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Periphery

Periphery is an American progressive metal band formed in 2005 in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area by guitarist and producer Misha Mansoor, who initially developed the project's material through online guitar recordings.^[1] The band's sound, characterized by intricate polyrhythms, extended-range guitars, and the djent technique of palm-muted, low-tuned chugs, has positioned it as a pioneer in the progressive metal and djent subgenres.^[2] Current core members include Mansoor on guitar and production, vocalist Spencer Sotelo, guitarists Jake Bowen and Mark Holcomb, and drummer Matt Halpern, following several lineup shifts including the departure of bassist Adam "Nolly" Getgood in 2017.^[3] Periphery has released six studio albums, beginning with their self-titled debut in 2010 and culminating in Periphery V: Djent Is Not A Genre in 2023, often featuring ambitious concept-driven works like the dual Juggernaut albums in 2014 that explored themes of cycles and redemption.^[4] Notable for technical proficiency and self-production by Mansoor, the band has built a dedicated following through relentless touring and viral online presence, amassing millions of streams on platforms like Spotify.^[5] Achievements include a Grammy nomination for Best Metal Performance for "The Price Is Wrong" from Periphery III: Select Difficulty in 2017, highlighting their impact within heavy music despite competition from established acts.^[6] While lineup instability and the niche appeal of djent have posed challenges, Periphery's emphasis on innovation over commercial conformity underscores its enduring influence on modern progressive metal.^[1]

General Usage

Etymology and Core Definition

The term "periphery" entered the English language in the late 14th century, derived from Late Latin peripheria, which itself stems from the Ancient Greek periphéreia, denoting "circumference" or "outer surface." This Greek compound consists of peri- ("around" or "about") and phérein ("to carry" or "to bear"), literally evoking the idea of "carrying around" to form a boundary or enclosing line.^[7]^[8] The word's earliest English usages, recorded around 1350–1400, aligned with geometric and astronomical contexts, referring to the perimeter of circles or celestial paths.^[9] In its core definition, periphery designates the outermost boundary, edge, or perimeter of a physical object, spatial area, or conceptual system, distinct from its central or interior portions. This encompasses both literal applications, such as the surrounding fringe of a circular figure or the external margin of a territory, and figurative extensions to marginal or secondary elements adjacent to a primary focus. For instance, it describes the encircling belt around a city's core or the less integrated outskirts of a social group.^[10]^[11] The concept inherently implies relational positioning, where the periphery exists in opposition to a denser, more vital "core," emphasizing spatial or structural hierarchy without inherent value judgment.^[12]

Applications in Everyday and Descriptive Contexts

In everyday language, the term "periphery" denotes the outer limit or boundary of a physical space, object, or enclosed area, such as the perimeter of a room where items like flags might be arranged along the edges.^[13] This geometric application extends to shapes like circles, polygons, or other closed curves, where it precisely identifies the external boundary distinguishing the enclosed interior from the surrounding exterior.^[9] For example, in describing a conference venue on September 14, 2025, observers noted African flags positioned along the periphery to frame the central gathering space without obstructing it.^[13] Descriptively, "periphery" often conveys marginality or adjacency in non-spatial senses, such as an individual or element positioned on the periphery of a group, event, or discussion—close enough to observe but not integral to the core activity.^[12] This usage appears in contexts like sports, where a player might be described as a prospect remaining on the periphery of the main roster, awaiting promotion based on performance metrics rather than guaranteed inclusion.^[13] Similarly, in social settings, it illustrates exclusionary dynamics, as when participants in a debate are relegated to the periphery, contributing sporadically rather than shaping the primary narrative.^[14] Such applications underscore the word's utility in delineating hierarchies of centrality, with the periphery inherently subordinate to but defining the scope of the central domain.^[15] In visual and perceptual descriptions, "periphery" refers to the outer field of awareness, as in peripheral vision, where detection occurs at the edges of sight rather than the focal center; this is evident in driving safety guidelines emphasizing vigilance beyond the direct gaze to avoid hazards.^[16] Everyday phrases like "on the periphery" versus "in the periphery" distinguish surface-level involvement from deeper immersion within a bounded expanse, such as land encircling a city core.^[17] These usages maintain a neutral, observational tone, avoiding conflation with specialized models of structural inequality.^[18]

