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Post ship

A post ship in the Royal Navy was a rated warship commanded by a post-captain, denoting a senior officer rank that conferred permanent captaincy status and eligibility for major commands, typically encompassing fifth- and sixth-rate vessels such as frigates, ship-sloops, or sloops-of-war armed with 20 to 44 guns and manned by crews of 125 to 300.^[1] These ships represented a critical step in naval hierarchy, distinguishing them from smaller, unrated craft led by commanders or lieutenants, and were essential for versatile operations including scouting, commerce raiding, and single-ship actions.^[1] The term emerged in the mid-18th century and gained prominence during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815), a period of intense naval expansion when post ships formed the backbone of Britain's maritime strategy.^[1] Frigates, the most iconic post ships, with over 400 built or acquired by the era's end and up to 156 in commission at peak, met demands for blockade enforcement, convoy protection, and prize captures; notable examples include HMS Amethyst (36 guns), which seized the French frigate Thetis in 1808, and HMS Phaeton (38 guns), exemplifying their role in independent cruising.^[1] Crew sizes varied by rating—fifth-rates typically carried 200–300 men, while sixth-rates had 150–200—supporting armaments suited for engagements against similar foes or merchant targets.^[1] Command of a post ship marked a pivotal promotion for officers, often achieved between ages 25 and 30 through merit, gallantry, or patronage, with 666 frigate captains serving between 1793 and 1815 and an average tenure of 3.5 years per vessel.^[1] Pay reflected the rank's prestige, rising from 8 shillings per day for a sixth-rate captain in 1796 to 16 shillings and 10 pence by 1810–1815, underscoring the elite status amid wartime demands that accelerated promotions—averaging 5.9 years post-lieutenancy compared to 10.4 years in peacetime.^[1] Post ships thus not only defined tactical flexibility but also shaped career trajectories, with figures like Edward Pellew and Michael Seymour rising through such commands to broader influence.^[1]

Definition and Classification

Sixth-Rate Status

In the Royal Navy's rating system, established by an order in council in 1747, vessels were classified into six rates based primarily on the number of carriage-mounted guns they carried, with sixth-rates representing the smallest category of rated warships.^[2] Within this system, sixth-rates were subdivided: those mounting fewer than 20 guns were typically commanded by commanders and considered unrated for post-captain eligibility, while those with 20 or more guns qualified as post ships, the smallest vessels entitled to command by a post-captain.^[1] This distinction ensured that post ships carried sufficient armament to warrant the prestige and responsibilities associated with a captain's permanent commission, or "post," in the officer hierarchy.^[1] A post ship was specifically defined as a ship-rigged vessel mounting at least 20 carriage guns, usually on a single continuous gun deck, with typical configurations ranging from 20 to 26 guns.^[1] These criteria, formalized in the mid-18th century, positioned post ships as the minimal rated warships suitable for independent operations under post-captain command, distinguishing them from smaller unrated craft like sloops.^[1] As smaller equivalents to frigates, which were generally fifth-rates with more guns, post ships fulfilled similar roles but on a reduced scale.^[2] The designation of post ships as sixth-rates persisted primarily from the 1750s to 1816, aligning with the height of the sailing warship era during conflicts like the American and French Revolutionary Wars.^[1] During this period, a limited number of such vessels were built or converted for Royal Navy service, reflecting their utility in convoy protection, scouting, and dispatch carrying despite their limited size.^[1]

Distinction from Other Rates

Post ships, classified as sixth-rate vessels in the Royal Navy, were distinguished from larger fifth-rate frigates primarily by their reduced armament, displacement, and performance capabilities. While fifth-rate frigates typically mounted 32 to 44 guns and displaced 700 to 1450 tons, post ships carried 20 to 28 guns and had a smaller displacement of approximately 450 to 550 tons.^[2] This size difference resulted in post ships achieving top speeds of around 8 to 10 knots, compared to the 12 or more knots attainable by fifth-rates, somewhat limiting their effectiveness in high-speed pursuits but still enabling roles in convoy escort, coastal patrols, scouting, and independent cruising on a smaller scale.^[3] In contrast to unrated vessels such as sloops and cutters, which generally mounted under 20 guns and were commanded by lieutenants or commanders, post ships met the threshold for rated status due to their gun count, necessitating appointment of a full post-captain.^[4] This distinction underscored their intermediate position in the naval hierarchy, bridging the gap between minor warships and more prestigious rated vessels. Unrated sloops, often smaller and more versatile for inshore operations, lacked the formal rating that elevated post ships' operational authority and prestige.^[2] The command of a post ship held significant career implications for officers, as it conferred the rank of post-captain and allowed accumulation of "sea time" essential for seniority-based promotion to flag rank.^[5] Only service in such rated vessels counted toward this progression, marking the command as a pivotal milestone in an officer's path to admiralty.^[6] Many post ships exemplified a transitional nature within the fleet, with several being adapted from captured French corvettes or repurposed merchant vessels to achieve the requisite 20-gun configuration for rated status. These conversions enabled the Royal Navy to rapidly bolster its inventory of command-eligible warships during periods of conflict, blending foreign designs with British rigging and armament standards.^[2]

