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Rolling start

A rolling start is a procedure used in motorsport to initiate or restart a race in which the competing vehicles line up in formation behind a safety car or pace vehicle and proceed at a reduced speed around the circuit before accelerating to full racing pace once the lead vehicle signals the start, contrasting with a standing start from stationary positions.^[1] This method is employed across various racing series to enhance safety and efficiency, particularly when track conditions—such as wet surfaces or debris—render a standing start impractical, as it minimizes the risk of stalls, wheel spin, and collisions from uneven acceleration.^[1] In Formula One, the procedure involves cars forming up behind the safety car after formation laps or a race suspension, maintaining gaps of no more than 10 car lengths, with the safety car extinguishing its lights and entering the pits to signal the green flag; overtaking is prohibited until the leader crosses the start/finish line.^[1] Similarly, in NASCAR, rolling starts occur at the conclusion of caution periods, with the field paced by a pace car for one or more laps before the green flag waves, allowing drivers to select lanes but enforcing no-passing rules until the start/finish line.^[2]^[3] The approach also promotes a more controlled and rapid race resumption, reducing downtime and costs associated with potential incidents at the outset, as adopted in series like the Australian Auto Sport Alliance's circuit racing from 2026 onward.^[4] Rolling starts have evolved as a standard in endurance and oval-track events since the early 20th century, exemplified by their use in the inaugural 1911 Indianapolis 500, where a pace vehicle led the field for the first known mass application in major auto racing.^[5]

Definition and Overview

Core Concept

A rolling start is a method used to initiate or restart an auto race in motorsports, in which the competing vehicles form up in a designated order behind a pace vehicle while already moving at a controlled speed, before accelerating to full racing pace upon receiving a starting signal.^[6] This approach contrasts with the standing start, where vehicles begin from a stationary position on the grid.^[7] Key elements of a rolling start include the vehicles lining up in either a single-file or double-file formation, maintaining a consistent speed set by the pace vehicle—and following the pace vehicle, which ensures the field remains closely bunched together to promote a fair and synchronized launch.^[1] The pace vehicle plays a crucial role in guiding the competitors around the track, warming up tires and engines while enforcing order and preventing premature accelerations.^[8] Introduced to mitigate the dangers posed by stationary vehicles, such as engine stalls or uneven launches that could lead to collisions, the rolling start was first employed in a major auto race at the 1911 Indianapolis 500, where a pace car led the field for the inaugural mass application of this technique.^[7] Visually, the procedure features the cars circulating the circuit under a yellow caution flag, maintaining formation until the transition to a green racing flag signals the onset of competitive action.^[9]

Comparison to Standing Start

A standing start involves vehicles positioned stationary on a grid with engines ignited, launching simultaneously upon a signal such as extinguishing lights or a flag, often employing clutch drops or anti-stall mechanisms to manage the abrupt transition to full power.^[6] In contrast, rolling starts begin with vehicles already in motion behind a pace or safety car, accelerating to race speed after the lead vehicle receives the go signal.^[1] Operationally, rolling starts mitigate issues like excessive wheelspin and engine stalls that arise from accelerating from zero speed in standing starts, providing a smoother initiation while maintaining tire and brake temperatures for optimal grip.^[6] Standing starts, however, permit immediate full-throttle application and strategic positioning from a static lineup, though they carry the risk of vehicles bogging down if launches falter due to imperfect clutch control or mechanical issues.^[1] Regarding risks, standing starts heighten the potential for collisions stemming from uneven acceleration rates among vehicles, particularly if some drivers experience stalls or poor launches, leading to bunching and contact at low speeds.^[6] Rolling starts lower this collision likelihood by commencing at a controlled speed, though they demand precise timing from drivers to avoid premature acceleration or "jumps," which can result in penalties.^[1] Standing starts prevail in drag racing, where the focus is on pure acceleration from rest, and on European road courses for their dramatic spectacle and test of driver skill in launches.^[10] Rolling starts dominate in high-speed oval racing series like NASCAR and IndyCar, as well as safety-prioritized events on ovals or under adverse conditions, to ensure controlled restarts and minimize hazards.^[11]^[1]

