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Rezin

Rezin was the last king of the Aramean kingdom of Damascus (Aram-Damascus), reigning in the mid-8th century BCE during a period of escalating Assyrian expansion in the Levant. He is best known for forming an alliance with Pekah, king of Israel, to wage the Syro-Ephraimite War against Ahaz, king of Judah, around 733 BCE, with the goal of deposing Ahaz and installing a puppet ruler, the "son of Tabeel," to bolster their anti-Assyrian coalition. This invasion, which included a siege of Jerusalem and the recapture of the port city of Elath for Aram, prompted Ahaz to seek Assyrian intervention by sending tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III, ultimately leading to the Assyrian conquest of Damascus in 732 BCE, the execution of Rezin, and the dissolution of Aram-Damascus as an independent state.^[1]^[2] Rezin's reign occurred amid broader geopolitical tensions, as Aram-Damascus had previously been a tributary to Assyria but joined regional powers in resisting further Assyrian dominance following Tiglath-Pileser III's campaigns starting in 743 BCE. Biblical sources describe Rezin's forces harassing Judah during the later years of King Jotham and into Ahaz's rule, with prophetic interventions, such as those by Isaiah, warning of the coalition's failure and foretelling Assyrian intervention as divine judgment. His historical existence is corroborated by Assyrian royal inscriptions, where he is mentioned at least twelve times, including in tribute lists from 738 BCE and accounts of his rebellion and defeat, which detail the deportation of Aramean populations to Kir and the installation of Assyrian provinces in the region.^[2] The fall of Rezin marked the end of Aramean independence in Damascus, contributing to the reconfiguration of power in the ancient Near East and the eventual Assyrian subjugation of Israel in 722 BCE. Archaeological evidence, including cuneiform tablets from Tiglath-Pileser III's annals, underscores Rezin's role as a key antagonist in Assyrian narratives, portraying him as a rebel whose defeat solidified Assyrian control over trade routes and territories from the Mediterranean to the Euphrates.^[2]

Background

Aram-Damascus Kingdom

Aram-Damascus was an Aramean city-state centered on the ancient city of Damascus, emerging as a distinct political entity in the 10th century BCE amid the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Hittite Empire and the waning influence of the Egyptian New Kingdom in the Levant.^[3] This rise marked the consolidation of Aramean tribes in southern Syria, transforming the region from the fragmented Late Bronze Age polity known as Upe into a unified kingdom that played a pivotal role in Iron Age geopolitics.^[4] The kingdom's formation reflected broader Aramean migrations and state-building efforts following the Bronze Age collapse, with Damascus serving as its enduring capital. Geographically, Aram-Damascus encompassed fertile areas in modern-day Syria, including the oasis of Damascus and the surrounding plains of the Ghouta, as well as control over the Golan Heights, the Huleh Valley, and parts of northern Transjordan up to the Yarmuk River.^[4] Its territory was strategically positioned along the eastern foothills of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, providing access to vital trade routes that linked the Mediterranean seaboard through passes like the Barada Valley to the interior deserts and Mesopotamia.^[5] This location not only supported agricultural productivity in irrigated lowlands but also positioned the kingdom as a natural conduit for overland commerce between Anatolia, the Levant, and the Euphrates region. Politically, Aram-Damascus operated as a monarchy, ruled by dynastic kings who centralized authority in Damascus while overseeing a network of vassal towns and tribal alliances.^[6] By the 8th century BCE, the kingdom had become a tributary state to the expanding Assyrian Empire, regularly paying tribute—such as silver, gold, and iron—to Assyrian overlords like Adad-nirari III to preserve its independence amid growing Mesopotamian pressures.^[7] This hierarchical structure allowed Aram-Damascus to navigate its role as a buffer between southern Levantine states like Israel and Judah and the powerful empires to the east. The economy of Aram-Damascus relied heavily on agriculture, with the Damascus oasis enabling the cultivation of grains, fruits, and olives in its well-watered Ghouta plain, supported by ancient irrigation systems.^[5] Trade formed a cornerstone, as the kingdom facilitated the exchange of spices from Arabia, metals from Anatolia and the Mediterranean, and luxury goods along caravan routes, generating wealth through tolls and markets in Damascus.^[4] Its position as a buffer state between Israel, Judah, and Mesopotamia further enhanced its economic significance, allowing it to control transhumance paths and serve as an intermediary in regional exchanges without direct conquest.^[6]

