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Sandwip Island

Sandwip Island is an elongated estuarine island situated in the Meghna River mouth along the southeastern coast of Bangladesh, administratively comprising Sandwip Upazila in Chittagong District.^[1] Measuring approximately 50 kilometers in length and 5 to 15 kilometers in width, the island forms part of the vast Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta system exposed to the Bay of Bengal.^[1] The island's landmass has undergone substantial erosion, with studies indicating a roughly 50 percent reduction in area between 1896 and 1979 due to tidal forces and sediment dynamics in the dynamic Meghna estuary.^[2] As of the 2001 census, Sandwip Upazila recorded a population of 292,773, predominantly Muslim and engaged in subsistence agriculture, fishing, and traditional wooden shipbuilding at coastal wharves.^[3] More recent estimates place the resident population near 350,000 to 450,000, reflecting growth amid persistent challenges like cyclone vulnerability, as evidenced by the devastating 1991 cyclone that razed coastal settlements and contributed to over 100,000 deaths nationwide.^[4]^[5] Historically, Sandwip functioned as a strategic Portuguese trading outpost and military base in the 16th and 17th centuries, facilitating commerce across the Bay of Bengal before declining under Mughal and British influence.^[6] Today, its economy relies on marine resources and nascent tourism drawn to beaches, historic mosques like the Taj Mahal-inspired Mariam Bibi Sahebani structure, and cultural practices such as Baul folk performances, though limited connectivity—primarily via ferries—has long isolated residents from mainland infrastructure until recent bridge developments.^[1]^[7]

Geography

Location and Physical Characteristics

Sandwip Island lies in the Chittagong District of southeastern Bangladesh, positioned within the Meghna River estuary along the Bay of Bengal coast. Its geographic bounds span approximately 22°20′N to 22°30′N latitude and 91°27′E to 91°37′E longitude.^[8] The island is delimited by the Bamni River to the north, the Bay of Bengal to the south, the Meghna Estuary to the west, and the Sandwip Channel to the east, which separates it from the adjacent mainland.^[8] The island extends roughly 50 kilometers in length and 5 to 15 kilometers in width, with a land area subject to variation due to erosion and accretion, recorded at 212.36 square kilometers in 1990 and 271.16 square kilometers in 2020.^[1]^[8] This dynamism stems from its location in an active deltaic zone influenced by tidal and fluvial processes. Sandwip exhibits a predominantly flat topography, with an average elevation of 2.5 meters above mean sea level, rendering it vulnerable to inundation.^[8] The landscape comprises mudflats, canals, rivers, and marshlands, falling within the Lower Meghna estuarine floodplain and mixed tidal floodplain physiographic regions. Soils are composed mainly of clay, sand, and silt from tidal and fluvio-tidal deposits originating from the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers, featuring medium to moderately fine textures.^[8]

Coastline and Land Dynamics

Sandwip Island, situated in the Meghna estuary, features a dynamic coastline shaped by tidal currents, monsoon-driven sediment transport, and fluvial inputs from the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system. The island's perimeter, approximately 200 km long, includes mudflats, sandy beaches, and estuarine channels prone to rapid morphological shifts. Tidal ranges here exceed those in adjacent Chittagong by 20-25%, with peaks delayed by about 47.5 minutes, amplifying wave energy and sediment redistribution.^[9] ^[8] Satellite analyses reveal pronounced erosion-accretion patterns. From 1990 to 2000, the western and southern coasts eroded by 867 ha and 1,529 ha respectively, while northern and eastern sectors accreted 2,358 ha and 1,147 ha. The 2000-2010 decade saw erosion across all coasts, totaling reductions of 623 ha (west), 833 ha (east), 1,484 ha (north), and 947 ha (south). Subsequent to 2010, accretion dominated, with gains of 772 ha (west), 1,163 ha (east), 4,753 ha (north), and 328 ha (south) by 2020. Overall from 1990-2020, net erosion persisted in the west (1,063 ha loss) and south (1,645 ha loss), contrasted by gains in the east (1,539 ha) and north (5,151 ha).^[8] Average shoreline erosion rates reached 38.41 m/year, slightly below accretion at 42.35 m/year, with the western coast most affected.^[10] Longer-term trends indicate net land loss, with erosion peaking at up to 29.48 km² per five years until 2006, followed by relative stability and northeastern shoreline migration. Between 1989 and 2017, 4,368 ha eroded against 3,418 ha accreted, yielding a net deficit of 950 ha; from 1994-2024, total area declined by 33.266 km², with southwestern erosion intensifying post-2004 and early northeastern accretion. These dynamics, exacerbated by sea-level rise at 11.93 mm/year and increasing rainfall (0.857 mm/year), drive land use shifts from barren areas to water bodies, underscoring vulnerability in this deltaic setting.^[11] ^[12] ^[13]

