Skip Barber
John "Skip" Barber III (born November 16, 1936) is an American retired professional race car driver best known for his successes in sports car and open-wheel racing during the 1960s and 1970s, as well as for founding the Skip Barber Racing School in 1975, which has trained over 400,000 students and launched the careers of numerous champions in NASCAR, IndyCar, and Formula One.[1][2] Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Barber began his racing career in 1958 while studying at Harvard University, taking a year off to join the U.S. Merchant Marine to finance his passion; his debut competitive race came in 1959 at Lime Rock Park in Connecticut, where he would later become a pivotal figure.[1][3] Over the next decade, he rose through the ranks of the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA), securing three consecutive national championships from 1969 to 1971—winning Formula Ford titles in 1969 and 1970, followed by Formula B in 1971—and competing internationally in Formula One.[1] Barber ventured into Formula One with the March team, entering six World Championship Grands Prix between 1971 and 1972, with his best championship finish of 16th at the 1972 United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, though he also achieved a sixth-place result in the non-championship 1971 German Grand Prix at Hockenheim.[1][4] After retiring from full-time driving in the mid-1970s, Barber channeled his expertise into education, establishing the Skip Barber Racing School at Lime Rock Park with just two borrowed race cars and a philosophy that competitive driving skills could be systematically taught, much like other sports; the school, which he sold in 1999, revolutionized driver training by introducing innovative curricula such as the "friction circle" concept and programs using purpose-built Formula cars at tracks like Laguna Seca and Sebring.[2][1] His alumni include four-time NASCAR Cup Series champion Jeff Gordon, four-time Indy 500 winner Hélio Castroneves, and Formula One race winner Juan Pablo Montoya, underscoring the school's enduring impact on American motorsports.[2] Beyond racing, Barber owned and operated Lime Rock Park from 1983 to 2021, elevating it to a premier venue for vintage and professional events, and was inducted into the SCCA Hall of Fame in 2013 and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2025 for his contributions as both a driver and innovator.[1][3]Early life and education
Childhood and family background
John "Skip" Barber III was born on November 16, 1936, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[1] Barber grew up in a family with strong ties to the automotive world, where cars played a central role in daily life. His grandfather owned a Ford dealership, providing early exposure to automobiles, while his father shared a deep passion for them, fostering an environment of mechanical enthusiasm.[5][6] During his childhood in the Philadelphia area of the Northeast United States, Barber developed a fascination with speed and driving at a young age. At 10 years old in the mid-1940s, he began practicing in a dusty old Ford in the narrow, block-long alley behind his family's home, propped up on a pillow to reach the pedals and steering wheel. This back-and-forth driving, which logged equal miles in forward and reverse due to limited space, ignited his early interest in mechanics and velocity, shaping his mindset long before formal racing pursuits.[5][6]Academic pursuits at Harvard
Skip Barber enrolled at Harvard University in the mid-1950s, arriving on a full scholarship earned through his exceptional academic performance during high school in Philadelphia, where his family's support from a modest background enabled his pursuit of higher education.[6] He majored in English, focusing on literature and writing as part of his coursework in the university's rigorous humanities program.[7][8] Barber's academic engagement at Harvard was uneven; while he had demonstrated strong scholarly aptitude earlier, he later described "checking out" intellectually during his studies, completing minimal work amid growing distractions.[6] Despite this, he returned after a leave of absence to earn his degree in English in 1959.[9] No records detail specific extracurricular involvement in literary societies or writing groups, though his time in Cambridge exposed him to a vibrant intellectual community that contrasted with his emerging personal ambitions.[10] In 1958, during his senior year, Barber took time off from Harvard to join the U.S. Merchant Marine for a one-year term, traveling internationally to gain practical experience and earn money toward his interests.[11][1][3] This interlude provided formative life experiences that broadened his worldview, instilling a sense of discipline and resilience that later informed his methodical approach to challenges.[10] The diverse encounters during this period, combined with Harvard's stimulating environment in Cambridge, Massachusetts, helped shape a balanced perspective blending intellectual rigor with real-world adaptability.[10]Entry into motorsport