Historical Development

Origins in Mid-18th Century

The emergence of post ships within the Royal Navy stemmed from mid-18th-century naval reforms initiated by the Admiralty amid the escalating demands of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), which required agile, multi-role small warships for tasks such as convoy escort and coastal reconnaissance.^[7] These reforms, peaking around 1746–1747, addressed earlier naval shortcomings by reorganizing fleet deployment and enhancing administrative efficiency to support Britain's trade-dependent economy against French and Spanish threats.^[8] A pivotal aspect was the refinement of the rating system, which categorized warships by armament to determine command eligibility; post ships denoted rated vessels (first through sixth rates) suitable for command by post-captains, with sixth rates—typically 20- to 24-gun ships—serving as the smallest and most versatile class.^[8] This classification ensured that even modest vessels could contribute to broader strategic goals, such as the newly formed Western Squadron's patrols in the western English Channel approaches.^[8] Initial post ships often arose from pragmatic adaptations, including the conversion of merchant vessels and enemy prizes to achieve the 20-gun minimum for rated status, allowing rapid augmentation of the fleet during wartime shortages.^[9] Purpose-built examples emerged in the 1750s, exemplified by the 20-gun sixth-rate HMS Lively, launched in 1756 at Beaulieu and designed for swift independent operations.^[10] The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) accelerated post ship construction to bolster convoy protection and colonial patrols across expansive theaters like the Caribbean and North America, where small rated vessels proved essential for disrupting enemy commerce.^[11] Surveyor of the Navy Sir Thomas Slade, appointed in 1755, was instrumental in this expansion, standardizing sixth-rate and frigate designs to prioritize cost-effective production, improved sailing qualities, and operational speed while aligning with the Navy's growing emphasis on global projection.^[12]

Evolution During Napoleonic Wars

During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815), post ships evolved as a critical component of the Royal Navy's strategy to counter French naval aggression, particularly the activities of privateers disrupting British trade routes. The overall fleet expanded dramatically to meet these demands, growing from approximately 500 vessels in 1793 to nearly 950 by 1805, with post ships—sixth-rate vessels mounting 20 to 28 guns—playing a key role in this proliferation through new constructions and captures adapted for service.^[13] These ships, essentially small frigates, were prioritized for their versatility in escorting convoys and carrying dispatches, allowing the Navy to allocate larger frigates and ships of the line to major fleet actions.^[14] Construction efforts intensified to address the threat of privateers, with several classes of post ships launched during the period to enhance the cruising fleet's effectiveness. Notable among these was the Hermes class, comprising four 20-gun vessels built between 1811 and 1816 at British dockyards, which incorporated copper sheathing on their hulls to prevent biofouling and extend operational lifespan amid extended deployments.^[15] Copper sheathing, standardized in the Royal Navy since the late 18th century, allowed these ships to maintain speed and structural integrity longer than unsheathed predecessors, proving essential for sustained anti-privateer patrols. Examples like HMS Hermes and HMS Ariadne from this class underscored the shift toward more durable designs suited to the war's attritional nature.^[16] Tactically, post ships saw increased integration into formations like the Channel Fleet, where they supported blockade operations, anti-smuggling efforts along coastal waters, and rapid dispatch runs to coordinate distant squadrons. This adaptation reflected the broader naval emphasis on securing sea lanes rather than decisive battles, with post ships often operating independently or in small groups to intercept raiders. Losses were inevitable in these roles; for instance, the captured French corvette HMS Bonne Citoyenne, refitted as a 20-gun post ship, exemplified both the value of prizes and the risks, as it was frequently engaged in convoy protection duties.^[17] By 1805, post ships constituted a notable portion of the Navy's lighter cruising forces, enabling the maintenance of maritime dominance despite the strain of global commitments.^[13] The end of the wars signaled a decline for the post ship category, as peacetime reductions led to the 1816 re-rating reforms that effectively abolished the distinct sixth-rate post ship designation. Surviving vessels were merged into sloop or frigate classifications, with many laid up in ordinary or broken up, reflecting the Navy's contraction from wartime peaks.^[4] This transition marked the culmination of post ships' wartime adaptations, shifting focus from specialized small cruisers to a streamlined postwar fleet structure.

Design and Construction

Hull and Rigging Characteristics

Post ships were characterized by a compact, frigate-inspired hull design optimized for versatility in both coastal and limited ocean operations. Typical dimensions included a gun deck length of 100 to 110 feet and a beam of 28 to 30 feet, providing a balance of maneuverability and cargo capacity while maintaining seaworthiness for their size. For instance, the Echo-class HMS Nautilus (1784), a representative 16-gun post ship, measured 101 feet 2 inches on the gun deck with a beam of 27 feet 9 inches and a depth in hold of 12 feet 10 inches, displacing 339 tons burthen.^[18] Similarly, a contemporary model of a 24-gun sixth-rate sloop from circa 1745, held by the Royal Museums Greenwich, reflects proportions of 109 feet in gun deck length by 30 feet in beam, with an estimated displacement of 430 tons burthen.^[19] These specifications resulted in a low freeboard, enhanced by the absence of a full poop deck in favor of a quarterdeck and forecastle, which contributed to stability in rough coastal conditions but limited heavy-weather performance compared to larger vessels. The rigging of post ships followed a standard three-masted ship-rig configuration, with square sails on fore, main, and mizzen masts, enabling efficient all-purpose sailing. However, their reduced sail area relative to full-sized frigates—typically supporting 20 to 28 guns—limited top speeds to approximately 7 to 9 knots in moderate winds, prioritizing reliability over outright velocity.^[18] This setup, as seen in the ship-rigged Nautilus, allowed for credible ocean passages despite the vessels' modest dimensions.^[18] Seaworthiness was supported by a relatively deep keel, derived from the hold depth of around 12 to 13 feet, which aided in ocean voyages such as transatlantic convoys but rendered the ships prone to leeway in strong crosswinds due to their narrower beam and lighter displacement.^[18] Post ships demonstrated durability in adverse conditions, with their robust framing enabling survival in storms during escort duties, though their smaller size often required close convoy integration for protection. Design variations included some later examples with rounded sterns for improved maneuverability, drawing influence from captured French corvettes and frigates that emphasized hydrodynamic efficiency.^[19]

