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Sixth-rate

A sixth-rate was the smallest class of rated warship in the Royal Navy's rating system, which categorized vessels from the 17th to 19th centuries primarily by the number of carriage-mounted guns they carried on a single continuous deck.^[1] These ships, often classified as small frigates or post ships, typically mounted between 20 and 28 guns, with armament consisting of light 6-pounder or 9-pounder cannons, a crew of approximately 150 to 200 men, and a burthen of 450 to 550 tons (builder's measure).^[1]^[2]^[3] Sixth-rates were divided into two main subgroups: the larger frigates with 28 guns, featuring a main battery of 24 nine-pounders plus four smaller guns on the quarterdeck and forecastle, and the smaller post ships with 20 to 24 guns, usually 18 six-pounders on the upper deck.^[2]^[3] These vessels were ship-rigged with three masts and designed for speed and maneuverability rather than heavy combat, making them unsuitable for the line of battle but ideal for independent operations.^[1] Commanded by post-captains, they measured around 100 to 120 feet in length and displaced about 400 to 600 tons, with lower decks often pierced for additional guns or oars (sweeps) that were practical only in calm conditions.^[3] In service from the late 17th century—with designs formalized under the 1719 Establishment—sixth-rates played crucial support roles throughout major conflicts, including the War of the Spanish Succession, the Seven Years' War, the American Revolutionary War, and the Napoleonic Wars.^[3]^[4] Their primary duties encompassed convoy escorts to protect merchant shipping, blockade enforcement along enemy coasts, carrying dispatches between fleets and ports, commerce raiding and protection, suppression of piracy in regions like the Caribbean and North America, and general patrol duties as station ships in colonial waters.^[5]^[3] Though less powerful than higher-rated ships, their versatility and economy made them indispensable for the Navy's global operations, with examples including HMS Liverpool (a Coventry-class frigate active from the 1750s to 1780s) and numerous vessels deployed in detached squadrons during the 1720s and 1730s.^[2] By the mid-19th century, as steam power and ironclads emerged, the rating system declined, and sixth-rates were phased out in favor of more modern unrated cruisers and sloops.^[1]

Royal Navy Rating System

Establishment and Evolution

The Royal Navy's ship rating system emerged in the 17th century as a means to classify vessels for administrative efficiency, pay scales, and operational roles, primarily based on the number of guns carried and overall ship size. Early efforts to categorize ships date back to the reign of Henry VIII in the 1540s, but a more structured approach developed during the Restoration period. Samuel Pepys, serving as Clerk of the Acts and later Secretary to the Admiralty, played a pivotal role in refining this framework around 1666 amid the Second Anglo-Dutch War, when the need for organized naval logistics became acute; however, the system was formally established by Order in Council in 1677 under his oversight, designating six rates from first-rate ships with over 100 guns to sixth-rates with 20 to 28 guns, while vessels below this threshold remained unrated.^[6]^[4] The 1706 Establishment marked a significant evolution by introducing standardized dimensions for ship construction, which refined the rating criteria to better align with performance and armament capabilities, particularly for frigates classified as fifth- and sixth-rates. This adjustment facilitated the integration of faster, more versatile vessels suited for scouting and independent operations, ensuring consistency across the fleet. Throughout the 18th century, the system underwent further modifications to adapt to technological and tactical advancements; for instance, in the 1740s, the capture of French 74-gun ships during the War of the Austrian Succession prompted the Royal Navy to incorporate this design as a third-rate, bridging the gap between 64-gun and larger vessels and emphasizing firepower over rigid gun counts alone. These updates maintained the core principle of six rates while accommodating larger fleets and evolving warfare demands.^[7]^[8]^[9] By the early 19th century, the rating system's limitations became evident with the advent of carronades and steam propulsion, leading to a major revision via an Admiralty Order in Council dated November 25, 1816, effective from 1817, which incorporated carronades into gun counts and shifted emphasis toward hull dimensions for classification. This change effectively transformed the framework, reducing its reliance on traditional gun-based ratings and paving the way for its eventual obsolescence. The system was formally abolished in the late 19th century as ironclads and modern warships rendered gun ratings impractical, though its legacy influenced naval organization for centuries. Sixth-rates, as the smallest rated vessels, were particularly valued for their ability to undertake independent cruising missions.^[10]^[1]

Classification of Sixth-Rates

In the Royal Navy's rating system, sixth-rates were defined as single-decked warships mounting between 20 and 28 guns, with a typical burthen of 450 to 550 tons (builder's measure) and a complement of approximately 150 to 200 men, constructed to be commanded exclusively by a post-captain.^[1]^[11] This classification positioned them as the smallest fully rated vessels, granting them the status of "post ships" and enabling independent operations under senior officer command, unlike unrated vessels below 20 guns led by commanders or lieutenants.^[1] Their design emphasized versatility as cruisers, capable of independent scouting and patrol duties while supporting larger fleet actions. Sixth-rates were subdivided by armament scale, with smaller variants carrying 20 to 24 guns often resembling sloops-of-war in their compact hulls and rigging for agility, whereas larger examples with 24 to 28 guns adopted frigate-like proportions for enhanced speed and endurance.^[5] These distinctions allowed for tailored roles within the fleet, though larger variants included quarterdeck and forecastle batteries, in addition to the main gun deck.^[1] Compared to fifth-rates above them (32 or more guns, exceeding 700 tons), sixth-rates offered lighter, more maneuverable cruiser options, bridging the gap between heavy line-of-battle ships and unrated auxiliaries under 20 guns.^[1] A significant classification shift occurred with the 1719 Establishment, which standardized 20-gun sixth-rates as the baseline for new construction, specifying dimensions such as a gundeck length of about 106 feet and a beam of 28 feet to ensure uniformity in performance and cost.^[12] This reform addressed prior inconsistencies in smaller sixth-rates (previously as low as 18 guns before 1714) by elevating the minimum to 20 guns, solidifying their rated status and cruiser utility across the 18th century.^[11]