History

Origins

The origins of the rolling start in motorsports trace back to the technical limitations and safety needs of early 20th-century racing, particularly in response to unreliable engine starting on varied terrains. The earliest documented use of structured rolling formations appeared in American board track racing of the 1910s and 1920s, where high-speed events on wooden ovals utilized these procedures to control dust clouds that obscured visibility and to minimize collision risks during starts. Riders or drivers were typically push-started or towed into motion, then completed a collective warm-up lap in a compact formation before receiving the signal to accelerate.^[12] A pivotal advancement came from entrepreneur Carl G. Fisher, co-founder and early president of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, who implemented the first mass rolling start for the inaugural 1911 Indianapolis 500. This innovation evolved from informal parade laps used in prior Speedway events, incorporating a dedicated pace car—a Studebaker—to lead the field at a controlled speed, ensuring reliable engine warm-up and orderly positioning for 40 cars before the green flag. Fisher's approach addressed the unreliability of standing starts with early internal-combustion engines and set a precedent for large-field races.^[13] By the 1930s and 1940s, rolling starts gained broader traction in dirt track racing across the United States, where they proved effective for managing uneven, dusty surfaces that complicated stationary launches and increased the likelihood of stalls or spins. This shift reflected the growing popularity of short-oval events on unprepared tracks, adapting the technique from board and paved circuits to accommodate variable conditions and larger amateur fields.^[14]

Adoption in Major Series

The adoption of the rolling start in major motorsport series gained momentum in the mid-20th century as safety concerns prompted regulatory changes in several high-profile events. Early use also appeared in stock car racing on dirt tracks during the 1940s and 1950s, influencing the formation of NASCAR, where rolling starts helped manage restarts after cautions on loose surfaces. The 24 Hours of Le Mans, long known for its iconic standing start where drivers ran across the track to their cars, switched to a rolling start behind a safety car in 1971 following a series of fatal accidents in the late 1960s that highlighted the dangers of the traditional procedure. This change was part of broader safety reforms by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO), including improved barriers and medical response, to reduce risks at the race's outset.^[15]^[16] In Formula 1, rolling starts were used sporadically for race restarts during safety car periods prior to the 1990s, often in response to on-track incidents, but the procedure was not standardized until the introduction of the official Safety Car in 1993. The first full-season use came at the Brazilian Grand Prix (Fiat Tempra) and British Grand Prix (Ford Escort RS Cosworth) that year, as part of FIA efforts to manage debris and accidents more effectively without halting the race entirely. This marked a shift from the series' preference for standing starts, with rolling restarts becoming a core element of safety protocols to maintain field order and minimize collision risks.^[17]^[18] Touring car series also embraced rolling starts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, particularly for wet-weather conditions to enhance reliability and safety. The British Touring Car Championship (BTCC), which traditionally favored standing starts, began incorporating rolling starts in races affected by rain, with early documented uses appearing in the 2001 season at Brands Hatch to prevent stalls and spins on slippery tracks.^[19] Similarly, the Australian Supercars Championship (formerly V8 Supercars) introduced double-file rolling starts in 2013 for select endurance events and expanded their use by 2014 at the Australian Grand Prix, aiming to reduce multi-car incidents in variable conditions; full integration for safety car restarts followed in subsequent years.^[20] These adaptations reflected a global trend toward prioritizing driver control and incident prevention in adverse weather.