First racing experiences
Skip Barber's introduction to competitive racing occurred in 1958 while he was a student at Harvard University, where he briefly paused his studies to join the Merchant Marine service, using the opportunity to save funds for his entry into the sport. Returning to Harvard the following year, he purchased his first race car, an Austin-Healey Bugeye Sprite, an entry-level sports car suitable for regional amateur events organized by the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA). This period marked his transition from academic pursuits to hands-on involvement in motorsport, leveraging the financial stability from his maritime stint to afford the vehicle and related expenses.[3] Prior to his on-track debut, Barber completed an SCCA driver's school program at Marlboro Motor Raceway in Maryland, which provided foundational instruction in vehicle handling and racing fundamentals, emphasizing self-reliant skill development in an era when formal mentorship was limited for novices. His first competitive outing came in July 1959 at Lime Rock Park in Connecticut, entering a national SCCA event in the Production class with his Sprite. In that race, he finished 15th overall but secured a strong 2nd place in the HP (Healey Production) subcategory, demonstrating quick adaptation despite his inexperience.[12][13] Throughout late 1959 and into 1960, Barber continued participating in local and regional SCCA events at tracks like Lime Rock and Marlboro, honing techniques in the Sprite through repeated exposure to varied track conditions and competitive pressures. These early outings focused on building consistency in cornering, braking, and racecraft, often in fields of modified production cars where mechanical reliability and driver judgment were paramount. While specific incidents like crashes are not prominently documented in his initial phase, the iterative nature of these regional competitions allowed him to refine his approach methodically, laying the groundwork for more structured advancement without notable external coaching beyond the initial school.[3]Early SCCA competitions
After graduating from Harvard in 1960, Skip Barber transitioned from amateur racing to more structured competitions within the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA), competing in divisional and national events primarily from 1961 to 1968.[3] His early involvement built on initial sparks from 1958-1959 debut races, where he had completed an SCCA driver's school and raced a Bugeye Sprite at Lime Rock Park.[11] In the SCCA's Northeast Division, Barber participated in regional races at tracks such as Marlboro Motor Raceway, Bridgehampton, and Lime Rock, driving entry-level sports cars suited to production classes.[14] Barber's vehicle progression reflected his growing competitiveness and limited resources; he began with a Turner sports car in 1961, securing wins at Lime Rock on July 1 and September 16 in that model.[14] By 1962, he continued in the Turner 950 Sports and Turner Alexander, achieving three victories—including at Marlboro on April 15 and Cumberland on May 13—and podium finishes such as second place at Bridgehampton on June 3 and Watkins Glen on September 22.[14] In 1963, he upgraded to a more capable Lotus 23, earning third-place results at Marlboro on April 7 and Virginia International Raceway on April 28, which helped solidify his reputation in SCCA Nationals.[14] These results marked his shift toward semi-professional status, with consistent podiums demonstrating refined skills in cornering and track management specific to SCCA's road course formats.[15] Financial constraints posed significant challenges during this period, often relying on modest sponsorships or personal savings to maintain and transport vehicles.[3] Balancing racing with other employment was a persistent hurdle; after Harvard, he took temporary work, including a stint in the Merchant Marines earlier to fund his first car, while dedicating weekends and summers to SCCA events across the Northeast.[3] These demands honed his adaptability, but mechanical failures—such as DNFs at Bridgehampton and Road America in 1962—tested his resilience amid limited budgets for repairs.[14] By the late 1960s, these experiences laid the groundwork for his national-level success, transitioning him from regional contender to a recognized SCCA talent.Professional driving career
National championships and Formula Ford
