers and creators sought alternatives for short-form video and trend-sharing in beauty and fashion.^[112] This surge positioned it as a visual discovery tool with stronger shopping incentives than pure social apps, though sustained U.S. adoption remains limited by language barriers and content relevance tailored to Chinese preferences.^[113] Criticisms center on its alignment with Chinese regulatory demands, including routine censorship of politically sensitive or "negative" content to comply with Chinese Communist Party directives, such as suppressing discussions of sudden incidents or hyping celebrity gossip deemed harmful to social stability.^[114] In September 2025, China's Cyberspace Administration penalized Xiaohongshu for hosting such material, ordering corrections to "internet ecology" and underscoring its vulnerability to state intervention over user privacy or free expression.^[115] Privacy risks mirror those of other Chinese apps, with user data potentially accessible to authorities under national intelligence laws, prompting geopolitical scrutiny in the U.S. where downloads spiked despite warnings about surveillance and data exfiltration.^[116] Despite these issues, its model has enhanced cross-border e-commerce by fostering trust through community-vetted recommendations, enabling overseas sellers to penetrate China's market without heavy localization.^[117]

Music and recordings

Notable albums titled Red Book

Texas's Red Book, released in 2005, marks the Scottish rock band's seventh studio album, featuring a mix of pop-rock tracks including the singles "Getaway" and "Can't Resist," alongside instrumental opener "036."^[118]^[119] Issued primarily on compact disc, the album received user ratings averaging 3.8 out of 5 on Discogs from over 100 voters, reflecting a solid but not exceptional reception among fans, with praise for its polished production but limited mainstream impact beyond the UK market.^[119] In the electronic genre, British musician Paul Nagle issued Red Book in 2001, an independent release comprising ambient and experimental pieces such as "Multitude," "Tomb in Darkness," and "A Night at the Opera," utilizing synthesizers and sequencers for atmospheric soundscapes.^[120] Targeted at niche listeners of electronic and new age music, the album maintains a cult following through platforms like Bandcamp, though it lacks widespread commercial distribution or critical acclaim in broader music press.^[120] Other lesser-known releases include The Singing Company's The Red Book Sessions from 2006, a collection of vocal and choral tracks like "Never Mind, Go On!" rooted in inspirational and gospel influences, available via independent digital channels.^[121] These albums, while adhering to standard CD audio formats, generally exhibit modest sales and dedicated but small audiences, with titles evoking the compact disc's Red Book specification only implicitly through their recording medium rather than explicit thematic nods. No major commercial blockbusters have emerged under the exact title, distinguishing them from derivative or referential works in indie and ambient circles.^[119]^[120]

References

[1]
Mao Zedong's Little Red Book, the world's second-most published ...
Apr 27, 2023 · It is the world's second most published book, after the Bible. Reputedly a billion copies circulated in the Cultural Revolution, invariably covered in red ...
[2]
Quotations by Mao, First Edition - AbeBooks
Lin Biao was primarily responsible for publishing and promoting this book ... Quotations From Chairman Mao Tse-Tung 1st Edition 1966. Tse-Tung, Mao. Seller ...
[3]
https://bannedthought.net/China/Individuals/index.htm
[4]
Who, What, Why: What is the Little Red Book? - BBC News
Nov 26, 2015 · The Little Red Book - or, to give its full title, Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong - contains 267 aphorisms from the Communist Chinese leader.Missing: notable | Show results with:notable
[5]
Mao's Little Red Book | Information School | University of Washington
The Little Red Book falls out of favor; the government discourages it, ceasing printing in 1979, and millions are later destroyed, though printing does resume ...<|separator|>
[6]
Introduction to the Cultural Revolution | FSI - SPICE - Stanford
Lin organized hundreds of Mao's quotes into a book called Quotations from Chairman Mao, better known as the “Little Red Book.” Lin required every soldier to ...