Procedure

Formation and Pace Lap

In the preparatory phase of a rolling start, vehicles align on the grid according to their qualifying order or equivalent performance metrics, forming up behind the pace or safety vehicle to ensure an orderly procession.^[21]^[22] In many series, this positioning begins in a single-file line, transitioning to a double-file arrangement on the final pace lap, with the pole position vehicle placed on the outside lane alongside the pace vehicle.^[21] For restarts, formations may default to single file or double file at the discretion of officials, prioritizing safety and bunching the field tightly.^[22] The pace vehicle, often a safety car in open-wheel and sports car racing or a dedicated pace car in stock car events, leads the field at a controlled, moderate speed during one or more formation laps, typically 1-2 laps, to warm tires, engines, and brakes while maintaining pack cohesion.^[1]^[21] This speed is regulated to ensure safety, allowing drivers to stay within 10 car lengths of the vehicle ahead without exceeding limits that could compromise control. The pace vehicle bunches the field by gradually increasing speed toward the end of the lap, preparing for the acceleration phase while prohibiting any gap formation that might disrupt the start.^[1] Communication during this phase relies on standardized protocols, including yellow flags or lights to signal caution and enforce no-overtaking rules, supplemented by radio instructions from race control to drivers and teams.^[21]^[22] Officials monitor compliance via official messaging systems and trackside signals, ensuring drivers maintain position relative to the pace vehicle; violations, such as unauthorized passing, result in penalties like repositioning to the rear or a drive-through.^[1] These measures prevent chaos and allow time for any stalled vehicles to be addressed without halting the procedure entirely. Weather conditions influence the formation process, with reduced speeds and additional laps prescribed for rain to enhance control and visibility.^[1] In adverse weather, such as heavy rain, wet tires become mandatory, wipers are activated, and the pace vehicle may extend the formation laps or deploy at a slower pace to mitigate hydroplaning risks while still warming components.^[21] Race directors hold authority to adjust protocols, including postponing the start if conditions render the track unsafe.^[22]

Execution and Signaling

The execution of a rolling start commences at the end of the pace lap when the starter waves the green flag, signaling the official beginning of the race or restart.^[11] Concurrently, the pace car accelerates away from the field and pulls into the pit lane, extinguishing its lights to indicate that drivers may now proceed to full racing speed.^[1] This moment marks the transition from controlled parade conditions to competitive racing, with the green flag typically displayed at the start-finish line or designated restart zone.^[3] Drivers prepare for this phase by positioning their vehicles in an appropriate gear with sufficient engine RPM to enable immediate, controlled acceleration upon the signal.^[23] They must adhere strictly to the pace car's speed limit prior to the green flag, accelerating smoothly without abrupt movements that could disrupt the field or constitute a jump start.^[24] No lane changes or overtaking are permitted until the lead vehicle crosses the start-finish line after the signal, ensuring orderly progression.^[3] To enforce compliance, a jump start—defined as any significant acceleration before the green flag or designated cone—is detected through visual observation by officials, resulting in penalties like a drive-through, stop-and-go, or added time, at the discretion of race control.^[11] In Formula 1, similar violations under rolling start conditions incur a minimum five-second time penalty.^[1] Following the signal, the field accelerates progressively, typically attaining full racing speeds within one to two laps as the cars bunch up and settle into competitive formation.^[25] The green flag continues to be displayed by officials until the race achieves a steady state, confirming no immediate cautions.^[3]

Applications

Stock Car Racing

In stock car racing, particularly in NASCAR's premier series, the rolling start serves as the standard procedure for initiating races and resuming competition following cautions, designed to safely manage large packs of cars on high-speed ovals. The field forms up behind the pace vehicle, which travels at track-specific speeds typically ranging from 40 to 60 mph to prevent overheating while maintaining momentum.^[26]^[27] This approach minimizes the risks associated with abrupt acceleration from a standstill, allowing drivers to warm tires and brakes gradually before accelerating to full race speed upon the waving of the green flag. A key adaptation in NASCAR since June 2009 has been the implementation of double-file restarts, where lead-lap cars line up side-by-side on the front rows to bunch the competitive pack tightly, enhancing on-track action while keeping lapped traffic to the rear. This format was first used at Pocono Raceway and applies universally to restarts after cautions, promoting closer racing without the chaos of staggered lines. To integrate safety, the "choose rule" permits the race leader to select either the inside or outside lane, with subsequent drivers committing to their preference at a designated cone or zone, ensuring orderly formation and reducing gamesmanship. Additionally, full-field rolling starts are standard on all ovals to accommodate the entire starting lineup in a controlled manner.^[3]^[28] Safety enhancements in rolling starts have evolved in response to historical incidents, including the violent 2003 Daytona 500 crash involving Ryan Newman, where his car flipped airborne after contact near the end of the event, highlighting vulnerabilities in pack racing dynamics. This and similar wrecks prompted NASCAR to enforce stricter bunching protocols during pace laps, ensuring cars remain tightly grouped to avoid gaps that could lead to multi-car pileups upon acceleration. Precision is further maintained through electronic timing loops embedded in the track surface at the start/finish line and restart zones, which detect transponder signals to verify compliance with pace speeds and prevent premature acceleration, with tolerances measured to fractions of a second.^[29]^[30] In lower-tier stock car series like the ARCA Menards Series, rolling starts follow a similar double-file format with the leader dictating the lane choice and restart timing, but adaptations emphasize developmental safety through more conservative pace vehicle speeds and single-file caution procedures to accommodate less experienced drivers and slower machinery. ARCA rules require vehicles to maintain position behind the pace car at a "reasonable speed" judged by officials, often slower than NASCAR's national series to prioritize control on ovals, though specific velocities are track-dependent and not rigidly codified beyond general caution guidelines. These variations help bridge the gap for emerging talent while mirroring professional pack management.^[22]

