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SS Pendleton

The SS Pendleton was a Type T2-SE-A1 oil tanker built during World War II that broke in half amid a violent nor'easter on February 18, 1952, approximately 6 miles off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, leading to one of the most celebrated small-boat rescues in U.S. Coast Guard history.^[1]^[2] This event occurred simultaneously with the breakup of the sister tanker SS Fort Mercer. Constructed by the Kaiser Shipbuilding Company in Portland, Oregon, and launched on January 21, 1944, the vessel measured 504 feet in length with a beam of 68 feet 2 inches and was powered by a turbo-electric propulsion system capable of 16 knots.^[3] Initially owned by the War Shipping Administration under the U.S. Maritime Commission, she was sold in 1948 to National Bulk Carriers of Wilmington, Delaware, and operated primarily transporting oil along the East Coast.^[3] On the morning of the disaster, the Pendleton—carrying a crew of 41 and loaded with light crude oil from Louisiana-bound for Maine—encountered 70-knot winds, 60-foot seas, and freezing horizontal snow while battling the storm's extreme conditions, which exacerbated known vulnerabilities in T2 tankers prone to hull fractures.^[1]^[4] The ship cracked between the No. 7 and No. 8 cargo holds around 5:40 a.m., with the full breakup occurring shortly after, separating the bow (with eight crew members, all lost) from the intact stern section (with 33 crew members), which remained afloat but adrift and unpowered in the chaotic waters.^[5]^[3] The rescue effort, launched from Chatham Station, involved Boatswain's Mate First Class Bernard C. Webber leading a four-man crew in the 36-foot motor lifeboat CG-36500, which was ill-equipped for such seas yet successfully transferred 32 of the 33 men from the stern to safety despite engine failures, loss of navigation tools, and the ship's cook falling overboard and drowning during the operation.^[1] The bow section capsized and sank with all hands lost, contributing to the tragedy's nine total fatalities from the Pendleton.^[3]^[4]

Design and Construction

Specifications

The SS Pendleton was a steel-hulled T2-SE-A1 tanker, a standard design developed by the U.S. Maritime Commission for wartime oil transport, featuring longitudinal framing and nine cargo tanks to carry petroleum products.^[5]^[6] She was constructed by the Kaiser Company, Inc., at its Swan Island Yard in Portland, Oregon, as part of the emergency shipbuilding program to support Allied logistics during World War II.^[7]^[8] The vessel's keel was laid down on 28 November 1943, she was launched on 21 January 1944, and delivered to the War Shipping Administration upon completion on 20 February 1944.^[7] Key specifications of the Pendleton aligned with the T2-SE-A1 class parameters, optimized for efficiency in transoceanic voyages with a capacity for approximately 140,000 barrels of oil.^[8] Propulsion was provided by a turbo-electric system using steam generators to power an electric motor driving a single propeller, delivering 6,000 shaft horsepower for a service speed of 16 knots and a range exceeding 12,000 nautical miles.^[5]^[9] The design emphasized ruggedness for rough seas but later revealed vulnerabilities to structural fatigue in extreme weather, as seen in her 1952 breakup.^[6]

Specification	Details
Length (overall)	504 ft (153.9 m) ^[5]
Length (b.p.)	503 ft (153.3 m) ^[6]
Beam (moulded)	68 ft 2 in (20.78 m) ^[5]
Depth (moulded)	39 ft 2 in (11.94 m) ^[5]
Gross register tonnage	10,448 GRT ^[5]
Net register tonnage	6,801 NRT ^[10]
Deadweight tonnage	16,613 DWT ^[7]
Propulsion	Turbo-electric, 6,000 shp ^[9]
Speed	16 knots (service) ^[5]
Cargo tanks	9 (longitudinal framing) ^[6]