Core-Periphery Model

The core-periphery model describes a spatial and economic structure in which advanced, high-value activities concentrate in interconnected "core" regions characterized by innovation, capital accumulation, and institutional strength, while "periphery" regions specialize in low-value extraction, primary production, or labor-intensive tasks, resulting in persistent dependencies and disparities.^[19] This relational dynamic arises from factors such as transportation costs, economies of scale, and market access, leading cores to attract skilled labor and investment through agglomeration benefits, whereas peripheries face resource outflows and limited local multipliers.^[20] In formal terms, as articulated in new economic geography frameworks, the model incorporates monopolistic competition and increasing returns to explain equilibrium outcomes where manufacturing clusters in cores under moderate trade frictions, but disperses under high costs or low share of tradable goods.^[20] John Friedmann formalized an early version of the model in 1966 to analyze regional development in less industrialized contexts, positing four evolutionary stages: a traditional periphery dominated by subsistence agriculture; a transitional phase with core emergence via resource exploitation; a resource mobilization stage where cores consolidate administrative and economic control; and a mature stage of integrated economic space, though often incomplete due to uneven spread.^[19] Core regions exhibit "higher-order" functions like decision-making and advanced services, linked to peripheries via forward linkages (supplying inputs) and backward linkages (absorbing outputs), but these ties frequently reinforce imbalances through "backwash" effects—such as talent migration to cores—outweighing "spread" effects of spillover investment.^[21] Empirically grounded in observations of urban hierarchies, the model highlights how distance from cores correlates with lower productivity, as seen in developing nations where primate cities dominate national economies.^[19] In global applications, particularly within dependency and world-systems perspectives, the model extends to international divisions of labor, where core economies (e.g., post-1945 Western Europe and North America) specialize in knowledge-intensive manufacturing and finance, trading finished goods for raw commodities from peripheries (e.g., Latin America or sub-Saharan Africa in the mid-20th century), enforced by historical colonialism and terms of trade favoring cores by factors of 2-5 times in value extraction per unit labor as of the 1970s./08:_Global_Stratification_and_Inequality/8.06:_Sociological_Theories_and_Global_Inequality/8.6I:_World-Systems_Theory) This structure perpetuates via technological asymmetries, with cores controlling patents and standards, limiting peripheral industrialization; for instance, between 1950 and 2000, core GDP per capita grew 4-6 times faster than peripheral averages in unequal exchange scenarios.^[22] Unlike purely geographic variants, these emphasize institutional lock-in, where peripheral elites align with core interests, constraining domestic accumulation—evident in cases like 19th-century Argentina's export-led stagnation despite resource endowments.^[22] The model's predictive power lies in forecasting stable hierarchies absent policy interventions, though causal mechanisms prioritize endogenous factors like comparative advantage over exogenous exploitation alone.^[20]

Historical Development and Key Proponents

The core-periphery model in economics and social sciences traces its origins to mid-20th-century structuralist thought, particularly through the work of Raúl Prebisch at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA). In his 1950 study The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems, Prebisch argued that peripheral economies, reliant on primary commodity exports, faced deteriorating terms of trade relative to core industrialized nations, leading to persistent underdevelopment unless import-substitution industrialization was pursued.^[22] This framework highlighted unequal exchange as a structural feature of global capitalism, influencing dependency theory and early regional development strategies.^[22] A pivotal advancement came in 1966 with John Friedmann's "A General Theory of Polarized Development," which applied the core-periphery dichotomy to spatial economic organization within countries and regions. Friedmann described a dynamic process where initial cores emerge around resource advantages or innovation hubs, drawing labor and capital from surrounding peripheries, resulting in polarized growth patterns over four hypothesized stages: from pre-industrial cores to equilibrated polycentric systems.^[23] His model emphasized hierarchical urban systems and the potential for upward mobility through deliberate policy interventions, distinguishing it from more deterministic global variants.^[24] Immanuel Wallerstein further globalized the concept in the 1970s through world-systems analysis, detailed in his 1974 book The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Wallerstein portrayed the modern world-economy since circa 1500 as divided into core states (advanced manufacturing, high-wage labor), periphery (raw material extraction, low-wage coercion), and semi-periphery (intermediate roles buffering instability), rejecting nation-state centric views in favor of a single integrated capitalist system driven by accumulation dynamics.^[25] Key proponents like Wallerstein, building on Fernand Braudel's longue durée historiography of European economic expansion from 1400–1800, integrated neo-Marxian critiques of exploitation with empirical historical analysis, though subsequent refinements by scholars such as Giovanni Arrighi and Samir Amin extended it to cycles of hegemony and unequal ecological exchange.^[26] These developments contrasted with neoclassical interpretations emphasizing agglomeration economies and endogenous growth, as modeled later in new economic geography by Paul Krugman in the 1990s, but retained the model's focus on structural asymmetries.^[27]