[7]
The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976): An Overview
Jun 14, 2025 · Far from benign, the campaign brought widespread violence and chaos: as many as 1.5–2 million people died and tens of millions were persecuted ...<|separator|>
[8]
The Cultural Revolution - Frank Dikötter
By demonstrating that decollectivisation from below was an unintended consequence of a decade of violent purges and entrenched fear, Frank Dikötter casts ...Missing: estimates | Show results with:estimates
[9]
Newly Released Documents Detail Traumas Of China's Cultural ...
May 5, 2016 · ... Cultural Revolution Historian Frank Dikötter ... But bit by bit, there is a cycle of violence that builds up with Red Guards who volunteered to ...
[10]
death toll and mass killing from cultural revolution - Facts and Details
Aug 25, 2011 · The very beginning of the Cultural Revolution in China immediately led to violent ... violence as an inevitable by-product” of the Red Guard ...
[11]
How the west embraced Chairman Mao's Little Red Book - CTCFL
... book in the world. In the years between 1966 and 1971, well over a billion copies of the official version were published and translations were issued in ...
[12]
Red Book's 75 years reflect decades of advances, widespread ...
Nov 1, 2013 · In 1938, the Academy released an eight-page report with a red cover to educate pediatricians about 18 infectious diseases.
[13]
Red Book Online 20th Anniversary: Celebrating 20 years as your ...
Dec 20, 2023 · In celebration of the 20th anniversary of Red Book Online, we reflect on the first edition of the Red Book published in 1938—a mere 8 pages ...
[14]
Red Book: 2024–2027 Report of the Committee on Infectious ...
The Red Book provides guidance on pediatric infectious disease prevention, management, and control, covering over 200 childhood diseases.
[15]
Summary of Major Changes in the 2024 Red Book - AAP Publications
Appropriate chapters throughout the Red Book have been updated to be consistent with 2024 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and Centers for Disease Control ...Active and Passive Immunization · Summaries of Infectious...
[16]
Red Book Online | American Academy of Pediatrics
The latest clinical guidance on the manifestations, etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of more than 200 childhood infectious diseases.2024–2027 Report of the · Visual Library · AAP Immunization Schedule · Syphilis
[17]
Respiratory Syncytial Virus | Red Book Online
Nirsevimab is recommended for universal use in all infants under 8 months of age to prevent RSV-associated LRTD (see Nirsevimab Recommendations for First RSV ...Clinical Manifestations · Passive Immunization · Use of Nirsevimab in Children...
[18]
Syphilis | Red Book Online | American Academy of Pediatrics
Following treatment, people with acquired latent syphilis should have serologic evaluation at 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment; people with HIV should have ...Congenital Syphilis · Congenital Syphilis: Newborn... · Syphilis in Pregnancy
[19]
Congenital syphilis cases rise for 12th consecutive year | AAP News
Sep 25, 2025 · Congenital syphilis cases rose for the 12th consecutive year in 2024 with nearly 4,000 newborns infected, according to a new report.
[20]
Red Book committee discusses vaccine disinformation, threats to ...
Oct 15, 2025 · Red Book committee discusses vaccine disinformation, threats to public health | AAP News | American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book committee ...Missing: criticisms | Show results with:criticisms
[21]
Personal Child Health Record (PCHR) - RCPCH
The PCHR, or 'red book', is a national standard health and development record given to parents/carers at a child's birth.
[22]
[PDF] My personal child health record - Healthier Together
This record is the main record of your child's health, growth, and development, used to record health details and developmental firsts.
[23]
Red Book - Better Lives Healthy Futures
The Personal Child Health Record (PCHR), also known as the 'Red Book', is given to parents or carers' at a child's birth to record their health and development.
[24]
Use of personal child health records in the UK - PubMed
93% of mothers produced PCHR, 85% showed effective use, and 97% of consulted PCHRs recorded last weight. Use is lower in disadvantaged circumstances.
[25]
Use of personal child health records in the UK - NIH
The personal child health record (PCHR) is a booklet given to new parents in the United Kingdom, to be used as the main record of their child's growth, ...
[26]
Early rehabilitation interventions for global developmental delay in ...
Jul 10, 2025 · Early identification and intervention have shown substantial effects on motor skills, cognition, language, and socio-emotional skills.