Design and Specifications

Armament Configurations

Sixth-rate ships in the Royal Navy were equipped with a standard total armament of 20 to 28 carriage-mounted guns, positioned primarily on a single upper gun deck to optimize their role as agile cruisers rather than heavy combatants. These armaments typically consisted of 6-pounder or 9-pounder long guns, with the smaller 20- to 24-gun variants favoring 6-pounders for enhanced range and reduced weight, while the larger 28-gun sixth-rates mounted twenty-four 9-pounders as their main battery to provide greater punching power against merchant vessels or smaller foes.^[1]^[3] In the 17th century, sixth-rates originated with lighter configurations of 10 to 20 guns, often including a mix of demi-culverins (9-pounders) and sakers (5-pounders) suited to their early scouting and dispatch-carrying duties, emphasizing portability over overwhelming firepower. By the 18th century, armaments evolved toward standardization, with early designs retaining long guns for effective standoff engagements, while post-1770s fittings incorporated carronades—short-barreled, high-velocity pieces like 12- or 18-pounders—on the quarterdeck and forecastle for devastating close-range broadsides during commerce raiding. This shift allowed sixth-rates to balance offensive punch against unrated merchantmen with the defensive needs of evading larger line-of-battle ships, as their modest gun count precluded participation in fleet actions.^[13]^[14]^[15] The fitting-out process for these vessels focused on efficient gun deck layout, with ports cut along the upper deck for the primary battery, reinforced powder magazines stored low in the hull for safety, and lighter swivel guns (typically ½- to 1-pounder) mounted on bulwarks and rails for anti-boarding defense. Total armament weight, often around 50 to 70 tons depending on the era and gun mix, was calibrated to preserve sailing speed and handling, ensuring sixth-rates could pursue or escape as needed in independent operations without compromising their nimble profile.^[1]

Hull Dimensions and Crew

Sixth-rate ships of the Royal Navy were characterized by their compact yet seaworthy hulls, designed for versatility in coastal and open-water operations. Typical dimensions varied by establishment and subclass, but generally featured gundeck lengths of 100 to 120 feet, beams of 30 to 35 feet, drafts of 10 to 12 feet, and burthen tonnages between 400 and 600 tons.^[16]^[17]^[1] Early examples under the 1719 Establishment measured around 106 feet in length and 430 tons, while later 28-gun frigates like those of the Enterprise class extended to 120 feet 6 inches with beams of 33 feet 6 inches and tonnages nearing 600 tons.^[16]^[17] These proportions ensured a balance of speed and stability, with shallow drafts allowing access to shallower waters unsuitable for larger vessels. Hull construction employed seasoned English oak for framing and planking, providing durability against marine hazards, and ships were built in royal dockyards such as Deptford, Woolwich, and Sheerness.^[18]^[19] Rigging configurations emphasized efficiency under sail, with most sixth-rates fitted as full-rigged ships featuring three masts—fore, main, and mizzen—carrying square sails on the fore and main masts and a lateen or gaff sail on the mizzen.^[1] This setup delivered respectable sailing qualities, including speeds of 8 to 10 knots in favorable winds, making them agile for scouting and pursuit despite their modest size. Some sloop-rigged variants used fore-and-aft gaff rigs on two or three masts for simpler handling in inshore duties, though the majority retained the full ship rig for blue-water capability.^[16] The gun placements on the primary gun deck and smaller quarterdeck batteries constrained internal space, limiting storage and living quarters while prioritizing armament readiness.^[20] Complementing the hull design, sixth-rates carried crews of 125 to 160 personnel, scaled to vessel size and mission demands.^[1] This included a captain, lieutenants, midshipmen, warrant officers like the boatswain, gunner, and carpenter, along with able and ordinary seamen for sail-handling and maintenance, and a contingent of marines for boarding actions and internal security.^[21] Gunners managed the battery during engagements, while specialized roles such as the carpenter ensured hull integrity amid leaks or battle damage. Crew quarters were cramped below decks, with hammocks slung in shifts to maximize space in the compact hull.^[22]

Operational Roles

Combat and Escort Duties

Sixth-rate ships in the Royal Navy primarily served as independent cruisers, targeting enemy privateers and capturing merchant prizes to disrupt commerce during major conflicts such as the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). Their speed and maneuverability allowed them to operate effectively against smaller or unescorted targets, avoiding direct confrontations with larger vessels. For instance, during this war, sixth-rates like HMS Bideford and HMS Flamborough collaborated to capture French privateers, demonstrating their utility in hit-and-run tactics enabled by light armament of 20 to 28 guns.^[1]^[23] In escort duties, sixth-rates protected vital trade routes from French and Spanish raiders, often forming the outer screen of convoys to deter attacks on merchant vessels. On the North American station in the 1770s, ships such as HMS Rose patrolled coastal waters, suppressing smuggling and piracy while safeguarding commercial shipping from potential threats. These roles highlighted their tactical flexibility, with crews of around 150 enabling sustained operations in distant theaters.^[24]^[1] Sixth-rates also contributed to blockade and pursuit tactics, using their agility to chase and intercept smaller enemy vessels near hostile ports without risking engagement by superior forces. Success in captures was notable among lighter warships; for example, Royal Navy sixth-rates accounted for numerous prizes during the Seven Years' War, though exact fleet-wide rates varied, with individual actions like those of HMS Levant yielding multiple French captures. However, their limited firepower and size rendered them vulnerable to higher-rated opponents, leading commanders to prioritize evasion over prolonged battles.^[1]^[25]

