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Smithfield ham

Smithfield ham, also known as Genuine Smithfield Ham, is a premium variety of dry-cured country ham originating from the town of Smithfield in Isle of Wight County, Virginia.^[1] Defined by Virginia state law enacted in 1926, it must be produced exclusively within the corporate limits of Smithfield using a traditional long-cure dry salt method, involving salting, processing, treating, smoking, and aging for a minimum of six months.^[1] This results in a distinctly flavorful, salty, and nutty ham prized for its rich, umami profile, often served thinly sliced and uncooked to highlight its complex taste derived from extended aging and optional smoking.^[2] The history of Smithfield ham traces back to colonial Virginia in the late 18th century, when early settlers in the Jamestown area adopted Indigenous preservation techniques using salt, smoke, and air-drying to cure pork cuts for long-term storage.^[2] By 1779, local producer Capt. Mallory Todd was exporting salt- and smoke-cured hams internationally, establishing Smithfield as a hub for the trade.^[3] The ham's signature flavor emerged in the post-Civil War era, when hogs were fed on peanut scraps from nearby fields in Virginia's "Peanut Belt," infusing the meat with natural oils that enhanced its nutty character—a practice that contributed to its fame, including orders from Queen Victoria in the 19th century.^[2] The 1926 Virginia statute formalized protections for the name, requiring all stages of production to occur in Smithfield and initially mandating peanut-fed hogs from Isle of Wight County or adjacent areas, though the feed requirement was later relaxed as industrial hog farming expanded.^[3]^[4] Production of Genuine Smithfield Ham follows strict artisanal methods: fresh pork legs are rubbed with a cure mixture of salt, sugar, and sodium nitrate, then layered and refrigerated for weeks to draw out moisture, followed by rinsing, drying, and smoking over hardwoods like hickory.^[2] The hams then age in controlled environments for at least six months—often up to a year or more—to develop their deep red color, firm texture, and intense flavor, with the bone-in presentation preserved throughout.^[1] While Smithfield Foods, the town's largest processor founded in 1936, discontinued its Genuine Smithfield Ham line in early 2024 due to declining demand, smaller local producers such as Darden's Country Store have stepped in to maintain the tradition, reporting increased orders as of late 2025, including plans announced in October 2025 for a $1.2 million expansion of their smokehouse facilities to meet growing demand.^[5]^[6]^[7] Renowned for its cultural and culinary significance, Smithfield ham symbolizes Virginia's agricultural heritage and has been celebrated in literature, festivals, and even a 1902 ham preserved at the Isle of Wight County Museum, billed as one of the world's oldest.^[2] Its protected designation ensures authenticity, distinguishing it from similar country hams produced elsewhere, and it remains a staple in Southern cuisine, often featured in holiday meals or paired with biscuits and mustard.^[1] Despite modern challenges like shifting consumer preferences toward milder cured meats, the ham's legacy endures through ongoing local production and efforts to preserve its historic methods.^[6]