[27]
[PDF] Green Book on Immunisation - chapter 24 Pertussis - GOV.UK
Jun 5, 2025 · Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly infectious disease that is usually caused by. Bordetella pertussis. A similar illness is caused by B.
[28]
Labour reveals plan to digitise NHS personal child health records
Apr 7, 2024 · Labour plans to digitise the NHS “red book” that parents use for their children's medical records as part of a series of changes to the NHS app.
[29]
Child Health Systems in the United Kingdom (England)
Child health in the United Kingdom has improved markedly over recent decades but has failed to match health gains and reductions in mortality achieved by other ...
[30]
The six Philips/Sony meetings - 1979-1980 - DutchAudioClassics.nl
With its “eyes opened” to Philips' idea of a small scale, dedicated audio disc, Sony worked with Philips on standardization based on the Philips prototype. The ...
[31]
[PDF] The History of the Compact Disc
In October 1979, a crucial high-level decision was made to join forces in the development of a world audio disc standard. Philips and Sony, although competitors ...
[32]
History (1983): Compact Disc by Sony and Philips - StorageNewsletter
Oct 10, 2018 · The first standard (known as the Red Book CD-DA standard) was published in 1980. Philips contributed the general manufacturing process, based ...
[33]
History of the Compact Disk - Edinformatics
An audio CD consists of several stereo tracks stored using 16-bit PCM coding at a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz. Standard compact discs have a diameter of 120mm, ...
[34]
Red book audio CDs - Planet Of Tunes
A single minute of 16-bit 44.1kHz stereo audio uses 10MB of storage. The maximum running time of an audio CD is 74 minutes using 740MB of its total 744MB ...Missing: Compact | Show results with:Compact
[35]
When Were CDs Invented, and How Do They Work? | HowStuffWorks
Mar 6, 2024 · Developed jointly by Philips and Sony, the CD format was finalized in 1982 and famously documented in the Red Book standard.
[36]
Sony History Chapter9 Opposed by Everyone
On August 31, 1982, an announcement was made in Tokyo that four companies, Sony, CBS/Sony, Philips, and Polygram had jointly developed the world's first CD ...
[37]
The Creation of the Compact Disc - Obsolete Sony's Newsletter
Jan 9, 2025 · The first compact disc player, Sony's CDP-101, launched in October 1982, alongside the first commercial CD, Billy Joel's 52nd Street.
[38]
[PDF] Compact Disk Recording and Reproduction
The error correction technique used in the CD system is the cross–interleave Reed-Solomon code. (CIRC). CIRC employs two Reed-Solomon codes that are cross- ...
[39]
Audio Compact Disc Player - HyperPhysics
A sophisticated error- correction code known as CIRC (cross interleave Reed-Solomon code) is used to deal with both burst errors from dirt and scratches and ...
[40]
The first commercial Compact Disc was created 43 years ago, today
Aug 17, 2025 · While the first commercial CDs were factory pressed some 43 years ago, the discs were in development for quite some time ahead of this date.Missing: adoption | Show results with:adoption
[41]
Environmental Impact of CD-ROMs - West Coast Computer Recycler
Feb 19, 2014 · It is difficult to dispose of a CD-ROM when it is no longer needed. Instead, it is probable that a disc would be sent to landfill, or else incinerated.
[42]
A Green Approach for Recycling Compact Discs - PMC - NIH
In this work, we propose a facile way to remove the non-polymeric layers and investigate the effect of the repetitive extrusion process on the processability ...
[43]
The importance of recycling CDs and DVDs - esmartrecycling.com
Nov 23, 2023 · When people don't recycle CDs and DVDs, they consume a large amount of landfill space. This diminishes landfill space and wastes valuable ...Missing: Compact | Show results with:Compact
[44]
https://archimago.blogspot.com/2025/02/do-cd-and-lossless-streaming-sound-same.html
[45]
Red Book CD Format Explained - TravSonic
The format was developed by Sony and Philips in the 1980s and became the audio medium standard for decades until the mp3 format was introduced in the late '90s.