History

Ancient and Medieval Periods

Historical records pertaining to Sandwip Island during the ancient period are exceedingly limited, with no dedicated archaeological findings or epigraphic evidence identified for the island specifically. The broader southeastern Bengal region, including areas adjacent to Sandwip, formed part of ancient polities engaged in maritime trade and Buddhist cultural networks from the early centuries CE, though direct attribution to the island remains unverified.^[14] In the medieval era, Sandwip transitioned under the sway of successive regional powers in Bengal, including the Sultanate of Bengal, the Kingdom of Tripura, and the Kingdom of Arakan, reflecting the fluid borders and contested control characteristic of the period.^[14] Local administrative records claim that the Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta visited the island in 1345 amid his travels through Bengal, though this is not corroborated in his primary travelogue Rihla.^[15] The island's estuarine position facilitated salt extraction and agrarian output, positioning it as a peripheral yet economically viable outpost in these kingdoms' networks. By the late medieval phase, approaching the 16th century, European voyagers began documenting Sandwip's attributes. Venetian merchant Cesare Federici, whose vessel wrecked nearby in 1569 en route from Pegu, portrayed the island as exceptionally fertile, underscoring its agricultural productivity amid the delta's dynamic geography.^[16] Similarly, traveler Caesar Frederick in 1585 observed vestiges of ancient monuments, suggesting enduring structural legacies from prior eras, though their origins and precise dating elude confirmation.^[15] These accounts highlight Sandwip's role in pre-colonial trade circuits, exporting salt in volumes supporting up to 200 boatloads annually to continental markets by the mid-16th century.^[17]

Piracy Era and Portuguese Influence

During the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Sandwip Island emerged as a strategic base for Portuguese freebooters operating in the Bay of Bengal, leveraging its position near the Bengal coast and its role in the lucrative salt trade, which involved approximately 300 salt-laden ships annually. Portuguese pirates, often acting independently or with loose ties to Goa, established control through conquest and intimidation, transforming the island into a hub for maritime predation, including raids on coastal settlements for slaves and goods. This era marked the peak of informal Portuguese expansion in eastern Bengal, distinct from formal colonial holdings, where privateers combined trade, piracy, and alliances with local powers like Arakan to challenge Mughal naval authority and extract tribute from passing vessels.^[18] The initial capture occurred in 1590 under Antonio de Sousa Godinho, who seized the island from local rulers, establishing a foothold amid contests with Tripura and Arakanese forces. In 1602, Domingo Carvalho, another prominent pirate, overthrew Kedar Rai of Sripur to consolidate Portuguese dominance, suppressing subsequent rebellions and integrating Sandwip into networks of salt export and slave procurement, often in collaboration with Arakanese slavers targeting Bengal's hinterlands. Successors such as Manuel de Matos and Sebastião Gonçalves Tibau expanded operations, with Tibau notably reasserting control in 1609 after temporary losses, fortifying the island's commercial viability while enforcing submission from regional shipping through systematic piracy. These activities yielded significant profits from enslaved labor—raiding villages as far as Orissa—and positioned Sandwip as a contested gateway for European intrusion into Mughal trade routes.^[18]^[19] Portuguese influence waned due to internal divisions, Arakanese counteroffensives, and Mughal interventions, culminating in the island's loss by 1615–1617, when Arakanese forces defeated Tibau and Fateh Khan briefly held it in 1607, massacring Portuguese traders. Despite the brevity of control, the piracy era left enduring impacts, including hybrid Afro-Portuguese communities and fortified remnants reflecting the island's role as a pirate stronghold, though formal Portuguese ambitions collapsed without sustained support from Lisbon or Goa. This period exemplified the opportunistic nature of Portuguese operations in Bengal, prioritizing plunder and local alliances over territorial permanence.^[18]^[19]