History

Origins in Colonial Virginia

The origins of Smithfield ham trace back to the early English colonial settlement in Virginia, where hog farming became integral to the agrarian economy. In 1607, English colonists arriving at Jamestown brought domestic pigs aboard their ships, marking the introduction of swine to the region.^[8] These pigs, including hardy breeds suited to the New World, were among the first livestock established, with archaeological evidence from Jamestown revealing pig bones as a significant portion of faunal remains, underscoring their dietary importance.^[9] The settlers released pigs into the surrounding woodlands to forage, allowing herds to multiply rapidly in the fertile lands of southeastern Virginia. Isle of Wight County, settled by 1634 and encompassing the town of Smithfield, emerged as a key hub for hog raising due to its rich alluvial soils along the James River and proximity to ports, facilitating early agricultural expansion and trade.^[10]^[11] The development of salt-curing techniques for hams in this area was shaped by the region's humid subtropical climate, which necessitated preservation methods to combat spoilage in the warm, moist conditions. Colonists adapted European dry-curing practices—rubbing hams with salt, sometimes combined with smoke and aging—drawing on local environmental factors and knowledge shared by Indigenous peoples to extend pork's shelf life.^[2]^[8] Jamestown's location within the "Ham Belt," a temperate zone ideal for air-drying meats without excessive heat or freezing, further supported these methods. This combination of climate, soil fertility, and early farming practices laid the groundwork for Virginia's country ham tradition. The first documented commercial sale of cured hams from the Smithfield area occurred in 1779, when Captain Mallory Todd, a Bermuda native who settled in Smithfield around 1767, shipped hams to the island of St. Eustatius in the West Indies.^[12] An invoice from that year records Todd selling hams to merchants Ellerston and John Perot, establishing the beginnings of Smithfield's export-oriented ham industry.^[12] Operating from a warehouse near the Pagan River, Todd's venture capitalized on the county's hog production and port access, shipping salted and smoked hams to international markets and solidifying the region's reputation for premium cured pork.^[13]

Development and Commercialization

In the 19th century, the Smithfield ham industry underwent significant expansion, with local packers producing approximately 20,000 hams annually by the decade's end, shifting from primarily local consumption to broader markets.^[11] This growth was supported by the development of transportation infrastructure, including railroads that connected rural Virginia to urban centers and ports, enabling the shipment of perishable goods like cured hams over longer distances.^[14] Key figures like P. D. Gwaltney established a store and smokehouse in 1874, followed by the construction of the first dedicated packing house in 1880, which formalized commercial operations in the area.^[3] By the late 19th century, Smithfield had emerged as a central hub for ham curing, with multiple smokehouses and processing facilities concentrating production in the town and attracting related businesses.^[3] This transformation solidified the region's reputation, building on colonial hog farming traditions where surplus pork was preserved for trade.^[15] Following the Civil War, the expansion of peanut cultivation in Virginia's "Peanut Belt" led to hogs being fed peanut scraps, infusing the meat with a distinctive nutty flavor that enhanced the ham's profile and contributed to its international acclaim, including anecdotal standing orders from Queen Victoria in the 19th century.^[2]^[16] A notable example of the era's curing practices is a ham from 1902 produced by P. D. Gwaltney Jr., which was accidentally overlooked and aged for over two decades before being recognized for its preservation qualities; it remains on display at the Isle of Wight County Museum as the world's oldest edible Smithfield ham.^[17] Entering the early 20th century, Smithfield hams were increasingly branded as "Virginia ham" to emphasize their regional distinctiveness, particularly the flavor derived from peanut-fed hogs.^[3] National and international recognition grew through exports to Europe—where they were praised in advertisements as "world-famous"—and promotional efforts at trade shows and county fairs, where artifacts like the 1902 ham were exhibited to demonstrate the product's longevity and quality.^[11]^[18] Companies such as P. D. Gwaltney & Company, founded in 1880, played a pivotal role in this commercialization by facilitating overseas shipments and leveraging these events for marketing.^[3]