Building and Launch

The SS Pendleton was constructed during World War II as part of the United States' emergency shipbuilding program to support the Allied war effort. She was a T2-SE-A1 tanker, a standardized design optimized for rapid production and efficiency in transporting oil and petroleum products.^[5] The vessel was built by the Kaiser Company Inc. at its Swan Island Yard in Portland, Oregon, one of several West Coast facilities established by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser to mass-produce merchant ships for the U.S. Maritime Commission.^[11] Keel laying occurred on November 28, 1943, under yard number 49 and official number 245142, reflecting the accelerated pace of wartime construction where such tankers were often completed in mere months.^[11] The Pendleton was launched on January 21, 1944, entering the water amid the industrial fervor of the Portland shipyards, which produced over 300 vessels during the war.^[11] She was completed and delivered in February 1944 to the War Shipping Administration, the federal agency overseeing merchant marine operations, and initially operated under U.S. registry at Portland.^[5] At 504 feet in length with a beam of 68 feet 2 inches, the turbo-electric propelled ship achieved a service speed of 16 knots, embodying the utilitarian engineering that defined the T2 class.^[12]

Operational History

World War II Service

Delivered to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) in February 1944 and initially homeported in Portland, the vessel was armed with one 5-inch and one 3-inch deck gun, along with eight 20 mm anti-aircraft guns for defensive purposes against potential U-boat attacks.^[13] As part of the WSA's merchant fleet, Pendleton entered service toward the end of World War II, primarily transporting vital petroleum products to support Allied military operations in Europe and the Pacific theaters.^[14] During her wartime operations, Pendleton participated in transatlantic convoys to mitigate risks from German submarines, exemplifying the role of T2 tankers in sustaining fuel supplies for the war effort. A notable voyage occurred as part of Convoy ON 249, which departed Liverpool, United Kingdom, on August 18, 1944, and arrived in New York City on September 2, 1944, without losses; the convoy comprised 92 vessels, including several tankers like Good Gulf and escort oilers such as El Mirlo.^[15] This crossing highlighted the ship's contribution to the logistical backbone of the Allied advance, carrying oil cargoes essential for naval and ground forces following the Normandy landings. No major incidents were recorded during Pendleton's convoy duties, reflecting the improved convoy tactics and escort protections by late 1944 that reduced U-boat threats in the North Atlantic.^[16] Following the end of hostilities in 1945, Pendleton continued under WSA management for residual postwar transport needs before being sold to private operator National Bulk Carriers in 1948.^[5] Her WWII service underscored the critical, if unglamorous, function of American tankers in enabling the mobility of Allied forces, with T2-class vessels like her delivering millions of barrels of fuel across hazardous waters.^[17]

Post-War Career

Following World War II, the SS Pendleton transitioned from wartime service to peacetime commercial operations. In 1948, she was sold by the War Shipping Administration to National Bulk Carriers, Inc., a Wilmington, Delaware-based shipping company, for use in the merchant trade.^[16]^[3] Under this ownership, the vessel continued her role as a T2-SE-A1 tanker, primarily transporting oil products along the U.S. East Coast.^[18]^[16] The Pendleton's post-war service was characterized by routine voyages carrying cargoes such as kerosene and heating oil between Gulf Coast ports and northeastern destinations. One such typical operation involved departing Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on February 12, 1952, with a full load of approximately 122,000 barrels bound for Boston, Massachusetts, under the command of Captain John J. Fitzgerald and a crew of 41. This period highlighted the vessel's reliability in commercial bulk transport despite the known structural vulnerabilities of T2 tankers, which were prone to hull fractures in heavy weather due to wartime design compromises.^[19] The Pendleton operated without major incidents until early 1952, contributing to the postwar economic recovery by supporting the growing demand for petroleum products.^[18]