Open-Wheel and Sports Car Racing

In open-wheel racing, particularly the NTT IndyCar Series, rolling starts are the standard procedure for all races, with cars forming up behind the pace vehicle. For the Indianapolis 500, a three-wide formation is used, while other races typically align double-wide. As of the 2025 season, on ovals, a mandatory "pair-up" location one lap before the green flag compacts the field to prevent strung-out starts, with extended restart zones where feasible to give the leader more discretion on acceleration timing. The pace vehicle maintains speeds between 60 and 80 mph during formation laps on ovals, typically lasting 2 to 3 laps to allow bunching, before transitioning to the aligned formation. On road and street courses, formation laps are shorter, often just one lap, at speeds of 40 to 60 mph to minimize time loss while ensuring safe bunching. The green flag is displayed as the pace vehicle accelerates through the designated restart zone and exits at the start/finish line, signaling drivers to accelerate to full racing speed while maintaining their positions.^[11]^[31]^[32] In sports car and endurance racing under the FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC), including the 24 Hours of Le Mans, rolling starts are primarily employed for race restarts following safety car deployments rather than the initial race start, which traditionally uses a standing procedure. The safety car leads the field at a controlled speed of 80 km/h during the bunch-up phase, with cars forming in single file to maintain order across multi-class fields, including Hypercars, LMP2 prototypes, and LMGT3 vehicles. Class-specific bunching is enforced to prevent faster Hypercars from immediately lapping slower classes, achieved through wave-bys or designated passing zones during the formation lap, ensuring equitable positioning before the green flag waves at the start/finish line. This approach emphasizes safety and fairness in mixed-class environments, differing from open-wheel formats by incorporating longer neutralization periods under full-course yellows to manage diverse vehicle capabilities.^[33]^[34] The IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship adapts rolling starts exclusively for race restarts under full-course yellow (FCY) conditions, while initial starts may vary by event per supplementary regulations. The safety car paces the multi-class field—spanning GTP, LMP2, GTD Pro, and GTD categories—at a consistent speed during one or more formation laps, with drivers required to maintain gaps and avoid passing until the green flag. Speed limits are enforced through transponder monitoring and official oversight, with RFID systems specifically tracking compliance in pit lane exits at 60 km/h, though broader track speeds align with the safety car's pace to facilitate class bunching and prevent early disruptions. On road courses, these restarts feature shorter pace laps compared to ovals, typically one lap, to reduce overall race time while accommodating the circuit's technical demands.^[35] A key distinction in these series from stock car racing lies in the emphasis on multi-class management and circuit-specific adaptations, where rolling starts prioritize controlled acceleration across varied vehicle speeds rather than high-speed pack dynamics on ovals.^[11]