Tibao's Rule

Sebastião Gonçalves Tibau, a Portuguese freebooter and pirate leader, seized control of Sandwip Island in 1609, establishing an independent rule that transformed the island into a notorious base for maritime raiding.^[20] Previously held by relatives of the Muslim ruler Fateh Khan, Sandwip was recaptured by Tibau's forces amid the power vacuum following regional conflicts involving Arakanese and Portuguese adventurers.^[14] Under Tibau's command, the island served as a hub for piracy targeting Mughal shipping in the Bay of Bengal, with operations focused on capturing slaves, goods, and vessels for trade or ransom, leveraging its strategic coastal position.^[21] Tibau maintained autonomy from both Arakanese overlords and Portuguese colonial authorities in Goa, amassing a fleet and fortifications that enabled sustained predatory activities against regional powers.^[22] Tibau's regime emphasized military self-sufficiency, drawing on Portuguese naval expertise and local recruits to enforce control over the island's approximately 20,000 inhabitants and its salt production resources, which supplemented piracy revenues.^[14] Historical accounts describe his governance as despotic yet effective for maritime predation, with Sandwip functioning as a slave entrepôt where captives from raids were held and shipped southward along the Coromandel Coast or to Portuguese outposts.^[20] This period marked a peak in Portuguese irregular influence in the Bengal delta, independent of formal imperial backing, as Tibau operated as a senhor da terra (lord of the land) without allegiance to the Portuguese crown.^[22] The rule ended abruptly between 1615 and 1617 when Arakanese forces, under King Min Khamaung, launched a campaign to reassert dominance over southeastern Bengal, defeating Tibau's defenses and expelling him from Sandwip.^[22] ^[23] The Arakanese invasion capitalized on Tibau's isolation, capturing the island's fortifications and redirecting its resources toward their own slave-raiding fleets allied with other Portuguese renegades.^[21] This conquest confirmed Arakan's temporary hold on the region, though piracy persisted under new arrangements, underscoring the fragility of Tibau's independent enterprise amid competing imperial ambitions.^[22]

Mughal Conquest and Administration

In 1665, Shaista Khan, the Mughal Subahdar of Bengal since 1663, initiated the conquest of Sandwip to eliminate the independent rule of Dilawar Khan, known as Dilal Raja, who had controlled the island since approximately 1617 after defecting from Mughal service.^[24]^[25] The operation, led by Mughal naval commander Abul Hussain with support from Dutch forces, began on November 9 when attackers demolished the island's forts, forcing Dilawar to flee wounded.^[24] A renewed assault on November 18 resulted in the capture of Dilawar and his son Sharif after fierce resistance from their forces.^[24] Dilawar and 92 followers were transported to Jahangirnagar (modern Dhaka), where Dilawar died in custody, marking the end of his nearly 50-year rule.^[24] This victory secured Sandwip as a strategic naval outpost, facilitating the subsequent Mughal campaign against Chittagong in 1666 by providing a forward base for operations against Arakanese-held territories.^[25]^[24] Post-conquest, Abdul Karim was appointed to administer the island directly under Mughal authority, integrating it into the Bengal Subah's administrative framework.^[24] The zamindari system, characteristic of Mughal provincial governance, was applied to manage land revenue and local affairs, replacing the prior de facto autonomy under Dilawar.^[15] Sandwip's incorporation strengthened Mughal control over southeastern Bengal's maritime approaches, though earlier nominal suzerainty had existed via jagir grants, such as to Min Khamaung around 1617, without effective oversight.^[26]