Empirical Evidence and Case Studies

Empirical analyses of global trade networks have substantiated the persistence of core-periphery hierarchies in the world economy. Using singular value decomposition on IMF Direction of Trade Statistics data, social network studies identified stable core-periphery structures from 2007 to 2017, with conditional uniform graph tests showing significant deviations from random networks (p < 0.0001 correlations r ≥ 0.9). These hierarchies endured through the 2008 financial crisis, with core countries maintaining dense interconnections while peripheral nations exhibited sparse ties.^[28] Quantitative assessments of economic dependence further illustrate core dominance over peripheral growth trajectories. A vector-autoregressive analysis of 87 developing countries' GDP from 1960 to 1992 classified dependencies relative to G-7 core economies: five nations (e.g., Botswana, Indonesia) showed strong dependency, where core shocks explained ≥40% of output variance and elicited negative growth responses; 33 exhibited weak dependency with positive but volatile responses; and 48 were relatively independent. Strongly dependent economies experienced amplified downturns from core perturbations, reinforcing unequal value extraction.^[29] The Prebisch-Singer hypothesis provides mechanistic evidence for core-periphery dynamics, positing long-term deterioration in terms of trade for primary commodity exporters (periphery) versus manufacturers (core). Panel data tests spanning 1650 to recent decades, incorporating structural breaks, confirm intermittent declines in relative primary prices, particularly post-1870 industrialization waves, supporting exploitation via unequal exchange.^[30] Case studies highlight limited upward mobility, underscoring the model's explanatory power. Only four peripheral countries—Vietnam, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Ethiopia—demonstrated substantial coreness gains in both imports and exports between 2007 and 2017, amid broader stagnation. In Latin America, historical incorporation as primary exporters (e.g., 16th-19th centuries) perpetuated dependency, with modern financialization channeling surpluses to core capital markets, as seen in subordinate debt cycles exacerbating inequality.^[28]^[31]

Criticisms and Limitations

Critics contend that the core-periphery model, particularly in its world-systems formulation, adopts a static and deterministic perspective on global economic hierarchies, underestimating the potential for peripheral economies to achieve upward mobility through endogenous reforms and outward-oriented policies. Empirical cases such as the East Asian "Tigers"—South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore—illustrate this limitation: these nations, starting as low-income peripheral economies in the 1950s and 1960s with per capita GDPs below $200, attained high-income status by the late 1990s via aggressive export promotion, human capital investment, and selective integration into core markets, rather than delinking as the model might prescribe.^[32] ^[33] This trajectory challenges the notion of entrenched exploitation, as these economies leveraged global trade to build manufacturing prowess, with South Korea's GDP per capita rising from $158 in 1960 to over $6,000 by 1990.^[32] Methodologically, the model lacks robust empirical falsifiability, often relying on qualitative historical narratives over quantifiable metrics for classifying core, semi-periphery, and periphery statuses, which vary inconsistently across indicators like trade balances or technological capacity.^[34] The semi-periphery concept, intended to capture intermediary exploiters and exploited, remains ill-defined economically, functioning more as an ad hoc political stabilizer than a testable category supported by data.^[35] Moreover, the framework's emphasis on systemic capitalist exploitation downplays internal causal factors in underdevelopment, such as institutional quality, policy errors, or cultural barriers; for instance, persistent poverty in regions like sub-Saharan Africa correlates more strongly with governance failures and resource curses than immutable peripheral positioning.^[34] Theoretical critiques highlight the model's reductionism, prioritizing economic determinism while marginalizing non-economic drivers like socio-cultural norms or state agency, which first-principles analysis reveals as pivotal in causal chains of development.^[34] In economic geography applications, such as Krugman's formulations, the model inadequately captures power asymmetries and agglomeration dynamics amid rapid globalization, where peripheral regions have occasionally inverted hierarchies through innovation clusters or foreign direct investment, as seen in Ireland's "Celtic Tiger" growth from 1990 to 2007.^[36] These shortcomings persist despite the model's influence in dependency-oriented scholarship, underscoring a need for frameworks incorporating dynamic agency and verifiable metrics over ideological priors.^[35]