Non-Combat Assignments

Sixth-rate ships in the Royal Navy frequently served as dispatch vessels, leveraging their speed and maneuverability to carry urgent Admiralty orders across significant distances. During the Napoleonic era, these vessels undertook fast voyages to key stations such as Gibraltar and India, ensuring timely communication between naval commands and distant outposts.^[1]^[3] In survey and hydrographic roles, sixth-rates proved valuable for mapping coastal regions and exploring uncharted waters, benefiting from their compact design suitable for inshore operations. A prominent example is HMS Dolphin, a 24-gun sixth-rate frigate launched in 1751, which was repurposed as a survey ship from 1764 and completed two circumnavigations of the globe under commanders John Byron and Samuel Wallis, charting Pacific islands and contributing to navigational knowledge.)^[26]^[1] These ships also fulfilled training and tender duties, acting as cadet training platforms or auxiliary support for larger flagships, where their smaller crews allowed for hands-on instruction in seamanship and navigation. Additionally, sixth-rates conducted anti-smuggling patrols along coastal areas, enforcing trade regulations in shallow waters where their agility was advantageous.^[27] However, the inherent limitations of sixth-rates—such as their modest tonnage of 450 to 550 tons and crews of around 150—made them ideal for near-shore tasks but ill-suited for extended ocean transits, where larger vessels were preferred for endurance and capacity. Their crews' adaptability enabled versatile tasking across these non-combat functions, though always constrained by the ship's scale.^[1]

Historical Development

17th Century Origins

The origins of sixth-rate ships in the Royal Navy trace back to the mid-17th century, emerging as part of the evolving rating system that categorized vessels by armament and size to standardize officer pay and fleet organization in the mid-17th century under the Commonwealth and Restoration. These small warships, typically mounting 20 to 28 guns on a single deck, were developed to provide agile support to larger fleets, with early examples including the purpose-built HMS Drake (1652), a 14- to 20-gun vessel of about 113 tons burthen (builder's measure), constructed under the Commonwealth's 1651 shipbuilding program at Deptford Dockyard. Following the Second Dutch War (1665–1667), which exposed the need for cost-effective vessels to protect trade routes and conduct independent operations, sixth-rates like Drake were increasingly employed for colonial defense and patrol duties in distant waters, such as the West Indies and North America, where their modest crews of around 100–150 men allowed for economical deployment without straining naval resources.^[28]^[1] During the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1674), sixth-rates played a foundational role in fleet actions, serving as scouts, dispatch carriers, and escorts amid intense naval engagements. Vessels such as HMS Drake participated in key battles, including the Battle of Solebay in 1672, where they supported the main line-of-battle ships against Dutch forces under Michiel de Ruyter, demonstrating their utility in disrupting enemy formations and protecting merchant convoys. This conflict underscored the class's versatility, as these ships, often derived from hired or captured merchantmen armed with lighter carriage guns, could operate independently in coastal or colonial theaters while minimizing the fiscal burden on the navy, which relied on parliamentary funding for expansions. Their designs emphasized speed and maneuverability over heavy firepower, with hulls typically measuring 85–100 feet in length and shallow drafts suitable for riverine or blockade duties.^[28] The late 17th century saw a surge in sixth-rate construction, driven by Acts of Parliament in the 1690s that allocated funds for naval rebuilding amid renewed European tensions, including the Nine Years' War (1688–1697). These programs prioritized 20-gun vessels for their balance of capability and affordability, blending converted prizes—such as the French-captured Crown Prize (1690)—with purpose-built frigates like HMS Solebay and HMS Falcon (both launched 1694), which featured standardized single-deck armaments of 6- and 9-pounders for efficient production at royal dockyards. By 1700, the Royal Navy had commissioned approximately 20 to 30 such ships, forming a core of inexpensive cruisers that bolstered fleet strength without the expense of larger rates, enabling sustained operations in trade protection and minor amphibious raids. This emphasis on cost-efficiency, with monthly hire rates for adapted merchantmen as low as 2 shillings per ton, laid the groundwork for the class's expansion into the 18th century.^[28]^[4]

