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RAD

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is a rare trauma- and stressor-related disorder affecting young children, marked by inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers and a persistent failure to seek or respond to comfort when distressed, typically arising from severe social neglect or maltreatment in the first few years of life.^[1]^[2] The condition is codified in the DSM-5 as requiring onset before age 5 and exclusion of other developmental or intellectual disabilities, with empirical studies indicating low prevalence rates, often below 1% in general populations but higher in institutionalized or high-risk groups like foster care.^[3]^[4] Key characteristics include the child's lack of reciprocity in social interactions, minimal emotional responsiveness, and limited initiation of comforting behaviors, distinguishing RAD from related conditions like disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED), which involves indiscriminate friendliness.^[1] Causally, RAD stems from pathogenic care—persistent disregard of the child's basic emotional or physical needs—disrupting normal attachment formation, as evidenced by neurobiological findings such as reduced gray matter volume in affected individuals.^[3] Longitudinal data link early institutionalization or repeated caregiver disruptions to heightened risk, underscoring the role of stable early relationships in causal pathways.^[5] Despite its recognition, RAD remains understudied with sparse empirical validation, prompting debates over diagnostic reliability and the theoretical ties to broader attachment paradigms.^[6] Notable controversies center on unproven interventions, including coercive therapies lacking randomized controlled trials, which have drawn criticism for potential harm despite anecdotal endorsements in some adoption communities.^[7] Management emphasizes consistent, nurturing caregiving environments over specialized protocols, with evidence favoring interventions that promote secure attachments through responsive parenting rather than confrontational methods.^[5] Outcomes improve with early intervention, though persistent symptoms correlate with later psychopathology, highlighting the need for rigorous, prospective research to refine causal models and effective supports.^[8]

Science and Technology

Radiation Absorbed Dose (rad)

The rad (radiation absorbed dose) is a unit of absorbed dose that quantifies the amount of energy from ionizing radiation deposited in a material, defined as 100 ergs of energy absorbed per gram of matter.^[9] This corresponds to 0.01 joule per kilogram, making one rad equivalent to 0.01 gray (Gy), the SI unit for absorbed dose.^[10]^[11] Absorbed dose differs from exposure or equivalent dose by focusing solely on energy transfer per unit mass, independent of radiation type or biological tissue, and is fundamental in dosimetry for assessing physical energy deposition rather than weighted biological effects.^[11] The rad originated in the early 1950s amid efforts to standardize radiation measurements beyond earlier units like the roentgen, which measured ionization in air rather than tissue absorption. It was formally adopted by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) in 1953 at the Seventh International Congress of Radiology, reflecting a shift toward absorbed energy as a key metric in radiation physics.^[12]^[13] Initially defined in centimeter-gram-second (CGS) units to align with prevailing scientific conventions, the rad facilitated precise calculations in nuclear and medical applications, such as reactor shielding and radiotherapy planning.^[9] Although the gray was established as the SI unit in 1975—defined as 1 joule per kilogram, exactly 100 times larger than the rad—the rad persists in U.S. regulations and some technical contexts due to legacy systems and familiarity in dosimetry.^[11] For instance, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission standards equate 1 rad to 0.01 Gy for regulatory limits on occupational exposure.^[10] Conversion is straightforward: multiply rad by 0.01 to obtain Gy, or vice versa by multiplying Gy by 100.^[14] In practice, absorbed dose in rads is measured using ionization chambers, thermoluminescent dosimeters, or calorimeters calibrated against known radiation fields, ensuring traceability to primary standards.^[11] Absorbed dose values inform safety thresholds; for example, acute doses above 100 rad to the whole body can cause radiation sickness, while localized doses in radiotherapy often range from 2000 to 7000 rad over fractions to target tumors without exceeding tissue tolerance.^[15] Unlike equivalent dose units (rem or sievert), which incorporate radiation weighting factors for biological damage, the rad provides an unweighted physical measure essential for simulations and shielding design in nuclear facilities.^[10]

Rapid Application Development

Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a software development methodology that prioritizes rapid prototyping, iterative refinement based on user feedback, and accelerated delivery over extensive upfront planning.^[16]^[17] Developed in response to the limitations of traditional sequential models like Waterfall, RAD enables teams to produce functional applications in weeks or months rather than years by emphasizing reusable components and close collaboration with end-users.^[18] The methodology originated in the 1980s, with IBM consultant James Martin formalizing it during his work on high-speed development techniques. Martin detailed RAD in his 1991 book Rapid Application Development, advocating for tools and processes that minimize coding from scratch through automated code generation and prototyping.^[19] This approach arose amid the rise of graphical user interfaces and fourth-generation programming languages, which facilitated quicker iteration compared to the rigid, document-heavy Waterfall method prevalent in the 1970s.^[20] RAD typically unfolds in four phases: requirements planning, where stakeholders outline core needs without exhaustive documentation; user design, involving interactive prototyping and immediate feedback loops; construction, where developers refine prototypes into deployable code using automated tools; and cutover, encompassing testing, deployment, and ongoing maintenance.^[18]^[20] Core principles include heavy user involvement to align outputs with real-world use, modular reusability to avoid redundancy, and flexibility to accommodate evolving requirements, contrasting sharply with Waterfall's linear progression that risks obsolescence if initial assumptions prove flawed.^[17]^[21] Compared to Waterfall, which enforces sequential phases with completion of one before the next—often leading to delays and inflexibility—RAD reduces time-to-market by up to 50-70% in suitable projects through parallelism and iteration.^[22] It shares iterative traits with Agile but predates it, focusing more narrowly on prototyping speed rather than Agile's broader emphasis on team self-organization and continuous delivery; however, RAD's structure can integrate into Agile frameworks for hybrid efficiency.^[23]^[20] Advantages of RAD include enhanced adaptability to changes, higher user satisfaction from early involvement, and cost savings in dynamic environments like startups or internal tools, where prototypes validate assumptions quickly.^[16]^[22] Drawbacks encompass dependency on experienced developers for quality control, potential for unstructured codebases if iterations lack discipline, and unsuitability for large-scale systems with fixed regulatory needs, where upfront rigor is essential to avoid scope creep or security gaps.^[24]^[22] In contemporary practice as of 2025, RAD leverages low-code and no-code platforms such as OutSystems, Mendix, and Microsoft Power Apps, which automate UI generation and integration, enabling non-technical users to contribute and further compressing development cycles to days for simple apps.^[25]^[26] These tools have expanded RAD's applicability to enterprise scenarios, including custom CRM systems and mobile prototypes, though success hinges on selecting projects with unclear requirements and available skilled resources.^[27]^[28]