Barber entered Formula Ford in 1969, purchasing a Caldwell D9 chassis to compete in the newly introduced class within the SCCA framework.[16] Driving this car, he dominated the season, securing the inaugural SCCA Formula Ford National Championship at the Runoffs held at Daytona International Speedway by winning the feature race and recording the fastest lap ahead of rivals like Daniel Fowler in a Beach and Gary Johnson in a Merlyn.[16] This victory marked his first national title in open-wheel racing and highlighted his quick adaptation to the class's demanding, low-cost formula cars suited for American tracks. In 1970, Barber switched to a Tecno chassis and continued his dominance, winning nearly every major event en route to repeating as Formula Ford National Champion at the Runoffs in Road Atlanta, where he completed 19 laps unchallenged for the victory over Bill Scott in a Royale RP3.[17] Remarkably, on the same day, he also claimed the SCCA Formula B National Championship in another Tecno equipped with a Ford twin-cam engine, defeating Evan Noyes in a Brabham BT29 and establishing a rare double title win that underscored his versatility across engine-displacement classes.[18] These back-to-back Formula Ford successes, combined with the Formula B triumph, earned him the President's Cup and saw him set 32 lap records across various venues, solidifying his reputation as a leading American open-wheel talent.[7] Barber's 1971 season extended his championship streak into Formula B, where he again piloted the Tecno to victory at the Road Atlanta Runoffs, securing his third straight national title and demonstrating refined chassis tuning techniques tailored to U.S. circuit demands, such as optimizing suspension for bumpy tracks like those in the SCCA's regional series. This run of consecutive wins, building on his prior regional SCCA experience, attracted significant media attention and sponsorship opportunities, positioning him as a cornerstone figure in domestic Formula Ford's growth.[1]Can-Am and international series
Building on his early successes in SCCA production and modified classes during the mid-1960s, Skip Barber entered the Canadian-American (Can-Am) Challenge Cup series in 1966 as a step toward higher-profile prototype racing. His debut came at the Mosport round, where he failed to qualify in a Brabham BT8 entered under Autolab Imports. Undeterred, Barber returned in 1967 with a self-entered McLaren Elva Mark II, a mid-engined Group 7 prototype powered by a tuned Chevrolet V8 engine producing approximately 550 horsepower.[14] The car's immense power and the series' lack of restrictions on engine size or aerodynamics posed significant handling challenges, requiring precise throttle control on circuits like Road America.[19] Barber's 1967 Can-Am campaign marked his emergence as a competitive American driver against international stars such as Denny Hulme and Bruce McLaren. At the Road America round on September 3, he achieved a career-best seventh-place finish, completing 48 laps in the McLaren Elva Mark II while Hulme won in a factory McLaren M6A.[20] He followed with a ninth at Bridgehampton on September 17, three laps behind winner John Surtees in a Lola T70, and a 15th at Mosport on September 23, navigating a field dominated by McLaren's orange prototypes.[21] These results, achieved on a limited budget without major team support, highlighted Barber's adaptability in the unregulated, high-speed prototype environment.[4] Seeking broader international exposure in the early 1970s, Barber competed in European Formula 2 events, traveling across the Atlantic to adapt to unfamiliar tracks and logistics. In 1971, he drove a March 711 for Gene Mason Racing at the Rhein-Pokalrennen in Hockenheim, Germany, on June 13, securing a strong sixth-place finish and outperforming all other March entries in the field. This podium-contending result in a competitive European series underscored his versatility beyond U.S. circuits, though mechanical issues limited further starts that season.[4] By the mid-1970s, Barber expanded into international endurance racing, partnering with Bob Hagestad in a Porsche 911 Carrera RSR for the World Sportscar Championship. Their highlight came at the 1000 km of Mexico on October 20, 1974, where they were classified third overall despite retiring from the race on the demanding Mexico City circuit.[22] This result, in a GT-class machine emphasizing durability over outright prototype power, further cemented Barber's reputation as a versatile driver capable of succeeding in global prototype and sports car formats.[14]Formula One and USAC participation
Barber's ambitions led him to Formula One in 1971, following successes in Can-Am series as a stepping stone to the sport's elite level. Driving a self-financed March 711-Ford Cosworth DFV for the American Gene Mason Racing team, he entered six World Championship events across 1971 and 1972, qualifying for four of them as a privateer outsider facing budget constraints against factory-backed European squads.[23][24] In the 1971 season, Barber failed to qualify for the Monaco Grand Prix. He qualified 23rd for the Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort but was not classified after failing to complete sufficient laps. He started 22nd at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, again ending not classified, and qualified 26th for the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, retiring on lap 1 due to mechanical failure in the transmission. He attempted the Italian Grand Prix at Monza but failed to qualify in the March. Barber also entered the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, where he qualified and was not classified after completing 52 laps.