Predecessors and Succession Context

The royal dynasty of Aram-Damascus traced its origins to Hezion, who ruled in the early 10th century BCE and is regarded as the founder of the line, possibly establishing independence from Israelite influence following the division of the united monarchy around 931 BCE. He was succeeded by his son Tabrimmon in the early 9th century BCE, whose reign remains sparsely documented but served as a transitional period in the dynasty's consolidation. Tabrimmon's son, Ben-Hadad I, ascended around 900 BCE and marked the dynasty's early expansion through interventions in Judean and Israelite affairs, including a campaign against northern Israelite territories. Ben-Hadad II followed in the mid-9th century BCE, reigning approximately from c. 860 to 842 BCE,^[8] ^[9] during which he led a coalition of western states against the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III at the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BCE, though subsequent Assyrian campaigns forced tribute payments from Damascus. His rule ended amid growing Assyrian incursions, paving the way for Hazael's usurpation around 842 BCE, as described in biblical accounts where Hazael, initially a court official, overthrew his predecessor—likely Ben-Hadad II—possibly through assassination foretold by the prophet Elisha. Hazael, ruling until circa 800 BCE, significantly expanded the kingdom's territory, subjugating Israelite regions and asserting dominance in the Levant despite repeated Assyrian pressures that compelled him to pay tribute. Hazael's son, Ben-Hadad III, succeeded naturally around 800 BCE and continued the dynasty amid a temporary respite from Assyrian dominance under Adad-nirari III, who exacted tribute but allowed regional recovery in the late 9th century BCE. However, renewed Assyrian campaigns under Shalmaneser IV and Ashur-dan III in the early 8th century BCE reimposed tribute demands, weakening Aram-Damascus' position. Rezin ascended the throne around 750 BCE, following Ben-Hadad III after a period that may have included other rulers such as Tab-El, during relative Assyrian weakness.^[8] ^[9] The succession timeline reflects a pattern of dynastic continuity interrupted by Hazael's violent takeover, which introduced potential internal instability as the new regime consolidated power through military successes against Israel. While no widespread civil unrest is explicitly recorded beyond this usurpation, the reliance on forceful leadership amid Assyrian threats likely fostered a defensive posture in the royal line, setting the stage for policies focused on survival. Prior to Rezin's reign, tribute payments to Assyria—initiated under Shalmaneser III's predecessors like Ashurnasirpal II but intensified from the mid-9th century BCE—progressively eroded Aramean autonomy, with Damascus submitting silver, gold, and other valuables to avert conquest. This external coercion, combined with the dynasty's expansionist legacy under Hazael, framed the weakening power structure that Rezin would navigate. The broader adoption of the Aramaic language across the Levant during this era underscored the cultural influence of Aramean kingdoms like Damascus.

Ascension and Early Reign

Rise to Power

Rezin, known in Assyrian records as Raḥianu, reigned as the last independent king of Aram-Damascus from approximately 754 to 732 BC.^[10] He succeeded Hadianu as king, inheriting a throne in a kingdom that had been weakened by earlier Assyrian campaigns, including those against previous rulers such as Ben-Hadad III under Adad-nirari III around 796 BC. Hadianu, Rezin's predecessor, had paid tribute to Assyria as early as 773 BC, establishing the vassal relationship that Rezin continued.^[10]^[11] Historical records provide limited details on the precise means of Rezin's ascension, with possibilities including inheritance within the royal line or a coup amid the 8th-century BC regional instability; however, the initial phase of his rule appears to have been marked by relative domestic stability, as no major internal upheavals are attested in surviving inscriptions.^[12]^[10] From the outset, Aram-Damascus remained an Assyrian tributary state, compelling Rezin to navigate a precarious balance of submission to maintain nominal autonomy.^[10] In his early years, Rezin focused on strengthening the kingdom's position, including territorial consolidation, amid the Neo-Assyrian expansion in the Levant.^[12] These efforts contributed to inferred domestic achievements, including stabilization of the economy through sustained trade routes and bolstering of military readiness amid the broader turmoil of the Neo-Assyrian expansion in the Levant.^[12]

