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Salt substitute

A salt substitute is a low-sodium alternative to traditional table salt (sodium chloride), typically formulated with potassium chloride or a combination of potassium and reduced sodium to replicate the salty flavor while minimizing sodium content.^[1]^[2] These products, often marketed as "lite" salts or no-salt seasonings, aim to support dietary sodium reduction, which is crucial given that average daily intake exceeds recommended limits of 2,300 mg (ideally 1,500 mg) set by health authorities.^[2] Salt substitutes fall into two primary categories: mineral-based options, such as pure potassium chloride or blends of potassium chloride with small amounts of sodium chloride, and natural flavor enhancers like herbs (e.g., rosemary, sage), spices (e.g., black pepper, paprika), garlic, ginger, lemon juice, vinegar, or dried onion, which add taste without relying on salts.^[1]^[2] The potassium-enriched varieties are particularly effective for mimicking salt's taste profile, as potassium chloride provides a similar salty sensation but with health benefits from increased potassium intake.^[1] Extensive research supports the use of salt substitutes for improving cardiovascular health, with a 2022 meta-analysis of 23 studies involving over 32,000 participants demonstrating significant reductions in blood pressure and associated mortality risks.^[1] Large-scale trials, such as one in China, showed that replacing regular salt with a 75% sodium/25% potassium blend reduced stroke risk by 14% and cardiovascular mortality by 12%, while a Peru study found it lowered blood pressure and halved new hypertension cases over three years.^[3] The World Health Organization (WHO) endorses potassium-enriched salt substitutes for population-wide strategies to combat hypertension and cardiovascular disease, recommending their integration into national policies for broader accessibility.^[3] Despite these advantages, salt substitutes carry risks, particularly for individuals with chronic kidney disease, heart failure, diabetes, or those on medications like ACE inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics, as excess potassium can lead to hyperkalemia (elevated blood potassium levels).^[1]^[2] Consultation with a healthcare provider is advised before incorporating them, especially for vulnerable populations, to ensure safety and efficacy in personalized nutrition plans.^[1]

Overview

Definition

A salt substitute is a flavor-enhancing product formulated to imitate the taste of sodium chloride (table salt) while featuring substantially reduced or zero sodium content, often ranging from 0% to 88% sodium chloride by weight compared to regular salt's 100%.^[4] These alternatives are marketed as dietary options to lower overall sodium intake without fully sacrificing the sensory appeal of salt.^[5] Common compositions of salt substitutes include blends primarily of potassium chloride, which provides a similar salty profile, or other mineral salts such as those of calcium or magnesium, alongside non-salt elements like herbs, spices, or flavor compounds.^[2]^[1] In contrast to broader salt reduction strategies—such as controlling portion sizes or incrementally decreasing salt usage—salt substitutes function as direct, one-for-one replacements that preserve seasoning levels in cooking and eating.^[6] Fundamentally, salt substitutes replicate saltiness through mechanisms like ionic interactions that stimulate taste receptors akin to those activated by sodium ions, or by incorporating umami enhancers that amplify perceived savoriness and mouthfeel without relying on high sodium loads.^[7]^[8] This targeted approach supports efforts to reduce sodium intake, which can contribute to better cardiovascular health outcomes.^[9]

Purpose and benefits

Salt substitutes serve primarily to reduce sodium intake in diets that often exceed recommended levels, while preserving the sensory appeal of salt in food preparation and consumption. Globally, average daily salt consumption among adults is approximately 10.8 grams, more than double the World Health Organization's recommended limit of less than 5 grams, contributing to excessive sodium exposure linked to various health concerns.^[10] By replacing or partially substituting sodium chloride with alternative compounds, these products allow individuals to lower overall sodium consumption without significantly altering the salty flavor profile that enhances palatability in meals.^[11] The general benefits of salt substitutes include achieving taste satisfaction comparable to traditional salt, thereby avoiding the health drawbacks associated with high sodium levels, such as potential disruptions in fluid balance. This approach supports better electrolyte equilibrium.^[12] Additionally, salt substitutes are cost-effective, often priced comparably to regular salt at around $1.50 per kilogram, making them accessible as affordable pantry essentials for widespread adoption.^[13] Their versatility extends to various culinary applications, from seasoning home-cooked dishes like soups and salads to incorporating into baked goods and savory recipes, without compromising flavor intensity.^[14] In everyday settings, salt substitutes facilitate sodium reduction in home cooking, processed foods, and even restaurant preparations, enabling gradual dietary shifts that maintain enjoyable eating experiences. This practical utility aligns with broader low-sodium dietary strategies aimed at preventing hypertension, offering a simple tool for long-term adherence.^[9] Initial observational data further indicate that such reductions promote healthier electrolyte balance by mitigating sodium overload, which can otherwise strain renal function and cardiovascular regulation.^[12] In January 2025, the World Health Organization released a guideline recommending the use of lower-sodium salt substitutes to reduce population-level sodium intake and lower risks of cardiovascular diseases.^[15]