Medicine and Health

Reactive Attachment Disorder

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is classified in the DSM-5 as a trauma- and stressor-related disorder occurring in infancy or early childhood, typically before age 5, characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness in most contexts, stemming from severe social neglect or deprivation.^[1] The core features involve persistent emotional withdrawal and minimal social or emotional responsiveness to caregivers, including a lack of seeking or accepting comfort when distressed, limited positive affect, and failure to initiate or respond to social interactions despite opportunities.^[1] This condition arises specifically in the context of pathologically inadequate care, such as repeated changes in primary caregiver, institutional rearing without individualized attention, or extreme neglect, and is not accounted for by developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder, or other neurodevelopmental conditions.^[1] Empirical studies link RAD to disrupted attachment formation due to early pathogenic caregiving, with neurobiological correlates including reduced gray matter volume in attachment-related brain regions and altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning from chronic stress.^[3] Symptoms manifest as inhibited, watchful behavior toward adults, with children appearing superficially compliant but avoiding emotional closeness or physical contact, often exhibiting frozen watchfulness or hypervigilance.^[1] Associated features may include cognitive delays, aggression, stereotypies, or depressive symptoms, though these do not define the disorder.^[1] Unlike disinhibited social engagement disorder, which involves indiscriminate friendliness toward strangers, RAD specifically reflects a failure to form selective attachments, rooted in causal deprivation rather than mere behavioral disinhibition.^[3] Prevalence estimates range from 1-2% in the general population but rise to 19-42% among children in foster care or institutions, with higher rates in maltreated or adopted youth, underscoring the etiological role of environmental neglect over genetic or innate factors alone.^[1] ^[3] Etiologically, RAD results from insufficient caregiving that deprives the child of consistent, responsive interactions critical for secure attachment, as evidenced by longitudinal studies of institutionalized children showing persistent attachment deficits traceable to early neglect.^[1] Risk factors include parental substance abuse, mental illness, poverty, or frequent disruptions like multiple foster placements, with maltreatment history present in most cases; however, not all neglected children develop RAD, suggesting individual resilience factors modulate outcomes.^[3] Pathophysiologically, chronic deprivation dysregulates neurotransmitter systems (e.g., oxytocin) and impairs prefrontal-limbic connectivity, leading to blunted emotional processing, though direct causal neuroimaging evidence remains preliminary due to ethical constraints on studying young children.^[3] Diagnosis requires documented inadequate care, observation of attachment behaviors via structured assessments like the Disturbances of Attachment Interview or caregiver reports, and exclusion of mimics such as intellectual disability or sensory impairments through multidisciplinary evaluation.^[1] No biomarkers exist, and diagnosis relies on behavioral criteria persisting for at least 12 months, with inter-rater reliability moderate in clinical settings.^[3] Treatment emphasizes environmental remediation through stable, nurturing caregiving, parental education on responsive parenting, and evidence-limited interventions like attachment-based therapies (e.g., dyadic developmental psychotherapy), which aim to foster secure bonds but lack large-scale randomized trials confirming efficacy.^[1] ^[3] Pharmacotherapy targets comorbidities (e.g., SSRIs for anxiety) but not core attachment deficits, and unproven coercive methods like holding therapy are contraindicated due to potential harm and absence of empirical support.^[1] Prognosis improves with early intervention before age 3, potentially resolving symptoms in responsive environments, but untreated cases carry risks of lifelong relational difficulties and psychopathology, including elevated rates of conduct disorder or PTSD.^[1] Research gaps persist in long-term outcomes and optimal interventions, highlighting the need for prevention via early child welfare interventions.^[3]