Production

Curing and Smoking Process

The production of Smithfield ham begins with the dry-curing process, where fresh hams from hogs historically fed a peanut-rich diet in Virginia are rubbed thoroughly with a mixture of salt, sugar, and seasonings, including sodium nitrite for preservation, without the use of any water-based brines.^[19] This initial salting, lasting 4 to 6 weeks at temperatures around 36–40°F, draws out moisture from the meat through osmosis while inhibiting bacterial growth by creating a high-salt environment that dehydrates potential pathogens.^[20]^[21] After the salting period, excess salt is washed off by soaking the hams in cold water for about an hour and scrubbing with a stiff brush to remove surface residues.^[20] The hams are then coated with a layer of black pepper and sometimes hickory ash, which aids in further drying, protects the surface during storage, and contributes to flavor development by preventing excessive mold while allowing beneficial strains to form.^[22]^[23] The coated hams are hung on racks to equalize the cure evenly throughout the meat over 10 to 14 days at slightly warmer conditions of 50–60°F.^[21]^[20] The smoking phase follows, where the hams are exposed to smoke from low-burning fires of hickory wood (sometimes blended with oak or applewood) in a controlled smokehouse environment maintained below 90°F to infuse flavor without cooking the meat.^[22] This process typically lasts several weeks—up to 40 days in traditional methods—with a cool, smoldering fire producing dense smoke that penetrates the ham, achieving a characteristic mahogany color and imparting a subtle smoky aroma while further dehydrating the product.^[22]^[20] Finally, the smoked hams undergo extended aging in controlled environments with temperatures of 75–95°F and humidity levels of 55–65%, allowing enzymes to break down proteins and develop complex flavors.^[20]^[21] A minimum aging of 6 months is standard, though premium examples age for 1 to 2 years or longer, resulting in significant weight loss of 20–30% and a shelf-stable ham that requires no refrigeration until sliced.^[21] During this time, a natural mold may form on the surface, which is harmless and scrubbed off prior to consumption.

Ingredients and Sourcing Requirements

Historically, Smithfield hams were produced from hogs raised in the peanut-growing regions of Virginia's Southside or North Carolina's peanut belt, where peanut scraps in the diet contributed to a nutty flavor enhancement in the meat; however, since a 1966 revision to Virginia law, there is no legal requirement for specific hog sourcing or peanut feed, though some producers continue the practice for traditional flavor.^[24]^[25]^[26] This regional tradition was centered in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, where hogs were farm-raised and fed peanut scraps from local harvests, a practice that optimized flavor while utilizing agricultural byproducts. Producers often prefer heritage breeds or specific lines of pigs suited to this foraging diet, such as those derived from traditional razorback stock, to preserve the ham's artisanal quality and texture. These sourcing standards emphasize sustainable, localized farming to align with the ham's heritage.^[27]^[24]^[28] The primary curing ingredients are high-purity salt, sugar, and sodium nitrite (or saltpeter), applied as a dry rub to draw out moisture and preserve the meat through osmosis in the long-cure process. This ensures even penetration during the initial treatment phase. After washing, black pepper is added for further protection and flavor.^[1]^[4]^[20] Smithfield ham is produced from whole hind legs, specifically long-cut portions that include the loin attached, providing a fuller shape and more uniform curing. These legs typically weigh 12 to 16 pounds prior to processing, allowing for optimal salt absorption and aging while yielding hams of substantial size suitable for traditional slicing. This specification helps achieve the desired density and marbling essential for the final product's tenderness.^[29]^[30]

Legal Framework

State Regulations

The state regulations governing Genuine Smithfield ham are outlined in the Virginia Code under Title 3.2, Chapter 54, Article 4, which establishes strict criteria to preserve the product's traditional character and geographic origin. Specifically, § 3.2-5419 defines a Genuine Smithfield ham as one that is processed, treated, smoked, aged, and cured using the long-cure, dry salt method, with aging commencing upon the initial application of dry salt to the green pork cut and continuing for a minimum of six months. All production stages—salting, processing, treating, smoking, curing, and aging—must occur exclusively within the corporate limits of the town of Smithfield in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, ensuring that the ham derives its unique qualities from this localized environment and methodology.^[1] The dry salt curing process mandated by these regulations involves rubbing the pork with a salt-based cure mixture to draw out moisture and preserve the meat naturally. This method contrasts with modern industrial curing techniques such as wet brining, which inject solutions, and emphasizes a slow, natural development of flavor through extended exposure to salt and controlled environmental conditions within approved facilities. Compliance with these process requirements is verified through ongoing inspections, as the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (VDACS) administers the state's cooperative meat and poultry inspection program, which monitors production sites for adherence to labeling and quality standards.^[1]^[31] To protect the designation, § 3.2-5420 explicitly prohibits any person, firm, or corporation from labeling, stamping, packing, advertising, selling, or offering for sale any ham as a "Genuine Smithfield ham" unless it fully meets the statutory definition, regardless of whether the product is wrapped, in containers, or sold loose. This provision functions as a form of geographic indication, akin to protections for products like Champagne in France, preventing misuse of the name outside Virginia and safeguarding the regional heritage associated with Smithfield. Violations are subject to enforcement actions under state law, reinforcing the exclusivity of the label to compliant producers within the designated area.^[32]