Health and Dietary Context

Low-sodium diets

Low-sodium diets are structured eating regimens designed to restrict daily sodium intake to levels between 1,500 and 2,300 milligrams, equivalent to approximately 3.8 to 5.8 grams of salt, as outlined in guidelines from the American Heart Association for most adults.^[16] These limits aim to counteract the typical excessive consumption, which averages over 3,400 milligrams per day in many populations, thereby reducing associated health risks.^[17] On a global scale, the World Health Organization recommends limiting sodium intake to less than 2,000 milligrams per day for adults, a standard that underscores the urgency of reduction strategies given that excess intake contributes to an estimated 1.89 million deaths annually from cardiovascular diseases.^[9]^[18] This recommendation reflects the widespread overconsumption of sodium, often exceeding twice the advised amount, and emphasizes population-wide efforts to align dietary habits with evidence-based targets.^[9] Implementing a low-sodium diet effectively involves gradual reductions in intake to facilitate taste bud adaptation, as abrupt changes can lead to challenges in palatability.^[17] Salt substitutes play a key role in this process by helping individuals meet sodium targets while preserving flavor profiles, making adherence more sustainable without compromising meal enjoyment.^[9] These dietary frameworks apply broadly to general adults, but stricter limits—often below 2,000 milligrams per day—are advised for populations with heart disease or kidney issues to manage fluid retention and blood pressure more aggressively.^[19] For instance, individuals with moderate to severe heart failure may target under 2,000 milligrams, while those with chronic kidney disease require tailored restrictions to prevent complications from volume overload.^[20] To support sodium reduction, guidelines also encourage potassium intake exceeding 3,510 milligrams daily from dietary sources.^[9]

Role in hypertension and cardiovascular health

Excess sodium intake contributes to hypertension primarily by promoting fluid retention, which increases blood volume and cardiac output, thereby elevating arterial pressure.^[21] Salt substitutes, particularly those enriched with potassium such as potassium chloride, help mitigate this effect by reducing overall sodium consumption while simultaneously increasing potassium intake, which promotes natriuresis and counters sodium's hypertensive actions through vasodilation and reduced renal sodium reabsorption.^[22] This adjustment improves the dietary sodium-to-potassium ratio, ideally maintained at less than or equal to 1:1 (i.e., potassium at least equal to sodium in molar terms), as recommended by the World Health Organization to support blood pressure control.^[23] In the context of cardiovascular health, salt substitutes facilitate a favorable sodium-potassium balance that extends beyond blood pressure reduction to lower risks of heart disease, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. Observational data indicate that consistent adherence to low-sodium approaches, including the use of substitutes, is associated with reduced cardiovascular event risks, establishing their role as a supportive measure in preventive cardiology.^[24] These benefits arise from potassium's ability to modulate vascular tone and renal function, thereby decreasing the overall burden of hypertension-related complications. The 2025 ACC/AHA guidelines reaffirm the importance of sodium reduction in managing blood pressure across hypertension stages.^[25] Salt substitutes are particularly targeted for individuals with hypertension, defined as blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg or higher (per ACC/AHA guidelines), and those following the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, where they serve as a practical, non-pharmacological tool to enhance sodium restriction and potassium enrichment without altering core dietary patterns.^[26] In such cases, they align with broader low-sodium diet principles by providing a familiar seasoning alternative that encourages sustained adherence. (Note: WHO defines hypertension as ≥140/90 mmHg.) However, monitoring is essential, especially for patients with renal impairment, as potassium-enriched salt substitutes can lead to hyperkalemia—a potentially life-threatening elevation in blood potassium levels—in those with compromised kidney function. Individuals with such conditions should consult healthcare providers before use to assess risks and ensure safe integration into their management plan.^[27]