18th Century Expansion

The 1719 Establishment marked a significant standardization in the construction of Royal Navy sixth-rates, defining them as two-decked vessels primarily armed with 20 guns on the upper deck, though revisions soon increased this to 24 guns by 1733, with additions of lower deck ports for occasional armament.^[3] This period saw peak building activity from 1719 to 1745, incorporating design refinements such as extended quarterdecks for improved visibility and stability, beam increases for better seaworthiness, and the 1745 Establishment's emphasis on longer hulls (up to 112 feet) and fighting platforms on the quarterdeck and forecastle.^[29] By 1760, the fleet included 61 such vessels, reflecting a proliferation driven by needs for commerce protection and colonial patrols.^[29] Sixth-rates played a vital role in major 18th-century conflicts, serving as agile cruisers for detached operations amid the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and the French Revolutionary Wars (1790s onward).^[22] In the American Revolutionary War, these ships, alongside fifth-rates, conducted convoy escorts, reconnaissance, and commerce raiding along North American coasts and inland waters, contributing to the Royal Navy's expansion from over 250 vessels at the war's outset to nearly 500 by its end.^[22] During the French Revolutionary Wars, they continued in similar capacities, with the Mediterranean Fleet alone operating 11 fifth- and sixth-rates by 1795 as part of a broader force that grew to over 100 rated warships by the late 1790s. Design evolutions in the mid-to-late 18th century enhanced sixth-rates' performance, particularly through the introduction of copper sheathing in the 1780s, initially applied to smaller fifth- and sixth-rates to combat marine fouling and extend service life.^[30] This innovation, rolled out after successful trials on eight such vessels by 1770, boosted sailing speeds by approximately one-sixth and improved maneuverability, allowing longer deployments without frequent docking.^[31] Concurrently, the Royal Navy shifted toward Bermuda-rigged sloops for lighter duties, favoring their fore-and-aft sails for speed in coastal and tropical waters.^[32] By the 1790s, the sixth-rate classification began to decline in favor of unrated sloops, which offered greater flexibility and lower operational costs for roles like scouting and anti-privateer patrols, as the rating system increasingly emphasized larger frigates for rated commands.^[3] This preference reflected broader wartime exigencies, where unrated vessels could be commanded by lieutenants or commanders, freeing post-captains for more strategic postings.^[4]

19th Century Transition

In the early 1800s, during the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), sixth-rates fulfilled essential roles as dispatch vessels, utilizing their speed and handiness to transport urgent communications between naval squadrons, shore establishments, and distant commands.^[4] Their compact design also enabled them to undertake convoy escorts, reconnaissance, and independent cruising against enemy commerce, often operating in squadrons without larger ships of the line.^[4] With the conclusion of the wars in 1815, the Royal Navy initiated the decommissioning of rated sixth-rates, as their capabilities proved inadequate for emerging peacetime and technological demands; the last such vessels were broken up in the immediate post-war years, including examples from the Banterer-class like HMS Crocodile in October 1816 and others sold for breaking up by 1816. The final sixth-rates included ships of the Banterer class, with the last being broken up in the 1810s.^[33] Efforts to repurpose surviving hulls included conversions to receiving ships for recruiting and administrative duties or to survey vessels for hydrographic work, with some remaining in service through the 1830s, such as HMS Terpsichore repurposed as a receiving ship from 1810 until her breakup in 1830.^[33] The obsolescence of sixth-rates accelerated as they were supplanted by more versatile unrated brigs for scouting and escort tasks, alongside the rise of steam sloops that provided greater reliability in varied conditions.^[4] The traditional rating system gradually declined with the advent of steam power and was formally abolished in the late 19th century, though sixth-rates were no longer built after the 1810s.^[34] By 1820, fewer than 20 sixth-rates remained in active commission, largely assigned to remote colonial stations for patrol, anti-piracy, and support operations in regions like the East Indies and West Africa.^[35]

Notable Examples

Prominent Vessels

HMS Rose, a 20-gun Seaford-class post ship launched in 1757, exemplified the versatile role of sixth-rates in colonial enforcement and wartime operations. Stationed in the Americas during the 1770s, she patrolled Rhode Island waters, intercepting smugglers and capturing privateers, which prompted the formation of the Continental Navy as a direct response to her activities.^[24] During the American Revolutionary War, Rose supported the British blockade of Narragansett Bay and joined the fleet evacuating Philadelphia in 1778, leveraging her noted speed for rapid maneuvers and escort tasks. In September 1779, amid the Siege of Savannah, she was deliberately scuttled in the Savannah River alongside another vessel to create a defensive barrier against the French fleet, with her crew reassigned to shore defenses; the wreck was largely cleared by 1782, though recent dredging uncovered artifacts like cannons and an anchor.^[24] HMS Liverpool, launched in 1758 as a 28-gun Coventry-class sixth-rate frigate, demonstrated the class's endurance across multiple conflicts. She entered service during the Seven Years' War, participating in convoy protection and engagements in the Caribbean and European waters. By the American Revolutionary War, Liverpool operated off the North American coast, capturing enemy vessels and supporting amphibious operations. Her career ended tragically in February 1778 when she ran aground off Long Island during a gale and was wrecked, with most of the crew rescued but the ship lost to salvage efforts.^[36] The Enterprise-class sixth-rate frigate HMS Surprise, launched at Woolwich Dockyard in 1774 with 28 guns, highlighted the combat prowess of smaller rated vessels in the American Revolutionary War. Commissioned in February 1775, she conducted patrols in the Atlantic, capturing American privateers and merchant ships while escorting British convoys. Surprise's agility allowed her to evade larger foes and pursue prizes effectively, contributing to Royal Navy efforts to disrupt colonial trade. Decommissioned after the war's end, she was sold for breaking up on 24 April 1783.^[37] HMS Beagle, constructed in 1820 at Woolwich Dockyard as a 10-gun Cherokee-class brig-sloop (unrated but comparable in size and role to smaller sixth-rates), transitioned from surveying duties to scientific exploration. Her first voyage (1826–1830) mapped Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego under Commander Pringle Stokes. From 1831 to 1836, under Captain Robert FitzRoy, she undertook a global surveying mission that included naturalist Charles Darwin as a supernumerary, during which observations in the Galápagos Islands informed Darwin's evolutionary theories as detailed in The Voyage of the Beagle. Re-rated as Watch Vessel 7 in 1845 for coastguard service on the River Roach, she was sold in 1870 and broken up.^[38] HMS Falcon, launched in 1801 as the mercantile Diadem and purchased by the Royal Navy that year as a 14-gun brig-sloop (unrated, akin to post-sixth-rate utility), typified escort and reconnaissance roles in the Napoleonic Wars. She operated in the North Atlantic and English Channel from 1802, protecting convoys and pursuing French prizes. Later, during the Gunboat War (1807–1814), Falcon served in Danish waters, supporting blockades and minor engagements. Deemed surplus post-war, she was sold in 1816.^[39]