Reactive Airway Disease

Reactive airway disease (RAD) refers to a condition characterized by episodic airway obstruction and hyperreactivity, manifesting as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath in response to various irritants or triggers, without meeting the full diagnostic criteria for asthma.^[29]^[30] The term is descriptive rather than a distinct pathological entity, often applied in clinical settings, particularly pediatrics, when symptoms resemble asthma but confirmatory testing is inconclusive or the condition appears transient.^[31] Unlike chronic asthma, RAD episodes may resolve without long-term persistence, though longitudinal data indicate that many cases progress to or represent early asthma.^[32] Symptoms typically include reversible bronchospasm triggered by infections, allergens, exercise, or environmental factors, leading to audible wheezing, nocturnal cough, and exertional dyspnea.^[33] In infants and young children, RAD frequently follows viral lower respiratory infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), with wheezing persisting beyond the acute phase in up to 30-50% of cases.^[34] Severity varies, but untreated exacerbations can cause significant respiratory distress, hypoxia, and hospitalization, especially in those under 2 years old.^[35] Causal factors involve innate or acquired bronchial hyperresponsiveness, often initiated by mucosal inflammation from viral pathogens or inhaled irritants, resulting in smooth muscle contraction and mucus hypersecretion.^[36] Genetic predisposition, atopy, and prematurity increase risk, with epidemiological studies linking early-life RSV bronchiolitis to subsequent RAD in 40-60% of affected infants.^[37] Environmental tobacco smoke and urban pollution exacerbate susceptibility, though no single etiologic agent defines RAD universally.^[38] Diagnosis relies on clinical history of recurrent trigger-induced symptoms responsive to bronchodilators, as pulmonary function tests like spirometry are often infeasible in young children.^[39] Peak flow variability or methacholine challenge may support hyperreactivity in older patients, but absence of atopy or family history of asthma can differentiate provisional RAD from established disease.^[40] The term's vagueness has drawn criticism in peer-reviewed literature for potentially delaying asthma-specific interventions, with studies showing equivalent 2-year outcomes regardless of initial labeling, yet RAD diagnoses correlating with less preventive therapy prescription.^[32]^[31] Treatment mirrors asthma management, emphasizing short-acting beta-agonists like albuterol for acute relief and inhaled corticosteroids for persistent inflammation, with evidence of reduced responsiveness to bronchodilators in irritant-induced cases.^[41] Trigger avoidance, such as viral prophylaxis in high-risk infants, prevents exacerbations, while systemic steroids are reserved for severe episodes.^[42] Long-term, up to 70% of pediatric RAD cases remit by school age, but monitoring for asthma evolution is essential, as misclassification may overlook chronicity.^[43] A related but distinct entity, reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS), arises from acute high-level exposure to corrosive gases or fumes, causing persistent asthma-like symptoms within 24 hours without prior sensitization.^[44] RADS affects adults more commonly in occupational settings, with histopathological findings of epithelial damage and submucosal edema, and requires similar pharmacotherapy but poorer beta-agonist response compared to idiopathic asthma.^[45]^[46]

Public Policy and Housing

Rental Assistance Demonstration

The Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD) is a program administered by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) that enables public housing authorities (PHAs) to convert distressed or aging public housing units, along with certain legacy rental assistance properties, into project-based Section 8 contracts.^[47] This conversion facilitates access to private debt and equity financing for rehabilitation and modernization, as public housing operating and capital funds have historically been insufficient to address widespread maintenance backlogs estimated at over $70 billion nationwide as of the early 2010s.^[48] By shifting to Section 8 project-based vouchers (PBV) or project-based rental assistance (PBRA), RAD properties receive stable, long-term rental subsidies tied to fair market rents, which exceed the per-unit funding levels of traditional public housing.^[49] Authorized by Congress in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act of 2012, RAD initially capped conversions at 60,000 public housing units but expanded progressively, reaching a statutory limit of 455,000 units by fiscal year 2018.^[50] The program includes two main components: RAD Component 1, which converts public housing and Section 8 Moderate Rehabilitation units to PBV or PBRA, and RAD Component 2, which transitions Rent Supplement and Section 236 properties to PBRA.^[49] As of September 2020, nearly 140,000 public housing units had been converted, representing about 10% of the national public housing stock, with subsequent conversions pushing the total to approximately 155,000 units by 2022.^[51]^[52] RAD aims to preserve affordable housing stock by leveraging private investment for upgrades, as evidenced by evaluations showing reduced short-term capital needs and improved financial viability in converted properties.^[53] For instance, a HUD-commissioned study of early conversions found that participating developments experienced enhanced physical conditions post-rehabilitation, with ongoing debt service covered by higher Section 8 subsidy levels.^[50] Resident protections include right-of-return policies for relocated tenants during construction, resident councils in decision-making, and requirements for one-for-one replacement of converted units.^[54] However, Government Accountability Office (GAO) analyses have highlighted gaps in HUD's oversight, including inconsistent tracking of resident outcomes such as rent burdens or income changes post-conversion.^[49] Critics argue that RAD introduces risks of privatization by transferring property management to private owners or partners, potentially eroding PHA control and exposing units to market pressures despite subsidy guarantees.^[55] Empirical evaluations, including those by the Urban Institute, indicate minimal forced relocations and sustained affordability for tenants, with converted households showing comparable or improved stability compared to non-converted public housing.^[56] Nonetheless, the program's reliance on private financing has raised concerns about long-term affordability if subsidy renewals falter, though HUD data suggest financial distress rates remain low due to contract protections.^[57] Recent HUD evaluations emphasize RAD's role in enabling choice mobility for residents while preserving project viability, though systematic data on broader socioeconomic impacts remains limited.^[58]

Language and Culture

Rad as Slang

"Rad" functions as slang for an adjective describing something as excellent, impressive, or cool, serving as a shortened form of "radical" to convey enthusiasm for innovative or extreme qualities.^[59] This usage draws from "radical's" earlier connotations of departure from norms or high degree, adapting it to praise boldness or superiority in informal contexts.^[60] Merriam-Webster dates the slang's first known appearance to 1982, while the Oxford English Dictionary records its earliest attested use in 1989 within a PC Week article.^[59]^[61] The term proliferated in the 1980s amid American youth subcultures, especially Southern California surf and skateboarding scenes, where it aligned with expressions emphasizing thrill or edge, such as describing daring maneuvers as "rad" to highlight their risky excellence.^[62] Associated with "Valspeak" or Valley Girl dialect, "rad" appeared alongside terms like "gnarly" (for intensely good or bad) and "totally" for emphasis, reflecting a playful exaggeration in casual speech.^[63] Media portrayals amplified its reach; for instance, 1980s films and music evoked this lexicon to capture teenage vernacular, though specific early scripted uses predate widespread print evidence.^[63] By the decade's end, it permeated broader pop culture, often in phrases like "totally rad" to affirm something outstanding. Usage peaked in the 1980s but waned by the 1990s as slang evolved toward terms like "dope" or "phat," rendering "rad" dated outside nostalgic or ironic revival.^[62] Contemporary instances occasionally surface in retro-themed media or humor, underscoring its ties to 1980s aesthetics rather than current vernacular. Examples include praising a performance as "That skateboard trick was rad" to denote skillful extremity.^[64]