Types of Salt Substitutes

Potassium-based substitutes

Potassium-based salt substitutes primarily utilize potassium chloride (KCl) as the key ingredient, serving as the most common alternative to sodium chloride (NaCl) for reducing sodium content in foods. These substitutes typically contain 50-100% KCl, with formulations often including 0-50% NaCl or other additives like potassium bitartrate, adipic acid, or flavor enhancers to mitigate off-flavors and improve palatability.^[28]^[29]^[30] KCl imparts a salty taste similar to NaCl due to its ionic structure, but it exhibits a metallic or bitter aftertaste, particularly at higher concentrations above 20-30% replacement levels. Its solubility in water is comparable to NaCl (approximately 34-36 g/100 mL at room temperature), though dissolution may occur slightly slower in practical applications, affecting its integration in recipes.^[31]^[32]^[33] Potassium chloride for these substitutes is produced through mining sylvinite ore (a mixture of KCl and NaCl) from underground deposits or by solution mining, where hot water dissolves the mineral and the resulting brine is evaporated to yield purified KCl crystals. Common commercial brands include NoSalt, which is nearly 100% KCl with minor additives for texture, and LoSalt, a blend of approximately 67% KCl and 33% NaCl to reduce sodium by about two-thirds compared to table salt.^[34]^[29]^[28] In usage, potassium-based substitutes can be measured equivalently to table salt by volume, making them straightforward for general seasoning and cooking applications such as soups, sauces, and vegetable dishes, where their flavor profile blends well with other ingredients. However, they are less suitable for baking, as the potential bitter notes can alter the final taste of breads and pastries more noticeably than in savory preparations. In low-sodium dietary contexts, these substitutes help lower overall sodium intake while increasing potassium consumption, supporting blood pressure management.^[35]^[36]^[37]

Other mineral and chemical substitutes

Other mineral and chemical salt substitutes encompass a range of inorganic compounds and synthetic blends that reduce sodium content while attempting to replicate the sensory qualities of sodium chloride, primarily through alternative cations or anions. These include salts such as calcium chloride (CaCl₂), magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl), and sodium malate (Na₂C₄H₄O₅), which are employed to lower overall sodium intake in formulations.^[38]^[39]^[40] These substitutes exhibit varying sensory properties that differ from traditional table salt, often providing a salty perception but with distinct aftertastes; for instance, calcium chloride imparts a somewhat salty flavor accompanied by tongue irritation, while magnesium sulfate delivers a mild saltiness that turns bitter at higher concentrations. Ammonium chloride contributes a cooling sensation upon dissolution due to its endothermic properties, contrasting with the metallic bitterness sometimes noted in potassium-based alternatives, and sodium malate offers a taste similar to sodium chloride but with reduced intensity. Such substitutes or their blends typically achieve 20-50% lower sodium content compared to pure table salt, depending on the formulation ratio.^[39]^[41]^[40] In industrial applications, these compounds are incorporated into processed foods to enhance flavor while minimizing sodium, such as using calcium or magnesium salts in limited quantities within snacks or seasonings where off-tastes can be masked by other ingredients. Blends like those combining 50% sodium chloride with ammonium chloride have been explored to maintain palatability and reduce sodium levels, particularly in savory products. Home-use versions often involve mineral mixes amplified with herbs to improve acceptability, though adoption remains niche due to inconsistent taste profiles across dishes.^[39]^[42]^[38] Despite their potential, these substitutes face limitations, including sensory drawbacks like bitterness or irritation that restrict their use to few food types, and specific physiological concerns such as the laxative effects associated with magnesium sulfate when consumed in elevated amounts. Their less widespread application stems from these taste inconsistencies, making them supplementary rather than primary replacements in most formulations.^[39]^[43]

Natural and herbal alternatives

Natural and herbal alternatives to salt primarily derive their flavor-enhancing properties from plant-based sources, offering savory tastes without added sodium. These substitutes leverage natural compounds like glutamates to mimic salt's role in seasoning, appealing to those seeking whole-food options in cooking. Seaweed granules, such as those made from kelp, provide a briny, iodized flavor profile that serves as an effective salt alternative, with a small amount delivering iodine levels comparable to iodized table salt. These granules are low in sodium and rich in glutamic acid, which contributes to umami taste while supplying essential minerals like iodine for thyroid health.^[44]^[45]^[31] Nutritional yeast stands out as a zero-sodium option, imparting a nutty, cheesy umami flavor that enhances dishes without relying on salt. Derived from deactivated yeast, it contains natural glutamates similar to those in mushrooms and tomatoes, which naturally boost savory depth through free amino acids.^[46]^[47]^[48] Spice blends incorporating celery seed offer another herbal approach, providing a subtle, vegetal savoriness that complements other seasonings in salt-free recipes. These blends, often including celery seed alongside herbs like garlic and onion powder, deliver umami notes without sodium, making them suitable for versatile flavoring.^[49]^[50] In gourmet and vegan cooking, these alternatives are commonly used to season soups, salads, and entrees, with brands like Herbamare exemplifying the trend by combining fresh organic herbs, vegetables, and trace minerals from seaweed for a multifaceted taste. Herbamare's formulation infuses a base with ingredients such as leek, celery, and basil, allowing it to replace salt in everyday meals while adding aromatic complexity.^[51]^[52] Beyond flavor, these natural substitutes provide nutritional benefits, including dietary fiber and antioxidants from sources like nutritional yeast and seaweed, which support overall health without synthetic additives. Their rise aligns with post-2020 clean-label preferences, where consumers favor transparent, plant-derived ingredients over processed options.^[53]^[54] Such alternatives play a key role in reducing overall dietary sodium intake, aiding low-sodium diets.^[46]