Alternative Frameworks and Real-World Upward Mobility

Alternative frameworks to the core-periphery model emphasize internal drivers of development over rigid global structural constraints. Endogenous growth theory, developed by economists like Paul Romer, posits that sustained economic expansion arises from domestic investments in knowledge creation, human capital, and innovation spillovers, enabling peripheral economies to generate productivity gains independently of core dominance.^[37] This approach counters the model's implication of perpetual dependency by highlighting how policies fostering R&D and education can accelerate technological catch-up, as formalized in models integrating innovation-driven growth with spatial agglomeration.^[38] Institutional economics provides another critique, arguing that inclusive institutions—secure property rights, impartial legal systems, and constraints on elite capture—serve as the primary causal mechanism for escaping underdevelopment, rather than global position alone.^[39] Scholars like Daron Acemoglu contend that extractive institutions perpetuate peripheral stagnation, while reforms creating incentives for broad-based investment allow upward transitions, supported by cross-country regressions showing institutional quality correlating more strongly with growth than trade structures. This framework attributes limited mobility in many peripheries to endogenous governance failures, not inevitable exploitation. Real-world upward mobility is evident in the East Asian Tigers, which transitioned from peripheral status post-World War II to advanced economies by leveraging state-coordinated export strategies and internal capacity-building. South Korea, with GDP per capita of $158 in 1960, implemented land reforms, universal primary education (achieving 96% enrollment by 1980), and five-year plans prioritizing heavy industries like steel and electronics, resulting in average annual growth of 8.1% from 1962 to 1990.^[40] ^[41] By 1996, it joined the OECD as a high-income nation, demonstrating how deliberate industrial upgrading and human capital accumulation enabled convergence despite initial core-periphery asymmetries.^[41] Similarly, Taiwan and Singapore achieved comparable shifts through comparable mechanisms: Taiwan's land redistribution in the 1950s boosted agricultural productivity, freeing labor for export manufacturing, while Singapore's emphasis on foreign direct investment and skills training propelled per capita income from $500 in 1965 to over $80,000 by 2023. These cases refute deterministic interpretations of the core-periphery model by illustrating causal roles for agency, policy sequencing, and institutional adaptability in fostering mobility, though semi-peripheral intermediaries facilitated initial integration. Empirical analyses confirm that such successes involved high rates of sectoral upgrading and intra-system mobility, challenging claims of structural lock-in.^[42]

Science and Technology

Mathematics

In graph theory, the periphery of a graph G is defined as the induced subgraph consisting of all vertices whose eccentricity equals the diameter of G.^[43] The eccentricity of a vertex v in G is the maximum shortest-path distance from v to any other vertex in G, while the diameter of G is the largest eccentricity among all vertices.^[44] Thus, peripheral vertices represent the "farthest" points from the graph's center, forming a structure that captures the graph's extremal connectivity properties.^[43] This concept contrasts with the graph's center, which comprises vertices of minimum eccentricity (the radius of G).^[44] For example, in a path graph with n vertices, the periphery consists of the two endpoint vertices, each with eccentricity n-1, matching the diameter.^[43] In complete graphs, every vertex lies in both the center and periphery due to uniform eccentricity of 1.^[44] These definitions apply to connected undirected graphs without weights unless specified otherwise, though extensions exist for directed or weighted variants.^[43] The periphery aids in analyzing graph symmetry, vulnerability, and algorithmic efficiency; for instance, identifying peripheral vertices can inform decentralization measures or fault-tolerant network design.^[44] Not all graphs have non-trivial peripheries—trees often feature leaves as peripheral vertices, while highly connected graphs may have empty or full peripheries relative to their size.^[43] Computational determination involves calculating all-pairs shortest paths, with time complexity O(n^3) via Floyd-Warshall for dense graphs of n vertices.^[44]