Building Materials and Techniques

Post ships in the Royal Navy were primarily constructed using oak for their frames, sourced from British forests such as the New Forest and other managed woodlands, which provided the durable, naturally curved timber essential for structural integrity.^[20] Planking, in contrast, was typically made from pine imported from the Baltic region, valued for its lighter weight and availability in long, straight boards suitable for outer hull covering.^[21] Beginning in the 1770s, copper sheathing was applied to the hull bottoms of these vessels, including examples from the Sphinx-class launched in 1775, to prevent biofouling by marine organisms like barnacles and shipworms, thereby extending operational life and reducing maintenance.^[22] Construction occurred exclusively in royal dockyards, such as Deptford and Chatham, where ships were launched sideways into the water after assembly on slipways.^[23] Precise framing was achieved through mold loft techniques, in which full-scale patterns of hull components were drawn on large, flat loft floors using standardized templates issued by the Navy Board to ensure uniformity across classes.^[24] These vessels were engineered as cost-effective alternatives to larger frigates, reflecting the labor-intensive process of seasoning timber and assembling by teams of shipwrights.^[25]

Armament and Equipment

Primary Weaponry

Post ships in the Royal Navy encompassed both fifth- and sixth-rate vessels. Fifth-rate post ships, typically frigates, were armed with 32 to 44 carriage guns in a single-gun-deck configuration, including 24 to 26 long 18-pounder guns on the main deck, supplemented by 8 to 14 smaller guns (6- to 12-pounders) and carronades on the quarterdeck and forecastle, yielding a broadside weight of 200 to 300 pounds or more.^[1] Sixth-rate post ships were typically armed with 20 to 24 carriage guns arranged in a single-gun-deck configuration. The standard armament consisted of 18 to 20 long 9-pounder guns on the main gun deck, supplemented by 4 to 6 shorter 6-pounder guns mounted on the quarterdeck and forecastle.^[19] This setup provided a balanced broadside weight of approximately 90 to 100 pounds, suitable for the ship's role in scouting and convoy escort duties.^[19] In the early years of post ship development during the 1750s, the armament was uniformly composed of long 9-pounder guns across all decks, emphasizing range and accuracy for open-water engagements.^[19] By the late 18th and early 19th centuries, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars, some post ships underwent modifications to incorporate carronades—short-barreled, lightweight guns designed for devastating close-range fire. These upgrades often replaced or augmented the smaller 6-pounders with 2 to 3 24-pounder carronades per side (4 to 6 total) on the upper decks, increasing broadside power against enemy rigging and personnel without significantly compromising the ship's sailing qualities.^[26] Ammunition stores for these guns typically included around 100 rounds per gun, comprising solid round shot for hull penetration, grapeshot for anti-personnel effects, and bar shot for damaging sails and masts.^[27] Trained crews on post ships could achieve a firing rate of 2 to 3 shots per minute per gun during broadsides, enabling sustained output in prolonged actions.^[28] The guns were positioned along the hull's single continuous gun deck, with ports aligned to maximize the broadside arc while maintaining structural integrity.^[19]

Defensive and Auxiliary Features

Post ships incorporated several defensive features to supplement their primary armament, focusing on protection against close-quarters threats and boarding actions. Hammock nettings, rigged along the bulwarks, served as a key barrier during battle, stuffed with lashed hammocks to shield the crew from small arms fire and splinter fragments from enemy shot. This practice, standard across Royal Navy vessels, helped mitigate casualties on the open decks where gun crews were most exposed.^[29] Additionally, occasional swivel guns—typically 6 to 12 half-pounder pieces—were mounted on the rails, quarterdeck, and in the fighting tops to deter boarders and engage approaching small boats. For instance, Sphinx-class post ships like HMS Camilla carried around a dozen such anti-personnel swivel guns on the forecastle and quarterdeck for versatile defensive fire.^[30] The ship's standing rigging, including chain plates securing the shrouds to the hull, provided structural reinforcement that indirectly aided against boarding by complicating enemy grapples and climbs along the sides.^[31] Auxiliary equipment on post ships emphasized practicality for independent operations and emergency response. A typical complement included small boats such as a cutter for fast scouting, a yawl for utility tasks, and a pinnace for transporting landing parties or officers ashore; these were essential for the vessel's role in coastal patrols and amphibious duties.^[32] For damage control, capstans enabled the crew to warp heavy cables around the hull to cinch seams and prevent flooding after hull breaches, while manual chain pumps—operated by teams in the hold—continuously cleared bilge water to maintain buoyancy during prolonged engagements.^[33] Navigation aids aboard post ships relied on established 18th-century tools for safe passage, including magnetic compasses for heading, lead lines weighted with tallow to gauge depths and seabed type, and—after the 1770s—marine chronometers for accurate longitude calculation, though availability on smaller vessels varied. Signaling was rudimentary, using basic pendant and ensign flags for simple commands until the Napoleonic era, when numerical flag systems in signal books allowed more complex fleet coordination.^[34] Overall, post ships lacked dedicated armor plating, depending instead on their speed and weatherly qualities to evade superior foes rather than withstand sustained broadsides in fleet actions.^[35]