Historical substitutes

In ancient Rome, prior to the widespread dominance of sodium chloride as a primary seasoning, fermented fish sauces like garum served as key salty flavorings. Garum was produced by fermenting small fish or fish entrails with salt and herbs under the sun, yielding a potent liquid that added umami and saltiness to dishes ranging from stews to breads.^[55] Herb mixes, such as combinations of celery seed, mint, thyme, and rue crushed with cheese or oil, were also commonly used to mimic or enhance salty tastes in everyday meals, as documented in culinary texts like Apicius. During the 1940s, lithium chloride emerged as an early modern salt substitute, marketed for individuals on low-sodium diets to manage hypertension. It was promoted as a flavor equivalent to sodium chloride but was rapidly withdrawn from the market following reports of severe toxicity. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned its use in February 1949 after cases of lithium poisoning surfaced, characterized by symptoms including nausea, vomiting, tremors, confusion, and in fatal instances, convulsions and death; long-term exposure was later linked to thyroid dysfunction such as hypothyroidism.^[56] This episode marked one of the first major regulatory interventions against a food additive due to health risks.^[57] In the mid-20th century, research shifted toward safer options amid growing concerns over sodium's role in hypertension, with initial explorations of potassium chloride (KCl) as a substitute dating to the 1950s and expanding into clinical trials by the 1970s. Pioneering work by George Meneely demonstrated that KCl could counteract the vascular effects of excess sodium chloride in animal models, highlighting its potential protective benefits. These developments were influenced by post-World War II health initiatives addressing dietary sodium, though wartime resource constraints on sodium had earlier prompted interest in mineral alternatives for food preservation and seasoning. Historical attempts at salt substitutes, particularly the lithium chloride debacle, emphasized the critical need for comprehensive toxicity testing and long-term safety evaluations before market introduction. This led to enhanced regulatory oversight by bodies like the FDA, shaping protocols for approving food additives and influencing the cautious progression to contemporary potassium-based formulations.

Scientific Research

Clinical trials on efficacy

Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of salt substitutes, particularly potassium-enriched formulations, in reducing blood pressure and cardiovascular risks. The Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS), a large cluster-randomized controlled trial conducted in China from 2015 to 2020, involved 20,995 participants aged 60 years and older with hypertension or prior stroke. Participants in the intervention group replaced regular salt with a substitute containing 75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride, resulting in a 14% reduction in stroke incidence (rate ratio 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.96) and a 13% decrease in major cardiovascular events (rate ratio 0.87, 95% CI 0.80-0.94). The trial also showed a mean systolic blood pressure reduction of 3.34 mm Hg (95% CI -4.51 to -2.18), alongside a daily urinary sodium excretion decrease of 350 mg (95% CI -545 to -154) and an increase in potassium excretion of 803 mg (95% CI 714-897), indicating approximately 20-30% sodium reduction through substitution while boosting potassium intake.^[58] Building on these findings, the DECIDE-Salt trial, a 2023 cluster-randomized study in 48 elderly care facilities in China, enrolled 1,612 residents to evaluate salt substitution versus supply restriction. The salt substitute arm (62.5% NaCl, 25% KCl, 12.5% flavorings) achieved a significant systolic blood pressure lowering of 7.1 mm Hg (95% CI -10.5 to -3.8) compared to usual salt, with high adherence rates exceeding 80% over the 2-year period. This trial highlighted the substitute's role in preventing hypertension incidence, particularly in normotensive elderly, without notable increases in adverse events related to hypotension.^[59] Recent meta-analyses, including a 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 trials encompassing 31,949 participants, have confirmed consistent blood pressure reductions of approximately 4.6 mm Hg systolic across diverse populations, including those with hypertension. These analyses emphasize the substitutes' effectiveness in increasing potassium intake while achieving sodium reductions, with high adherence in trial settings. In low-income contexts, such as sub-Saharan Africa, ongoing family-based trials, like the 2025 Soweto protocol involving 600 adolescents and their households, aim to address gaps in accessibility. The World Health Organization's 2025 guideline, synthesizing evidence from major trials, endorses potassium-enriched salt substitutes for reducing blood pressure in hypertensive populations.^[23]^[60]