British Colonial and Post-Independence Era

Following the Mughal decline, the British East India Company gained control over Bengal through the 1765 diwani grant, extending administrative authority to Chittagong district and its offshore islands, including Sandwip. The island's remote maritime position complicated governance, requiring reliance on local zamindars for revenue collection under the emerging colonial system. ^[27] Early resistance emerged in 1767 when Chowdhury Abu Torab Khan, the zamindar of Sandwip and descendant of earlier local rulers, led Bengal's first recorded anti-British peasant uprising against East India Company Captain Nollekins. Gathering locals in Sandwip, Abu Torab challenged colonial tax impositions and administrative overreach, resulting in fierce clashes that highlighted local opposition to Company rule, though the rebellion was ultimately suppressed. ^[28] The Permanent Settlement of 1793 formalized zamindari rights, integrating Sandwip into the revenue framework but perpetuating tensions over land and taxation. In the late colonial period, Sandwip contributed to broader independence efforts. Muzaffar Ahmed, born in Sandwip in 1889, emerged as a pioneering communist organizer and journalist, facing repeated British imprisonment for subversive activities, including labor agitation and anti-colonial propaganda. His work underscored the island's role in radical politics amid the Non-Cooperation and Quit India movements. After the 1947 partition, Sandwip became part of East Pakistan, with the zamindari system abolished under the East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act of 1950, redistributing land to tenants and altering rural power structures. During the 1971 Liberation War, the island fell under Sector 1 operations; on May 10, Pakistani forces massacred civilians in Sandwip town, including lawyer Jahedur Rahman, amid broader atrocities targeting Bengali nationalists. ^[15] Post-independence, Sandwip thana was upgraded to upazila status in 1984, formalizing local administration, while persistent coastal erosion reduced its land area from 502 km² in 1880 to 290 km² by 1979, displacing communities and straining infrastructure. ^[29] ^[30]

Administration and Demographics

Governance Structure

Sandwip Upazila operates within Bangladesh's tiered administrative framework, functioning as a sub-district under Chattogram District and Chattogram Division. The primary local governing body is the Upazila Parishad, an elected council responsible for development projects, public services, and resource allocation, with authority derived from the Upazila Parishad Act of 1998. This parishad is led by a directly elected chairman, assisted by two vice-chairmen—one reserved for women—elected from designated categories to ensure representation. The parishad coordinates with national ministries for funding and implementation of initiatives in areas such as health, education, and infrastructure.^[31] Executive administration is headed by the Upazila Nirbahi Officer (UNO), a centrally appointed bureaucrat from the Bangladesh Civil Service who supervises government operations, enforces laws, maintains order, and acts as the liaison to district-level authorities. The UNO holds significant authority over departmental activities, including those of agriculture, health, and education offices within the upazila. Recent appointments to this role include Md. Khorshed Alam, reflecting routine administrative rotations by the Ministry of Public Administration.^[32] At the grassroots level, Sandwip Upazila encompasses 15 unions, each governed by a Union Parishad comprising an elected chairman, general members, and reserved seats for women, focusing on village-level services like sanitation, roads, and dispute resolution under the Union Parishad Act. Additionally, Sandwip Municipality handles urban administrative functions for the island's main settlement, including taxation and civic amenities. Law enforcement is provided by one police station and two outposts, under the oversight of the district police superintendent.^[3]^[3]