Operational Roles

Peacetime Assignments

During periods of relative peace, such as between the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763 and the onset of the American Revolutionary War in 1775, post ships were frequently assigned to foreign stations to maintain British naval presence and protect imperial interests. These vessels patrolled key trade routes in the Caribbean and North American waters, enforcing the Navigation Acts by intercepting smugglers evading duties on goods like molasses and rum. For instance, HMS Squirrel, a 20-gun sixth-rate post ship, was stationed in Narragansett Bay from 1763 to 1769, where it and its tender seized smuggling vessels, including a sloop laden with 60 casks of rum in 1764, to suppress illicit trade that undermined colonial revenue.^[36] Similar patrols occurred in the Caribbean, where enforcement was often inconsistent due to officers' involvement in local commerce.^[37] Post ships also undertook diplomatic and survey roles, transporting envoys or conducting coastal charting to support navigation and expansion. Their compact size and endurance made them suitable for these extended voyages, allowing them to carry ambassadors on missions or map uncharted areas without the logistical demands of larger frigates. Several post ships were typically active in peacetime fleets on these duties, contributing to Britain's global maritime intelligence. A key peacetime function of post ships was providing command experience for junior post-captains, who received their first independent postings to these vessels after promotion. These assignments allowed aspiring senior officers to hone leadership and seamanship skills in routine operations, often on commissions lasting 2-3 years to balance experience with crew welfare.^[38] The economical operation of post ships enabled the Royal Navy to sustain a dispersed presence on foreign stations without straining budgets during peacetime. This allowed for ongoing enforcement of trade regulations and deterrence of rivals, preserving British commercial dominance.

Wartime Duties and Engagements

During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, post ships served as convoy escorts, safeguarding merchant vessels traversing vulnerable routes such as the Western Approaches to the English Channel. These smaller vessels, rated at 20 to 28 guns, were suited for this role due to their maneuverability in coastal waters and ability to deter privateers, though their limited speed prevented participation in major fleet actions. The Royal Navy organized extensive convoy systems to protect trade, which reduced losses from enemy raiders; for instance, between 1793 and 1815, such operations ensured the safe passage of thousands of merchant ships despite ongoing threats from French corsairs. A representative engagement occurred in February 1807, when HMS Ariadne, a 20-gun sixth-rate post ship, captured the French privateer Le Chasseur in the North Sea while supporting broader convoy protection efforts.^[39] Post ships also conducted independent cruises for anti-commerce raiding, targeting enemy merchantmen and privateers to disrupt trade and force adversaries into defensive postures. These operations exemplified asymmetric warfare, where post ships exploited their speed against isolated smaller foes rather than confronting superior forces. During the American War of Independence, HMS Camilla, a 20-gun Sphinx-class post ship, seized several American vessels, including the privateer sloop Independence on 27 October 1776, thereby interdicting colonial supply lines.^[40] Later, in the Napoleonic era, HMS Ariadne demonstrated this role by capturing multiple French privateers, such as the 16-gun lugger Le Trente-et-Quarante and the 20-gun lugger L’Eglé off Flamborough Head in early 1808, actions that neutralized threats to British shipping without escalating to full-scale battles.^[39] Despite their utility, post ships suffered notable losses in wartime, often from encounters with unexpectedly formidable opponents. A prominent example was the 1778 sinking of HMS Drake, a 20-gun sixth-rate post ship, by the American sloop USS Ranger off Carrickfergus, Ireland, marking one of the Continental Navy's early victories and highlighting the risks of independent patrols.^[41] Overall, the Royal Navy's smaller rated vessels, including post ships, faced an attrition rate influenced by captures and wrecks, with the service losing 166 warships to enemy action across all classes during the Napoleonic Wars (1793–1815), though post ships' focus on peripheral operations mitigated direct fleet-level destruction.^[42] Tactically, post ships avoided integration into line-of-battle fleets, instead emphasizing asymmetric engagements against privateers and commerce raiders, where their armament of 20 to 28 guns provided an edge over unrated or lightly armed adversaries. This preserved their effectiveness for escort and scouting duties.

Command Structure and Crew

Post-Captain Requirements

In the Royal Navy during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the rank of post-captain—also known as a full captain—required an officer to receive an appointment to command a post ship, defined as the minimum vessel eligible for such a command, typically a fifth- or sixth-rate ship carrying 20 to 44 guns. Promotion to this rank generally followed service as a commander of smaller, unrated vessels like sloops, with the transition marking the officer's entry onto the captains' seniority list. While no formal minimum duration in the commander rank was mandated, successful officers often served several years in that role to demonstrate competence, with average career progression to post-captain occurring after about 12 years of total service, including 5.9 to 10.4 years as a lieutenant depending on wartime conditions.^[1]^[43] Appointments to post-captain and command of a post ship were made by the Admiralty, drawing from the seniority list while factoring in merit from prior commands, patronage from admirals or nobility, and availability of suitable vessels. Officers with prior experience in frigates were often preferred, as this background equipped them for the autonomous scouting and convoy duties common to post ships. From 1793 to 1815, roughly 208 post-captains held frigate commands within a larger pool of about 666 identified during the Napoleonic era, using these postings as a pathway to larger ships of the line.^[1] Post-captains exercised complete operational authority over their vessels, encompassing navigation, combat tactics, crew management, and compliance with Admiralty orders—powers greater than those of commanders, who were restricted to unrated ships without full captaincy status. This rank also granted "post" designation, qualifying the officer for half-pay as a retainer when ashore, which provided financial stability akin to a pension and was established by the early 18th century for all captains on the list.^[1]^[43]