[46]
IBM Redbooks
This IBM Redbooks publication provides a comprehensive guide to deploying, managing, and optimizing RISE with SAP on IBM Power Virtual Server (PowerVS). It ...IBM Z · About · IBM Power Redbooks · IBM FlashSystem Redbooks
[47]
IBM Redbooks Residencies
IBM Redbooks are developed through a unique program - the residency - that teams IBM technical professionals with Business Partners, clients, and IBM product ...Residency programHigh Availability and Disaster ...
[48]
[PDF] Hybrid Cloud with On-premises Cloud on IBM Z and LinuxONE
Red Hat OpenShift is the core element of hybrid cloud approach from IBM® with IBM Z® and. IBM LinuxONE. This IBM Redbooks publication explains the capabilities ...
[49]
[PDF] What AI Can Do for You: Use Cases for AI on IBM Z
IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson (ZAA) 5.1 is intended to work with the main subsystems running in IBM Z like IBM Db2, IBM CICS, and IBM MQ. It helps in ...
[50]
[PDF] System z Mean Time to Recovery Best Practices - IBM Redbooks
In this case, we believe that the reduction in elapsed time between one job with 100,000 specific commands and a single job with just ten generic commands ...
[51]
REDBOOK SAP and IBM Software Integration | PDF - Scribd
architectural decisions in the best interest of their enterprise, and not just follow vendor bias. Lack of visibility, and lack of well-documented ...
[52]
Uranium 2024: Resources, Production and Demand
Apr 3, 2025 · The present edition reviews world uranium market fundamentals and presents data on global uranium exploration, resources, production and reactor-related ...
[53]
Uranium - OECD
The Nuclear Energy Agency/IAEA's biennial reference book on uranium provides a statistical profile and projections of exploration, resources, production and
[54]
Uranium Resources, Production and Demand (Red Book)
The first edition was published in 1965. Thirty editions have since been published. As the only government-sponsored publication tracking world trends and ...
[55]
[PDF] Uranium 2024: Resources, Production and Demand
Apr 22, 2025 · Total global uranium resources are largely unchanged compared to the previous edition of the Red Book, with total identified recoverable ...
[56]
https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/pressreleases/sufficient-uranium-resources-exist-however-investments-needed-to-sustain-high-nuclear-energy-growth
[57]
Invest now to secure long-term uranium future, Red Book says
Apr 8, 2025 · Uranium 2024: Resources, Production and Demand is the latest edition of the uranium reference produced jointly by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency ...
[58]
The Red Book - A Guide to Work Incentives | SSA - Social Security
The Red Book serves as a general reference source about the employment-related provisions of the Social Security Disability Insurance and the Supplemental ...English HTML Version · What's New in 2025? · Request Alternative Media
[59]
Table of Contents | The Red Book | SSA - Social Security
The Red Book covers disability programs, returning to work, employment supports, resources for youth, and special rules for blind persons.Introducing the Red Book · SSDI and SSI Work Incentives · Returning To WorkMissing: history | Show results with:history
[60]
Catalog Record: Red book on work incentives : a summary guide...
Social Security Administration. Office of Supplemental Security Income. Published: 1980. Comprendiendo SSI. Author: United States. Social ...
[61]
Trial Work Period (TWP) | Choose Work! - Ticket to Work
Your TWP allows you to test your ability to work for at least 9 months. During your TWP, you'll receive full SSDI benefits, no matter how much you earn.
[62]
[PDF] Fact Sheet - Trial Work Period 2025
The Trial Work Period (TWP) allows SSDI beneficiaries to test their ability to work for at least 9 months, receiving full benefits, and earning $1,160 or more ...Missing: explanation | Show results with:explanation
[63]
SSDI and SSI Work Incentives | The Red Book
How We Can Help (SSA Publication No. 05-10095). It is also available online at www.ssa.gov/pubs ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[64]
Understanding Supplemental Security Income SSI Benefits
Effective January 1, 2025, the Federal benefit rate is $967 for an individual and $1,450 for a couple. Some States supplement the Federal SSI benefit with ...
[65]
SSI Federal Payment Amounts
SSI Federal Payment Amounts ; 2023, 8.7%, 914.00 ; 2024, 3.2%, 943.00 ; 2025, 2.5%, 967.00 ; 2026, 2.8%, 994.00 ...