[24] Barber returned in 1972, qualifying for the Canadian Grand Prix at Mosport but was not classified following mechanical issues that limited his running. His season concluded at the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, where he started from the back of the grid and finished 16th, the only classified result of his F1 career. No championship points were scored across his efforts, yet the exposure to racing against icons like Jackie Stewart and Emerson Fittipaldi underscored the intense speed and precision required at Formula One's pinnacle.[24][25][26] Concurrently, Barber pursued top-tier American open-wheel racing through USAC Championship Car events in the mid-1970s, reflecting his drive to compete in high-stakes single-seaters stateside. In 1974, he drove an Eagle-Offenhauser TC for the California 500 at Ontario Motor Speedway, starting 23rd but retiring after 8 laps due to overheating, highlighting the reliability challenges for independent entries in the series.[27][28][29]Post-retirement ventures
Founding of Skip Barber Racing School
After concluding his Formula One career in 1972, Skip Barber retired from full-time professional racing in the mid-1970s.[4] With extensive experience across SCCA, Can-Am, and international series serving as the foundation for his expertise, Barber channeled his passion into education, founding the Skip Barber Racing School in 1975 to demonstrate that competitive race car driving skills could be systematically taught rather than relying solely on innate talent.[2] This vision stemmed from his own self-made journey, having funded his entry into racing through unconventional means like joining the Merchant Marines during his Harvard studies to buy his first car.[11] The school launched that year at Lime Rock Park in Connecticut, utilizing two borrowed Lola Formula Ford cars for its inaugural class of four students.[30] The initial curriculum emphasized teachable fundamentals of high-performance driving, including precise braking techniques, optimal racing line selection, throttle control, and cornering dynamics, delivered through structured on-track sessions to build professional-level proficiency.[31] Early operations quickly partnered with the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) for accreditation, enabling graduates to obtain racing licenses and positioning the program as a key pathway for aspiring drivers.[32] By the late 1970s, the school had grown to include additional venues like Thompson Speedway, expanding its reach while maintaining a focus on hands-on, skill-based instruction with Formula Ford machinery.[6]Business expansion and legacy
During the 1980s, the Skip Barber Racing School expanded significantly by establishing itself as the largest racing school in the United States, incorporating structured race series and weekend programs that allowed students to compete at multiple tracks for under $10,000 per season.[33] By the 1990s, the school further grew its offerings with advanced high-performance driving courses and partnerships, including a financial stake in Lime Rock Park acquired in the mid-1980s, which enhanced its operational footprint across premier U.S. venues.[5] In 2007, the school formed key alliances, such as a multi-year agreement with Panoz Racing School and Road Atlanta to integrate programs and facilities, bolstering its advanced training capabilities.[34] This period also marked the beginning of a partnership with Mazda, which supplied vehicles for classes and supported ongoing curriculum development.[35] The school's growth continued into the 2010s with further track expansions, including midwestern and western U.S. sites like Gateway Motorsports Park in 2015, and recent ventures such as a planned racing resort in Ixtapan de la Sal, Mexico, announced in 2025—its first international location.[36][37] The business underwent a major transition in 2017 when it was acquired by DeMonte Motorsports, allowing Skip Barber to step back from day-to-day operations while maintaining his legacy influence until full retirement from active involvement.[38] Under new ownership, the school continued to evolve. Notable alumni underscore the school's role in nurturing elite talent, including NASCAR legends Jeff Gordon and Joey Logano, who credit early training there for foundational skills that propelled their championships; Formula 1 winner Juan Pablo Montoya; and IndyCar stars like Danica Patrick and Ryan Hunter-Reay, whose successes in major series trace back to Skip Barber programs.[39][40] The school's broader legacy lies in revolutionizing motorsport education by emphasizing teachable racing fundamentals, with over 400,000 students trained since 1975, including one-third of the 2022 Indianapolis 500 starting lineup.[32][41] It has influenced safety standards through initiatives like the Skip Barber Driving Academy, which imparts survival skills for road conditions, and earned the FIA Institute's highest accreditation in 2014 for its young driver safety program, promoting vehicle dynamics and hazard avoidance across professional and amateur levels.[42][43] By 2025, the institution had annually trained thousands, solidifying its status as the world's largest automotive education provider and a cornerstone for driver development in series like IMSA, INDYCAR, and NASCAR.[32][44]Personal life and honors