Arts, Entertainment, and Media

Works Titled RAD

Rad is a 1986 American sports drama film directed by Hal Needham, focusing on Cru Jones (played by Bill Allen), a dedicated BMX racer from a small town who skips his SATs to qualify for the prestigious Helltrack race, facing opposition from his family and a corrupt promoter.^[65] The screenplay by Sam Bernard and Geoffrey Edwards emphasizes themes of perseverance and youthful rebellion, with supporting performances by Lori Loughlin, Talia Shire, and Ray Walston.^[65] Released on March 7, 1986, the film received a PG rating and grossed modestly at the box office, later gaining a cult following among BMX enthusiasts for its authentic racing sequences and 1980s soundtrack featuring tracks like "Thunder in Your Heart" by John Farnham.^[65] RAD is a 2019 roguelike action video game developed by Double Fine Productions and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment, set in a post-post-apocalyptic wasteland where players control a teenage protagonist who mutates through radiation exposure to acquire evolving abilities and combat enemies.^[66] Released on August 20, 2019, for platforms including Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch, the game incorporates procedural generation and permadeath mechanics, drawing comparisons to titles like Binding of Isaac for its mutation-based progression system.^[67] It received mixed reviews, praised for its unique art style and fluid combat but critiqued for repetitive gameplay loops, with Metacritic scores averaging 74/100 across platforms.^[68]

Businesses and Organizations

Companies Named RAD

RAD Data Communications Ltd., founded in 1981 and headquartered in Tel Aviv, Israel, develops and manufactures networking equipment focused on edge connectivity, Ethernet access, Industrial IoT, and security solutions for telecommunications service providers, utilities, and critical infrastructure operators.^[69]^[70] As the anchor company of the privately held RAD Group—a collection of independent firms in networking and telecom—it reported serving global customers with products like interface converters and Ethernet gateways as of recent operations.^[71] Rad AI, a radiologist-led artificial intelligence firm, provides software platforms such as Rad AI Reporting to automate radiology report generation, reducing dictation time by up to 35% and burnout by 84% for users.^[72] Trusted by nearly 50% of U.S. health systems and radiology practices, it ranked 19th on the 2024 Deloitte Technology Fast 500 as North America's fastest-growing such company in its sector.^[73] RAD Technology Medical Systems specializes in modular, relocatable facilities for radiation therapy and other medical applications, including the RAD Vault for shielding linear accelerators and the RAD Temp for temporary self-contained units, enabling up to 50% faster deployment than traditional construction.^[74] Robotic Assistance Devices (RAD) develops AI-driven security systems to enhance situational awareness, optimize patrols, and lower operational costs for organizations by automating threat detection and response tasks.^[75] Other smaller entities include RAD Distribution, a North American audio equipment distributor handling brands like Black Lion Audio, and RAD Corporation, a Pakistan-based firm offering services in education, technology, and digital media since 1999.^[76]^[77]

Other Organizations

RAD-AID International is a non-profit organization committed to advancing radiology services in resource-limited settings globally via training programs, equipment donations, and partnerships with local healthcare facilities. It originated from initiatives at Johns Hopkins University and has expanded to involve over 14,000 volunteers across 146 countries, delivering support to 91 hospitals in more than 40 nations.^[78] Resources for Abortion Delivery (RAD) functions as a fiscally sponsored initiative under the Hopewell Fund, a 501(c)(3) entity, with the objective of sustaining independent abortion clinics through financial grants totaling over $70 million, operational guidance, and legal aid following the 2022 Dobbs decision. It assists providers reaching patients in nearly every U.S. state, has collaborated with 30 philanthropic foundations, and delivered $350,000 in technical aid plus 2,000 hours of legal services.^[79] The RAD Movement operates as a 501(c)(3) non-profit (EIN 87-1107846) dedicated to aiding families of missing or exploited persons by coordinating searches, offering post-recovery support, and advocating for prevention education. Composed entirely of volunteers, it employs technology and professional networks to facilitate reunifications and provides specialized training on exploitation risks.^[80] Rise Above The Disorder (RAD) is a non-profit that funds mental health treatment worldwide, initially emerging from an online gaming community before formalizing its mission to cover therapy costs for underserved individuals. It partners with clinics and accepts donations to subsidize care, emphasizing accessibility for those facing barriers to services.^[81]

People

Individuals Known as Rad (Given Name or Nickname)

Rad Hourani (born 1982) is a Canadian-Syrian fashion designer and interdisciplinary artist based in New York, known for minimalist, unisex collections that emphasize neutrality across gender, race, age, and nationality; he launched his eponymous haute couture line in Paris in 2007 after moving from Montreal.^[82] ^[83] His designs have been featured in Vogue runway shows and collaborations exploring themes of universality through sculpture, photography, and performance.^[84] Rad Daly (born January 18, 1966) is an American actor with credits in over 25 films and television productions, including roles in The A-Team (2010) as a platoon leader, Shanghai Noon (2000), and Crimson Tide (1995).^[85] He has also appeared in commercials and maintains an active career in improvisation and stunts.^[86] Robert Anthony "Rad" Dougall (born September 7, 1951) is a South African retired racing driver of Scottish descent who excelled in Formula Ford 1600, Formula Ford 2000, and Formula 2 during the 1970s, securing wins in South African and British series before competing in events like the 500 km Donington in 1988.^[87] ^[88] Trained as a mechanical engineer, he participated in endurance racing, including Le Mans prototypes.^[89]