Ship's Complement and Organization

Post ships in the Royal Navy carried complements ranging from 135 to 300 men, varying by rate—with sixth-rates (20-28 guns) typically 135-200 and fifth-rate frigates (32-44 guns) 200 or more—enabling agile operations suited to their versatile roles. This included able and ordinary seamen handling sailing and combat duties, supplemented by Royal Marines for boarding actions and security, and boys serving as apprentices and messengers.^[1] The crew was organized into two primary watches—starboard and port (or larboard)—alternating four-hour shifts to ensure continuous operation of the vessel, with shorter two-hour dog watches in the evening to rotate meal times and prevent fatigue. Warrant officers, including the boatswain (responsible for rigging, anchors, and deck discipline), gunner (overseeing ordnance and powder stores), and carpenter (maintaining the hull and spars), reported directly to the captain, who provided overall oversight of shipboard hierarchy and efficiency.^[44] Daily routines followed a structured rhythm anchored by the four-watch system, with hands called for sail handling, maintenance, and meals at set intervals. Gunnery drills occurred twice weekly to maintain proficiency, while rations consisted primarily of salt pork or beef (one pound weekly per man) and hard ship's biscuit (one pound daily), boiled into stews or pease pudding to stretch supplies during long voyages.^[45]^[46] Social dynamics aboard post ships were marked by harsh conditions, including cramped quarters and rigorous labor, contributing to high desertion rates of 10 to 20 percent per commission, often in foreign ports where men sought better merchant pay. These rates were somewhat mitigated by the incentive of prize money shares, distributed proportionally among the crew from captured enemy vessels, fostering loyalty through potential financial gain despite the perils of service.^[47]^[48]

Notable Classes

Sphinx-Class Post Ships

The Sphinx-class post ships represented an early and influential series of sixth-rate vessels in the Royal Navy, consisting of ten ships launched between 1775 and 1781 to a 1773 design by Surveyor of the Navy John Williams. These flush-decked cruisers displaced approximately 431 tons burthen, measured 108 feet along the gundeck, and were armed with a main battery of twenty 9-pounder long guns, providing a broadside weight of 90 pounds. Intended for economical production amid rising tensions with the American colonies, the class emphasized cost-effective construction at royal dockyards, with building costs for the lead ship HMS Sphinx totaling £7,494 5s 1d.^[49]^[50] The vessels proved versatile for their size, serving primarily as convoy escorts, dispatch carriers, and scouts during the American Revolutionary War, with many deployed to North American and Leeward Islands stations. HMS Sphinx, for instance, operated in these theaters before being captured by the French frigate L'Amphitrite off Martinique in September 1779; she was recaptured by HMS Proserpine on 29 November 1779 but ultimately broken up in 1811. The class comprised HMS Sphinx, HMS Perseus, HMS Galatea, HMS Daphne, HMS Unicorn, HMS Camilla, HMS Ariadne, HMS Vestal, HMS Ariel, and HMS Narcissus. Other class members met varied fates, including HMS Vestal foundering at sea in 1777, HMS Narcissus wrecking in 1796, capture of HMS Daphne in 1794, capture of HMS Ariel in 1779, capture of HMS Unicorn in 1780, HMS Galatea broken up in 1783, HMS Perseus broken up in 1805, HMS Ariadne sold in 1814, and HMS Camilla sold in 1831.^[49]^[50] As the first series of 20-gun post ships ordered by the Royal Navy in over two decades, the Sphinx class established a benchmark for compact, affordable sixth rates, directly influencing the design of more than twenty similar vessels in subsequent classes through the Napoleonic era and beyond.^[51]^[49]

Banterer-Class Post Ships

The Banterer-class post ships were a series of six sixth-rate vessels constructed for the Royal Navy between 1806 and 1807, based on a design approved in 1805 by Sir William Rule, the Surveyor of the Navy. These ships were rated for 22 guns, primarily 9-pounders on the upper deck supplemented by carronades, and displaced 537 tons burthen, with dimensions including a gun deck length of 118 feet, a beam of 32 feet, and a depth of hold of 10 feet 6 inches. The design emphasized seaworthiness for independent operations, featuring a broader beam than earlier post ships to improve stability in heavy weather.^[52] Key advancements in the class included an enlarged quarterdeck configuration to mount additional carronades, enhancing close-range firepower without compromising the main battery. The hulls were copper-sheathed, a widespread Royal Navy practice by the early 19th century that minimized biofouling, preserved hull integrity, and permitted sustained speeds of around 10-12 knots under favorable conditions. This sheathing, combined with Rule's refined lines, made the Banterer-class vessels agile cruisers suitable for convoy escort and reconnaissance duties.^[22] During their service, primarily in the later Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812, the ships operated across multiple stations, including the North American and Mediterranean theaters. The class comprised HMS Banterer, HMS Cossack, HMS Cyane, HMS Daphne, HMS Porcupine, and HMS Crocodile. For instance, HMS Cyane, launched in 1806, escorted convoys in the Atlantic and was captured by the USS Constitution off Madeira on 20 February 1815 alongside HMS Levant, marking a notable loss during the final stages of the conflict. The class as a whole demonstrated versatility in minor engagements and patrols, though losses included wrecks and captures: HMS Banterer wrecked in 1808, HMS Cyane captured in 1815, with survivors such as HMS Daphne, HMS Porcupine, HMS Cossack, and HMS Crocodile sold or broken up by 1816 as the Royal Navy expanded its fleet.^[53]