Safety considerations and side effects

Potassium-based salt substitutes, such as those containing potassium chloride (KCl), are generally well-tolerated but can cause a bitter or metallic aftertaste, which may reduce user adherence in some individuals.^[61]^[14] Excessive intake can lead to gastrointestinal upset, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort, particularly when consumed in forms like extended-release supplements rather than typical culinary amounts.^[62]^[63] The primary health risk associated with these substitutes is hyperkalemia, an elevation in blood potassium levels that can cause cardiac arrhythmias in severe cases, though large-scale trials have shown no significant increase in clinical hyperkalemia events compared to regular salt use, with incidences around 3.3 events per 1000 person-years in both groups.^[58] This risk affects approximately 1-2% of users overall, primarily those with predisposing factors, but remains low in healthy populations.^[64]^[23] Salt substitutes are contraindicated for individuals with kidney disease due to impaired potassium excretion, which heightens hyperkalemia risk, and the FDA has highlighted potential harms in such populations through proposed rules and public comments emphasizing caution.^[65]^[66] They should also be avoided by users of ACE inhibitors or potassium-sparing diuretics, as these medications can exacerbate potassium retention.^[67]^[68] Infants and young children with immature renal function are similarly at risk and should not use them without medical supervision.^[23] For safe use, individuals at risk for hyperkalemia should undergo periodic blood tests to monitor serum potassium levels, ideally maintaining total daily potassium intake below 4.7 grams from all sources, as recommended by health authorities for most adults.^[69]^[70] Potassium-enriched substitutes are considered safe for the general population at moderate intakes, providing cardiovascular benefits without substantial adverse effects.^[64] Post-2020 research, including major trials and reviews, confirms an overall low risk profile for potassium-based substitutes, with rare reports of allergic reactions such as rash or hives attributed to KCl or additives in less than 1% of cases.^[62]^[58] These updates underscore minimal adverse events in diverse populations when used appropriately, complementing evidence of efficacy in blood pressure reduction.^[71]

Regulatory and Commercial Aspects

Global guidelines and recommendations

The World Health Organization (WHO) issued a guideline in January 2025 providing a conditional recommendation for the use of potassium-enriched lower-sodium salt substitutes to replace regular table salt (sodium chloride), as a strategy to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular disease risk, aligning with the global target of a 30% relative reduction in population sodium intake by 2025.^[15]^[9] This endorsement is supported by evidence from large-scale trials demonstrating reductions in systolic blood pressure by approximately 4.76 mmHg and diastolic by 2.43 mmHg when using these substitutes.^[15] In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted potassium chloride (KCl) generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status under 21 CFR 184.1622, permitting its use as a partial salt substitute in food processing to support sodium reduction efforts. In the European Union, regulations encourage sodium limits in processed foods through reformulation targets set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), which recommends no more than 2 g of sodium per day for adults, with salt substitutes like potassium-enriched options promoted as tools for compliance in industry guidelines. Following the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS) trial, which showed a 14% reduction in stroke risk with salt substitutes in rural China, the Chinese government has integrated these into its national salt reduction program, promoting their distribution and use in households and processed foods to address high sodium intake.^[58] Implementation of these guidelines includes public health campaigns in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), such as community-based promotions in Peru and other regions to encourage household adoption of salt substitutes for blood pressure control.^[72] Salt substitutes are also being integrated into food fortification standards, ensuring compatibility with iodine fortification programs to maintain nutritional benefits while reducing sodium, as outlined in WHO and UNICEF guidelines.^[73] Recent 2024-2025 endorsements, including those from the American Heart Association and WHO, emphasize salt substitutes as a key intervention to combat hypertension, which affects an estimated 1.4 billion adults (aged 30–79 years) worldwide as of 2024, with approximately two-thirds in LMICs.^[23]^[74]