Individuals with Surname Rad

Sean Rad (born May 22, 1986) is an American entrepreneur of Iranian descent who co-founded the mobile dating application Tinder in 2012 while working at Hatch Labs. Raised in Beverly Hills, California, by parents who immigrated from Iran to Los Angeles in the 1970s, Rad grew up in the local Persian community and attended the University of Southern California. He served as Tinder's chief executive officer and chairman until stepping down in late 2016, during which time the app became the top-grossing non-game application in 99 countries by 2015 and facilitated over 50 billion matches. Rad's net worth exceeds $3 billion as of recent estimates, derived primarily from his stake in Tinder following its acquisition by Match Group.^[90]^[91]^[92] Saeed Rad (c. 1945 – July 22, 2024), born Ahmad Saeed Hagh Parast Raad in Tehran, was an Iranian stage and film actor and playwright whose career spanned over five decades. He debuted in cinema with the 1971 film Conquerors of the Desert directed by Mohammad Zarrin Dast and became known for portraying rugged, authoritative characters in Iranian productions during the 1970s and beyond. Rad left Iran in 1986 amid political changes, residing in Canada before returning in 2000 to resume acting. He died in a Tehran hospital at age 79 after battling illness for ten months.^[93]^[94]^[95]

Places

Geographic Locations Named Rad

Rád is a village in Vác District, Pest County, central Hungary, with a population of 1,954 as of 2022.^[96] Located approximately 40 kilometers north of Budapest, it features agricultural landscapes typical of the region.^[97] Rad is a municipality in Trebišov District, Košice Region, eastern Slovakia, situated near the Hungarian border.^[98] The area reflects the historical ethnic Hungarian influence, with the village serving as a rural settlement in a lowland agricultural zone.^[99] Rad is a small locality in Sanaag region, northern Somalia, at an elevation of 881 meters near the town of Badhan.^[100] Positioned at roughly 10°43'N latitude, it lies in a semi-arid, mountainous terrain with limited infrastructure and population data, characteristic of pastoral nomadic communities in the area.^[101] Koh Rad, also known as Ko Rat or Koh Raet, is a minor island off the coast of Surat Thani Province, southern Thailand, primarily inhabited by a fishing community.^[102] Accessible by boat from Don Sak, it includes temples, basic homestays, and coastal features, though exact population figures are unavailable due to its remote and seasonal nature.^[103] La Rad is a hamlet in the municipality of Galindo y Perahuy, Province of Salamanca, western Spain, at coordinates 40.933°N, 5.817°W.^[104] It represents a dispersed rural settlement in the Castilian countryside, with minimal documented population, focused on traditional agrarian activities.^[105]

Other Uses

Miscellaneous Acronyms and Terms

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is a psychiatric condition classified in the DSM-5, affecting infants and young children who have experienced severe social neglect or deprivation, leading to inhibited emotional attachments and lack of comfort-seeking behaviors from caregivers.^[106] Symptoms typically emerge before age 5 and include emotional withdrawal, limited social responsiveness, and failure to initiate or respond to social interactions, with prevalence estimated at less than 10% among high-risk institutionalized children.^[2] Diagnosis requires evidence of pathognomonic social-emotional disturbances persisting despite adequate caregiving opportunities, often linked to early institutionalization or frequent caregiver changes; treatment involves attachment-focused therapies rather than medications, though outcomes improve with stable environments post-adoption.^[107] Rapid Application Development (RAD) refers to a software engineering methodology emphasizing quick prototyping, iterative user feedback, and accelerated delivery cycles to reduce development time compared to waterfall models, originating in the 1990s with James Martin's framework. It involves phases like requirements planning, user design, construction, and cutover, prioritizing functional software over comprehensive documentation; while effective for small-scale projects with involved users, critics note risks of scope creep and insufficient testing in larger systems. Radiation Absorbed Dose (rad) denotes a legacy unit of ionizing radiation measurement, equivalent to 0.01 joule per kilogram of absorbing material or 100 ergs per gram, adopted in 1953 by the International Commission on Radiological Units but superseded by the SI gray (Gy) since 1975, where 1 Gy = 100 rad.^[59] It quantifies energy deposition from radiation sources like X-rays or gamma rays in tissues, with historical applications in dosimetry for medical and occupational exposure limits, such as the U.S. standard of 5 rem (roentgen equivalent man) annual whole-body dose correlating to 500 rad for certain radiations.^[59] Reactive Airway Disease (RAD) is a clinical term, often applied to asthma-like conditions in pediatrics, describing reversible airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation without formal asthma diagnosis, particularly in infants where spirometry is infeasible. It encompasses triggers like allergens or infections leading to wheezing and bronchospasm, with management via bronchodilators and avoidance; however, some experts argue it overdiagnoses transient wheezing, recommending longitudinal assessment for persistent cases.