Family and later years
Barber has been married to his wife, Judy, for many years, and the couple resides in Sharon, Connecticut.[6] In his later years, Barber has remained active in the motorsports community, supporting philanthropic initiatives tied to racing education and charities. He participated in a 2024 charity auction benefiting the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America, which offered experiences at the Skip Barber Racing School alongside VIP access to his own induction ceremony.[45] The school, which he founded and sold in 1999,[46] has partnered with organizations such as the Make-A-Wish Foundation to provide racing experiences for children with critical illnesses and Operation Motorsport to support transitioning military veterans through motorsport programs.[47][48][49] As of 2025, Barber continues to make public appearances, including his induction into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in March, where he was honored for his contributions to racing and driver training.[50]Awards and recognitions
Skip Barber's accomplishments as a driver garnered significant recognition within the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA). He was inducted into the SCCA Hall of Fame in 2013, alongside legends such as Bobby Rahal and Carroll Shelby, for his pivotal role in advancing road racing and his three SCCA National Championships in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[51] His dominance in Formula Ford further solidified his legacy, highlighted by winning the inaugural SCCA Formula Ford National Championship in 1969 and repeating as champion in 1970, a feat that underscored his precision and speed in the category.[4] Additionally, Barber earned the SCCA President's Cup, an award presented to drivers exemplifying exceptional national-level performance.[30] Barber's contributions extended to the Canadian-American (Can-Am) Challenge Cup series, where his competitive showings in the late 1960s earned him acclaim as a top American talent, contributing to his broader induction into motorsport halls of fame that celebrate such international efforts.[14] In recognition of his post-driving innovations, particularly founding the Skip Barber Racing School, Barber received the Parella Motorsports Holdings (PMH) Trailblazer Award in 2024, honoring his transformative impact on driver training and grassroots motorsport development.[30] The school's enduring influence has been tied to industry accolades, including its role in producing champions across major series, though direct awards to Barber emphasize his visionary leadership. Barber's lifetime achievements culminated in multiple high-profile inductions and tributes. In 2024, he was enshrined in the New England Antique Racers (NEAR) Hall of Fame for his indelible mark on the regional motorsports scene.[52] The following year, he joined the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America as part of the Class of 2025, celebrated for his dual legacy in racing and education during a ceremony that highlighted his pioneering spirit.[50] Special events further commemorated his career, including designation as the Special Honoree at the 2025 New England Concours d'Elegance, where his racing exploits were spotlighted.[11] In September 2025, Lime Rock Park hosted "Skip Barber Day" during its Sunday in the Park concours, featuring tributes and a special award presentation he personally oversaw.[53]Racing record
SCCA National Championship Runoffs
Skip Barber demonstrated early prowess in SCCA club racing during the 1960s, building a strong foundation through consistent regional performances that positioned him as a top contender for national honors. This background culminated in his standout results at the SCCA National Championship Runoffs, the premier event crowning national class champions based on a single decisive race per category.[54] Barber's Runoffs debut came in 1969 at Daytona International Speedway, where Formula Ford made its inaugural appearance as a class. Driving a Caldwell D9 powered by a Ford Kent engine, he dominated the field of 21 entries, securing victory and setting the fastest lap in a race that highlighted the class's growing popularity with imported British chassis like Merlyn and Lotus dominating the grid. This win marked the first national Formula Ford title, establishing Barber as a pioneer in the category.