Additives, formulations, and market adoption

Salt substitutes often incorporate additives to improve palatability and nutritional value. To mitigate the bitterness associated with potassium chloride (KCl), common flavor maskers include hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP), which acts as a savory enhancer similar to monosodium glutamate, and nucleotides such as disodium 5'-guanylate, which help reduce metallic aftertastes when blended with KCl at levels up to 50% replacement of sodium chloride.^[75]^[76]^[77] Other natural maskers like yeast extract and carrageenan further suppress bitterness by slowing KCl release in the mouth, enabling broader sensory acceptance in processed foods.^[78]^[79] Nutrient enrichment is also prevalent, with formulations known as double-fortified salts combining KCl or reduced-sodium bases with iodine and iron to address dual deficiencies; these "super-salts" can include additional micronutrients like folic acid or vitamin B12 for enhanced public health impact.^[80]^[81]^[82] Formulations of salt substitutes vary to suit different applications and consumer preferences. They are commonly available in granular or fine powder forms for table use and cooking, with fine variants designed for uniform blending in processed foods like baked goods or snacks. Blends typically incorporate 25-50% sodium chloride (NaCl) with KCl to ease transition from regular salt while maintaining familiarity. Liquid versions, such as mineral-enriched drops or sprays, offer convenience for seasoning without altering texture, particularly in gourmet or low-sodium diets. Post-2023 innovations include cost-effective, potassium-enriched packets tailored for low-income African markets, supporting scalable distribution in regions with high hypertension rates and limited access to fortified products.^[83]^[84]^[85]^[86]^[87] Market adoption of salt substitutes remains modest globally, influenced by regional health priorities and consumer habits. In the United States, usage is low at under 6% among adults as of 2025 surveys, even among those with hypertension, due to limited awareness and preference for traditional salt. Adoption is growing in Asia, particularly China, where low-sodium substitutes have achieved notable household penetration through government-backed initiatives aiming for 20% salt reduction by 2030, though exact figures vary by urban-rural divides. Key barriers include off-tastes from KCl, higher costs compared to regular salt, and inconsistent availability in retail settings, hindering widespread uptake despite proven blood pressure benefits.^[88]^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92] Emerging trends emphasize clean-label products and sustainability. Consumers increasingly favor substitutes with minimal processing and natural ingredients, such as herb-infused blends or those free from artificial additives, aligning with demands for transparency in labeling. Environmental considerations are driving sustainable sourcing, exemplified by seaweed-derived salts, which provide umami flavors while supporting regenerative ocean farming practices to reduce overharvesting impacts. These shifts are projected to boost market growth to USD 1.92 billion by 2030, fueled by health-focused innovations.^[93]^[94]^[95]^[96]^[97]