Initial Relations with Neighbors

Upon his ascension around 750 BC, Rezin of Aram-Damascus established a tributary relationship with the Assyrian Empire under Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 745–727 BC), paying substantial tribute in 740 and 738 BC to secure his kingdom's autonomy amid growing Assyrian pressure. Assyrian annals record Rezin (identified as Rasunu) among the Syro-Palestinian rulers submitting gold, silver, and other valuables during these campaigns, a strategy that temporarily averted direct invasion while allowing limited local expansion. This vassalage reflected the broader Assyrian policy of extracting resources from western states to fund further conquests. Aram-Damascus under Rezin maintained economic and border ties with Phoenician city-states, notably Tyre ruled by Hiram II (r. 737–729 BC), who similarly paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III in 738 BC. These relations supported regional trade networks, with Damascus serving as an inland hub exchanging agricultural products and metals for Phoenician cedar, textiles, and maritime goods, fostering mutual economic dependence without formal alliances at this stage. Interactions with Philistia to the south were similarly pragmatic; Philistine cities like Gaza and Ashkelon, also Assyrian tributaries by the late 740s BC, shared border stability through parallel submissions that minimized conflict and enabled indirect trade along coastal routes. Relations with the Kingdom of Israel under Pekah (r. 737–732 BC) remained neutral and cautious prior to closer cooperation, as both kingdoms grappled with Assyrian demands and past territorial disputes over regions like Gilead. Rezin's diplomacy emphasized survival in a weakening Levantine landscape, where Tiglath-Pileser III's expansions from 745 BC onward dismantled independent polities, compelling tribute as the primary means of balancing imperial oversight with internal consolidation. This precarious equilibrium briefly allowed Aram-Damascus to extend influence over adjacent areas, including brief Aramaic cultural exchanges with Judah along shared frontiers.

Major Conflicts

Alliance with Israel

Around 735 BC, Rezin, the king of Aram-Damascus, established a strategic military and political alliance with Pekah, king of Israel, in response to the aggressive expansion of the Assyrian Empire under Tiglath-Pileser III.^[1] Both leaders, having previously submitted as tributaries to Assyria during its campaigns in the region, sought to preserve their sovereignty amid growing fears of full annexation and deportation.^[13] This pact marked a shift from nominal vassalage to open resistance, aiming to forge a united front against Assyrian dominance in the Levant.^[1] The core objective of the alliance was to expand an anti-Assyrian coalition by compelling neighboring states to join, particularly targeting Judah to neutralize its potential alignment with Assyria.^[13] Rezin and Pekah planned to overthrow King Ahaz of Judah and install a puppet ruler, referred to as "the son of Tabeel" in prophetic accounts, who would pledge loyalty to their cause and bolster the coalition's strength. Biblical records describe this threat as an early escalation, with Rezin and Pekah advancing toward Jerusalem to enforce their demands, as noted in 2 Kings 15:37 and Isaiah 7:1. To broaden the alliance's reach, Rezin engaged in diplomatic outreach to other Levantine powers, including covert negotiations with Hiram II of Tyre, whose kingdom had initially paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III but later aligned with the revolt against Assyrian control.^[14] These efforts reflected a calculated attempt to create a networked resistance, drawing on Tyre's commercial and maritime influence to sustain the coalition economically and militarily.^[14]