Biology

In anatomy, the periphery refers to structures situated away from the central body or core regions, most notably the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which encompasses all neural elements outside the brain and spinal cord. The PNS includes cranial nerves (except the first two, which are central), spinal nerves, and associated ganglia, functioning to transmit sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS) and motor commands from the CNS to peripheral effectors such as muscles and glands.^[45]^[46] It divides into the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements and sensory perception, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary processes like heart rate and digestion.^[47]^[48] In cell biology, peripheral elements include peripheral membrane proteins, which associate temporarily with the lipid bilayer via electrostatic interactions or lipid anchors rather than transmembrane domains. These proteins, removable by mild treatments like changes in ionic strength or pH, often serve roles in signal transduction, enzymatic catalysis, and cytoskeletal anchoring without penetrating the membrane core. Examples include certain kinases and receptors that modulate cellular responses to external stimuli.^[49]^[50] In ecology and population genetics, peripheral populations denote groups of individuals at the geographic edges of a species' range, distinct from core populations in the range center. These populations frequently exhibit reduced genetic diversity but higher adaptability to extreme conditions, such as novel climates or stressors, due to selection pressures; for instance, they may harbor alleles enabling resilience to environmental shifts like those driven by climate change. Conservation efforts prioritize them because empirical studies show they contribute disproportionately to species persistence during range contractions, with peripheral isolates surviving at rates exceeding expectations from central populations in many taxa.^[51]^[52]^[53]

Computing

In computing, the periphery encompasses peripheral devices, defined as external hardware components connected to a central computer system to extend its functionality beyond core processing and memory operations, such as input, output, and secondary storage.^[54] These devices interface with the computer's bus system or dedicated controllers to transfer data, enabling tasks like user interaction and data persistence that the CPU alone cannot perform efficiently.^[55] Peripheral devices are distinguished from internal core elements by their modularity and reliance on standardized interfaces, such as USB or PCIe in modern systems, which allow hot-swapping and scalability without altering the primary architecture.^[56] Peripheral devices originated in early computing with punched cards introduced in the late 1880s for data input, evolving through electromechanical teletypes in the 1930s for output on systems like the Harvard Mark I.^[57] The 1960s marked significant advancements, including Douglas Engelbart's invention of the computer mouse in 1964 at Stanford Research Institute, which facilitated graphical user interfaces.^[58] By the 1970s, the advent of personal computers spurred a proliferation of peripherals; for instance, the IBM PC in 1981 integrated compatibility for keyboards, monitors, and floppy drives, fostering an ecosystem of third-party add-ons.^[59] Classified by function, input peripherals capture data for processing, including keyboards for text entry (standardized QWERTY layout since 1873, adapted for computers post-1960s) and mice for pointing (optical variants emerging in the 1990s via LED sensors).^[60] Output peripherals render results, such as CRT monitors dominant until LCDs in the late 1990s reduced power consumption and size, and printers evolving from dot-matrix (1970s, e.g., Epson MX-80 in 1978) to inkjet and laser models for high-resolution output.^[57] Storage peripherals handle data retention, from 8-inch floppy disks (introduced by IBM in 1971, holding 80 KB) to solid-state drives (SSDs) post-2000s, offering speeds up to 7,000 MB/s via NVMe interfaces as of 2025.^[54] In computer architecture, peripherals integrate via I/O subsystems, where controllers manage data flow to prevent CPU bottlenecks; for example, DMA (Direct Memory Access) controllers, implemented since the 1960s, allow peripherals like hard drives to transfer data independently.^[55] Modern peripherals leverage wireless protocols like Bluetooth (standardized 1999) and Wi-Fi, reducing cabling; as of 2025, USB4 supports up to 40 Gbps for high-bandwidth devices such as external GPUs.^[60] This evolution has democratized computing, enabling peripherals to drive innovations like virtual reality headsets (e.g., Oculus Rift in 2016) that demand low-latency sensory input/output.^[56] Challenges include compatibility standards and security vulnerabilities, such as USB-based attacks mitigated by hardware isolation in enterprise systems.^[55]

