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Rem

R.E.M. was an American band formed on April 5, 1980, in , by vocalist , guitarist , bassist/keyboardist , and drummer . Pioneering the and genres with their debut album Murmur (1983), the group evolved into mainstream success through introspective lyrics, atmospheric instrumentation, and hits such as "" from Out of Time (1991), which topped charts and earned . Over their 31-year career, R.E.M. released 15 studio albums, sold more than 85 million records worldwide, won three including Best Album for Out of Time, and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007 before disbanding in September 2011 following Berry's departure in 1997 and creative differences. Their influence shaped indie and alternative music, emphasizing DIY ethos and regional Southern identity amid the 1980s scene.

Health and physiology

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Rapid eye movement () sleep is a distinct phase of sleep characterized by quick, random movements of the eyes, low approaching (atonia), and elevated activity resembling . It was first identified in 1953 by researchers Eugene Aserinsky and at the , who observed these eye movements via (EEG) during sleep studies on adult subjects, noting their association with reports of vivid dreaming upon awakening. Unlike non-REM stages, REM sleep features desynchronized EEG patterns with and waves, irregular heart rate and breathing, and increased metabolic demand in regions like the and . In humans, REM sleep occurs cyclically approximately every 90-120 minutes throughout the night, with episodes lengthening from about 10 minutes early in the sleep period to up to 60 minutes toward morning, comprising roughly 20-25% of total sleep time in healthy adults. Brain imaging studies confirm that during , global cerebral flow and glucose approach waking levels, particularly in association cortices, while pontine-geniculate-occipital (PGO) waves—bursts of neural activity originating in the brainstem—drive the rapid eye movements and contribute to dream imagery. Atonia prevents motor enactment of dreams, enforced by inhibitory signals from the brainstem's sublaterodorsal to spinal motor neurons, though incomplete atonia can manifest as REM sleep behavior disorder. Empirical evidence links sleep to , particularly for procedural and emotional memories; selective deprivation experiments show impaired spatial learning and extinction in , while human studies demonstrate enhanced recall of emotionally charged material after -rich sleep. Theta-band synchronization between the and during facilitates replay of waking experiences, aiding via mechanisms like . For emotional processing, appears to modulate reactivity, with studies indicating reduced next-day negative bias after sleep, though some findings suggest preservation rather than attenuation of affective tone. Disruptions in , as seen in aging or neurodegeneration, correlate with cognitive decline, underscoring its causal role in maintaining neural connectivity.

Physics and dosimetry

Rem (radiation unit)

The , or , is a non-SI unit of dose equivalent that quantifies the biological impact of on human tissue by incorporating both the absorbed energy and the of different types. It is calculated as the product of the absorbed dose in ( absorbed dose) and a quality factor (Q) that varies by type: Q equals 1 for photons (X-rays, gamma rays) and electrons (beta particles), approximately 20 for alpha particles, and 2–20 for neutrons depending on energy. Thus, for gamma , 1 equals 1 , while 1 of alpha equates to 20 due to its higher and greater potential for cellular damage. Introduced in the mid-20th century to address limitations of earlier exposure metrics like the (which measures ionization in air but not tissue effects), the was formalized to enable comparisons of health risks across radiation modalities, reflecting empirical observations of differential tissue damage from animal and human studies post-World War II. It emerged alongside the rep (roentgen equivalent physical) in efforts by physicists like to standardize for mixed radiation fields, with the term "rem" gaining prominence by 1945 amid expanding nuclear research. In relation to the SI unit, 1 rem equals 0.01 (), where the sievert applies the same quality factor principle but uses absorbed dose in (1 = 100 ). The rem remains in use primarily for regulatory and occupational contexts, such as the annual dose limit of 5 rem (50 mSv) for workers, excluding background exposure, as set by the to minimize risks like cancer induction based on linear no-threshold models derived from atomic bomb survivor data. Doses exceeding 100 over short periods can induce , manifesting as , hematopoietic suppression, and potentially fatal organ failure within weeks, with approaching 50% at 400–450 rem without medical intervention; these thresholds stem from clinical observations in accidents like and criticality incidents. Whole-body equivalents below 25 rem typically produce no immediate symptoms but elevate long-term cancer probabilities proportionally, per epidemiological analyses. The millirem (mrem), or 0.001 rem, is common for low-level exposures, such as the average annual background dose of about 300 mrem from cosmic, terrestrial, and sources.