Syro-Ephraimite War

The Syro-Ephraimite War, occurring circa 734–732 BCE, was a joint military campaign launched by Rezin of Aram-Damascus and Pekah of Israel against the Kingdom of Judah under King Ahaz. The alliance aimed to depose Ahaz and install a puppet ruler, identified as the "son of Tabeel," who would align Judah with their anti-Assyrian coalition and ensure regional unity against the expanding Assyrian Empire.^[1]^[15] This strategic move by Rezin reflected a miscalculation in underestimating Judah's resilience and the potential for Assyrian intervention, as the coalition sought to force Judah into submission without anticipating the broader geopolitical repercussions.^[1] The campaign began with Aramean and Israelite forces invading Judah, including Rezin's recovery of the port city of Elath for Aram by driving out the Judahites (2 Kings 16:6), and besieging Jerusalem but ultimately failing to capture it due to insufficient strength and logistical challenges.^[1] Judah mounted counterattacks, inflicting losses on the invaders, while internal dissent weakened the Israelite side; Pekah was assassinated by Hoshea son of Elah amid the conflict's fallout, further destabilizing the coalition.^[16] Rezin's strategy faltered as the siege stalled, exposing the alliance's vulnerabilities and allowing Ahaz to exploit the situation by appealing directly to Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III for aid, offering substantial tribute from Judah's temple treasures in exchange for military support (2 Kings 16:7–9).^[1] This appeal marked a pivotal shift, transforming Judah from a target into an Assyrian ally and dooming the coalition's objectives. In the prophetic context, the prophet Isaiah confronted Ahaz during the crisis, urging him not to fear the coalition and offering a divine sign to affirm Judah's deliverance. Isaiah prophesied the birth of a child named Immanuel ("God with us"), declaring that before the child could distinguish good from evil, the lands of Rezin and Pekah—Aram and Israel—would be laid waste (Isaiah 7:14–16).^[15] This sign underscored the coalition's impending defeat, highlighting Rezin's strategic error in provoking a conflict that invited Assyrian dominance and accelerated the downfall of both Aram and Israel.^[1]

Fall to Assyria

Rebellion Against Tiglath-Pileser III

The open rebellion against Tiglath-Pileser III escalated circa 734 BC, triggered by King Ahaz of Judah's appeal for Assyrian assistance against the earlier Syro-Ephraimite coalition, which inadvertently exposed Rezin's broader anti-Assyrian alliance to imperial scrutiny.^[17] This appeal, documented in Assyrian records as tribute payments from Ahaz (referred to as "Jehoahaz of Judah"), prompted Tiglath-Pileser to mobilize against the Levantine rebels, marking the shift from covert preparations to overt conflict.^[2] Rezin, as king of Aram-Damascus, expanded the coalition to encompass a wide array of Levantine and regional powers, including Philistine cities such as Gaza and Ashkelon, the Phoenician stronghold of Tyre under King Hiram, surviving elements of the northern kingdom of Israel following internal upheavals, and nomadic Arabian tribes led by Queen Samsi of the Arabs.^[18] The alliance's primary objective was to counter Assyrian military campaigns westward, securing control over key trade routes along the Mediterranean coast and Transjordan to disrupt imperial supply lines and expansion.^[13] This pan-Levantine network represented a concerted effort to preserve local autonomy amid growing Assyrian hegemony, with Rezin positioning Damascus as the central hub for coordinated resistance.^[17] Tiglath-Pileser III's annals detail the Assyrian countermeasures, beginning with a 734 BC campaign targeting the Philistine coastal cities to sever the coalition's maritime access and economic lifelines.^[18] Subsequent operations in 733 BC focused on plundering the environs of Damascus and subduing allied territories in Galilee and Transjordan, involving mass deportations of populations—such as 13,520 from the Galilee alone—to depopulate and destabilize rebel strongholds.^[13] These records, inscribed on palace reliefs and summary inscriptions (e.g., Annals 23 and Summary 9), emphasize the systematic dismantling of the coalition through provincial reorganization and tribute extraction, with Tiglath-Pileser claiming conquests over 591 cities in 16 districts around Damascus.^[17] The rebellion's downfall stemmed from critical strategic miscalculations by Rezin and his allies, who underestimated the Assyrian empire's logistical prowess and military mobility, enabling Tiglath-Pileser to execute swift, multi-front advances without overextending resources.^[18] The coalition failed to effectively block potential Egyptian reinforcements via Gaza or consolidate defenses in Transjordan, allowing Assyria to isolate Damascus progressively and exploit divisions among the disparate members.^[13] This underestimation of Assyria's capacity for rapid deployment—supported by an extensive provincial system and cavalry innovations—ultimately eroded the alliance's cohesion and territorial integrity.^[17]