Decline and Legacy

Post-1817 Changes

Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the Royal Navy underwent significant restructuring, including revisions to its ship rating system. In 1817, an Order in Council established a new framework that incorporated carronades into the official gun count for determining a vessel's rate, altering classifications for smaller warships and effectively merging the traditional sixth-rate post ships into the broader "sloops of war" category, thereby eliminating the distinct post ship designation.^[54] This re-rating reflected broader post-war adjustments driven by severe budget cuts and a diminished need for a large fleet of sail-powered cruisers during peacetime. Naval expenditure dropped sharply from approximately £19 million in 1815 to under £7 million by 1820, leading to the decommissioning and disposal of numerous vessels to reduce maintenance costs. Numerous surviving post ships were sold for breaking up or repurposed for non-combat roles such as survey vessels or receiving ships to house personnel awaiting assignment. For instance, the 24-gun post ship HMS Eurydice, launched in 1781, was fitted out as a receiving ship at Woolwich in 1823–1824 and served in that capacity until her breaking up in 1834.) The emergence of steam propulsion in the late 1810s and 1820s further accelerated the decline of traditional sail-only post ships, as the Navy shifted resources toward experimental steam vessels better suited for patrol and utility duties. Transitional examples included several former post ships re-armed with 18 guns and reclassified as ship-sloops for colonial station service, continuing in limited roles through the 1830s before the category's full obsolescence. The rating system itself was abolished around 1837, with all smaller warships becoming unrated sloops.^[55]^[56]

Influence on Later Naval Design

The compact hull forms and versatile design of post ships, typically sixth-rate vessels of 20 to 24 guns with a tonnage around 430 to 520, provided a foundational model for later small warships in the Royal Navy, prioritizing speed, maneuverability, and independent cruising capabilities over heavy armament. These ships, such as the 20-gun class introduced around 1735 and upgraded with 9-pounder guns, influenced the development of brig-sloops like the Cruizer-class in the early 19th century, which adopted similar narrow hull proportions (approximately 100 feet in length and 30 feet in beam) for enhanced sailing performance in convoy escort and raiding roles.^[57]^[58] Innovations in post ship construction, including the widespread adoption of copper sheathing first tested on the sixth-rate Alarm in 1761, extended to early steam-powered vessels of the 1830s and 1840s, improving hull integrity against marine growth and enabling prolonged deployments for versatile duties. This emphasis on durable, multi-role hulls carried forward to paddle-driven sloops, where post ship principles of economical construction supported the transition to mechanized propulsion without sacrificing agility.^[57] Doctrinally, post ships solidified the role of mid-sized vessels as platforms for training junior officers under post-captain command, fostering skills in navigation, gunnery, and leadership through hands-on operations that smaller unrated craft could not provide. This model persisted into the mid-19th century, informing the use of sailing corvettes for training and dispatch roles.^[57] In comparative naval practice, the United States Navy drew on similar concepts for its third-class sloops and small frigates during the War of 1812, exemplified by the 22-gun USS Wasp, which employed post ship-like tactics for commerce raiding despite her Baltimore clipper-inspired hull, capturing multiple British merchantmen and engaging sloops in single-ship actions.^[59] The enduring principles of post ships—affordable, adaptable small warships for extended patrols and secondary operations—echo in mid-19th-century sailing corvette designs, such as the 18- to 22-gun vessels built post-1815 that served in fleets through the 1850s, emphasizing compact, multi-mission capabilities before the full adoption of steam and ironclad transformations.^[60]