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Lithium chloride (LiCl). None: toxic although almost perfectly salty. Calcium chloride (CaCl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4). Few ...Missing: ammonium malate
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The Use of Sodium Malate Combinations as a Dietary Substitute for ...
Certain advantages of this sub- stance, eka salt which is essen- tially sodium malate, over sodium chloride in salt-restricted diets have shown experimentally.
[40]
Possibility of partial replacement of sodium chloride with potassium ...
The ćevapčići with salt replacements had less intensity of saltiness, except ćevapčići with a large amount of added ammonium chloride, in which the saltiness ...
[41]
KR20080114122A - Salt substitute using ammonium chloride
Sodium chloride and ammonium chloride have the property of moisture absorption and solidification when left at room temperature for a long time. Therefore ...
[42]
Magnesium sulfate Uses, Side Effects & Warnings - Drugs.com
Mar 17, 2025 · Magnesium sulfate also increases water in the intestines. Magnesium sulfate is used as a laxative to relieve occasional constipation. Magnesium ...Missing: substitute | Show results with:substitute
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https://www.drugs.com/mtm/magnesium-sulfate.html
[44]
Super Green List | Healthy and sustainable farmed seaweed
Seaweed's natural profile of low to moderate sodium and high glutamic acid (an ideal salt substitute) levels help keep dietary sodium intake in a healthy range.
[45]
https://www.seafoodwatch.org/seafood-basics/sustainable-healthy-fish/nutritious-seaweed
[46]
No Sodium? No Problem! A Guide to Healthy Salt Alternatives
Nutritional Yeast – Nutritional yeast has a rich, savory, “cheesy” flavor that makes is a great salt substitute. It is an excellent addition to creamy sauces, ...
[47]
Vegetables and Beans - Umami Information Center
Tomatoes are abundant in the umami substance glutamate. The drying process decreases moisture and concentrates the glutamate. In addition, drying creates the ...Missing: alternative | Show results with:alternative
[48]
https://www.umamiinfo.com/richfood/foodstuff/vegetables.html
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13 Umami-Packed Ingredients to Upgrade Your Pantry - Serious Eats
Apr 7, 2020 · We're talking everything from soy sauce and fish sauce to dried mushrooms and Marmite. Often, we call on these ingredients to give dishes an added layer of ...
[50]
Herbamare: The better salt! - A.Vogel
Sep 22, 2020 · Sodium free Herbamare is prepared with potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, organic aromatic herbs and fresh vegetables as well as seaweed ...
[51]
Why the Internet's Favorite Seasoning Salt Should Be in Your Pantry
Nov 13, 2024 · Herbamare acquires a super-savory flavor from a combination of dried herbs and vegetables (it's almost like seasoning your food with dried vegetable stock).
[52]
Salt-Free, Not Flavor-Free: Low-Sodium Seasoning That Satisfies
Jul 20, 2025 · Nutritional yeast is your go-to salt substitute. Rich in vitamin B and antioxidants, this ingredient adds that elusive umami edge. Try it in ...Missing: zero | Show results with:zero
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Clean-label alternatives for food preservation: An emerging trend
Aug 30, 2024 · In the past, organic substances such as plant parts, salt, and turmeric were applied directly as bio-preservatives in various food applications.
[54]
Garum - Sir Thomas Browne
Its most prominent use was in oenogarum, a mixture of wine, liquamen, pepper, and occasionally other spices and herbs. Olive oil commonly was added, and one ...Missing: mixes | Show results with:mixes
[55]
Lithium poisoning from the use of salt substitutes - PubMed
Lithium poisoning from the use of salt substitutes. J Am Med Assoc. 1949 Mar 12;139(11):685-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.1949.02900280001001.Missing: substitute thyroid ban
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Lithium: Discovered, Forgotten and Rediscovered - INHN
Aug 15, 2013 · In February 1949 the F.D.A. took urgent action and instituted a recall of all lithium containing salt substitutes from the market and this ban ...
[57]
Effect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death
Aug 29, 2021 · The salt substitute was manufactured in accordance with the Chinese national standard and had a composition of 75% sodium chloride and 25% ...
[58]
Salt substitution and salt-supply restriction for lowering blood ...
Apr 13, 2023 · In conclusion, salt substitute reduced BP and cardiovascular events in an elderly resident population. It increased the frequency of biochemical ...
[59]
Salt Substitutes in Low-Income Settings: Blood Pressure Benefits ...
Substitution of regular salt with LSSS has shown consistent blood pressure–lowering effects across various populations. A Cochrane meta-analysis (2021) ...
[60]
The efficacy of a low-sodium salt substitute enriched with potassium to improve sodium-to-potassium ratio and reduce blood pressure in adolescents and their families in Soweto, South Africa: study protocol for randomised controlled trial - PMC
### Summary of 2025 African Family Trial (SALT Trial)
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Are salt substitutes a smart choice? - Harvard Health
May 1, 2025 · Research shows that substituting a potassium-containing salt substitute for regular salt can help lower blood pressure as well as the risk of stroke.
[62]
Potassium Chloride Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term
Jan 5, 2024 · Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing ...
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[PDF] POTASSIUM CHLORIDE Label - accessdata.fda.gov
The most common adverse reactions to oral potassium salts are nausea, vomiting, flatulence, abdominal pain/discomfort, and diarrhea. 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS. 7.1 ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[64]
Potassium-Enriched Salt Substitutes: A Review of ... - NIH
Potassium-enriched salt with a composition of 75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride should be recommended to all patients with hypertension.
[65]
Are Salt Alternatives Dangerous for People With Kidney Disease?
Aug 17, 2023 · An FDA-proposed rule to allow salt substitutes in food raises concerns for those with kidney disease, because of potential potassium ...Missing: impairment | Show results with:impairment
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[PDF] August 8, 2023 Robert M. Califf, M.D. Commissioner of Food and ...
Aug 8, 2023 · Choosing foods lower in sodium is a key step in reducing the risk of high blood pressure and preventing kidney disease and other conditions in.
[67]
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Cleveland Clinic
Your provider may want you to avoid or limit salt in the foods you eat. You may also want to avoid salt substitutes that contain potassium until you talk to ...