Preservation and Legacy Ships

One of the few surviving examples of a British frigate from the early 19th century is HMS Trincomalee, launched in 1817 in Bombay and now preserved as a museum ship in Hartlepool, England, at the National Museum of the Royal Navy. Originally a 38-gun fifth-rate Leda-class vessel, she was later reconfigured as a spar-decked corvette and re-rated as a sixth-rate during her service as a training ship in the late 19th century.^[40]^[41] Having never seen combat, Trincomalee traveled over 100,000 miles in roles including anti-slavery patrols and surveys before her preservation efforts began in the 1980s, making her the oldest warship afloat in Europe.^[40] Replicas of sixth-rate designs have also contributed to preservation efforts, notably the HMS Rose, constructed in 1970 in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, as a faithful reproduction of the 1757 20-gun sixth-rate post ship of the same name. Renamed HMS Surprise for its role in the 2003 film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, the vessel now serves as a static exhibit at the Maritime Museum of San Diego, where ongoing maintenance and restoration work ensure its structural integrity for public viewing.^[42]^[43] Partial wrecks provide additional tangible remnants, such as the HMS Swift, a 14-gun sloop-of-war that sank in 1770 off the coast of Patagonia in present-day Argentina. Discovered in 1982, the site has been subject to underwater archaeological investigations starting in the late 1990s by the Program for Underwater Archaeology (PROAS), yielding artifacts like coins, ceramics, and structural timbers that illuminate 18th-century construction techniques akin to those of rated sixth-rates.^[44] Another significant find is the wreck of HMS Hind, a 24-gun sixth-rate frigate launched in 1749, later renamed Earl of Chatham and repurposed as a whaler before wrecking in 1788; identified in 2025 through dendrochronology and historical records on the Orkney island of Sanday, Scotland, it represents one of the most complete 18th-century warship hulks recovered in recent decades.^[45] These preserved ships and wrecks are prominently featured in museum contexts to educate on naval architecture and operations. For instance, the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich houses contemporary full-hull models of sixth-rate sloops, such as a detailed 24-gun example from circa 1745, complete with rigging and deck fittings, allowing visitors to study the compact design of these vessels measuring around 450-550 tons.^[46] Similarly, artifacts from the HMS Swift excavation are displayed and analyzed through scientific methods like Raman spectroscopy to preserve organic materials, enhancing understanding of post-depositional processes in marine environments.^[47] In modern naval heritage, these examples serve as vital educational resources for exploring the Royal Navy's rating system, where sixth-rates bridged unrated sloops and larger frigates in terms of size, armament, and versatility. Through interactive exhibits and research programs, they facilitate studies on topics like crew accommodations for 150-200 sailors and the evolution from sail to steam, underscoring the system's influence on British maritime dominance from the 17th to 19th centuries.^[1]^[44]

Cultural Impact

Depictions in Literature

In Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey-Maturin series, sixth-rate vessels like the fictional HMS Polychrest are portrayed as underdog cruisers, emphasizing their unconventional design and operational challenges during the Napoleonic Wars. In Post Captain (1972), Jack Aubrey commands the Polychrest, an experimental 20-gun sloop known as the "Carpenter's Mistake" for its awkward, rakish hull built around a secret heavy gun, which compromises its sailing qualities and handling. This depiction highlights the ship's agility in close-quarters actions but underscores its vulnerability to structural flaws and enemy fire, serving as a narrative device to test Aubrey's leadership amid inglorious patrols and skirmishes off the French coast.^[48]^[49] C.S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower series similarly references sixth-rate ships as versatile yet precarious platforms for junior officers' early careers, often in dispatch and escort duties. In Hornblower and the Hotspur (1962), Hornblower captains the 20-gun sloop HMS Hotspur, a sixth-rate vessel employed for inshore surveillance off Brest, where its speed and maneuverability enable evasion of larger foes but expose it to grounding risks and limited firepower. Later, in Hornblower and the Atropos (1953), the 22-gun sloop HMS Atropos—the smallest three-masted ship in the fleet—facilitates Hornblower's command of Nelson's funeral cortege and treasure recovery operations, portraying these craft as agile tools for specialized missions fraught with overcrowding and combat fragility. Forester draws on historical precedents, such as the real HMS Hotspur's role in the Channel Fleet, to infuse authenticity into these portrayals.^[50]^[51] Authors of historical naval fiction often achieve accuracy by modeling sixth-rates on real vessels. Across 19th- and 20th-century naval novels, sixth-rates embody the tension between agility and vulnerability, serving as narrative engines for tales of daring improvisation amid disproportionate risks. In Frederick Marryat's Frank Mildmay (1829), small sloops like those akin to sixth-rates execute nimble raids on enemy coasts, their speed offsetting scant armament against superior forces, a motif rooted in Marryat's service on HMS Imperieuse. Similarly, Tobias Smollett's The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748) depicts privateers—predecessors to rated sixth-rates—as swift opportunists in commerce raiding, yet perpetually endangered by capture or wreck, influencing later works by underscoring the precarious balance of mobility and exposure in age-of-sail conflicts. These themes persist in 20th-century fiction, where such ships symbolize the under-resourced heroism of naval underdogs.^[52]^[53]