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Apr 18, 2025 · Rapid application development (RAD) is a software development approach that involves an agile and iterative development process.
[28]
Rapid Application Development Guide 2025 - Radixweb
Dec 17, 2023 · 1. Kissflow. Kissflow is among the few rapid app development tools that enable individuals from any background to go ahead with rapid app ...Missing: examples | Show results with:examples
[29]
Reactive Airway Disease: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Reactive airway disease (RAD) is an informal term sometimes used by healthcare providers to describe asthma-like breathing problems caused by irritants.
[30]
Reactive Airway Disease: Definition, Symptoms, and Treatment
Apr 14, 2025 · Reactive airway disease (RAD) refers to wheezing, coughing, and other symptoms that happen when irritants affect the bronchial tubes.
[31]
RAD: Reactive Airways Disease or Really Asthma Disease?
RAD is not a diagnosis but a description of the primary symptom of asthma. Saying “RAD” rather than “asthma” is akin to saying “dry, itchy skin disease” in lieu ...
[32]
Clinical Outcomes for Young Children Diagnosed With Asthma ...
Jun 18, 2021 · We examined how often children were diagnosed with asthma versus RAD, and whether preventive care and 2-year clinical outcomes differed based on initial ...
[33]
Reactive airway disease: Definition, symptoms, and causes
Feb 27, 2018 · Reactive airway disease describes a set of symptoms that may or may not be caused by asthma. The symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.Overview · Related conditions · Symptoms · Causes
[34]
Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Reactive Airway Disease
Studies of RSV and its association with subsequent chronic obstructive airways disease have been performed in humans, cell culture models, and animal models, ...Missing: peer | Show results with:peer<|control11|><|separator|>
[35]
Asthma and Reactive Airway Disease (RAD) (Wheezing)
Asthma flare-ups begin with swelling in the airways. Asthma flare-ups or serious attacks can happen if the swelling is not treated. Taking medicines to control ...
[36]
Definition of reactive airways disease
Jan 10, 2014 · In this syndrome, an individual develops lung damage which is manifested by coughing and shortness of breath, oftentimes with wheezing, after ...
[37]
Time to Say Goodbye to Bronchiolitis, Viral Wheeze, Reactive ...
May 4, 2020 · Recent studies have shown that for some viruses such as RSV this appears a reasonable supposition given that it is rarely identified in ...
[38]
[PDF] RAD (Reactive Airway Disease) and Asthma #28
What it is: The lungs are extra sensitive in RAD (reactive airway disease) and asthma. They react to things like cats, exercise or colds.<|separator|>
[39]
Reactive Airway Disease: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
“Reactive airway disease” (RAD) is a term that healthcare providers use to describe breathing symptoms that are similar to asthma, but they're not sure of the ...
[40]
A comparison of asthma and reactive airway disease (RAD)
Sep 11, 2024 · Although asthma and RAD may share some features, they are different. Asthma is a medical condition, whereas RAD is not.
[41]
Successful treatment of reactive airways dysfunction syndrome ... - NIH
Sep 22, 2011 · Traditional treatment is the same as that of conventional asthma, despite evidence that patients with RADS are less responsive to β2 agonists.
[42]
Reactive Airway Disease: Care Instructions - Kaiser Permanente
Reactive airway disease is a breathing problem that appears as wheezing, a whistling noise in your airways. It may be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, ...
[43]
Reactive Airway Disease vs Asthma: Key Differences Explained
Oct 24, 2024 · The primary distinction between reactive airway disease vs asthma lies in the duration and cause of symptoms. While asthma is a chronic ...
[44]
Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) - PubMed
Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) is defined as the sudden onset of asthma following a high level exposure to a corrosive gas, vapor, or fume.<|separator|>
[45]
“Reactive Airways Disease” | A Lazy Term of Uncertain Meaning ...
May 15, 2000 · RADS is a specific term coined by Brooks and coworkers (1) in 1985 to describe an asthma-like illness developing after a single exposure to high ...
[46]
Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome: Are we missing these ... - NIH
The patients with RADS are treated as patients with asthma as no significant advances have been made in the management of this condition. Corticosteroids and ...Missing: causes | Show results with:causes
[47]
RAD: Rental Assistance Demonstration - HUD Exchange
RAD was created in order to give public housing authorities (PHAs) a powerful tool to preserve and improve public housing properties.
[48]
[PDF] The Rental Assistance Demonstration Program and Its Current and ...
The Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD) program is the nation's latest and largest initiative to preserve public housing. Launched in 2012, RAD transfers ...
[49]
Rental Assistance Demonstration: HUD Needs to Take Action to ...
Feb 20, 2018 · To help address these needs, the RAD program was authorized in fiscal year 2012. RAD allows PHAs to move (convert) properties in the public ...
[50]
Evaluation of the Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD) - HUD User
Oct 10, 2024 · The Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD), authorized by Congress in 2012, enables public housing authorities (PHAs) to convert their public ...
[51]
[PDF] Impact of Rental Assistance Demonstration Program Conversions ...
As of September 2020, almost 140,000 public housing units had been converted through the program. (exhibit 1). Although the total number of converted RAD units ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[52]
Does RAD Privatize Public Housing? - Shelterforce
Feb 10, 2022 · To date, about 155,000 units of public housing have been converted through the RAD program, which as a “demonstration” program currently limits ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[53]