[66]
How much you could get from SSI | SSA
The maximum monthly SSI payment for 2025 is $967 for an individual and $1,450 for a couple. Your amount may be lower based on your income, certain family ...
[67]
Longitudinal Statistics on Work Activity and Use of Employment ...
For the longest-observed cohort, 28 percent returned to work, 6.5 percent had their benefits suspended for work in at least 1 month, and 3.7 percent had their ...Major Findings · 1996 Di Award Cohort · More Recent Cohorts
[68]
Beyond Employment Rates: Social Security Disability Benefit ... - NIH
The employment rate for SSDI recipients in this study was 7.6% based on SIPP data and 12.4% based on ACS data, with estimates considerably lower for working the ...
[69]
Social Security Disability Insurance
Feb 28, 2025 · Of beneficiaries who were tracked for ten years after qualifying, only about 28 percent did any paid work, 7 percent had benefits suspended for ...
[70]
[PDF] Blueprint for Balance: A FEDERAL BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2020
Oct 1, 2019 · incentive to work against their clients' interests by delaying decisions. This would save $9.6 billion over 10 years and reduce SSDI's 75-year.
[71]
Disability Employment Statistics | U.S. Department of Labor
Disability Labor Force Statistics ; Labor Force Participation Rate, 42.2%, 25.1% ; Employment-Population Ratio, 38.5%, 22.9% ; Unemployment Rate, 8.8%, 8.6% ...Missing: SSI | Show results with:SSI
[72]
Timeline of the First 100 Years | AAUP
Timeline: The AAUP's First Century ; 1968, The AAUP publishes the first edition of Policy Documents and Reports, better known as the Redbook. ; The AAUP issues ...
[73]
1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure ...
This restatement is known to the profession as the 1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure. Following extensive discussions on the 1940 ...Missing: edition | Show results with:edition
[74]
The Redbook - AAUP
The new edition, the twelfth—published in April 2025—includes basic statements on academic freedom, tenure, and due process; academic governance; professional ...
[75]
https://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title/53799/policy-documents-and-reports
[76]
Data Snapshot: Tenure and Contingency in US Higher Education ...
Full-time tenure-track appointments decreased about 7 percent from fall 2002 to fall 2023. Part-time appointments increased about 20 percent from fall 2002 ...
[77]
On Title VI, Discrimination, and Academic Freedom | AAUP
Like Executive Order 13899 from 2019, Executive Order 14188, “Additional Measures to Combat Anti-Semitism,” conflates antisemitism with political criticism of ...
[78]
New Statement on DEI Criteria and Faculty Evaluation - AAUP
Oct 9, 2024 · The statement rejects the claim that DEI criteria necessarily infringe on academic freedom by imposing political or ideological litmus tests ...
[79]
Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the AAUP Redbook ...
The AAUP policy documents collected in the Redbook are more important than ever at a time when higher education is under attack.
[80]
The AAUP continues to back away from academic freedom - FIRE
Oct 11, 2024 · AAUP “rejects the notion that the use of DEI criteria for faculty evaluation is categorically incompatible with academic freedom.” OK, great — ...
[81]
[PDF] The Road to extinction - IUCN Portal
Although it is generally known that the senior author originated the Red Data Book concept in 1963 and that the first two volumes were published in 1966, their ...Missing: initiation | Show results with:initiation
[82]
IUCN Red List of Ecosystems - OpenEdition Journals
The first Red Data Books for birds and mammals were published in 1966 (Scott et al., 1987), gradually expanding both taxonomically and geographically (Rodríguez ...
[83]
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Established in 1964, the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world's most comprehensive ...Citing The IUCN Red List · Searching The IUCN Red List · How the Red List is UsedMissing: initiation | Show results with:initiation
[84]
IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria
The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction.
[85]
Clarifying misconceptions of extinction risk assessment with the ...
We outline five classes of misconceptions that have arisen regarding the purpose, application, and use of the Red List categories and criteria. The most ...