Music

R.E.M. (band)

was an American band formed on April 5, 1980, in , consisting of vocalist , guitarist , bassist and backing vocalist , and drummer . The group played their debut performance that day at a friend's birthday party in an abandoned church, marking the start of a career that pioneered the and genres. Initially signed to the independent label , released the EP in 1982 and their debut studio album Murmur in 1983, the latter earning widespread critical praise for its introspective lyrics and atmospheric sound. The band's commercial breakthrough came in the late 1980s after switching to Warner Bros. Records in 1988 via a then-record-breaking $80 million deal. Albums such as Document (1987), featuring the hit "The One I Love," Green (1988), Out of Time (1991) with the single "Losing My Religion," and Automatic for the People (1992) propelled them to global success, blending cryptic lyrics, arpeggiated guitars, and mandolin elements. Out of Time topped the UK Albums Chart and sold over 18 million copies worldwide. R.E.M. won three Grammy Awards in 1992 for "Losing My Religion" (Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and Best Short Form Music Video) and Out of Time (Best Alternative Music Album). Drummer Bill Berry departed in 1997 following a brain aneurysm suffered onstage during a performance in Switzerland, leaving the band as a trio. The remaining members continued with albums like Up (1998), Monster (1994 reissue context but post-departure works), Reveal (2001), and Collapse Into Now (2011), though critical and commercial reception varied. R.E.M. disbanded amicably in September 2011 after completing their Warner Bros. contract, with Stipe stating during sessions for Collapse Into Now that it felt like the right time to end on a high note rather than risk decline. Over their career, the band sold more than 85 million records worldwide and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007.

Entertainment and fiction

Fictional characters

In the manga series , serialized in from December 1, 2003, to May 15, 2006, Rem is depicted as a who delivers a second Death Note to the human world and bestows upon , enabling her to see names and lifespans. Rem's actions stem from a protective bond with Misa, contrasting the indifference of other like Ryuk, and culminate in Rem killing and Watari to safeguard Misa, which violates Shinigami rules and causes Rem's death. In the light novel series Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World, first published on April 25, 2014, serves as a maid for Roswaal L. Mathers alongside her elder twin sister , both members of the clan with reduced horn due to a past incident. Possessing enhanced physical strength, water-based magic, and proficiency with a spiked flail, Rem initially distrusts the protagonist but develops profound loyalty and romantic feelings toward him after he saves her life. Her character arc emphasizes themes of self-sacrifice, as seen in her solo defeat of the White Whale mabeast and subsequent coma induced by a cult's curse in later story arcs. In the Japanese original video animation (OVA) series , released from 1985 to 1987, Rem is portrayed as a young who enters the dream realms of clients to exorcise demons responsible for nightmares, often using spiritual powers and wit against threats. The series, comprising eight episodes, blends and elements, with Rem's abilities allowing her to navigate subconscious landscapes while facing entities that feed on .

Transportation and infrastructure

Réseau express métropolitain (REM)

The (REM) is a 67-kilometer automated light metro network serving the area in , , featuring 26 universally accessible stations and connecting to suburbs, the , and key economic hubs. Developed by CDPQ Infra, a subsidiary of the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (CDPQ), the system repurposes much of the existing right-of-way from the former lines operated by the Agence métropolitaine de transport, with full electrification and driverless operation using Cityflo 6 signaling for high-frequency service. Projected to carry 160,000 to 170,000 daily passengers upon completion, the REM integrates with existing transit like the via shared fares and aims to reduce road congestion by offering travel times of under 20 minutes from the airport to downtown. The project originated from a 2015 request by the government to the CDPQ for solutions, leading to the REM's public unveiling on , 2016, as a cost-effective alternative to heavier rail expansions, with construction contracts awarded in 2018 for a total estimated cost of approximately 6.5 billion Canadian dollars funded primarily through CDPQ investment and government contributions. Site preparation and major works commenced in April 2018, including track upgrades, station builds, and the integration of 28 three-car trainsets capable of speeds up to 100 km/h. The South Shore branch, spanning 16 kilometers from to downtown via five stations including and Gare Centrale, entered revenue service on July 31, 2023, after testing phases. As of October 2025, remains partially operational amid delays attributed to issues, tunnel renovations in the Mount Royal Tunnel, and rigorous safety testing requirements for automated systems. The Deux-Montagnes branch, covering 21 kilometers northward with stations like Bois-Franc and Deux-Montagnes, is set to open on November 17, 2025, following dynamic testing in the Mont-Royal Tunnel starting April 2025. The YUL-Aéroport-Montréal-Trudeau and Anse-à-l'Orme branches, extending to the airport and suburbs respectively, face completion targets pushed to late 2025 or early 2026 due to ongoing viaduct reconstructions and works. Operationally, the REM runs electric, battery-assisted trains with a peak frequency of every two minutes, seven days a week, matching hours, and fares aligned with the system for seamless transfers. Key stations include (intermodal with ), YUL-Aéroport for access, and Gare Centrale for links, with all facilities designed for level boarding and . While praised for its efficiency and lower per-kilometer cost compared to traditional subways—achieved through and existing infrastructure reuse—the project has encountered criticism over construction disruptions, elevated noise levels, and initial underestimation of integration challenges with legacy corridors. A proposed eastern extension, REM de l'Est, remains in planning with 32 kilometers and 23 stations eyed for future development to serve underserved areas.