Modern Representations

In contemporary times, sixth-rate ships are represented through full-scale replicas that serve educational, exhibition, and entertainment purposes. One prominent example is HMS Surprise, a replica built in 1970 in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, based on 18th-century British Admiralty plans for vessels like HMS Rose, a 20-gun sixth-rate post ship from 1757. Originally named HMS Rose and used for sail training, the ship was refitted in 2002 for the film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003), where it portrayed the fictional HMS Surprise, a 28-gun sixth-rate frigate commanded by Captain Jack Aubrey during the Napoleonic Wars (depicted with 24 guns in the film). The replica measures 179 feet in length with a beam of 32 feet and is fully rigged with three masts, accommodating up to 77 crew members under sail. Since 2004, it has been a centerpiece exhibit at the Maritime Museum of San Diego, offering public tours that highlight its role in naval history and cinema, including a later appearance as HMS Providence in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011).^[42] Another notable replica is Étoile du Roy, a three-masted, 47-meter-long frigate constructed in 1996 in Marmaris, Turkey, as Grand Turk to depict 18th-century warships in the ITV television series Hornblower (1998–2003), based on C.S. Forester's novels. In the series, it stood in for HMS Indefatigable, a 44-gun razée frigate (fifth-rate), emphasizing the class's versatility in commerce raiding and fleet support during the Napoleonic era. The vessel, weighing 350 tons and armed with 20 replica cannons, authentically recreates the design of a 1745 French corsair frigate authorized for privateering against enemy shipping. Renamed Étoile du Roy in 2010, it is now permanently moored in Saint-Malo, France, as a museum ship with guided tours exploring onboard life, privateering tactics, and maritime artifacts. As of November 2025, it offers self-guided visits during specified periods, including winter holidays from December 20, 2025, to January 5, 2026.^[54]^[55] Museum collections preserve detailed scale models that illustrate sixth-rate designs and construction. The National Maritime Museum in Greenwich houses a 1:48-scale full-hull model of a 24-gun sixth-rate sloop from circa 1745, crafted in Georgian style with decked hull, equipped guns (20 nine-pounders on the gun deck and four six-pounders on the quarterdeck), and furled sails on intricate rigging. Measuring 109 feet on the gun deck with a 30-foot beam and approximately 430 tons displacement, the model captures the ship's role in coastal patrols and convoy escort duties, though its slightly shallow depth suggests it may represent a builder's proposal rather than an official Navy Board prototype. Complementing this is another Greenwich model of a 16-gun sixth-rate sloop, ship-rigged and fully equipped, highlighting the smaller variants used for dispatch carrying and anti-piracy operations in the mid-18th century.^[46]^[56] The United States Naval Academy Museum in Annapolis maintains an extensive Rogers Collection of warship models spanning the 17th to 19th centuries, including representations of sixth-rate frigates and sloops that demonstrate the evolution from oared vessels to fully sailed warships suitable for independent cruising. These models, often at 1:48 scale, emphasize the class's balance of speed, maneuverability, and armament for roles beyond line-of-battle fleets.^[57] In digital media, sixth-rates appear in historical naval simulations, such as the multiplayer game Naval Action (developed by Game-Labs since 2016), which features playable sixth-rate ships like the Brig and Surprise, modeled with accurate broadside ratings of 20–28 guns, speeds up to 13 knots, and crew requirements of 54–100 to simulate Age of Sail tactics including scouting and commerce protection. These virtual representations draw from historical plans to recreate combat dynamics.^[58]