Sack of Damascus and Death

The Assyrian campaign against Aram-Damascus, spanning 734–732 BC, represented the culmination of a three-year military effort led by Tiglath-Pileser III to dismantle the anti-Assyrian coalition centered on Rezin's kingdom.^[19] This invasion was prompted by a request from King Ahaz of Judah, who sought Assyrian intervention against the Syro-Ephraimite alliance. By 732 BC, Assyrian forces had isolated Damascus through systematic conquests in the surrounding regions, setting the stage for the decisive siege of the capital.^[20] Tiglath-Pileser III employed devastating tactics to subdue the territory, destroying 591 cities across 16 districts of the land of Damascus and leaving them in ruins comparable to ancient flood-devastated mounds.^[20] Assyrian annals record the deportation of over 800 people from Damascus itself, along with their possessions, livestock, and additional captives from nearby areas such as 750 from Kurusâ and Samâya and 550 from Metuna, as part of a broader policy to depopulate and weaken resistance.^[20] The siege involved an initial unsuccessful attempt in 733 BC, with the final phase in 732 BC lasting at least 45 days, during which Assyrian troops surrounded the city, cut down orchards and plantations, and confined the defenders like birds in a cage.^[20] Upon breaching the walls, the Assyrians looted the city, impaled prominent officials in public view, and razed Rezin's ancestral palace at Hatarikka.^[20] As the city fell, Rezin fled alone into Damascus to save his life, entering through a gate like a mongoose, according to Assyrian records.^[20] Biblical accounts state that he was subsequently captured and executed during the sack.^[21] Non-biblical sources, including Tiglath-Pileser III's inscriptions, do not confirm his capture or death, focusing instead on the king's flight and the subjugation of his forces.^[20] In the aftermath, Aram-Damascus was annexed directly as an Assyrian province, with the territory reorganized under imperial administration and local governance replaced by Assyrian officials.^[19] Mass deportations dispersed the population, including the people of Damascus resettled in Kir, effectively ending Aramean independence in the region.^[21]

Legacy

Biblical References

Rezin, the last king of Aram-Damascus, is prominently featured in the Hebrew Bible as a key antagonist during the reign of Judah's King Ahaz, with his actions serving to underscore themes of divine sovereignty and human faithlessness. In 2 Kings 15:37, Rezin is first mentioned as forming an alliance with Pekah, king of Israel, to threaten Jerusalem, marking the onset of hostilities against Judah. This threat escalates in 2 Kings 16:5–9, where Rezin and Pekah besiege Jerusalem but fail to conquer it; subsequently, Ahaz appeals to the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III for aid, leading to the Assyrian subjugation of Damascus and Rezin's death. These passages portray Rezin's military campaigns, including the recovery of Elath from Judah (2 Kings 16:6), as instruments of divine discipline upon Ahaz's unfaithfulness, with Assyrian intervention fulfilling God's purposes.^[12] The prophetic narrative in Isaiah 7:1–9 further elaborates Rezin's role, depicting him and Pekah as a coalition intent on deposing Ahaz and installing a puppet king in Judah to bolster their anti-Assyrian front. Here, the prophet Isaiah reassures Ahaz that the alliance will not succeed, emphasizing that "within sixty-five years Ephraim [Israel] will be shattered from being a people" (Isaiah 7:8), thus framing Rezin's aggression as futile against God's plan. This account ties directly to the Immanuel prophecy in Isaiah 7:14, where God promises a sign: "Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel," indicating deliverance from Rezin and Pekah before the child reaches maturity (Isaiah 7:16). Theologically, Rezin embodies opposition to Judah, serving as an antagonist in narratives that highlight God's protective intervention for the Davidic line.^[22] These events are chronologically aligned with Ahaz's reign (ca. 735–715 BCE), occurring around 734–732 BCE amid rising Assyrian pressure, and are linked to the birth of Hezekiah, Ahaz's son, who some interpretations identify as the immediate fulfillment of the Immanuel sign, symbolizing continuity of the Davidic dynasty.^[23] Rezin's downfall, as recounted, reinforces the prophetic assurance that threats to Judah would dissolve, with the child's birth marking the timeline of victory over Aram and Israel.^[24] In biblical theology, Rezin symbolizes the peril of human alliances apart from God, as his failed coalition against Judah illustrates the futility of resisting divine will; Isaiah's oracle urges trust in Yahweh over political maneuvering, portraying Rezin's ambitions as doomed by God's overarching providence.^[12] This role extends to messianic undertones, where the Immanuel prophecy—later applied to Jesus in the New Testament—contrasts Rezin's temporal threat with eternal divine presence.^[22] Assyrian records corroborate the biblical timeline of Rezin's defeat around 732 BCE, aligning with the prophetic fulfillment.^[25]