Advantages and Disadvantages

Benefits

Rolling starts in motorsports provide significant safety advantages by minimizing the risk of collisions at the start line, as vehicles are already in motion under controlled speeds set by a pace vehicle, reducing the likelihood of abrupt accelerations leading to wheelspin or pile-ups. This approach avoids the hazards associated with stationary starts, where stalled engines or uneven launches can trigger chain-reaction incidents. In series like NASCAR and AASA, rolling starts have been noted for effectively lowering first-corner crashes by creating orderly separation between cars. Similarly, in karting, they prevent accidents stemming from acceleration differences or grid blockages.^[36]^[37]^[38] Efficiency gains are another key benefit, as rolling starts enable quicker race resumptions following cautions or interruptions compared to the time-intensive process of repositioning for standing restarts. The procedure allows teams to address minor issues, such as stalled vehicles, during the formation lap without halting the event entirely. Additionally, tires and brakes remain warm from the pace laps, enhancing initial grip and control, which contributes to smoother race progression and fewer early disruptions. In multiclass racing, this method maintains safety while optimizing track time utilization.^[36]^[37] From a performance equity perspective, rolling starts promote fairness by diminishing reliance on luck factors, such as recovering from a stall or clutch issues common in standing starts, allowing all competitors to begin under similar conditions. This setup rewards qualifying position more directly, as the leader initiates acceleration in a designated zone, and enables strategic decisions like lane selection in certain series. Overall, it levels the playing field, particularly in high-stakes professional events.^[36]^[37]^[38] Operationally, rolling starts reduce engine stress by avoiding cold or sudden high-load startups, potentially lowering mechanical wear over repeated restarts in a race. These factors support more reliable event management and environmental considerations through decreased idling and startup emissions.^[36]

Drawbacks

Despite the safety and procedural benefits of rolling starts, they introduce several challenges, particularly in detection of infractions. Jump starts are more difficult to identify visually during rolling starts compared to standing starts, as cars are already in motion, leading to reliance on electronic transponders and sensors for enforcement. This can result in controversial penalties when technical errors occur, such as sensor malfunctions or timing discrepancies, prompting debates over fairness in series with precise acceleration timing requirements. Strategically, rolling starts can disadvantage front-runners by allowing the pace vehicle to bunch the field closely, diminishing the pole position's inherent lead and reducing opportunities for immediate position gains upon the green flag. This often results in a less dynamic opening lap, with fewer overtakes compared to standing starts, where superior launches can create early gaps. Critics argue this setup prioritizes safety over the excitement of competitive positioning, potentially altering race outcomes in favor of mid-pack drivers with strong restarts. Safety concerns are amplified due to the higher initial speeds—typically 60-100 mph depending on the series—entering the first turn, which increases the potential severity of collisions if a pile-up occurs. Research on crash dynamics shows that impact forces rise exponentially with velocity, making even minor incidents more dangerous in rolling scenarios. In wet conditions, the acceleration phase heightens aquaplaning risks, as tires struggle to displace water at elevated speeds, leading to loss of control and multi-car incidents.^[39] Additionally, rolling starts contribute to time inefficiencies, with formation and pace laps extending caution periods by 2-5 minutes per restart in endurance events, disrupting race flow and strategy. These delays, often involving multiple alignment laps, can accumulate significantly over long races, frustrating teams and spectators alike.^[40]

Variations and Other Contexts

Motorsport Variations

In rally and off-road racing, rolling starts are adapted for individual, time-based departures from service parks without a pace car, differing from circuit racing's group formations to suit the staggered nature of stage competition. According to the FIA International Sporting Code, a rolling start is defined as one where the vehicle is in motion when timing begins, though supplementary regulations for events like the World Rally Championship (WRC) typically employ standing starts for stages.^[41]^[42] Rolling starts remain rare in drag and sprint racing, where standing starts dominate for measuring acceleration from rest, but hybrid approaches occasionally enhance consistency in specific formats. In NHRA pro stock events, vehicles creep forward at a low, controlled speed during staging to align precisely with the beams, providing a controlled pre-launch motion without constituting a full race start.^[43] In karting and junior series, rolling starts are simplified for safety and education, with karts lining up in single file behind a pace vehicle at moderate speeds to teach timing and formation discipline. Under CIK-FIA regulations, direct-drive karts without clutches use controlled rollouts, while those with gearboxes on long circuits follow a pace car at 60-80 km/h, ensuring even spacing before the green light.^[44]^[45] Technological aids like the virtual safety car (VSC) in Formula 1 provide a simulated rolling effect during interruptions without a physical pace vehicle, requiring drivers to adhere to a delta time that reduces lap speeds to 30-40% of normal pace while prohibiting overtakes. Introduced in 2015, the VSC neutralizes the track for debris clearance or minor incidents, mimicking the bunching and slowdown of a traditional safety car period before resuming with a rolling restart under full safety car deployment if needed.^[46]^[47]