[86]
Arctic seals threatened by climate change, birds decline globally
Oct 10, 2025 · The IUCN Red List now includes 172,620 species of which 48,646 are threatened with extinction. “Today's Red List update, launched at the IUCN ...
[87]
How the Red List is Used - IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
The IUCN Red List shows us where and what actions need to be taken to save the building blocks of nature from extinction.
[88]
IUCN Red List Report: 60 Years of Success - resource
The report explores how the IUCN Red List drives global conservation – by guiding decision making, shaping international ambition and catalysing action on ...Missing: achievements funding<|control11|><|separator|>
[89]
Update or Outdate: Long‐Term Viability of the IUCN Red List
May 30, 2013 · Indeed, 17% of the species' assessments are already outdated. To minimize the budget needed to keep assessments up to date in the Red List, we ...
[90]
Evaluating Large Language Models for IUCN Red List Species ...
Oct 3, 2025 · Assessment coverage remains heavily biased toward vertebrates and Global North species, while invertebrates and tropical taxa are considerably ...
[91]
The IUCN says which animals may face extinction. But is it up to the ...
Nov 22, 2023 · Twenty-five scientists on conservation frontlines publish concerns that the red list of threatened species is outdated and unreliable.
[92]
The Red Book of Carl G. Jung: Its Origins and Influence | Exhibitions
Features the preeminent psychoanalyst Carl G. Jung's famous Red Book, which records the creation of the seminal theories that Jung developed after his 1913 ...
[93]
C. G. Jung's Red Book: Liber Novus - Philemon Foundation
Released on October 7, 2009 by W. W. Norton & Company, the Red Book is a landmark publication. This scholarly and historical edition provides the general ...Missing: creation | Show results with:creation
[94]
The Red Book (Liber Novus) - Applied Jung
It recounts and comments upon the author's imaginative experiences between 1913 and 1916, and is based on manuscripts first drafted by Jung in 1914–15 and 1917.Missing: summary | Show results with:summary
[95]
The Red Book: Some Notes for the Beginner - The Jung Page
Oct 27, 2013 · Jung developed the technique of active imagination as a way of gaining control over the flood of images that threatened to overwhelm him and ...
[96]
Book review: Carl Jung - Martin Liebscher, 2015 - Sage Journals
Sep 23, 2015 · The publication of the Liber Novus in 2009 provided us with an entirely new perspective on Jung's life and work that needs integration in the ...
[97]
The Red Book - International Association of Analytical Psychology
A close study of Liber Novus now clarifies what Jung intended by this conceptual apparatus and liberates it from later mis-interpretations. By reference to The ...
[98]
Red Book of Westmarch - Tolkien Gateway
Jan 27, 2025 · The Red Book of Westmarch (sometimes Red Book of the Periannath) is the book in which the legendarium of Middle-earth was written. It was bound in red leather.History · Inspiration · Portrayals in adaptations
[99]
The Encyclopedia of Arda - Red Book of Westmarch - Glyph Web
In origin the diary and commentaries of Bilbo Baggins, with additions by his heir Frodo and by Samwise Gamgee, the Red Book was the original source for the.
[100]
How Would J.R.R. Tolkien Have Gotten the Red Book of Westmarch?
Jul 11, 2024 · Now, Tolkien mentions the Red Book 23 times in The Lord of the Rings. He attributes the various genealogies, calendars, and some linguistic ...
[101]
The Red Book and the Red Book: Jung, Tolkien, and ... - Becca Tarnas
May 16, 2014 · Both Jung and Tolkien were drawn to the style of medieval manuscripts, with their calligraphy and illuminated letters, and emulated the ...
[102]
The Living Tradition of Medieval Scripts in J.R.R. Tolkien's Calligraphy
This paper examines JRR Tolkien's calligraphic work in the light of the medieval scripts that possibly or certainly inspired him.<|separator|>
[103]
(PDF) Tolkien and Worldbuilding - ResearchGate
PDF | On Jan 1, 2013, Catherine Butler published Tolkien and Worldbuilding | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate.