Historical Significance

Rezin's defeat and the subsequent fall of Damascus in 732 BCE signified the effective end of Aramean political independence in the Levant, as the Kingdom of Aram-Damascus, the last major Aramean state, was annexed by the Neo-Assyrian Empire under Tiglath-Pileser III.^[26] This conquest eliminated a key regional power that had resisted Assyrian expansion for centuries, allowing Tiglath-Pileser III to reorganize the area into Assyrian provinces, including the installation of governors in Damascus and the incorporation of its territories into the imperial administration. The event consolidated Assyrian control over the Levant, facilitating further military and economic dominance that extended the empire's influence southward and paved the way for subsequent imperial transitions under later Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian rulers.^[6] Archaeological evidence for Rezin's era primarily derives from Assyrian royal inscriptions, such as the Iran Stele of Tiglath-Pileser III, which records Rezin as a tributary king in 738 BCE alongside other Levantine rulers, reflecting early Assyrian pressure on Damascus before the final campaigns.^[27] The king's annals detail the 733–732 BCE sieges and conquest of Damascus, including the deportation of its population and the plundering of its wealth, corroborated by reliefs from Nimrud depicting Assyrian military actions in the region.^[28] However, direct artifacts from Damascus itself are limited, with no substantial destruction layers or inscriptions from Rezin's court identified, likely due to the city's continuous occupation and the ephemeral nature of Aramean material culture during this period.^[18] Historical records exhibit notable gaps, particularly regarding Rezin's personal fate; while Assyrian annals confirm his capture and the annexation of his kingdom, they provide no explicit account of his execution, relying instead on biblical narratives for that detail, thus highlighting the propagandistic focus of imperial texts over individual outcomes.^[28] The broader repercussions of Rezin's downfall included significant demographic shifts through mass deportations, as Tiglath-Pileser III relocated thousands from Damascus and surrounding areas—approximately 16,600 individuals from the Philistine coast, Galilee, and Damascus region during the 734–732 BCE campaigns—to Assyrian territories like Kir and Media, disrupting local populations and integrating Aramean elements into the empire's labor and military systems.^[18] This policy not only weakened potential resistance but also influenced neighboring Judah, where King Ahaz, having appealed to Assyria for aid against Rezin, formalized vassalage through tribute payments, including temple treasures, ensuring Judah's subjugation and altering its political autonomy for decades.^[29] These events contributed to the stabilization of Assyrian hegemony in the region, setting precedents for imperial control that shaped Levantine geopolitics into the late 8th century BCE.^[30]