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Oct 31, 2013 · Historians have considered a series of reforms in the mid-1740s to mark a turning-point between British naval failure and British naval ...Missing: rating | Show results with:rating
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How Montagu's Reforms Paved the Way for Nelson's Victory
An individual reached the rank of post-captain only by being commissioned by the Board of Admiralty to a “post ship ... Brian Lavery, The Ship of the Line ...
[10]
Great Britain's Great Blunder | Naval History Magazine
Late 18th century commanders were willing to put their ships-of-the-line into actual combat because they knew there was not much danger their fleets would ...
[11]
A Study of Naval Strategy | Proceedings - 1910 Vol. 36/1/133
During the eight years of peace that followed the war of the Austrian Succession, as many ships were laid down as the poverty of our finances permitted. At the ...Missing: rating reforms
[12]
Sir Thomas Slade: Nelson's naval architect
Jul 8, 2025 · It was Slade who designed HMS Asia, the first true 64-gun ship. As a result, the Royal Navy ordered no further 60-gun ships but instead ...
[13]
The British Navy, 1793-1802 - napoleon.org
Founded long before the Napoleonic wars, the Impress service came into high profile during the wars with Revolutionary France. The word impress was derived from ...
[14]
The Frigate Sailing Ship: Pride of The British Royal Navy
Displacing approximately 870 to 900 tons and rated as “36s” (the number of guns nominally carried), these were by all accounts fine sailing ships, with all the ...
[15]
Category:Hermes-class post ships | Military Wiki - Fandom
A. HMS Ariadne (1816) ; H · HMS Hermes (1811) · Hermes-class post ship ; M · HMS Myrmidon (1813) ; V · HMS Valorous (1816) ; ~. Template:Hermes class post ship.
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The introduction of copper sheathing into the Royal Navy, 1779–1786
Aug 5, 2025 · Copper sheathing prevented structural damage caused by wood boring worms and also decreased the drag caused by barnacles and seaweed thereby ...Missing: Hermes | Show results with:Hermes
[17]
The Many Types Of Ships Used In The Napoleonic Wars
Nov 8, 2016 · The term “post ship” comes from the fact these were often the second command of Royal Navy officers. An officer would be made Commander and ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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British sloop 'Nautilus' (1784) - Three Decks
Operator, Royal Navy ; Ordered, 13.5.1782, BWAS-1714 ; Keel Laid Down, 8.1782, BWAS-1714 ; Launched, 9.1.1784, BWAS-1714.Missing: hull | Show results with:hull
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Warship; Sixth rate; Sloop; 24 guns | Royal Museums Greenwich
From the model, the vessel measured 109 feet in length along the gun deck by 30 feet in the beam, displacing approximately 430 tons burden. It was armed with ...
[20]
The Royal Navy's war on trees - Legion Magazine
Feb 15, 2022 · With the Seven Years' War coming to an end, the ship's assembled frame was covered and left to season for three years—a major reason, it is ...
[21]
Pine in the Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Centuries | Pegs and 'Tails
Mar 18, 2010 · British shippers didn't see the one-way Baltic timber trade as profitable (at this time), understandably preferring the more lucrative two-way ...
[22]
Copper-Bottoming the Royal Navy | Naval History Magazine
Copper sheathing was the final chapter in a long-running battle between the world's navies and one of their most persistent foes—the dreaded shipworm.Missing: shipbuilding materials
[23]
Deptford's Royal Dockyard - Philip K Allan
Jul 16, 2018 · Deptford was little more than a village close to a deep tidal creek when Henry VIII chose it as the location for a Royal Naval Dockyard in 1513.<|control11|><|separator|>
[24]
Mast Houses & Mould Loft - The Historical Marker Database
Above the Mast Houses is a large Mould Loft, a full-size drawing board used at the start of the shipbuilding process. Here the most skilled shipwrights ...
[25]
The Construction Costs of Eighteenth-century Warships
This article is a detailed study of the costs involved in building warships of the period. It is based on Progress Books One, Two and Five. Direct.
[26]
The Influence of Iron in Ship Construction:1660 to 1830.
Stronger iron bolts were very necessary to ship construction especially with the introduction of plates knees, etc. He then went on provide stronger anchors for ...
[27]
The Carronade | Proceedings - August 1973 Vol. 99/8/846
The carronade, in fact, became the principal armament of British brigs. The Navy Board drew up a scale for arming different rates of vessels with the carronades ...Missing: sixth | Show results with:sixth
[28]
The Constitution Gun Deck - Naval History and Heritage Command
Sep 5, 2017 · The iron solid shot was the 24-pounder's principal ammunition. Explosive shells were not used in ship-to-ship actions at this time, as these ...
[29]
Firing a Cannon - Historic Naval Fiction
The standard rate of fire for British captains was to fire a broadside every three minutes, though faster rates could be achieved, so on a 74 gun ship of the ...
[30]
Royal Navy Customs and Traditions - HMS Richmond
Royal Navy customs included using a single steering oar, ships alongside starboard, white night lights, and the use of lemons for scurvy prevention.
[31]
HMS Camilla (1776 - 1831) - The Kent History Forum
The Sixth Rate Post-Ship was the smallest vessel in the Royal Navy which would normally be commanded by an officer with the rank of Captain. They were ...
[32]
The Evolution of Naval Armament - Project Gutenberg
The evolution of naval armament includes sailing ships, smooth-bore guns, steam engines, new gunnery principles, carronades, truck carriages, shell guns, ...
[33]
Ships - The Carlisle and Holbrooke Naval Adventures
She carries three boats: a 22′ longboat which is the ship's heavy working boat, a 28′ pinnace which is narrower and lighter than the longboat, and a 23′ yawl.
[34]
How did Sailors prevent ships from sinking in the 18th century after ...
Jul 24, 2013 · For major structural damage, cables (ropes) could be wrapped around the ship and tightened to tighten the seams between the hull planks. Pumping ...Missing: capstans | Show results with:capstans
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Signal-book for the Ships of War, 1799 - CRW Flags
May 23, 2020 · Signals with Single Flags ; 1 - Enemy in sight. Red ; 2 - Sailing by Divisions. White with blue cross ; 3 - Order of Sailing. Blue with white pale.Introduction · Signals with Single Flags · Supplemental flags · Of Numeral Flags