Arts and Entertainment

Music

In music sociology, core-periphery structures manifest in the networks connecting artists, festivals, and events, where a dense core of highly connected actors contrasts with a sparse periphery of marginal participants. Analysis of a two-mode network comprising 98 Turkish music festivals and 177 artists from 2012–2013 revealed that core artists (14% of the sample) performed at an average of 11 festivals, exhibiting high internal density (1.55), while peripheral artists (86%) averaged only 2 performances with low density (0.05); core status correlated with major label affiliation and rock genre dominance.^[61] Similarly, core festivals (34%) hosted an average of 9 artists with density 1.38, often located in populous cities with large student populations providing a critical audience mass, whereas peripheral festivals averaged 4 artists and density 0.20.^[61] These patterns arise from resource concentration, where core actors leverage visibility and infrastructure for sustained connections, perpetuating inequality in access and exposure. Globally, core-periphery dynamics extend to cultural production, with Western mainstream institutions forming the core that marginalizes peripheral genres and regions. In 20th-century Western music, peripheral practices like free jazz resisted absorption into commercial structures through outsider status and improvisational autonomy, challenging the economic imperatives of major labels and venues.^[62] Noise music in Japan exemplified transnational periphery, prioritizing social separation and anti-commercial ethos over integration, yet influencing core experimental scenes via selective adoption.^[62] Such dynamics reflect causal flows where core markets commodify peripheral cultural outputs—e.g., world music appropriations—for profit, while limiting reciprocal influence from semi-peripheral or peripheral producers.^[63] In the music industry, periphery encompasses independent and non-mainstream artists whose output signals broader economic disparities, as marketability favors core-aligned sounds over diverse peripheral expressions. Underground networks often replicate core-periphery internally, with locality mapping to connectivity; events in central hubs achieve higher integration than isolated peripheral ones.^[64] Empirical data from live event analyses confirm that core nodes dominate information and opportunity flows, disadvantaging peripheral actors despite digital platforms' potential for disruption, as algorithmic preferences reinforce established hierarchies.^[65] This structure underscores causal realism in music economies: proximity to core resources drives success, not inherent quality, with peripheral innovation frequently co-opted without empowering origins.

Gaming and Entertainment

The global video game industry displays characteristics of a core-periphery structure, with production, innovation, and revenue concentration in a few advanced economies, while peripheral regions primarily serve as consumer markets or sites for outsourced development. Major publishers and developers are headquartered in core nations such as the United States, Japan, and increasingly China, which together accounted for over 60% of worldwide game revenues in 2025, totaling approximately $116 billion out of a global market of $189 billion.^[66]^[67] For instance, U.S. firms like Electronic Arts and Activision Blizzard dominate AAA titles, while Japanese companies such as Nintendo and Sony lead in console hardware and franchises like Super Mario and Final Fantasy. China's Tencent Holdings exerts influence through investments in global studios and mobile hits like Honor of Kings, reflecting a semi-peripheral ascent via state-supported tech ecosystems.^[67] Peripheral countries, often in Latin America, Africa, and parts of Southeast Asia, exhibit high gaming penetration—such as 96.6% in the Philippines and rapid growth in Indonesia—but contribute minimally to original IP creation due to capital constraints and reliance on imported platforms.^[68] These regions host contract work for core studios, such as art assets from Indian or Ukrainian outsourcers, but face cultural dependency, producing games that emulate Western or East Asian tropes to penetrate core markets like Steam or app stores.^[69] This asymmetry in cultural flows perpetuates a hierarchy where peripheral outputs rarely shape global trends, though mobile gaming has enabled local successes, such as Brazil's free-to-play titles amid Latin America's 150 million players.^[70] Critics of the model note upward mobility, exemplified by South Korea's transition from periphery post-1950s to core status via firms like Nexon and NCSoft, which generated $7.3 billion in 2025 revenues through esports and MMORPGs like Lineage.^[67]^[71] In broader entertainment, the core-periphery dynamic manifests in film and television, where Hollywood's output—valued at over $40 billion annually in exports—dominates global distribution, while peripheral industries like Nollywood (Nigeria) or Bollywood (India) thrive domestically but struggle with international scalability due to language barriers and funding gaps.^[72] U.S. studios control supply chains, licensing content to peripheral markets, yet regional hubs emerge, such as South Korea's K-dramas and films (Parasite, 2019 Oscar winner) achieving crossover via platforms like Netflix, challenging static dependency narratives.^[73] Network analyses of collaboration reveal dense core cliques in Los Angeles driving cinematic achievements, with peripheral actors contributing sporadically but rarely leading.^[74] Empirical data underscores causal factors like intellectual property regimes and venture capital concentration in cores, limiting peripheral innovation, though digital streaming has facilitated hybrid models, with India's entertainment sector reaching $24 billion in 2023 through localized adaptations.^[75]