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[7]
1706 Establishment | Military Wiki - Fandom
The 1706 Establishment was the first formal set of dimensions for ships of the Royal Navy. Two previous sets of dimensions had existed before.
[8]
The 74—the Perfect Age-of-Sail Ship | Naval History Magazine
A 74 was an impressive vessel. With a complement of 650 men, she was virtually a floating town, carrying on board specialists and artisans to maintain her.Missing: system introduction 1740s
[9]
The Origins of the 74-Gun Ship - The Society For Nautical Research
From 1745 – 1822 the two deck 74 was the backbone of the Royal Navy, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars, because of its balance of firepower, sailing.
[10]
British Warships in the Age of Sail 1817-1863 - Design, Construction ...
A new scale of rating warships was introduced by Admiralty Order in Council on 25 November 1816, which came into effect from 1 January 1817. Its main effect was ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[11]
[PDF] The Long War Against Piracy: Historical Trends
Apr 4, 2008 · these vessels carried 30 to 44 guns. Sixth Rate—This rate was the smallest vessel in the Royal Navy commanded by a captain. During the 16th ...Missing: tonnage | Show results with:tonnage
[12]
Image of 20-gun ship, c 1719. by Science & Society Picture Library
20-gun ship, c 1719. Contemporary model with original rigging (scale 1:48) of a Sixth-Rate of 20 guns made to the specifications of the 1719 Establishment.
[13]
The Frigate Sailing Ship: Pride of The British Royal Navy
On the other hand, 4th Rates could easily maneuver with and outgun the smaller 5th (with 18 to 37 guns, and often oars) and 6th (6 to 17 guns used for courier ...
[14]
Warship - Line-of-Battle, Armament, Tactics | Britannica
James I organized his ships into four ranks, and, by the mid-17th century, six “rates” existed as a general concept, though not yet a system. The number of guns ...
[15]
Carronades: The Smashers | Naval History Magazine
Not only could they be fired more quickly than long guns, but a carronade of the same overall weight as a cannon also could fire a much heavier ball. The Royal ...
[16]
Sixth Rate of 1719-45 - War History
No readable text found in the HTML.<|control11|><|separator|>
[17]
HMS Enterprise / Enterprize (1774 - 1807) / 28-gun frigate ...
May 17, 2018 · HMS Enterprise (also often spelled 'HMS Enterprize') was a 28 gun, 6th rate frigate built for the Royal Navy by the Royal Dockyard at Deptford.
[18]
A Sixth-Rate on the Stocks | Royal Museums Greenwich
The ship in the foreground ready for launching is a 24-gun sloop of war, much in use by the Navy for patrolling around coasts in peace and war.Missing: built | Show results with:built
[19]
Deptford Dockyard | Art UK
In 1513 Henry VIII founded a dockyard at Deptford to build ships for the Royal Navy. ... A Sixth-Rate on the Stocks 1758. John Cleveley the elder (c.1712 ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[20]
Warship; Sixth rate; Sloop; 30 guns - Royal Museums Greenwich
A contemporary full hull model of a 30-gun sixth-rate sloop (circa 1710) ... At this scale, it depicts a vessel with a gun deck length of 111 feet by 30 feet in ...
[21]
Battle of Lake Erie: Building the Fleet in the Wilderness
The sixth Rate was a gun-brig, length 113 feet, beam 30 feet 6 inches, crew 130 or 140, armament 16 32-pounder carronades, and two 6-pounder long guns. Sixth ...
[22]
THE SHIPS AND MEN OF NELSON'S NAVY
The sixth rate: a small two-decker of 24 guns, all of which were mounted on the one and only gun deck. All ships mounted guns varying from the 32-pounder to ...
[23]
The Royal Navy during the American Revolution
Fifth and sixth-rate ships, known as frigates would see extensive service during the Revolutionary War. Smaller and more maneuverable than ships-of-the-line ...
[24]
Great age of fighting sail - dawlish chronicles
Aug 9, 2024 · One of the most notable instances of this occurred during the Seven Years War, when two “sixth rates”, HMS Bideford and HMS Flamborough, each of ...
[25]
British warship which was scourge of the American Revolution ...
Mar 10, 2021 · HMS Rose was sunk in the river to deny the French Navy access to the Georgian capital – held by British forces – in support of American troops ...Missing: station escort
[26]
[PDF] The Provincial Navies of the British Atlantic World, 1689-1763
... six armed vessels with more than 600 sailors and 78 guns testifies to the colony's growing provincial naval establishment. Each provincial naval captain was ...Missing: tonnage | Show results with:tonnage
[27]
British Sixth Rate ship 'Dolphin' (1751) - Three Decks
British Sixth Rate ship 'Dolphin' (1751). Dates of service, name changes, previous and next incarnations, dimensions, armament, commanders, officers and ...Missing: HMS | Show results with:HMS
[28]
[PDF] The Royal Navy's Anti-Slavery Patrol in the Caribbean, 1828
seven sloops, and six frigates, two of them sixth rates capable of employment used in the anti- slavery patrol role.51 The total of such ships was twenty ...Missing: smuggling | Show results with:smuggling<|separator|>
[29]
[PDF] The royal navy : a history from the earliest times to the present
... 1700. Page of Official Navy List, 1700. Seaman's Pass against Impressment ... number of guns is nominal. She really carried one Innidred and two, all ...
[30]
18th Century Shipbuilding - GlobalSecurity.org
Nov 7, 2011 · Up to the eighteenth century, 64's and 70's were classed as second-rates, 60's as third-rates, and 30's and 32's as fourth-rates. The line-of- ...
[31]
Introduction of Copper Sheathing - Accendo Reliability
The performance of coppered 5th and 6th rate ships improved. By 1778, there was a proposal to copper larger ships, ships of the line. Cautious ...
[32]
Copper sheathing and the British slave trade - jstor
Nov 7, 2013 · These results confirm that copper sheathing was one of the major improvements in shipping productivity before the use of iron and steam in the ...
[33]
Pirate Ships | Sloop-of-War - Golden Age of Piracy
The Royal Navy also made extensive use of the Bermuda sloop, both as a cruiser against French privateers, slavers, and smugglers, and also as its standard ...
[34]
British Sixth Rate post ship 'Crocodile' (1806) - Three Decks