Historical Laws and Evolutions

In 1926, the Virginia General Assembly enacted legislation to protect the reputation of Smithfield ham by defining "Genuine Smithfield Ham" exclusively as hams cut from peanut-fed hogs raised in the peanut belt of Virginia or in the vicinity of Smithfield, and cured within the town limits of Smithfield in Isle of Wight County.^[33] This law aimed to prevent imitation and maintain quality standards amid growing national popularity of the product.^[34] The statute established Smithfield as the sole geographic origin for the label, reflecting concerns over out-of-state producers diluting the brand.^[5] The law underwent significant revision in 1966 through an amendment that eliminated the requirement for peanut-fed hogs raised in specific areas, allowing grain-fed hogs from broader sources while preserving the mandate for a minimum six-month dry salt curing and aging process exclusively within Smithfield town limits.^[35] This change accommodated modern farming practices, such as soybean and corn feeds, without compromising the core location and curing specifications that defined the ham's uniqueness.^[36] The amendment ensured the continued exclusivity of the "Genuine Smithfield Ham" designation under Virginia state law.^[1]

Characteristics

Flavor Profile and Texture

Smithfield ham exhibits an intense salty flavor profile, primarily resulting from its prolonged dry-curing with salt, which draws out moisture and concentrates the meat's natural tastes. This saltiness is nuanced by a distinctive nutty undertone, historically derived from the practice of feeding hogs peanuts in Virginia's peanut belt, yielding meat with a subtle oily richness.^[35] Complementing these elements is a balanced, subtle smokiness achieved through smoking over hickory or other hardwoods, enhancing the overall savory depth without overpowering the core notes.^[19] The result is a robust, umami-rich taste often characterized as "hammy," evoking the concentrated essence of aged pork.^[37] In terms of texture, Smithfield ham develops a firm, dense consistency due to extensive moisture loss during aging, creating a dry and somewhat stringy mouthfeel that contrasts with the tenderness of wet-cured varieties.^[38] Visually, it presents a reddish interior from the curing agents and oxidation, encased in a dark rind formed by the smoking and aging processes, which may include a natural mold layer.^[19] The aroma of Smithfield ham combines the woody essence of hickory smoke with the deep, earthy scents of long-aged meat, producing an inviting, complex bouquet that underscores its heritage curing methods.^[38] Flavor and aroma variations occur based on aging duration; shorter cures of around six months yield milder profiles, while those extended to one year or longer intensify in complexity and pungency, amplifying the nutty and smoky dimensions.^[4]