The 1952 Incident

The Nor'easter Storm

In mid-February 1952, a powerful nor'easter battered the New England coast, originating from a rapidly intensifying low-pressure system that brought extreme winter conditions to the region.^[20] The storm, characterized by gale-force winds and heavy precipitation, peaked on February 18, generating waves up to 60 feet in height and producing significant snowfall accumulations of 12 to 30 inches across central and eastern Massachusetts.^[21] These conditions created hazardous seas off Cape Cod, with east-northeasterly gales reaching speeds that compounded the risk for vessels navigating the area.^[5] The SS Pendleton, a T2-SE-A1 tanker loaded with 115,000 barrels of oil, had departed Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on February 13 and arrived off Boston late on February 17 after a five-day voyage.^[5] Progressively deteriorating weather delayed the arrival of a harbor pilot, forcing the ship to heave to approximately 20 miles southeast of Boston while awaiting guidance.^[5] By midnight on February 18, the nor'easter had intensified, with heavy snow reducing visibility to near zero and seas building to 60 feet, subjecting the vessel to relentless pounding that stressed its hull.^[5] The storm's fury was part of a broader meteorological event that also imperiled the nearby tanker SS Fort Mercer, highlighting the nor'easter's widespread threat to maritime traffic along the Atlantic seaboard.^[20] This nor'easter exemplified the destructive potential of extratropical cyclones in the North Atlantic during late winter, where warm Gulf Stream waters fueled towering waves and sustained high winds that eroded structural integrity in older Liberty ships and their derivatives like the T2 tankers.^[4] For the Pendleton, the storm's progression from building gales on February 17 to full gale conditions by early February 18 created an environment of extreme peril, with the ship's crew reporting continuous heavy rolling and structural creaking amid the onslaught.^[5] The event underscored the vulnerabilities of wartime-era tankers to such severe weather, contributing to the incident's status as one of the U.S. Coast Guard's most notable rescue operations.^[21]

Shipwreck and Breakup

During the early morning hours of February 18, 1952, the SS Pendleton, a T2-SE-A1 tanker en route from Baton Rouge to Boston with a cargo of oil, encountered a ferocious nor'easter approximately 10 miles southeast of Chatham, Massachusetts, on the east side of Monomoy Island (41°35'10"N 69°57'45"W).^[5] The storm featured east-northeasterly gales with winds reaching 60 knots, seas of 60 feet, and heavy snow that severely reduced visibility.^[5]^[22] These extreme conditions, combined with known structural vulnerabilities in T2 tankers—such as brittle welds and inadequate hull plating from rushed World War II construction—led to the vessel's catastrophic failure.^[21] At approximately 5:40 a.m., the Pendleton broke apart amidships between cargo holds 7 and 8 following a massive wave impact, accompanied by a loud explosive sound described by survivors as resembling a cannon shot.^[5] The fracture severed the ship into two distinct sections: the forward bow portion, including the bridge and radio room, and the aft stern section.^[22] The bow section, measuring about 253 feet and containing Captain John J. Fitzgerald and seven other crew members, drifted rapidly southeastward without power or communication capability, as the destruction of the radio room prevented any distress signal.^[5]^[2] Overwhelmed by the towering seas, the bow section capsized and all eight men aboard perished; it later grounded on the treacherous Pollock Rip Shoal, about six miles southeast of Chatham, where it was pounded to pieces.^[5]^[22] The stern section, roughly 253 feet long and carrying the remaining 33 crew members, remained partially afloat but listed heavily to starboard and was driven toward the shallow shoals off Cape Cod.^[5]^[2] Chief Engineer Raymond Sybert assumed command in the absence of senior officers, organizing the crew to secure the vessel and prepare for potential evacuation while the section ground on a sandbar, its engines still operational but unable to overcome the storm's fury.^[5] The breakup resulted in nine total fatalities, with the stern's precarious stability holding just long enough for rescue operations to commence later that day.^[5]