British Sixth Rate post ship 'Crocodile' (1806). Dates of service, name changes, previous and next incarnations, dimensions, armament, commanders, ...
[35]
The Battle for Control of the Royal Navy, 1801-1835
Jul 22, 2019 · In 1832 the Navy Board was abolished by Lord Grey's Whig government, after five years of instability in the administration of the navy ...<|separator|>
[36]
Queen Victoria's Fleet, 1837 - Naval-History.Net
Type of ship, Active, Harbour service, In Ordinary, Totals. First Rate Second Rate Third Rate Fourth Rate Fifth Rate Sixth Rate Ship-Sloops Brig-Sloops Steam ...
[37]
British Sixth Rate frigate 'Liverpool' (1758) - Three Decks
British Sixth Rate frigate 'Liverpool' (1758). Dates of service, name changes, previous and next incarnations, dimensions, armament, commanders, ...
[38]
British Sixth Rate frigate 'Surprise' (1774) - Three Decks
Launched, 13.4.1774, BWAS-1714 ; First Commissioned, 11.2.1775, BWAS-1714 ; How acquired, Purpose built, BWAS-1714 ; Shipyard, Woolwich Dockyard - Woolwich, BWAS- ...
[39]
HMS Beagle | Royal Museums Greenwich
HMS Beagle was a Royal Navy ship, famed for taking English naturalist Charles Darwin on his first expedition around the world in 1831.
[40]
HMS Falcon - RootsWeb
29 Jun 1801 arrived Spithead from the North Seas. 30 Jun 1801 departed Spithead to join Capt Bowen's secret expedition. 6 Jul 1801 departed Torbay this morning ...Missing: Napoleonic history
[41]
HMS Trincomalee - National Museum of the Royal Navy
Built in 1817 in Bombay (modern-day Mumbai), HMS Trincomalee is now over 200 years old. Before being stationed at Hartlepool, HMS Trincomalee travelled over ...Missing: sixth- rate
[42]
HMS Trincomalee Facts for Kids
Her sister ship, HMS Unicorn, is also a museum ship in Dundee, Scotland. ... Her back end was also reshaped, and she became known as a sixth-rate spar-decked ...
[43]
HMS Surprise - Maritime Museum of San Diego
HMS Surprise is a replica 24-gun British frigate, originally built as HMS Rose, and is now a historic exhibit at the Maritime Museum of San Diego.
[44]
Surprise - Tall Ships America
Sep 18, 2023 · “HMS” Surprise is a 179' full rigged ship. Her designers and builders made painstaking efforts to recreate a 24 gun frigate of Great Britains' Nelson era Royal ...
[45]
Archaeological research on HMS Swift: a British Sloop‐of‐War lost ...
Apr 15, 2021 · This article provides an updated and detailed overview of the ongoing Swift project, as conducted by PROAS since the first dives on the site in 1998.
[46]
250-year-old shipwreck discovered in Orkney gives up its secrets
Jul 23, 2025 · Archaeologists undertake scientific analysis and community-led historical research to identify 250-year-old Sanday wreck.Missing: 20th | Show results with:20th
[47]
Warship; Sixth rate; Sloop; 24 guns | Royal Museums Greenwich
A contemporary full hull model of a 24-gun, sixth-rate sloop (circa 1745), built in the Georgian style. The model is decked, equipped and rigged with the sails ...Missing: survey | Show results with:survey
[48]
Raman spectroscopic analysis of archaeological specimens from ...
The discovery of the remains of the Royal Navy warship HMS Swift off the coast of Patagonia, South America, which was wrecked in 1770 while undertaking a survey ...
[49]
[PDF] Law and Morality in Patrick O'Brian's Post Captain - DOCS@RWU
Oct 4, 2003 · Captain Jack Aubrey and his ship's surgeon, Stephen Maturin ... of the series is O'Brian's study of the relationship between Aubrey and Maturin.Missing: sixth- rate<|separator|>
[50]
Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey–Maturin Novels
May 22, 2025 · Commissioned to command warships, in Post Captain (1972), he is assigned to an ungainly experimental boat, the Polychrest, in an action along ...
[51]
[PDF] Names of Ships from the Hornblower Books. - C. S. Forester Society
HMS Atropos (Captain Horatio Hornblower) was a twenty two gun sloop, a sixth-rate and newly out of dry dock. “She was only a small ship, the smallest three ...
[52]
Introduction - Hornblower's Historical Shipmates
Apr 28, 2017 · This book presents an examination of the lives and careers of seventeen of the young gentlemen who would have been Hornblower's historical ...
[53]
H.M.S. Beagle, 1820–1870 | American Scientist
They were small vessels of 235 tons “burthen” (in the old-fashioned sense of the builder's measurement of displacement), 90 feet long overall, and 73 feet, 7 ...Missing: sixth- rate dimensions composition
[54]
<br/>This Thing of Darkness! - Steve Donoghue
May 17, 2014 · Our book today is This Thing of Darkness, a whopping-long 2005 historical novel by Harry Thompson about the fateful voyage of the HMS Beagle ...Missing: rate | Show results with:rate
[55]
A Brief History of Naval Fiction set in the Age of Sail
During the 20th century there were a handful of well known authors in the genre, including Patrick O'Brian, with Forester generally regarded as the 'founder'.
[56]
A Dozen Navy Classics | Naval History Magazine
From mutiny to glory, from the age of sail to carrier jets, the books on our list of Navy must-reads run the gamut of naval experiences.
[57]
Etoile du Roy - SAIL Amsterdam
This beautiful replica was built in 1996 as 'Grand Turk' in Marmaris – Turkey, for the recordings of the English series 'Horatio Hornblower', about one of ...
[58]
Visite "Étoile du Roy" - Saint-Malo - Etoile Marine Croisières
Amarrée au pied des remparts de Saint-Malo, l'Étoile du Roy vous attend pour une visite hors du temps. Réplique fidèle d'une frégate corsaire de 1745, ce trois- ...
[59]
Warship; Sixth rate; Sloop; 16 guns - Royal Museums Greenwich
A contemporary full hull model of a 16 gun sixth rate sloop, ship rigged. The model is decked and equipped and a plaque is inscribed.
[60]
USNA Museum Collections rogers The Class of 1951 Gallery of Ships
Jul 15, 2025 · The Class of 1951 Gallery of Ships houses one of the world's finest collections of warship models from the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.
[61]
Ships | NavalAction Wikia - Fandom
6th Rate. Ship, BR, Guns, Decks, Chasers, Speed, Crew. Min/Max. Cargo, Draught, Crafting Level, Collapse DLC. Brig, 20, 16, 1, Stern, 13.42 kn, 54/77, 280 tons ...Duke of Kent · La Renommée · Trincomalee · SurpriseMissing: sixth- | Show results with:sixth-<|separator|>