Physical Conditions and Financial Viability of Early Rental ...
Nov 4, 2019 · The RAD projects under examination saw a decrease in short-term capital needs and improved financial viability. The authors estimate the RAD ...
[54]
New Evaluation of Rental Assistance Demonstration Finds Program ...
Dec 16, 2019 · One frequently cited concern with the RAD program is that the program may force tenants to relocate. Most rehabilitation developments will ...Missing: criticisms | Show results with:criticisms
[55]
The Promise and Peril of HUD's RAD Program - Shelterforce
Jul 30, 2018 · The program serves as a powerful tool for the preservation of public housing units, but it comes with a host of challenges including limited oversight.
[56]
Evaluation of the Rental Assistance Demonstration - Urban Institute
Oct 10, 2024 · This study examines the experiences of households living in public housing properties that converted to project-based Section 8-assisted housing.Missing: effectiveness | Show results with:effectiveness
[57]
Econometrica, Inc., Leads Evaluation of HUD's Rental Assistance ...
Oct 30, 2024 · The evaluation focused on the impact RAD has had on tenants' use of choice mobility, the long-term financial preservation of converted projects, ...Missing: criticisms | Show results with:criticisms
[58]
Rental Assistance Demonstration (RAD) Evaluation - HUD User
The RAD program allows PHAs to convert public housing to Section 8. HUD has conducted two evaluations, the first (2014-2019) and the second (2019-2023).Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[59]
RAD Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of RAD is a unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation equal to an energy of 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material. How to use rad in a ...
[60]
Radical - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
rad(n.) 1918, "x-ray dose unit," a shortened form of radiation (q.v.). The meaning "unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation" is by 1954, an acronym from ...<|separator|>
[61]
RAD meanings, etymology and more - Oxford English Dictionary
Where does the word RAD come from? ... The earliest known use of the word RAD is in the 1980s. OED's earliest evidence for RAD is from 1989, in PC Week.Missing: slang origin
[62]
Synonyms for 'Cool': 21 Rad Slang Terms You Should Know
Mar 25, 2024 · ... has meant “cool” since the 1970s. The term originally conveyed a sense of extremity or danger, as only the riskiest stunts were considered rad.
[63]
1980s Slang: 27 Totally Tubular Terms - Mental Floss
Feb 9, 2024 · ” It was popularized by Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982). ... Rad, a shortened version of the word, was also a popular way to ...
[64]
"Rad" Meaning, Origin and Examples - 7ESL
Dec 30, 2024 · Origin of “Rad”. According to most people, this term first originated and gained its popularity in the early 1980s. However, some argue that the ...
[65]
Rad (1986) - IMDb
Rating 6.7/10 (7,630) Rad: Directed by Hal Needham. With Bill Allen, Lori Loughlin, Talia Shire, Ray Walston. The story of one young man, Cru Jones, who has the intensity and ...Rad · Full cast & crew · Trivia · Parents guide
[66]
RAD | Official Site - Bandai Namco
Mar 20, 2019 · RAD is a 3D action rogue-like where you explore a radioactive wasteland, mutating into new forms with new abilities, and the world's fate ...
[67]
Save 75% on RAD on Steam
RAD is a 3D action rogue-like set in a post-post-apocalyptic world, where humanity has faced armageddon not once, but twice.Missing: 2018 | Show results with:2018
[68]
Rad Reviews - Metacritic
Rating 74% (31) RAD – a 3D action rogue-like set in a post-post-apocalyptic world, where humanity has faced armageddon not once, but twice. Playing as a teenage protagonist ...Missing: 2018 | Show results with:2018
[69]
About RAD's Mission - Carrier Edge Solutions & AI Networking
RAD is a global leader in networking edge solutions. Our customers are top-tier service providers, power utilities, mass transportation systems, and government ...
[70]
RAD | LinkedIn
Founded in 1981, RAD serves as the anchor of the $1.6 billion RAD Group. Website: http://www.rad.com. External link for RAD. Industry: Telecommunications.Missing: named | Show results with:named
[71]
Rad Data Communications Inc - Company Profile and News
Rad Data Communications Inc. designs and manufacturers networking and communication equipment. The Company offers interface converters, ethernet gateways and ...
[72]
Rad AI | Save Time and Decrease Burnout with Radiology AI Software
### Summary of Rad AI
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Rad AI Ranked Number 19 Fastest-Growing Company in North ...
Nov 21, 2024 · Rad AI is the fastest-growing radiologist-led AI company. Nearly 50 percent of all US health systems and radiology practices now leverage the ...
[74]
RAD Technology Medical Systems
RAD utilizes modular construction solutions offering endless possibilities, allowing you to progress alongside the future of medical technology.Contact Us · RAD Temp · RAD Vault · RAD Center
[75]
Our Company | Robotic Assistance Devices (RAD)
Robotic Assistance Devices' mission is to deliver artificial intelligence-based solutions that empower organizations to solve complex challenges.
[76]
About RAD - RAD Distribution
RAD Distribution is the exclusive North American distributor for the fine products by Audified, Avantone Pro, Black Box Analog Design, Black Lion Audio, ...<|separator|>
[77]
RAD Corporation: Technology, Education, Digital Media & Trading ...
RAD Corporation offer a vast variety of services under four broader areas ie. Education, Technology, Digital Media and General Trade. We serve 100+ clients.About · Services · Products · Initiatives
[78]
Who We Are - RAD-AID
RAD-AID began as a few people at Johns Hopkins, and has grown to include over 14,000 volunteers from 146 countries, serving 91 hospitals in over 40 countries.<|control11|><|separator|>
[79]
Resources for Abortion Delivery: Home
RAD is a fiscally-sponsored project of Hopewell Fund, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. © 2025 Resources for Abortion Delivery. All Rights Reserved.About RAD · Careers · Donate to RAD · RAD CommunityMissing: abbreviated | Show results with:abbreviated