Uses in Cycling and Athletics

In cycling, rolling starts—often referred to as neutral starts—are a standard procedure in road races, criteriums, and certain time trials to enable riders to gain initial momentum without a stationary launch, reducing the risk of collisions in mass-start events. Riders proceed at a controlled, leisurely pace behind a lead vehicle or official until passing the official start line (kilometer 0), at which point the race director signals the commencement, and competitors accelerate into full racing effort. This method has been integral to Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) regulations for road events since the mid-20th century, allowing for safer organization in professional and amateur competitions alike, such as stage races in the Tour de France or urban criteriums.^[48]^[49] In athletics, rolling starts are applied in large road running events to accommodate massive fields and maintain continuous flow, preventing overcrowding at the line. Participants, divided into waves, advance at a walking or slow jogging pace toward the start, crossing the timing mat individually to activate their chip-based clocks without halting the group. For instance, the AJC Peachtree Road Race, one of the world's largest 10K events, implemented a rolling start in 2021 with waves released every 10 minutes to enhance safety and efficiency during high-participation years. This technique contrasts with traditional standing starts in track events, prioritizing logistical management in non-stadium settings.^[50] Rowing regattas, particularly head races and time trials, employ rolling starts to build water momentum for eights and other boats, launching crews at 30-45 second intervals from a moving or pre-accelerated position rather than a dead stop. Boats row steadily into the timing zone, often covering an initial 50-100 meters before official timing begins, which helps optimize acceleration in the challenging medium of water. World Rowing guidelines endorse this "flying start" variant for international events to ensure fairness and speed attainment. Adoption remains limited in swimming and track athletics, where lane divisions and block mechanisms necessitate stationary or dive starts for precision and equity.^[51] These applications differ markedly from motorsport contexts by eschewing vehicles and pace cars, instead relying on athlete-driven progression and electronic timing chips to support mass participation while preserving individual accountability in non-automotive environments.

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[45]
[PDF] INTERNATIONAL SPORTING CODE - FIA
Dec 20, 2007 · A rolling start occurs when the vehicle is moving at the moment when the timing begins. Unless otherwise stipulated in the Supplementary ...
[46]
[PDF] 2025 fia world rally championship sporting regulations championnat ...
Jan 15, 2025 · START PROCEDURE. 48.2.1 The electronic start procedure shall be clearly visible to the crew from the start line and may be displayed as a ...
[47]
NHRA Glossary
To roll a few inches farther into the stage beam ... In that position, a racer is closer to the finish line and also closer to a foul start (red-light).
[48]
[PDF] 4 - general regulations - FIA Karting
Rolling starts for karts with gearboxes (long Circuits). Karts will be preceded by a Pace Car (at a speed between 60 and. 80 kph) and followed by a service ...
[49]
[PDF] 2022 FIA Motorsport Games Karting Endurance Sporting Regulations
31) Type of starts: rolling starts for direct-drive karts with a clutch, as defined in Article 2.20 of the. CIK-FIA General Prescriptions. ... kart, prior to ...
[50]
F1 safety car: What is it and how does it work? - Motorsport.com
Dec 1, 2023 · The delta reduces lap pace to around 30-40% of a normal race pace and drivers are not allowed to overtake each other. The virtual safety car was ...
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VIRTUAL SAFETY CAR (VSC) | Motorsports-Regulations.com
During the VSC all car must slow down and it is not permitted to overtake. The drivers need to drive in the marshall sector later than the sector time that is ...<|separator|>
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[PDF] to road events
Feb 26, 2013 · rolling start: the riders do not stop and the timing begins as they pass kilometre 0;. 2. standing start: the riders stop briefly at ...
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Rolling start in a road cycling race - how does it work? - Bike Forums
Jul 7, 2023 · At the beginning of a stage, the riders cruise for a while until the race director waves the start flag, to indicate that the stage officially starts.Missing: origin | Show results with:origin<|control11|><|separator|>
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[PDF] 2021 PARTICIPANT INSTRUCTIONS
GETTING THERE. This year the start will be a rolling start every 10 minutes. All participants should arrive based on the time listed for their wave on the ...
[55]
[PDF] Part 6 Time Trials - World Rowing
International regattas: with suitable timing facilities → “flying start”. Crews start rowing before the 100 meters point and their time is taken from that ...