[104]
The Red Book of the Exchequer Volume 1
30-day returnsIt contains documents from the post-Conquest period up to the year 1230. Including deeds and grants, as well as records of serjeanties and material from pipe ...
[105]
The Red book of the Exchequer - Internet Archive
Sep 3, 2019 · Publication date: 1896 ; Topics: Great Britain -- History -- Medieval period, 1066-1485 -- Sources, Great Britain -- Charters, grants, privileges.
[106]
The Red Book of the Exchequer, Volume 1 - Google Books
Nov 15, 2012 · It contains documents from the post-Conquest period up to the year 1230. Including deeds and grants, as well as records of serjeanties and ...
[107]
The red book of the Exchequer = Liber rubeus de Scaccario
The Red book of the Exchequer was a register intended to preserve important documents comprising charters, statutes of the realm, public acts (Placita), ...
[108]
Medieval Record Sources in Printed Books and Articles
Jul 19, 2013 · H.J. Lawlor, “Calendar of the Liber Ruber of the diocese of Ossory” in R.I.A. Proceedings, number 27 (1908-09). H.J. Lawlor, “Fragments of ...
[109]
Little Red book Xiaohongshu REDNote Marketing
Xiaohongshu, also known as Little Red Book, was developed in June 2013 as LADY Audience Focused Chinese social APP and ecommerce feature together.
[110]
What is Little Red Book (Xiaohongshu)? - Meltwater
Created in 2014, Xiaohongshu, also known as Little Red Book, or simply Redbook, has grown to become China's foremost fashion and luxury shopping platform.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[111]
Chinese Platform Xiaohongshu Hits 300M Users, Delivers 21.4 ...
Aug 2, 2025 · The platform's daily active users reached 143 million globally, representing a 32.4% year-over-year increase according to industry data. More ...
[112]
What the TikTok ban and Xiaohongshu's brief popularity reveal ...
Feb 24, 2025 · According to data from Similarweb cited by Reuters, Xiaohongshu's US user base surged on January 13, 2025, when it gained nearly 3 million US ...
[113]
What to know about Red, the Chinese app rising as a TikTok ...
Jan 14, 2025 · Ahead of a potential US ban, TikTok creators are warming up to Xiaohongshu, known as Red in the West. Is it the right move? By Madeleine Schulz.
[114]
How Xiaohongshu Censors "Sudden Incidents" - China Digital Times
Jul 27, 2022 · A leaked internal document from Xiaohongshu reveals how the Instagram-like social media and e-commerce company deals with censoring discourse about “sudden ...
[115]
China's Xiaohongshu app penalised by cyberspace authority | Reuters
Sep 11, 2025 · China's cyberspace authority summoned and penalised Chinese social media platform Xiaohongshu, accusing the popular app of "damaging the ...
[116]
Chinese rival app Xiaohongshu is overwhelmed by 'TikTok refugees ...
Jan 18, 2025 · TikTok's detractors argue that it is a danger to national security because the users' data is at risk of being compromised by China.Missing: ties | Show results with:ties
[117]
China's Xiaohongshu is carving out a niche in crowded e-commerce ...
Jul 28, 2024 · ... Xiaohongshu got its start as a cross-border shopping guide with a single PDF document. It gradually evolved into an online community where ...
[118]
Review: “Red Book” by Texas (CD, 2005) - Pop Rescue
Mar 15, 2024 · Texas – Red Book (2005) album. This 12 track CD opens with the aptly titled 036, consisting of 36 seconds of what sounds like a slow intro ...
[119]
https://www.discogs.com/master/89690-Texas-Red-Book
[120]
Red Book | Paul Nagle - Bandcamp
Red Book by Paul Nagle, released 01 January 2001 1. Multitude 2. Tomb in darkness 3. Sack of money, Buddah 4. A night at the opera 5. Chant & deliver 6.Missing: titled | Show results with:titled
[121]
The Red Book Sessions - III (Deluxe Edition) | The Singing Company
Free deliveryThe Red Book Sessions by The Singing Company, released 04 June 2006 1. Never Mind, Go On! 2. Soldier, Rouse Thee! 3. That You Love Me 4. No More! No More!Missing: titled | Show results with:titled