Aging and Quality Standards

The aging process for Smithfield ham begins after the initial curing and smoking stages, with hams hung in ventilated attics or controlled environments to develop their characteristic qualities. By Virginia law, genuine Smithfield hams must be aged for a minimum of six months using the long-cure, dry salt method, with the period starting from when the green pork cut is first treated with dry salt.^[1] Optimal aging typically extends to 9-12 months for enhanced flavor development, though some producers age select hams up to 24 months under carefully managed conditions of 55-65% relative humidity and temperatures around 75-95°F to promote slow drying and microbial stability.^[39]^[20]^[4] Quality indicators during aging include significant weight loss and the formation of natural mold on the rind. Hams typically lose 20-30% of their initial weight through moisture evaporation, with a minimum of 18% required under federal standards for dry-cured country hams to ensure proper preservation.^[40] The white or gray mold that develops on the rind acts as a natural preservative, inhibiting harmful bacteria while contributing to the ham's aging process; this mold is harmless and a sign of traditional production.^[4] Grading systems for premium Smithfield hams emphasize visual and structural assessments to confirm excellence. Inspectors evaluate fat marbling for even distribution, color consistency in the lean meat (ideally a deep pink to red without discoloration), and the absence of defects such as dry salt pockets—areas where uneven curing leads to overly salty or dehydrated spots.^[4] These standards ensure the ham meets the rigorous criteria for authenticity and superior quality beyond basic legal requirements. Testing protocols focus on salt content and microbial safety to verify the ham's readiness without refrigeration. Salt levels are measured at 4-6% internally, sufficient to achieve a brine concentration of at least 10% or a water activity below 0.92, which prevents spoilage.^[41] Microbial testing confirms low pathogen levels, relying on the high salt, low moisture, and extended aging to render the ham shelf-stable at room temperature.^[4]

Preparation and Culinary Uses

Traditional Preparation Methods

Traditional preparation of Smithfield ham emphasizes minimal intervention to preserve its intense, salty flavor and firm texture developed during curing and aging. The process begins with soaking the uncooked ham in cold water for 24 to 48 hours, depending on its age and desired salt level, to leach out excess salt; the water should be changed every 4 to 8 hours for optimal results.^[42]^[43] This step is essential, as the dry-cured ham can be quite salty straight from production. Thin slices may be served uncooked after soaking and scrubbing, without full cooking, to best highlight the ham's complex, umami flavor.^[42]^[2] For whole hams, after soaking and scrubbing off any surface mold, gentle cooking is recommended. One common method is simmering: place the ham skin-side down in a large pot, cover it with cool water or stock, bring to a gentle simmer (about 190°F), and cook for 20 to 25 minutes per pound until the internal temperature reaches 160°F, adding water as needed to keep it submerged.^[44] Alternatively, for baking, wrap the ham in heavy-duty foil with a small amount of water, place it in a preheated 325°F oven, and bake for 20 minutes per pound until the internal temperature reaches 160°F, typically covered to retain moisture; this method suits smaller hams or when oven space is preferred.^[45]^[46] The ham is then cooled slightly before proceeding. Slicing follows immediately after cooking to best showcase the ham's texture. Using a sharp, long knife or mechanical slicer, cut paper-thin slices starting from the widest part, positioning the ham fat-side up and angling the blade slightly toward the bone; this technique reveals the ham's marbled interior and prevents tearing.^[42] In colonial-era practices, Smithfield ham's thorough curing allowed for simpler preparations without full cooking of the whole piece. Thin slices were frequently fried in a hot skillet to crisp the edges and render flavorful fat for red-eye gravy, or diced and added directly to stews for umami depth.^[47]^[2]

Serving Suggestions and Recipes

Smithfield ham is traditionally served at room temperature in thin slices to highlight its rich, salty flavor and firm texture, often paired with biscuits, mustard, or cheese as part of charcuterie-style appetizers. These slices, typically 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick, can be enjoyed cold or lightly pan-fried for added crispness, making them ideal for casual gatherings or as a simple yet elegant starter.^[48]^[49] A classic preparation for a cooked whole ham involves glazing to enhance its depth. After cooking, remove the skin and fat cap, score the surface in a diamond pattern, and apply a glaze of brown sugar, mustard, and breadcrumbs before browning at 400°F for 15 minutes.^[44] Smithfield ham integrates seamlessly into Southern dishes, such as ham biscuits filled with thin slices and a dollop of mustard, or redeye gravy made by frying ham scraps in a skillet and deglazing with black coffee for a bold, coffee-infused sauce served over grits or eggs. Leftover ham can be finely chopped for salads, combining diced pieces with mayonnaise, celery, and onion for a creamy, portable lunch option.^[48]^[50]^[51]