References

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PERIPHERY discography and reviews - Prog Archives
Periphery is an American progressive metal band from Bethesda, Maryland, formed in 2005. History Formation and Lineup Changes (2005 - 2009) Periphery was formed ...Biography · Buy music
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A prog-metal band from Washington, D.C., Periphery pioneered the “djent” movement, which highlights distorted guitar chords and rhythmic complexity.
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Formed in 2005 by guitarist and producer Misha Mansoor, the band features Spencer Sotelo (vocals), Jake Bowen (guitar), Mark Holcomb (guitar), Matt Halpern ( ...
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Periphery's official site. New album 'Periphery V: Djent Is Not A Genre' is out now via 3DOT Recordings.
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World Systems Theory - Definition, Examples, Critiques
Criticisms of World Systems Theory · 1. Insufficient Grounding in Empirical Data · 2. Overemphasizing the Role of Globalization and Capitalism · 3. Ignores Socio- ...
[35]
(PDF) A Critique of Immanuel Wallenstein's World System Theory in ...
The claims in this study are by no means original but by adding the semi-periphery in this analysis he has expanded the existing theory of global political ...
[36]
Limits of the Core - Periphery Model in the Analysis of Contemporary ...
The core-periphery model inadequately addresses contemporary complexities in global power dynamics and economic relations. Neoliberal globalization has ...
[37]
The Core-Periphery Model and Endogenous Growth - jstor
The allocation of A is trivial, owing to the core- periphery model's assumptions that A is internationally immobile and sector- specific. The long-run ...
[38]
The Core–Periphery Model and Endogenous Growth: Stabilizing
We present a model where long‐run growth and industrial location are jointlyendogenous by introducing Romerian product innovation growth into ...
[39]
[PDF] INSTITUTIONS AS A FUNDAMENTAL CAUSE OF LONG-RUN ...
While institutional theories emphasize the importance of man-made factors shaping in- centives, an alternative is to focus on the role of "nature", that is, on ...
[40]
South Korea, Egypt and Wallerstein's World System Analysis
Dec 23, 2013 · Wallerstein contends that states can move up and down in such a hierarchical system. Certainly, South Korea is one such example. In the 1960s, ...
[41]
Working Paper : Escaping the periphery - UNU-WIDER
The East Asian 'mystery' solved. Few non-western countries have reached the general prosperity of Western Europe and North America in the past two centuries.
[42]
[PDF] JOURNAL OF WORLD-SYSTEMS RESEARCH
core/periphery concept from world-systems theory. The CUG tests empirically confirmed that the observed core-periphery structures across each period ...
[43]
Graph Periphery -- from Wolfram MathWorld
The periphery of a graph G is the subgraph of G induced by vertices that have graph eccentricities equal to the graph diameter.
[44]
Eccentricity, Radius, Diameter, Center, and Periphery - Baeldung
Mar 18, 2024 · In this tutorial, we'll explain five concepts from graph theory: eccentricity, radius, diameter, center, and periphery.
[45]
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): What It Is & Function
Your peripheral nervous system (PNS) is that part of your nervous system that lies outside your brain and spinal cord.
[46]
Peripheral Nervous System Anatomy - Medscape Reference
Feb 10, 2025 · The peripheral nervous system (PNS) refers to parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. It includes the cranial nerves, ...
[47]
Peripheral nervous system - Queensland Brain Institute
The peripheral nervous system (PNS), which encompasses nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. These two components cooperate at all times to ensure our ...
[48]
The peripheral nervous system - PubMed
May 1, 2023 · The peripheral nervous system (PNS) represents a highly heterogeneous entity with a broad range of functions, ranging from providing communication between the ...
[49]
Peripheral Membrane Protein - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Peripheral membrane proteins are proteins that are associated with cell membranes but can be easily removed from the membrane by washing, changing the ionic ...
[50]
2.6: Membrane Proteins - Biology LibreTexts
Mar 5, 2021 · Peripheral membrane proteins are proteins that are only temporarily associated with the membrane. They can be easily removed, which allows them ...
[51]
The importance of peripheral populations in the face of novel ...
Jan 8, 2025 · The value of peripheral populations may depend on the specific environmental conditions and species interactions of interest, as these factors ...
[52]
Threatened peripheral populations in context - PubMed
Geographically peripheral populations of widespread species are often the focus of conservation because they are locally rare within political jurisdictions ...
[53]