[55][56] In 1970, Barber defended his Formula Ford crown at Road Atlanta, piloting a Tecno chassis with Ford Kent power. The event featured a combined race with Formula Super Vee, where Super Vee cars claimed the top three overall positions, but Barber finished fourth overall while taking first in the Formula Ford class among a competitive field that included drivers like Billy Scott and Kurt Reinold. His performance underscored his adaptability, as he navigated the shared race format to clinch the national championship. On the same weekend, Barber also won the Formula B class in a Tecno fitted with a Ford twin cam engine, completing a rare achievement of securing two national titles at the Runoffs.[57][58][18] Barber's Runoffs record reflects his selective yet dominant participation, limited to these three class entries across 1969–1970 with no further documented starts in the 1970s as he shifted focus to professional series. His 100% win rate in three appearances—two in Formula Ford and one in Formula B—exemplifies his domestic open-wheel supremacy, with venues like Daytona and Road Atlanta serving as stages for his triumphs under varying conditions, including the challenging combined formats of the era. No significant weather disruptions were noted in his winning races, allowing clean executions of strategy and overtakes.| Year | Class | Car (Engine) | Venue | Position | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | Formula F | Caldwell D9 (Ford Kent) | Daytona International Speedway | 1st | Fastest lap |
| 1970 | Formula F | Tecno (Ford Kent) | Road Atlanta | 1st | 4th overall in combined race |
| 1970 | Formula B | Tecno (Ford twin cam) | Road Atlanta | 1st | Won on same weekend as Formula F title |
Complete Formula One results
Skip Barber's Formula One World Championship career was brief and marked by privateer efforts, reflecting the substantial challenges American drivers faced in the early 1970s, including limited sponsorship, travel logistics, and competition against factory teams with superior resources.[59] Driving a customer March 711 chassis powered by the Cosworth DFV V8 engine for Gene Mason Racing, Barber entered six Grands Prix across 1971 and 1972 but scored no points, with his best result a 16th-place finish at the 1972 United States Grand Prix.[60] His Can-Am experience aided preparation for F1's high-speed demands.[61] The following table summarizes Barber's World Championship results:| Year | Grand Prix | Team | Chassis/Engine | Qualifying | Race Position | Laps | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1971 | Monaco | Gene Mason Racing | March 711 / Cosworth DFV V8 | DNQ (28th in practice) | - | - | Did not qualify |
| 1971 | Dutch | Gene Mason Racing | March 711 / Cosworth DFV V8 | 24th | NC | 60 | Not classified |
| 1971 | Canadian | Gene Mason Racing | March 711 / Cosworth DFV V8 | 24th | DNF | 13 | Oil pressure |
| 1971 | United States | Gene Mason Racing | March 711 / Cosworth DFV V8 | 25th | NC | 52 | Not classified |
| 1972 | Canadian | Gene Mason Racing | March 711 / Cosworth DFV V8 | 22nd | NC | 24 | Not classified |
| 1972 | United States | Gene Mason Racing | March 711 / Cosworth DFV V8 | 25th | 16th | 57 | +2 laps |
American open-wheel results
Skip Barber's involvement in American open-wheel racing centered on the USAC Championship Car series during the mid-1970s, though his participation was confined to two starts in 1974 with no recorded entries or starts in 1975–1977. Driving for the Crower Engineering team, Barber competed in both events at Ontario Motor Speedway early in the season, facing mechanical challenges typical of the era's high-powered turbocharged machines on the 2.5-mile oval. These outings highlighted the difficulties of transitioning from road racing and Formula 5000 to the demanding oval-heavy USAC schedule, where adaptation to drafting and sustained high speeds proved challenging for non-specialists.[68] Barber's first appearance came in the opening heat on March 3, 1974, where he piloted the #23 Eagle 72 chassis powered by a Chevrolet 203 ci turbo V8. Starting 15th, he completed 17 of 100 laps before retiring with a broken connecting rod, finishing 15th. This result earned him $2,595 in prize money and marked his career-best performance in the series.[68][69] In the feature race, the California 500 on March 10, Barber switched to an Offenhauser TC engine in the same Eagle chassis. He qualified last at 29th but managed only 8 laps before overheating sidelined the car, resulting in a 32nd-place finish out of 33 starters. The mechanical failure underscored the reliability issues plaguing independent entries against factory-backed teams like Parnelli and AAR.[68][27]| Date | Race | Track | Car # | Chassis | Engine | Start | Finish | Laps | Status | Earnings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3/3/1974 | Ontario Heat 1 | Ontario | 23 | Eagle 72 | Chevrolet turbo V8 | 15 | 15 | 17 | Broken connecting rod | $2,595 |
| 3/10/1974 | California 500 | Ontario | 23 | Eagle 72 | Offenhauser TC | 29 | 32 | 8 | Overheating | $0 |