Population and Settlements

As of the 2022 Bangladesh Population and Housing Census, Sandwip Upazila had a total population of 327,553, comprising approximately 156,008 males and 171,545 females, across 72,000 households.^[33]^[34]^[35] This marked an increase of about 49,000 people from the 278,605 recorded in the 2011 census, reflecting modest growth amid ongoing coastal erosion and out-migration.^[33] The population density stands at roughly 430 persons per square kilometer, given the upazila's land area of 762.42 square kilometers.^[3]^[33] The population is predominantly Bengali Muslim, with Muslims forming over 90% in earlier censuses (e.g., 253,019 or 90.9% in 2011), alongside a Hindu minority of about 9% (25,439 in 2011) and negligible numbers of Buddhists and others.^[29] Females outnumber males, consistent with patterns in coastal Bangladesh, yielding a sex ratio of approximately 910 males per 1,000 females in 2022.^[35] Rural residents dominate, with urban areas limited primarily to Sandwip Municipality, which had 52,720 inhabitants in 2022 across 18.43 square kilometers.^[36] Sandwip Upazila administratively includes the main Sandwip Island and the smaller Urir Char, divided into 14 union parishads, 1 municipality, and around 146 villages, though erosion has submerged several, such as Namaste, Izzatpur, Batajora, Hudrakhali, and Rohini, displacing thousands over decades.^[29]^[15]^[30] The principal settlement is Sandwip town (also called Sandwipi), the upazila headquarters and municipal center, serving as a hub for local trade, administration, and ferry connections to the mainland. Other notable villages cluster along the island's length, supporting fishing and farming communities, with denser habitation in the central and northern areas less affected by tidal incursions.^[37]

Economy

Primary Sectors: Agriculture and Fishing

Agriculture forms a cornerstone of Sandwip Island's economy, serving as the primary livelihood for much of the population through crop cultivation and associated activities. The island's fertile coastal soils support the growth of rice as a staple crop, alongside vegetables, potatoes, chillies, and cash crops such as betel leaf and betel nut. Homestead agroforestry contributes significantly, with studies identifying 17 vegetable and spice species commonly cultivated in household plots, some year-round. However, environmental pressures including salinity intrusion, rising temperatures, and droughts have severely impacted productivity; as of January 2025, traditional winter crops like lentils, sesame, flax, potatoes, chillies, watermelons, and muskmelons have largely vanished from farmlands. Vegetable production totaled 60,101 tonnes in the 2023-24 fiscal year, reflecting resilience in diversified homestead farming despite these challenges.^[38]^[39]^[40] Livestock rearing, particularly cattle and buffalo, integrates with crop production, providing draft power and manure for soil fertility while supplementing household income through dairy and meat. Salinity and erosion exacerbate vulnerabilities, prompting shifts toward salt-tolerant varieties and homestead-based systems to sustain yields.^[38] Fishing ranks as the second primary sector, leveraging Sandwip's position amid rich coastal waters and channels for marine capture fisheries. The sector supports rural employment and supplies a significant portion of animal protein, with operations including set bag nets and small-scale coastal trawling targeting species like hilsa, pomfret, and snappers. Yet, industrial pollution from nearby ship-breaking activities and climate-induced changes have depleted stocks; a 2023 survey documented the disappearance of approximately 30 fish species and finless eels in the Sandwip Channel, alongside sharp declines in catch per unit effort. By October 2024, fishermen reported drastically reduced hauls, leading to financial distress and reliance on loans, compounded by toxic metal accumulation in edible fishes such as Rastrelliger kanagurta.^[8]^[41]^[42]^[43]

Historical Industries and Modern Developments

Sandwip Island's historical industries primarily revolved around shipbuilding and salt production. During the 16th century, the island emerged as a significant salt-producing center in Bengal, with approximately 130,000 manas (a traditional unit of measure) of salt exported annually via around 300 ships to various regions.^[15] This trade was bolstered by the island's coastal location and Portuguese mercantile activities, which integrated Sandwip into broader Bay of Bengal networks for salt and related commodities.^[14] Shipbuilding gained prominence from the Mughal era onward, with local yards constructing durable vessels at low cost, including warships for regional powers; exports reached Europe, and orders were placed by the Sultan of Turkey.^[15] In the modern era, Sandwip's economy has shifted toward agriculture and fishing as primary sectors, supplemented by remittances from overseas workers, though shipbuilding retains a niche role as a commercial hub.^[7] Recent infrastructure initiatives aim to revive maritime prominence, including proposals in March 2025 to designate Sandwip as a seaport, inaugurate a new ferry service from Kumira-Guptachara ghat for safer passenger travel (especially for vulnerable groups), and establish Dhaka-Kumira bus connectivity alongside road expansions in ferry terminals.^[44]^[45] The Bangladesh Small Cottage Industries Corporation has planned a Tourism Industrial Park to foster small-scale manufacturing and eco-tourism, leveraging the island's beaches and historical sites amid challenges like inadequate navigation aids.^[46] Additionally, assessments indicate potential for marine renewable energy, with tidal turbine models projecting up to 16.49 MW daily generation capacity at select sites.^[47] These developments reflect efforts to counter coastal erosion and economic stagnation, though realization depends on sustained investment and environmental resilience.^[8]