[80]
The RAD Movement
The RAD Movement, a 501c3 non profit organization, was founded to provide families with support from the onset of their loved ones disappearance to their ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[81]
Rise Above The Disorder
Rise Above The Disorder, RAD, is a non-profit covering the cost of mental health care for people all over the world. Founded as a World of Warcraft guild in ...Donate To RAD · Learn more about RAD · Therapy · Become A Partner
[82]
© Rad Hourani
Rad Hourani is an interdisciplinary artist hybridizing the mediums of sculpture, paint, photography, costume, architecture, curation, performance, ...
[83]
Rad Hourani - SHOWstudio
Rad Hourani is a fashion designer and film director based in New York. Canadian-born, Hourani worked as an art director and model scout before moving to Paris.
[84]
RAD by Rad Hourani Collections - Vogue
Your source for the latest RAD by Rad Hourani news, updates, collections, fashion show reviews, photos, and videos from Vogue.
[85]
Rad Daly - IMDb
Rad Daly was born on 18 January 1966 in Santa Barbara, California, USA. He is an actor, known for The A-Team (2010), Shanghai Noon (2000) and The Tomorrow War ...Biography · Filmography · People
[86]
RAD DALY - Resume | Houghton Talent - Actors Access
Over 200 national commercials. Please see reels and more on my website - www.raddaly.com. Physical Characteristics / Measurements: IMPROV, Archery, Baseball, ...Missing: actor | Show results with:actor
[87]
Rad Dougall - OldRacingCars.com
Aug 10, 2021 · Excellent driver who was a winner in Formula 2. Of Scottish ancestry, Dougall initially trained as a development mechanical engineer but his ...
[88]
Rad Dougall - Driver Database
British Touring Car Championship. Driver Information. nationality. South African. age. 74. birthday. 1951-09-07. hometown. Johannesburg. helmet.
[89]
More about Rad Dougall
My father was a pretty good Formula 2 racing driver in his day. He also raced in the Le Mans 24 hour. There are almost as many posts about him on Google as ...
[90]
Life and Rise of Sean Rad, Founder and Former CEO of Tinder
Aug 14, 2018 · Sean Rad, the son of Iranian immigrants who came to Los Angeles in the 1970s, grew up in the Persian community of Beverly Hills. His parents ...
[91]
Sean Rad & Tinder: How A Non-Tech Founder Redefined Dating
Sean Rad, the man who founded Tinder and currently has a net worth of over $3 billion. Why did he do it, how did he do it, and what can the average non tech ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[92]
Sean Rad, Tinder Founder : Lessons Scaling Tinder to the ... - 20VC
Sep 8, 2024 · Sean Rad, Founder & fmr CEO of Tinder, facilitated over 50 billion matches, creating more romantic connections than anyone in history.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
[93]
Veteran actor Saeed Rad passes away - Tehran Times
Jul 22, 2024 · The renowned Iranian actor, Saeed Rad, who had been battling health issues for the past ten months, passed away in a Tehran hospital on Monday. He was 79.
[94]
Saeed Rad (سعید راد) - Biography and Film Archive - IMVBox
Born Ahmad Haqparast Rad, Saeed rad made his acting debut in 1971 with 'Conquerors of the Desert' directed by Mohammad Zarrin Dast.
[95]
Prominent Iranian Actor Saeed Rad Dies At 79 - Iran Front Page
Jul 22, 2024 · Veteran Iranian actor and playwright Saeed Rad passed away on Monday after a bout of illness, his daughter confirmed media reports.
[96]
Hungary: Pest - Towns and Villages in Districts - City Population
The population of all towns and villages in Pest County according to census results. ... Rád, Village, Vác, 1,526, 1,486, 1,616, 1,899, 1,954, →. Remeteszőlős ...
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Rád - Demographics - Data Commons
Village in Vác District, Pest County, Hungary, Europe, World. Relevant topics. Demographics. Demographics. Rád: Population. Explore other datasets (2) ...
[98]
Rad (Trebišov, Košický kraj, Slovakia) - Population Statistics, Charts ...
Rad (Trebišov, Košický kraj, Slovakia) with population statistics, charts, map, location, weather and web information.
[99]
Rad Map - Village - Trebišov District, Slovakia - Mapcarta
Svätá Mária is a village and municipality in the Trebišov District in the Košice Region of south-eastern Slovakia. Svätá Mária is situated 3½ km southwest of ...
[100]
Rad, Gobolka Sanaag, Somalia - Mindat
Locality, Latitude, Longitude, Distance, Bearing. Majiyahan-Dhalan area, Bari Region, Somalia, 11° 4' 18" N, 49° 0' 51" E, 60.3km (37.5 miles), 50.4° (NE).
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Rad Map | Somalia Google Satellite Maps - Maplandia.com
Welcome to the Rad google satellite map! This place is situated in Badhan, Sanaag, Somalia, its geographical coordinates are 10° 43' 0" North, ...
[102]
Koh Rat (2025) - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (with ...
Rating 4.5 (11) Koh Rat is a small island near Don Sak. It's mainly a fishing community although there's a couple of temples, restaurants and home stays.
[103]
Koh Rat - มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสุราษฎร์ธานี
Koh Rat is located in a scenicarea. On the left-hand side of Koh Rat, we can see Khao Suwanpradit temple, Laem Tuad, Wang Hin beach, and an abandonedpier.
[104]
RAD Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo ...
Alternates names : Radd - Coordinates UTM : TL63 Geographical coordinates in decimal degrees (WGS84) Latitude : 40.933. Longitude : -5.817
[105]
Hotel La Rad, Galindo y Perahuy (updated prices 2025)
Rating 8/10 (327) Located in Galindo y Perahuy, 9 miles from Plaza Mayor Salamanca, Hotel La Rad has accommodations with a garden, free private parking, a shared lounge and.
[106]
Reactive attachment disorder - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic
Reactive attachment disorder is a rare but serious condition in which an infant or young child doesn't establish healthy attachments with parents or caregivers.
[107]
https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-reactive-attachment-disorder