Cultural and Economic Impact

Role in Southern Cuisine

Smithfield ham has served as a staple in colonial and antebellum diets across Virginia and the broader South, offering a reliable source of preserved protein in an era before widespread refrigeration. Introduced by English settlers in the early 1600s at Jamestown, the curing process—initially taught by Indigenous peoples—involved salting, smoking, and aging pork legs to ensure year-round availability, making it a cornerstone of pioneer meals alongside cornbread and greens.^[2]^[47] By the antebellum period, this tradition persisted, with hams providing essential sustenance for families and plantations, often hung in smokehouses for extended aging to enhance flavor and longevity.^[11] As a key ingredient in iconic Southern dishes, Smithfield ham features prominently in Virginia ham biscuits, a beloved appetizer and everyday staple that pairs thin, salty slices with flaky biscuits or sweet rolls, evoking post-World War I prosperity and community gatherings.^[52] It also appears in holiday fare such as Christmas dinners, where a glazed, bone-in ham anchors the table alongside collard greens and cornbread, and in variations of Hoppin' John, a New Year's black-eyed pea stew enriched with pork remnants for luck and flavor.^[53] These uses highlight its versatility in both casual and celebratory contexts, often served with red-eye gravy made from ham drippings and coffee.^[47] Embodying Southern hospitality, Smithfield ham symbolizes generosity and tradition, frequently centering family recipes passed down through generations, as seen in colonial-era entertaining at Mount Vernon where George and Martha Washington served it to guests.^[11] Its cultural resonance extends to economic ties with Virginia's peanut farming, dating to the late 19th century when local hogs foraged peanut fields post-harvest, infusing the meat with a distinctive nutty flavor that bolstered the region's agricultural identity and ham exports by the late 19th century.^[3]^[47] Following the 2024 discontinuation by Smithfield Foods, smaller producers like Darden's Country Store have expanded facilities in 2025, investing $1.2 million to increase production capacity fivefold and bolster the local economy through job creation and sourcing Virginia-grown products.^[54] This integration reinforced Smithfield's role as a hub for preserved foods, enhancing Virginia's culinary and economic landscape.^[33]

Festivals and Local Traditions

Smithfield, Virginia, embraces its identity as the "Ham Capital of the World" through a variety of annual events that highlight its pork-curing legacy. The town hosts festivals such as the Hog Jog charity run and the Bacon & Bourbon Fest in October, both of which incorporate ham-themed elements to foster town pride and tourism. These gatherings not only promote Smithfield hams but also reinforce the community's historical ties to the industry. A landmark celebration occurred during the town's 250th anniversary in 2002, when organizers created a Guinness World Record-setting ham biscuit weighing over 500 pounds of ham, constructed as an 8-foot-diameter buttermilk masterpiece to symbolize the region's culinary heritage. This event, featured in the Guinness Book of World Records, underscored Smithfield's prominence in ham production and drew widespread attention to the town's traditions. Additionally, a friendly rivalry with Smithfield, North Carolina, has fueled cross-state festivities since 1985, when ham-curing contests between the two towns inspired the launch of North Carolina's annual Ham & Yam Festival, an agriculture-themed event with music, vendors, and competitions that continues to nod to the original competition. Local customs further embed ham culture into daily life, such as the display of life-sized market hog statues painted by local artists and scattered throughout downtown Smithfield, serving as public art installations that honor the town's nickname. These porcine sculptures, part of a self-guided walking tour, encourage visitors to explore the area's history and artistic interpretations of its farming roots. Preservation efforts are evident in institutions like the Isle of Wight County Museum, which features displays of aged hams, including the world's oldest edible ham cured in 1902 and monitored via a live "Ham Cam" feed. The museum also hosts events like the ham's annual birthday party, complete with cake and tours of historical exhibits. Complementing this, guided smokehouse tours at family operations like Darden's Country Store allow visitors to observe traditional curing processes in preserved structures, ensuring the techniques and stories of Smithfield ham endure for future generations.