Climate and Natural Hazards

Climatic Patterns

Sandwip Island exhibits a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen classification Am), characterized by high temperatures, elevated humidity, and pronounced seasonal variations driven by the southwest monsoon and Bay of Bengal influences. Average annual temperatures hover around 26.8°C, with monthly means ranging from approximately 20°C in January (coolest month) to 29–30°C from May to October. Diurnal fluctuations are moderate, but nighttime lows rarely drop below 15°C even in winter, while daytime highs frequently exceed 32°C during the pre-monsoon hot season (March–May).^[48] Precipitation is heavily concentrated in the monsoon period (June–October), when southwest winds deliver intense rainfall, often exceeding 400 mm per month in peak July–August. The annual total typically surpasses 2,500 mm, with over 70% falling during these wet months, contributing to frequent flooding on the low-lying deltaic terrain. Drier conditions prevail from November to February, with monthly rainfall under 50 mm, though occasional convective showers occur. Relative humidity averages 80–90% year-round, amplifying the perceived heat, while winds are generally light (5–15 km/h) but strengthen during monsoons and cyclonic events.^[49] Coastal exposure results in moderated temperature extremes compared to inland Bangladesh, with sea breezes providing relief, but also higher salinity intrusion during dry spells. Long-term records from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department indicate subtle warming trends, with minimum temperatures rising at rates up to 0.058°C per year in recent decades, alongside variable rainfall increases of 3–6 mm annually at Sandwip stations, potentially intensifying monsoon variability.^[50]^[51]

Erosion, Cyclones, and Other Risks

Sandwip Island experiences significant coastal and riverine erosion, primarily driven by strong tidal currents, loose sedimentary soils, and monsoon winds. Between 1984 and 2007, approximately 40% of the island's eastern land area was lost to erosion, with net coastline retreat averaging 0.23 km per year and area loss of 0.8 km² annually over studied periods.^[52]^[53] Recent analyses indicate erosion rates up to 31.4 m/year along 49.5% of the periphery, with peaks exceeding 47 m/year in vulnerable sections, particularly on the western and southern coasts where steep bank slopes and high tidal pressures exacerbate material loss.^[54] Accretion occurs on eastern segments, but overall net erosion has displaced communities and reduced arable land, with up to 29.48 km² lost in five-year intervals until 2006.^[11]^[8] The island is highly susceptible to cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal, which generate storm surges amplified by its low elevation and offshore position. The 1970 Bhola Cyclone, tracking directly over Sandwip and nearby Urir Char, resulted in over 11,000 deaths from surge inundation and winds.^[55] Coastal settlements within 2-3 km of shorelines face acute risks, as surges destroy homes, crops, and infrastructure; historical records document 73 major flooding events since 1795, many cyclone-induced.^[56]^[57] Projections under climate change scenarios, including 10% higher wind speeds and 59 cm sea-level rise, forecast surge height increases of up to 0.9 m during high tides, intensifying flood depths.^[58] Additional hazards include recurrent tidal flooding, salinity intrusion affecting agriculture, and potential tsunami risks, though the latter remain low-probability in the region. These interact with erosion to undermine embankments and settlements, with southwest currents and planetary tides contributing to ongoing morphological instability; deforestation further diminishes natural barriers against surges.^[59]^[60]^[8]