References

[1]
[PDF] The Syro-Ephraimite War: Context, Conflict, and Consequences
Pekah and Rezin combined their forces against Judah in an effort to replace Ahaz with a king more favorable to their cause. Though often enemies, previous ...
[2]
Rezin of Damascus, King of Aram (Syria): A Biblical and ...
Apr 30, 2025 · King Rezin of Damascus, an adversary in biblical history, faced defeat and execution by Assyria during a significant geopolitical conflict.
[3]
https://brill.com/view/title/33748
[4]
https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/edcoll/9789004398535/BP000015.pdf
[5]
https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004398535/BP000015.xml
[6]
8 The Aramaean States11 | The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms
In Old Testament sources, Aram is sometimes used on its own to designate the kingdom of Damascus (e.g. 2 Kings 8:28–9). But Damascus' history extends well back ...
[7]
The Kingdom of Geshur and the Expansion of Aram-Damascus into ...
Scholars investigating the history of this kingdom have frequently commented on the ambiguous and non-informative nature of these verses, especially in ...
[8]
53 People in the Bible Confirmed Archaeologically
Mar 3, 2014 · On the possibility of Ben-hadad, son of Hazael, being the “Mari” in Assyrian inscriptions, see Raging Torrent, pp. 35–36. 11. Rezin ...
[9]
The Expansion of the Kingdom of Damascus under Rezin and its ...
This case study explores the historical expansion of the Kingdom of Damascus during the reign of Rezin, contextualizing it within the broader geopolitical ...
[10]
[PDF] kaskal - Oracc
Rezin died (according to II. Kings 16:9) and the kingdom of Aram was divided into several Assyrian provinces. Furthermore, comparing the accounts of Tiglath- ...
[11]
None
Summary of each segment:
[12]
[PDF] The Emmanuel Sign (Isaiah 7:14) as a Messianic Promise
Apr 4, 2024 · 2.3 A Sign for King Ahaz Obviously, the Syro-Ephraimite War placed king Ahaz in a dilemma. Either of the two options, to reach a compromise ...
[13]
[PDF] The Syro-Ephraimite War and its lmplications
After the Ahaz' rej ection of this offer, Rezin and Pekah advanced against Judah and besieged Jerusalem, but had to withdraw because of the advancing Assyrian ...Missing: pre- relations
[14]
[PDF] Tiglath-pileser III's Campaigns in 734-732 BC - Ayrton's Biblical Page
The history of Neo- Assyrian expansion can be divided into two periods. During the first period- the ninth and first half of the eighth centuries. B.C. ...Missing: timeline | Show results with:timeline
[15]
[PDF] Tiglath-pileser 111's Campaigns in 734-732 ;s.
As for Aram, Tiglath-pileser III deported 800 people from the home of Rezin ([uRux]-ha-a-da-ra), 750 captives from South-syrian cities Kuru a and Sama, and 550 ...
[16]
Peter Dubovský, «Tiglath-pileser III's Campaigns in 734-732 B.C. ...
In this phase Tiglath-pileser III turned finally against Damascus, captured it, and executed Rezin (2 Kgs 16,9). Then he established his temporarily seat ...Missing: Sack | Show results with:Sack
[17]
Tiglath-pileser III 20 - Oracc - University of Pennsylvania
(1') [of] Raḫiānu (Rezin) [of the land Damascus ... I carried off his he]avy [booty. ...] his advisor [... With the blood of his] war[riors I] dyed the [...] ...
[18]
2 Kings 16:9 So the king of Assyria responded to him, marched up to ...
Tiglath Pileser, in answer to Ahaz' plea, marched out with his army against Damascus, captured it, killed King Rezin, and took the people to Kir as prisoners.
[19]
[PDF] THE VIRGIN BIRTH AND ISAIAH 7:141 - TMS
Isaiah 7:14 continues to be one of the most debated texts in the Bible. After surveying various scholarly opinions, two key Hebrew words, 'almā.
[20]
Ahaz - Bible Odyssey
May 27, 2021 · Ahaz ruled over Judah during the tumultuous eighth century BCE, when the growing Assyrian empire began to overwhelm smaller kingdoms like Israel and Judah.
[21]
[PDF] the immanuel prophecy in isaiah 7:14–16 and its use in matthew 1 ...
In Isaiah 7:1 Ahaz (735–715 B.C.) of the southern kingdom is confronted in 734 B.C. by a combined force of Rezin (750–732 B.C.).
[22]
Was it a Syro-Ephraimite War?
### Summary of the Article on the Syro-Ephraimite War
[23]
S. Mazzoni, The Aramean States during the Iron Age II-III periods, in ...
The first date is preferred if we credit the Aramean expansion and the consolidation ... Til Barsib was then conquered in 856 bc and transformed into an Assyrian ...<|separator|>
[24]
Two Neo-Assyrian stelae from Iran - Internet Archive
2. Stele of Tiglath Pileser III, copy of text, side, 65. 3-4. Stele of Sargon ... Resin of Damascus. 5. Menahem of Samaria. 6. TubailofTyre. 7. Sibatbail ...
[25]
Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III - J-Stage
The article examines the chronographic styles and literary features of the major inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III, king of Assyria (745-727 BC), ...Missing: sack | Show results with:sack
[26]
Deportation in the Levant in the Age of Assyrian Hegemony
The number of deportees from Sennacherib's campaign in Judah is exceptional. Most deportations from the Levant for which numbers are provided involve fewer than ...Missing: Rezin | Show results with:Rezin
[27]
King Ahaz's Tribute: Proof From an Assyrian Inscription
Jun 5, 2019 · The Bible states that Tiglath-Pileser attacked King Rezin of Syria and took away many captives (verse 9). The Annals of Tiglath-Pileser mention ...
[28]
The Impact of the Assyrian Conquests on Judahite Society - MDPI
The impact of the Assyrian deportations on life in Judah has of course been mentioned by many, and so have various aspects of Judahite “resistance” to ...Missing: Rezin | Show results with:Rezin