Rescue Efforts

The SS Pendleton broke apart amid a fierce nor'easter on February 18, 1952, approximately 10 miles south-southeast of Chatham, Massachusetts, leaving its crew divided between the forward and aft sections. The aft section, containing 33 of the 41 crew members, remained buoyant and drifted shoreward, while the forward section, with the remaining 8 including the captain, drifted away to sea and was lost with all hands. The U.S. Coast Guard's Chatham Lifeboat Station detected the distress via radar after no SOS signal was received, prompting immediate mobilization of rescue assets despite gale-force winds exceeding 60 mph and seas up to 60 feet.^[22]^[23] An initial attempt by another 36-foot lifeboat, CG 36383, launched from Chatham around 4:30 p.m. but was unable to cross the Chatham Bar due to the severe conditions and returned. The most renowned aspect of the rescue involved the aft section, undertaken by a four-man crew from Station Chatham in the 36-foot wooden motor lifeboat CG 36500, commanded by Boatswain's Mate First Class Bernard C. Webber. Ordered by commanding officer Lieutenant Commander Daniel Cluff, Webber selected Engineman Second Class Andrew J. Fitzgerald, Seaman Richard Livesey, and Boatswain's Mate Ervin E. Maske to join him; the group launched shortly before 6:00 p.m. into the storm, navigating the treacherous Chatham Bar—a notorious shoal area—where waves repeatedly swamped the boat and nearly capsized it multiple times during the transit to the wreck.^[24]^[23]^[25] Upon arrival, the Pendleton's crew had secured lines and a Jacob's ladder to the stern, allowing survivors to descend or jump into the lifeboat as Webber maneuvered perilously close to the pitching hull, often within feet of being crushed. The ship's cook, ordinary seaman George C. Myers, perished during the transfer when he fell into the sea and was crushed between the lifeboat and the Pendleton's hull.^[24]^[23]^[25] The rescue operation faced extreme hazards, including the lifeboat's limited capacity—designed for no more than 12 people—now overloaded with 32 survivors crammed aboard, causing it to take on water and founder repeatedly on the return voyage. The crew bailed frantically with buckets and a single bilge pump while contending with breaking waves that filled the cockpit to knee depth; at one point, the engine stalled, and the boat drifted perilously close to the bar before restarting. Despite these perils, CG 36500 reached Chatham Harbor around 8:30 p.m., where the survivors were safely disembarked and received medical attention; all 32 were saved, marking one of the most daring small-boat rescues in Coast Guard history.^[22]^[24]^[23] A separate 36-foot lifeboat, CG 36383, had been intended for the forward section but was unable to reach it due to the worsening conditions and returned without incident.^[22]^[25] In total, 32 of the 41 crew members survived the incident, with the Coast Guard's coordinated efforts under dire conditions earning widespread acclaim. Webber and his crew received the Gold Lifesaving Medal, the service's highest non-combat honor, while other participants were awarded Silver Lifesaving Medals; the operation exemplified the Coast Guard's commitment to "Semper Paratus" amid one of the worst storms in New England history.^[24]^[23]^[26]

Aftermath and Legacy

Salvage and Scrapping

Following the dramatic rescue of 32 crew members from the stern section on February 18, 1952, salvage operations were initiated for both sections. The Merritt-Chapman and Scott Corporation of New York used their tug Curb to inspect the forward portion on February 24. The bow, carrying the captain and seven other crew members, had lost all power immediately after the structural failure and drifted southward with the storm before grounding on Pollock Rip Shoal. The tug dispatched a man aboard to inspect the wreckage, where he recovered the body of seaman Herman G. Gatlin from the forecastle; no other remains were found among the eight presumed lost. The bow section was later refloated in 1953 and towed first to New Bedford, Massachusetts, for temporary anchorage and assessment. Subsequently, it was transported to the Delaware River area, where it was dismantled and sold as scrap metal by the Doan Salvage Co..^[5]^[27]^[7] In contrast, the stern section remained afloat but adrift and eventually grounded off Monomoy Island near Pollock Rip Shoal. Unable to be fully refloated due to its condition, it sank in approximately 40 feet of water, where sections of the hull and superstructure persist as a dive site amid strong currents. In 1979, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers demolished parts of the wreck to improve navigational clearance.^[5]^[16] The incident highlighted vulnerabilities in T2 tanker design, contributing to subsequent investigations into hull fractures by a Coast Guard board of inquiry, which recommended enhanced inspections; though no immediate scrapping reforms were enacted for the class, it accelerated the phase-out of these wartime vessels. The partial salvage of the bow recovered some cargo value from the light crude oil load, but the overall loss, including the unsalvageable stern, underscored the challenges of post-wreck recovery in severe weather zones.^[5]^[6]