Notable Individuals

Abdul Hakim (1620–1690), a medieval Bengali poet, was born on Sandwip Island and is renowned for advocating the use of the Bengali language in literature amid dominance of Persian and Arabic.^[61] His works reflect strong patriotism, and his ancestral home in Sudarampur has since been submerged due to coastal erosion.^[30] Delwar Khan, known as Raja Dilal (r. circa 1617–1666), served as the last independent ruler of Sandwip, initially as a Mughal naval officer before establishing autonomy and resisting external conquests, including by Arakanese and later Mughal forces.^[28] He governed the island for nearly 50 years, minting his own silver coins and maintaining a fleet, until defeated in the Mughal conquest of 1666.^[24] Abul Kashem Sandwip (1944–1995) was an educationist, journalist, and key organizer in Bangladesh's Liberation War, serving as vice principal of Chittagong Fatiq Sari College and contributing to the establishment of Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra, the wartime radio station broadcasting independence messages.^[28] Chowdhury Hasan Sarwardy, a general in the Bangladesh Army, was born in 1960 in Katghar Union on Sandwip, a coastal area that eroded into the sea by 1974 during his adolescence.^[30]

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Sandwip Upazila - সন্দ্বীপ উপজেলা
Notice Board. All. News. সন্দ্বীপ উপজেলায় নতুন উপজেলা নির্বাহী অফিসার হিসেবে জনাব মোঃ খোরশেদ আলম এর যোগদান · All. Activity Management. কর্মসম্পাদন ব্যবস্থাপনা.
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49K ppl increased at Sandwip in 10yrs - The Daily Post
Jul 10, 2024 · According to the census in 2022, the population of Sandwip upazila is 3 lakh 27 thousand 553 people, and the total number of families is 72 ...
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Sandwip Area Guide: Discover Insights & Price Trends | PropertyGuide
Now, it only has a land area of about 80 square miles, which is 25 miles in length and 3-9 miles in width. The population of Sandwip is around 3,27,533 (2022 ...
[35]
Sandwip Upazila - Wikidata
Jun 6, 2025 · ... : Chattogram · male population. 156,008. determination method or standard · census · statement is subject of · 2022 Census of Bangladesh · point ...
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Sandwip (Municipality, Bangladesh) - Population Statistics, Charts ...
Contents: Population ; Sandwip, Municipality ; Sandwip. 52,720 Population [2022] – Census. 18.43 km² Area.Missing: Upazila 2023
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Sandwip Upazila - Wikipedia
As of the 2011 Census of Bangladesh, Sandwip upazila had 56,617 households and a population of 278,605. 71,657 (25.72%) were under 10 years of age. Sandwip ...Missing: economy | Show results with:economy
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[PDF] Case study of the coastal island of Sandwip, Bangladesh
The island is an upazila under Chittagong district with an ... According to Mukherjee (Mukherjee, R., 2008) “Sandwip lies in the maximum cyclone prone area of ...<|separator|>
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Proximal sensor integration for land use classification and soil ...
Agriculture is the primary livelihood on Sandwip Island, with activities including crop cultivation, fishing, and the rearing of cattle and buffalo.
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Sandwip farmers defected by heat, salinity, droughts | Prothom Alo
Jan 6, 2025 · There is no sign of crops. Winter crops like lentils, sesame, flax, chilli, potato, watermelon and musk melon have vanished from this island ...
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Who would encourage farmers to return to the cropland? | Prothom Alo
Jan 8, 2025 · According to the upazila agricultural department, the total vegetable production in the island was 60,101 tonnes in 2023-24. Before starting any ...
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30 fish species vanish as pollution grips Sandwip Channel
Dec 31, 2023 · Additionally, the study revealed a decline in fish catch per Set Bag Net (SBN) and the disappearance of approximately 30 fish species and fins ...
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Industrial pollution, climate change pound Sandwip fish population
Oct 31, 2024 · Due to the drastically reduced fish catches, many fishermen are suffering financial losses, forcing them to take out loans to survive. Faced ...
[44]
Toxic metals accumulation in edible fishes and associated human ...
Oct 9, 2025 · Rastrelliger kanagurta is an omnivorous marine fish species collected from Sandwip Island. The world's largest ship-breaking yard, along ...
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CA Dr Yunus announces key initiatives for Sandwip's development