[68]
Salt Substitute - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Salt substitutes are alternatives to sodium chloride that often contain potassium chloride, which may pose risks of hyperkalemia for certain patients, ...Missing: malate | Show results with:malate<|control11|><|separator|>
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How Potassium Can Help Prevent or Treat High Blood Pressure
Aug 14, 2025 · If you are trying to prevent or treat high blood pressure, the AHA recommends 3,500 mg to 5,000 mg of potassium daily, ideally from diet. For ...
[70]
Potassium - Consumer - NIH Office of Dietary Supplements
Mar 22, 2021 · Even in healthy people, getting too much potassium from supplements or salt substitutes can cause hyperkalemia if they consume so much potassium ...
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Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for ...
The majority of trials (23/26) investigated LSSS where potassium‐containing salts were used to substitute sodium. In most trials, LSSS implementation was ...
[72]
Use of lower-sodium salt substitutes: WHO guideline
Jan 27, 2025 · This guideline provides evidence-informed guidance on the use of lower-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS).Missing: fortification | Show results with:fortification
[73]
Implementation of a salt substitute intervention using social ... - NIH
May 19, 2023 · This study aimed to conduct a process evaluation of a salt substitute trial conducted in Peru. Through semi-structured interviews of ...
[74]
Salt Reduction and Iodine Fortification Policies Are Compatible - NIH
Aug 1, 2024 · This review aims to lay out the feasibility of integrating both salt reduction and salt iodine fortification strategies.
[75]
Hypertension - World Health Organization (WHO)
Sep 25, 2025 · An estimated 1.4 billion adults aged 30–79 years worldwide had hypertension in 2024; this represents 33% of the popluation in this age range.
[76]
Association between salt substitutes/enhancers and changes in ...
Mar 7, 2018 · Salt substitutes/enhancers that contain or often contain free glutamates (MSG, yeast extracts and hydrolyzed vegetable proteins) were found in ...
[77]
Effect of added hydrolyzed vegetable proteins on consumers ... - NIH
Aug 12, 2019 · Hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP) has received wide attention as a flavor enhancer that can replace monosodium glutamate (MSG).
[78]
Use of potassium chloride and flavor enhancers in low sodium ...
We investigated use of potassium chloride (KCl) to maintain both the salty flavor and to replace the preservative effects of salt when reducing the sodium ...Missing: substitute brands
[79]
Utilization of Yeast Extract as a Flavor Enhancer and Masking Agent ...
Dec 28, 2023 · The aim of this study is to reduce the NaCl ratio used in the shrimp marination process by substituting it with KCl and masking the resulting bitterness from ...
[80]
Natural biopolymer masks the bitterness of potassium chloride to ...
Mar 4, 2022 · The results show that carrageenan can significantly slow down the release and diffusion of K+, leading to a reduced bitter taste of KCl in the ...
[81]
The Double-Fortified Salt (Iodized Salt with Iron) Consultation - NIH
Feb 15, 2021 · The addition of iron to iodized salt to produce double-fortified salt (DFS), to combat the persistent problem of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia.
[82]
Double-Salt Fortification - American Society for Nutrition
Mar 1, 2021 · Supplement in The Journal of Nutrition explores whether fortification of salt with iodine and iron could solve a major global health problem.
[83]
(PDF) Double Fortified Salt Containing Iodine and Folic Acid and ...
Jan 30, 2025 · Double Fortified Salt Containing Iodine and Folic Acid and Triple Fortified Salt Containing Iodine, Folic Acid, and Vitamin B12 Are Acceptable ...
[84]
Salona Supplier - Sea Salt Ingredients | Ettlinger Corporation
Salona low sodium sea salt is a natural sea salt from ICL Food Specialties. It allows for a 25 to 50% replacement of sodium chloride and 100% potassium chloride ...Missing: NaCl | Show results with:NaCl
[85]
Building a better salt substitute: New formula helps reduce high ...
Dec 14, 2023 · While eating more potassium-rich fruits and vegetables is most ideal, this salt substitute is yet another way to address this imbalance.”
[86]
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12584445/
[87]
U.S. survey finds salt substitutes rarely used by people with high ...
Sep 4, 2025 · Research Highlights: Despite their effectiveness in lowering sodium intake and managing blood pressure, salt substitutes were rarely used by ...
[88]
The availability, price, and characteristics of low sodium salt based ...
Oct 21, 2023 · Scaling up the use of LSS in home cooking could help achieve China's 2030 salt reduction goal of 20% relative reduction. LSS has been ...
[89]
(PDF) The availability, price, and characteristics of low sodium salt ...
Oct 12, 2023 · Low-sodium salt substitute (LSSS) has the potential in regulating sodium and potassium intake and has been available in China market for years.
[90]
Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing Reduced-Sodium Salts as ...
Sep 17, 2021 · This study aimed to identify key barriers and facilitators to implementing reduced-sodium salt as a population level intervention. Semi- ...Missing: penetration | Show results with:penetration<|separator|>
[91]
Implementation of a salt substitute intervention using social ...
May 18, 2023 · Barriers identified were poor availability of the product in most countries, limited evidence on health outcomes among patients with kidney ...
[92]
Global clean label trends. Nearly 1 in 2 consumers globally
Mar 21, 2025 · Top global clean label demands range from no artificial ingredients and no additives to only using natural ingredients and organic sourcing.Missing: salt seaweed 2023-2025
[93]
Global Salt Market Trends 2025: Insights for Buyers and Brands
Aug 18, 2025 · Clean-label trends have reached the salt market as well. Buyers now want to know where the salt is sourced, how it's harvested, and whether ...<|separator|>
[94]
Seaweed Salts 2025-2033 Trends: Unveiling Growth Opportunities ...
Rating 4.8 (1,980) Jul 3, 2025 · The global seaweed salt market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing consumer demand for natural and healthy food products.
[95]
Swelling tide of seaweed ingredients leads to wave of new products
Jul 10, 2025 · Sustainable seaweed extracts are revolutionizing clean beauty products, natural foods and agricultural biostimulants.Missing: substitutes | Show results with:substitutes
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Salt Substitutes Market Report | Industry Analysis, Size & Forecast
Apr 4, 2025 · The Salt Substitutes Market is expected to reach USD 1.38 billion in 2025 and grow at a CAGR of 6.71% to reach USD 1.92 billion by 2030.Missing: survey penetration barriers