Contemporary Status

Discontinuation of Major Production

In January 2024, Smithfield Foods announced it would discontinue production of Genuine Smithfield hams, citing declining consumer demand as a primary factor.^[5] The decision was also influenced by the high costs associated with the labor-intensive curing and aging process required for these artisanal products.^[55] This halt ended large-scale production by the company, which had been the sole remaining producer within Smithfield town limits.^[56] The closure of Smithfield Foods' last in-town curing facility concluded 88 years of the company's direct involvement in Genuine Smithfield ham production, dating back to its founding in 1936.^[56] As part of the wind-down, the company donated its final Genuine Smithfield ham—cured in 2023—to the Isle of Wight County Museum in Smithfield, Virginia, where it is preserved as a historical artifact.^[56]^[57] This ham, weighing approximately 18 pounds, represents the culmination of the traditional method and has since undergone digital preservation efforts by Virginia Commonwealth University researchers to document its physical characteristics.^[56] The discontinuation aligns with wider trends in the cured ham industry, where consumer preferences have shifted toward more convenient, mass-produced, and pre-sliced options rather than the time-consuming artisanal long-cures that define Genuine Smithfield hams.^[55] These changes reflect evolving tastes, with modern buyers favoring less salty profiles and easier preparation methods over the robust, dry-cured varieties that require extended aging of up to a year or more.^[57] As a result, Smithfield Foods has redirected resources to its broader portfolio of ready-to-eat pork products that better meet current market dynamics.^[5]

Availability and Legacy Preservation

In January 2024, Smithfield Foods, the primary producer of the Genuine Smithfield Ham, announced the discontinuation of this iconic product, which had been defined by Virginia state law since 1926 as requiring production within the town limits of Smithfield.^[56]^[58] Only limited remaining stock was available for sale at the company's Taste of Smithfield retail location on Main Street, with no plans for restocking once depleted.^[58] This decision marked the end of large-scale commercial production of the traditional dry-cured ham that had been a cornerstone of the region's economy and cuisine since the 17th century.^[56] While the Genuine Smithfield Ham is no longer produced, Smithfield Foods continues to offer a range of other cured and smoked ham products, such as hickory-smoked spiral-sliced hams and boneless varieties, widely available at major retailers including Walmart, Kroger, and Sam's Club.^[59]^[60] These modern iterations, often pre-sliced and ready-to-heat, provide accessible alternatives but differ from the labor-intensive, long-aged process of the original.^[61] In response to the discontinuation, small-scale local producers in southeastern Virginia have stepped in to meet demand for traditionally cured country hams reminiscent of the Smithfield style.^[6] Notable among these is Darden Hams, a third-generation family operation in Isle of Wight County that cures approximately 1,200 hams annually using time-honored methods: salting for 50 days, aging for six months in a smokehouse, and smoking with applewood and oak before cooking.^[6] The business, which sells through two retail locations, reported a surge in interest following the 2024 discontinuation and is investing $1.2 million in a new 7,200-square-foot facility to scale production to thousands of hams per year.^[6] Similarly, R.M. Felts Packing Co. in neighboring Southampton County has upheld a six-month long-cure process since 1958, distributing hams locally, wholesale, and internationally to sustain holiday traditions.^[6] These artisanal efforts help maintain the conceptual essence of Virginia's country ham heritage, emphasizing dry-curing and natural smoking without the geographic restrictions of the Genuine label.^[6] The legacy of the Genuine Smithfield Ham is being preserved through cultural and institutional initiatives, particularly at the Isle of Wight County Museum in Smithfield. In 2024, Smithfield Foods donated the final cured ham from its production to the museum, where it now joins displays of other historic artifacts, including the world's oldest edible ham—estimated at 122 years old—and the largest Smithfield ham ever produced.^[56]^[62] To ensure long-term accessibility for research and education, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU)'s Virtual Curation Laboratory collaborated with the museum in September 2024, using 3D scanning technology to create a high-resolution digital model of the ham.^[56] Led by anthropology professor Bernard Means and involving students like VCU alum Anna Carter, the project produced a freely available online 3D model that captures the ham's texture and form, facilitating public engagement and scholarly analysis of this emblem of Virginia's 400-year ham-curing tradition.^[56] Museum director Jennifer England highlighted the initiative's role in safeguarding the ham's historical significance for future generations.^[56]