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The Not So Gentle Art of Navigation, 175 Years Ago | Proceedings
With the tools he had to work with, it was a real art. That's the difference between navigating 175 years ago and today. Then it was an art; today it is a ...Missing: aids royal
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Maritime Skirmishes in Narragansett Bay, 1763-1769
Feb 2, 2018 · Smuggling foreign molasses became the norm, evading the six pence duty levied by the Molasses Act of 1733. This was due to lax enforcement ...
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The British navy and Caribbean contraband trade, c. 1713–1750
Dec 10, 2023 · Contraband trade in all its varieties had been an important part of Spanish colonial economies for over a century; smuggling was embraced by ...
[39]
Britain's Postwar Naval Policy | Proceedings - May 1958 Vol. 84/5/663
The place of these ships on foreign stations had been taken by frigates in many instances, and no attempt had been made, as yet, to reconstitute the Home and ...
[40]
Ranks & Duties - Historic Naval Fiction
This page is intended to clarify the structure of ranks and their duties in the Royal Navy during Nelson's time. ... Post Ships. A junior Post-Captain ...
[41]
[PDF] ILLICIT TRADE, MERCANTILE POWER, AND THE ROYAL NAVY, C ...
command of a post ship, and then a fourth-rate two weeks after that (1739-1740). Richard Howe, son of the 2nd Viscount Howe, moved from his first commission ...
[42]
Convoys: the British struggle against Napoleonic Europe and America
Sep 4, 2022 · This excellent new book graphically and academically charts the triumphs and disasters of the early British convoy system.
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British Sixth Rate ship 'Ariadne' (1776) - Three Decks
British Sixth Rate ship 'Ariadne' (1776). Dates of service, name changes, previous and next incarnations, dimensions, armament, commanders, officers and ...
[44]
British Sixth Rate ship 'Camilla' (1776) - Three Decks
British Sixth Rate ship 'Camilla' (1776). Dates of service, name changes, previous and next incarnations, dimensions, armament, commanders, officers and ...
[45]
Ranger vs HMS Drake - Naval History and Heritage Command
When off the coast of Ireland, the British sloop of war HMS Drake (20 guns) approached on the evening of April 24, 1778 to engage the American warship. While ...
[46]
[PDF] Promotions, Performance, and Patronage in the Royal Navy - Guo Xu
Feb 24, 2022 · During the Napoleonic Wars, for example, the Royal Navy lost only 166 ships while inflicting the loss of 1,201 ships on its enemies (Allen, 2002) ...
[47]
Commissioned Officers' Careers in the Royal Navy,1690-1815
of their rank. They reached this rank, or 'took post', by virtue of their first commission to command a 'post ship', meaning one of the 5th Rate or larger ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[48]
The Rating System · Flagships Battleships and Ratings
"Sixth-rate ships were generally useful as convoy escorts, for blockade duties and the carrying of dispatches; their small size made them less suited for the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[49]
British Sixth Rate post ship 'Larne' (1814) - Three Decks
British Sixth Rate post ship 'Larne' (1814). Dates of service, name ... Brian Lavery, Book. BWAS-1793British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793-1817Rif ...
[50]
The Watch System - Historic Naval Fiction
An explanation of the watch system and ringing the ship's bell to establish the times used in historic naval fiction books.Missing: organization | Show results with:organization
[51]
A Short Account of the Several General Duties of Officers, of Ships of ...
The ARMOURER of a ship of war, is an officer whose business is to keep in repair all guns and other implements of war, muskets, pistols, cutlasses, hand-cuffs, ...
[52]
What Did Sailors in the Georgian Royal Navy Eat? - History Hit
Feb 18, 2019 · In 1677, Pepys compiled a victualling contract outlining sailors' food rations. This included 1lb of biscuit and 1 gallon of beer daily, with a ...
[53]
Seamen on Late Eighteenth-Century European Warships*
Apr 1, 2009 · Late eighteenth-century Atlantic Europe is estimated to have been home to around 300,000 to 400,000 skilled seafarers.Footnote 4 The British ...
[54]
Prize money - Oxford Reference
Prize money is the net proceeds from captured ships and goods, historically distributed to captors, officers, and crew, and was a recruitment incentive.
[55]
British Sphinx Class
### Summary of Sphinx Class (1773)
[56]
British Sixth Rate ship 'Sphinx' (1775) - Three Decks
British Sixth Rate ship 'Sphinx' (1775). Dates of service, name changes, previous and next incarnations, dimensions, armament, commanders, officers and ...Missing: materials | Show results with:materials
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[PDF] MSON Issue 22 - Model Shipwrights of Niagara
Sep 22, 2024 · Additionally, it is noted that Perseus was one of the first Royal Navy ships to be coppered, with the cost of ... ( A post ship was a 6th Rate ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[58]
British Banterer Class - Three Decks
Details and list of Ships built to the Banterer Class design. ... 6th Rate Post Ship. 30.1.1805, Topsham - Devon, 2.7.1806, 15.2.1816, Sold, 118' 2 ...Missing: Navy history
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https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/1999/august/last-sailing-corvettes
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https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100405851
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https://books.google.com/books?id=ocqMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194
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[PDF] Volume I - Ibiblio
during the last nine years, to- the re- attainment of that rank and consideration which their nation formerly held among the naval powers of the world; and,.
[65]
NGS 1793-1840 medals and the Cruizer-class brig-sloops
Jan 19, 2016 · The brig-sloops of the Cruizer-class proved to be sleek and fast sailors, being narrow (~30 ft) compared to their length (~100 ft), and very ...
[66]
U.S. Sloop of War Wasp | Proceedings - February 1961 Vol. 87/2/696
A 22-gun, 509-ton sloop, Wasp was the creation of William Doughty, a great American naval architect, who, with Joshua Humphreys and Josiah Fox, already had ...Missing: post | Show results with:post
[67]
Last of the Sailing Corvettes | Naval History Magazine
Once thought to be a U.S. Navy frigate of 1797—even officially by the Navy itself—the corvette Constellation is still the pride of Baltimore.Missing: legacy | Show results with:legacy