When Are Peripheral Populations Valuable for Conservation? - jstor
Thus, peripheral populations may often be im- portant for the survival and evolution of species and will often have high value for conservation. It is the ...
[54]
What is a Peripheral? - Computer Hope
Jun 14, 2025 · A peripheral is an external device that connects to the computer to give it additional functionality. However, an accessory makes using the ...
[55]
Peripherals Devices in Computer Organization - GeeksforGeeks
Jul 11, 2025 · A peripheral device is any external device connected to a computer that adds functionality but is not part of the core computer system.
[56]
Computer Peripheral - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Computer peripherals are defined as hardware components that connect directly to computers or other digital devices, facilitating input and output functions ...Classification of Computer... · Impact of Peripherals on...
[57]
The History of Computer Peripherals: From the Floppy Disk to CDs
Sep 24, 2018 · The first floppy was an 8-inch flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic iron oxide. Computer data was written to and read from the disk's surface.
[58]
The History of Computer Peripherals - The Inventors
The history of printers - memory - floppies - hard drives- scanners and more - who invented each computer peripheral.
[59]
Timeline of Computer History
The IBM PC was widely copied (“cloned”) and led to the creation of a vast “ecosystem” of software, peripherals, and other commodities for use with the platform.
[60]
Computer Peripherals. Overview from the past to the wireless era
Jun 30, 2025 · History of peripherals. Origins and key inventions; Years 70.-90.: personal computers and the boom of peripherals. Peripherals classification.History of peripherals · Peripherals classification · How do peripherals connect to...
[61]
(PDF) Music, social structure and connection: Exploring and ...
Dec 14, 2019 · Music, social structure and connection: Exploring and explaining core-periphery structure in a two-mode network of music festivals and artists ...
[62]
Centres and Peripheries (Chapter 16) - Twentieth-Century Music in ...
This chapter examines such centre-and-periphery dynamics from a number of angles, picking up threads of transnationalism, globalisation, mass and minority ...
[63]
[PDF] Working in Music on the Semiperiphery - OAPEN Home
Title: Working in music on the semi-periphery : local cultural production and ... Global Music Industry: Cultural Quarters in Manchester and Sheffield.<|separator|>
[64]
Translocality, Network Structure, and Music Worlds - PubMed
Our analysis of this network uncovers a core-periphery structure which, we further find, maps onto locality. Not all live events enjoy equal standing in our ...
[65]
Translocality, Network Structure, and Music Worlds: Underground ...
Feb 15, 2018 · Our analysis of this network uncovers a core-periphery structure which, we further find, maps onto locality. Not all live events enjoy equal ...
[66]
Global games market to hit $189 billion in 2025 as growth ... - Newzoo
Sep 9, 2025 · In 2025, just two markets, China ($49.8B) and the US ($49.6B), will account for half of all consumer games spending. 3.6 billion players, but ...
[67]
Top countries and markets by video game revenues - Newzoo
1. China, $49.8B 723.0M · 2. United States, $49.6B 224.8M · 3. Japan, $16.8B 74.1M · 4. South Korea, $7.3B 34.0M · 5. Germany, $6.6B 53.2M · 6. United Kingdom ...
[68]
https://www.statista.com/statistics/195768/global-gaming-reach-by-country/
[69]
Video games development in the periphery: cultural dependency?
As a result, the periphery's games are essentially locked into the tropes, themes, and core markets' characters. While this might be viewed as disadvantageous, ...
[70]
[PDF] Video Games and the Asymmetry of Global Cultural Flows
More than 2 billion people worldwide play video games regularly on consoles, PCs, and mobile devices (Newzoo, 2016). Video games also drive economic growth.
[71]
[PDF] The Games Industry as 21st Century Imperialism & Its Cultivation of ...
INTRODUCTION. In this paper I argue that the videogame industry is emblematic of what John Smith. (2016) terms 21st century imperialism, ...<|separator|>
[72]
A Core/Periphery Perspective on Individual Creative Performance
Aug 6, 2025 · A Core/Periphery Perspective on Individual Creative Performance: Social Networks and Cinematic Achievements in the Hollywood Film Industry.
[73]
Netflix's presence: Investigating content producers' understanding of ...
The study investigates content producers' view of Netflix by using a core-periphery analysis of social representations.
[74]
A Core/Periphery Perspective on Individual Creative Performance
Dec 1, 2008 · The paper advances a relational perspective to studying creativity at the individual level. Building on social network theory and techniques.
[75]
Peripheral visions: the film and television industry in Galway, Ireland
Feb 15, 2021 · Theoretically, this article contributes to ongoing debates in economic geography and creativity/innovation studies on notions of core-periphery.