Cultural Depictions

The rescue of the SS Pendleton has been prominently featured in popular media, particularly highlighting the heroism of the U.S. Coast Guard's efforts during the 1952 nor'easter. The event's dramatic narrative of survival and daring small-boat operations has inspired several non-fiction accounts and a major motion picture.^[28] The most influential depiction is the 2009 book The Finest Hours: The True Story of the U.S. Coast Guard's Most Daring Sea Rescue by Michael J. Tougias and Casey Sherman, which chronicles the simultaneous rescues of the Pendleton and SS Fort Mercer crews, emphasizing the leadership of Coast Guardsman Bernie Webber and the perilous conditions faced by the rescuers. Published by Scribner, the book draws on survivor interviews, official logs, and historical records to reconstruct the events, portraying the Pendleton incident as a pinnacle of Coast Guard valor.^[29] It became a New York Times bestseller and served as the primary source for subsequent adaptations, underscoring the event's enduring appeal as a tale of human endurance against nature's fury.^[29] This book directly inspired the 2016 Disney film The Finest Hours, directed by Craig Gillespie and starring Chris Pine as Bernie Webber, which dramatizes the Pendleton rescue with a focus on the 36-foot motor lifeboat CG 36500's voyage through 60-foot waves. Released by Walt Disney Pictures, the movie incorporates visual effects to depict the tanker's breakup and the high-stakes transfer of 32 survivors, though it takes some dramatic liberties, such as altering character backstories for narrative tension while staying true to the core historical facts. The film received praise for its authentic portrayal of Coast Guard operations and grossed over $52 million worldwide, introducing the Pendleton story to a broader audience.^[28] Other notable books include The Pendleton Disaster off Cape Cod: The Greatest Small Boat Rescue in Coast Guard History (2010) by Shelley Olson with Russell Webster, a first-hand account from a survivor's perspective that provides detailed meteorological and engineering insights into the tanker's structural failure, published by The History Press. Additionally, Robert Frump's Two Tankers Down (2009) expands on the dual rescues, using declassified documents to explore the Coast Guard's strategic decisions, published by Harbour Books. These works collectively reinforce the Pendleton incident's status as a cornerstone of maritime rescue lore, often cited in discussions of heroism in American naval history.^[30]^[31]