Mar 24, 2025 · “We are working on declaring Sandwip a seaport, opening the Kumira-Guptachara ghat, launching a Dhaka-Kumira bus service, constructing roads in ...Missing: modern infrastructure
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Steps taken to declare Sandwip as seaport: CA | News Flash
Mar 24, 2025 · “Initiatives have been taken to declare Sandwip a seaport, open Kumira-Guptachara ghat, launch Dhaka-Kumira bus service, build roads in ferry ...
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Tourism Industrial Park to build in Sandwip Island - Daily Sun
Bangladesh Small Cottage Industries Corporation (BSCIC) has planned to develop Tourism Industrial Park in the Island upazila Sandwip in Chattogram.Missing: modern | Show results with:modern
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Marine renewable energy harnessing for sustainable development ...
The Sandwip island generates a maximum of 16.49 MW per day and a minimum of 2.90 MW at Hiron Point with five turbines (Rashid et al., 2017). Fig. 9 depicts ...
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Sandwip, Chittagong, Bangladesh Climate
Sandwip typically receives about 139.95 millimeters (5.51 inches) of precipitation and has 157.27 rainy days (43.09% of the time) annually. Country, Bangladesh.
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Chittagong climate: weather by month, temperature, rain
Precipitation amounts to 116.7 inches per year: it is therefore very abundant. It ranges from 0.4 inches in the driest month (January) to 28.3 inches in the ...
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Extreme weather events and Spatio-temporal characterization of ...
Mar 15, 2024 · According toSen's slope analysis, Bogra showed a maximum rate of decrease of 0.03 °C/yr and Sandwip showed a maximum rate of increase of 0.058 ° ...<|separator|>
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Extreme weather events and Spatio-temporal characterization of ...
Feb 27, 2024 · Data and methodology. For climate change analysis, daily rainfall, maximum, minimum and average temperature data has been collected from ...<|separator|>
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(PDF) Coastline Change and Erosion-Accretion Evolution of the ...
Oct 2, 2025 · With a total population of 278000, Sandwip has long been facing severe land erosion and accretion problems because of its geographical setting ...
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(PDF) River erosion in Sandwip : A coastal island lost its 40% of ...
Jun 9, 2024 · As Sandwip is a coastal land surrounded by river and ocean, it is facing river erosion. In this paper, we will discuss on river erosion, its ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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Dynamic morphological change analysis of Sandwip island at ...
Feb 5, 2025 · This study aims to study the physical conditions of the study islands, historical erosion and accretion and to estimate the rate of shoreline ...
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Change in cyclone disaster vulnerability and response in coastal ...
Aug 13, 2023 · The cyclone caused more than 11,000 deaths (Murty, Flather, and Henry, 1986) in Sandwip and Urir Char, two offshore islands located on the path ...
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Factors of cyclone disaster deaths in coastal Bangladesh
In Sandwip, the houses within the 2–3 kms from the coast experienced the first onslaughts of storm surge and faced higher losses including lives, houses, crops ...
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Past Records and Drr Strategies at Sandwip Island - IAHR
Vulnerability of the Bangladesh Coastline to Inundation Under Cyclone Activity: Past Records and Drr Strategies at Sandwip Island. Download. Author(s): P.
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Impact of Climate Change Induced Cyclonic Surge on the Coastal ...
Dec 1, 2012 · If the same cyclone comes with 10% increased wind speed during high tide with 59 cm SLR, surge height may increase by 0.9 m for Sandwip island ...
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[PDF] TSUNAMI RISK ASSESSMENT OF SANDWIP ISLAND IN ... - IJRET
Every year the country faces various types of natural disasters like flood, tropical cyclones and subsequent storm surges, droughts, tornadoes, river bank.
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Assessing multi-climate-hazard threat in the coastal region of ...
For instance, deforestation has been compromising the natural defense mechanism of the coast against hazards. Illicit logging, overexploitation of forest ...
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The untold story of Sandwip's climate victims | The Business Standard
Mar 1, 2023 · CEGIS data showed that from 1973 to 2020 the Island lost around 71 km2 displacing around 71,000 people. Samrat Khisa, Upazila Nirbahi Officer of ...