Finance and investment

iShares Mortgage Real Estate Capped ETF (REM)

The iShares Mortgage Real Estate Capped ETF (REM) is an exchange-traded fund managed by BlackRock that seeks to track the performance of the FTSE NAREIT All Mortgage Capped Index. This index comprises U.S. real estate investment trusts (REITs) primarily focused on residential and commercial mortgages, providing exposure to the mortgage real estate sector. The fund invests at least 80% of its assets in the component securities of the underlying index or investments with similar economic characteristics. Launched on May 1, 2007, REM has approximately $606 million in net assets as of October 24, 2025. It trades on the Cboe BZX exchange under the ticker REM, with an expense ratio of 0.48%. Distributions are made quarterly, reflecting the high dividend yields typical of mortgage REITs. The "capped" aspect of the index limits the weight of any single constituent to mitigate concentration risk, typically capping individual holdings at around 7.5% while rebalancing periodically. REM's portfolio consists exclusively of mortgage REITs (mREITs), which finance through mortgage-backed securities and loans rather than direct property ownership. As of recent data, the top holdings include (NLY) at approximately 20%, AGNC Investment Corp. (AGNC) at 15%, Starwood Property Trust (STWD) at 10%, and Arbor Realty Trust (ABR) at 5%, with the ten largest positions accounting for over 70% of assets. This concentration arises from the niche focus on mREITs, which number fewer than equity REITs in broader indices. The ETF's performance is tied to interest rate environments, mortgage markets, and credit conditions, often yielding high dividends (around 9-10%) but exhibiting volatility due to mREIT leverage and sensitivity to rate changes. Historical returns have underperformed broader equity markets over long periods, with year-to-date total return near 9.4% as of late 2025, though past results do not predict future outcomes. Key risks include , where rising rates can compress net interest margins; prepayment and extension risk in assets; and from underlying loans, amplified by the sector's use of debt financing. Investors face potential principal loss in adverse housing or economic downturns, as evidenced by sharp drawdowns during the and 2022 rate hikes.

Brands and products

r.e.m. beauty

is a brand founded by American singer , launched on November 12, 2021. The brand's name derives from rapid eye movement (R.E.M.) sleep, symbolizing dreams and self-expression through makeup. Products are formulated as vegan, , and free of parabens, with an emphasis on clean ingredients and recyclability. The initial product lineup included nearly a dozen items, such as lip glosses, eyeliners, , and brow gels, priced between $10 and $22, available exclusively online via the brand's website. Subsequent releases expanded to foundations, concealers, and themed collections, including collaborations like the x line tied to Grande's role in the 2024 film adaptation. By 2022, the brand reportedly generated $84 million in revenue, according to projections from its former parent company Forma Brands. Industry estimates projected 2024 full-year revenue between $30 million and $50 million. Originally developed under Forma Brands (parent of Morphe), beauty's partnership ended amid Forma’s Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing in 2023, after which Grande acquired full ownership for $15 million in February 2023. The acquisition allowed independent operation, with distribution expanding to retailers like and . Reception has been mixed, with praise for inclusive shade ranges and performance in early reviews, but some consumer feedback highlighting issues like packaging durability and formula longevity. Grande addressed criticisms in 2022 that the brand diverted focus from her music career, defending it as a passion project aligned with her creative vision. Despite competitive pressures in the celebrity beauty market, the brand has sustained visibility through social media and tie-ins with Grande's projects.

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