References

[1]
The Finest Hours: Story behind the Coast… - Coast Guard Foundation
Jan 27, 2016 · On February 18, 1952, the Coast Guard rescued a total of 70 men from two T2 tank vessels, the Fort Mercer and the Pendleton, which had both ...
[2]
How the Coast Guard Pulled off One of its Greatest Rescues During ...
Aug 13, 2025 · A menacing nor'easter pummeled the SS Pendleton on Feb. 18, 1952, causing the oil tanker to be broken in two a mile off the coast of Cape Cod, ...
[3]
SS Pendleton - Atwood Museum
SS Pendleton was a Type T2-SE-A1 tanker built in 1944 in Portland, Oregon, United States, for the War Shipping Administration.
[4]
Triumph and Tragedy off Cape Cod | Naval History Magazine
Heroism in the 1952 Pendleton rescue is celebrated in The Finest Hours, but the Coast Guard also rescued a second tanker that fateful night.
[5]
Pendleton - Mass.gov
Another lurch and a still louder sound racked Pendleton before the tanker broke in two between number seven and eight cargo holds, trapping eight men on the bow ...
[6]
None
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[7]
Pendleton
The vessel cracked in two in a North Atlantic storm, in which nine crewmen died, on February 19th, 1952. The other half sank.
[8]
T2-SE-A1 Type | MARAD - Department of Transportation
Mar 25, 2022 · These tankers, capable of 14.5 knots, were 523 feet long with a deadweight capacity of 16,735 tons, or 141,200 barrels of oil. The vessels were ...Missing: tonnage | Show results with:tonnage
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The Tanker-Designs - U.S. Maritime Commission
T2-SE-A1 was powered by a Turbo-Electric propul- sion, delivering 6,000 SHP (normal) and 7,240 SHP (max) giving a top rate of 15 knots with a cruising range of ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[10]
https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/SS_Pendleton
[11]
https://www.aukevisser.nl/t2tanker/id246.htm
[12]
PENDLETON TANKER 1944-1952 - Wreck Site
HISTORY:HISTORY NM10/52(1083)--TANKER PENDLETON (BOW) LIES STRANDED IN 16FT, POSITION GIVEN IN LAT 41-32-20N, LONG 69-52-40W(NAD 27). STERN SECTION OF WK ...Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
[13]
[PDF] THE PENDLETON RESCUE - FRA.org
Feb 8, 2020 · The aircraft, a Consolidated PBY Catalina flying boat, was diverted from the FORT MERCER search to look for the two halves of the SS. PENDLETON.<|control11|><|separator|>
[14]
ON Convoys - warsailors.com
Summary of each segment:
[15]
SS Pendleton - Wreck Location Map & GPS Coordinates
Pendleton was 160 feet long with a beam of 21 feet. Pendleton was delivered to the War Shipping Administration in February 1944 and homeported in Portland. She ...Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
[16]
T2 Tankers (1940-1945) - Naval Encyclopedia
Mar 26, 2022 · Based on the Kannebec class oilers (MARAD T2), these T2 “national defense tankers” designed by the Maritime Commission from February 1942 ...
[17]
The Daring Rescue of the Pendleton Crew - Fishermen's Voice
The SS Pendleton broke in two in a storm. 32 crew were rescued by a small boat in a dangerous mission, while 8 from the bow section perished.
[18]
'Work That We Were Supposed to Do' | Naval History Magazine
Before dawn that morning, the SS Pendleton—a 504-foot Type T2 tanker with 41 crewmen and a full cargo of 122,000 barrels of oil and kerosene bound for ...Missing: voyages | Show results with:voyages
[19]
[PDF] U.S. Coast Guard Missions: A Historical Timeline
On 18 February 1952, during a severe "nor'easter" off the New England coast, the T-2 tankers. SS Fort Mercer and SS Pendleton each broke in half. Coast Guard ...
[20]
Hollywood Chose to Tell Half the Story of this Daring Coast Guard ...
The Fort Mercer, like the Pendleton, was a T2-SE-A1 tanker, built on the cheap during World War II. They were known for breaking in half. The Fort Mercer split ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[21]
Bernard “Bernie” Webber and the greatest smallboat rescue ... - MyCG
Mar 22, 2024 · Nearly identical to the Fort Mercer, the Pendleton, too, had broken in two. The radio room near the bridge had been destroyed, so the Pendleton ...Missing: SS | Show results with:SS
[22]
Bernie Webber: A Story of Semper Paratus - VA News
Sep 15, 2022 · In mid-February 1952, Petty ... nor'easter. Two tankers, SS Fort Mercer and SS Pendleton, both cracked in half off the coast of Cape Cod.Missing: storm | Show results with:storm
[23]
Bernard “Bernie” Webber and the greatest smallboat rescue in ...
Mar 20, 2024 · The plane stumbled upon a second broken 502-foot T2 vessel, the Pendleton, nearing the Cape Cod town of Chatham. Nearly identical to the Fort ...Missing: voyages | Show results with:voyages
[24]
The Heroic Rescue of the Pendleton Crew, 1952
On Feb. 18, 1952, four men risked their lives in a howling nor'easter off Cape Cod to save 32 mariners on the shipwrecked tanker Pendleton.Missing: building | Show results with:building
[25]
Gold Lifesaving Medal - U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office
... SS Pendleton, where thirty-three survivors were waiting to be rescued. Numerous passes were necessary to take off all the survivors. There was no light ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[26]
Divers find more Pendleton wreckage - Cape Cod Times
first to New Bedford and then to New York City — to be cut up and sold as scrap metal. For a ...
[27]
The True Story Behind 'The Finest Hours' - Time Magazine
Jan 29, 2016 · What "The Finest Hours" gets right and wrong about the 1952 rescue attempt of the Pendleton oil tanker off the coast of Cape Cod, Mass.Missing: SS popular culture
[28]
The Finest Hours | Book by Michael J. Tougias, Casey Sherman
More than thirty men appear at the railings of the SS Pendleton, all hoping to be saved. Once again, Webber and his crew face a daunting challenge. How can ...
[29]
https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Finest-Hours/Michael-J-Tougias/9781416567226
[30]
Book Review: Two Tankers Down by Robert Frump
Mar 20, 2022 · Fort Mercer's bow section as seen from USCGC Yakutat during the rescue of the crew. ... Pingback: The SS Pendleton & SS Fort Mercer Rescues – A ...