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Dec 15, 2017 · The hogs had to be raised in the “peanut belt,” 19 counties clustered in SE Virginia and NE North Carolina. The hogs had to be peanut fed. The ...<|separator|>
[24]
Who We Are - Smithfield Foods
1926. A state law was passed stating that Genuine Smithfield Ham must be from peanut-fed hogs, raised in Isle of Wight County, and processed, treated, smoked ...
[25]
The Smithfield Saga - The Washington Post
Dec 3, 1977 · A 1966 revision of the Smithfield ham law dropped the requirement that the hogs be peanut-fed. Local farmers and the industry say that it's ...
[26]
Virginia is for Ham Lovers - The House and Home Magazine
Nov 22, 2021 · These country hams are cut from a variety of hog breeds and fed a diet of peanuts, as well as acorns, hickory nuts, corn and whatever else a pig ...
[27]
https://www.smithfieldfoods.com/our-company/who-we-are
[28]
http://thehouseandhomemagazine.com/food-and-drink/virginiaisforhamlovers/
[29]
Meat & Poultry Services
Inspection services are available to Virginia individuals or companies that slaughter and/or process meat or poultry products. Resources. Meat, Poultry and Egg ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[30]
§ 3.2-5420. Only genuine Smithfield hams to be ... - Virginia Law
3.2-5420. Only genuine Smithfield hams to be labeled or advertised as such. No person shall knowingly, label, stamp, pack, advertise, sell, or offer for ...
[31]
Ham to Ham Combat: The Tale of Two Smithfields
While most “Genuine Smithfield” hams cure for a year, this prized Virginia ham is 113, having begun its drying process in 1902. For almost twenty years it was ...
[32]
In Praise of America's Own World-Class Ham - The New York Times
Dec 17, 1997 · Part of this ham's appeal is its pedigree, which is enforced by a 1926 Virginia law that makes it illegal to call a ham ''genuine Smithfield'' ...
[33]
THE CUSTOM OF THE COUNTRY HAM - The Washington Post
Nov 10, 1991 · Along these banks, the first English settlers, with razorback pigs in tow, established Jamestown in 1607. It was here the colonists learned ...
[34]
Smithfield Ham – Peering Into The Past - Tommy's Kitchen
Apr 9, 2009 · The law was amended in 1966 to enable grain-fed hogs to qualify. An interesting tidbit is that most of the hogs processed in Smithfield come ...
[35]
History of Smithfield Foods, Inc. – FundingUniverse
Even today, under Virginia law, a ham may only be marketed as a "genuine ... By the mid-1970s Smithfield was floundering along with Liberty Equities ...
[36]
GWALTNEY'S SMITHFIELD HAM Trademark - Registration Number ...
GWALTNEY'S SMITHFIELD HAM is a trademark of P.D. GWALTNEY JR. & CO., INC.. Filed in November 22 (1930), the GWALTNEY'S SMITHFIELD HAM covers CURED ...
[37]
Pork Baron Brings Home Bacon by Trimming Smithfield's Fat
Feb 6, 1983 · Luter's home town laid claim to the "genuine" Smithfield label under a 1926 Virginia law that restricted the prestigious designation to hams ...
[38]
KNOW YOUR HAMS SO YOU WON`T BE BUYING A PIG IN A POKE
Mar 23, 1989 · A Smithfield ham may come as a bit of a surprise to the first time taster. It has a very strong, hammy flavor and is saltier and more firmly ...
[39]
https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/12/02/where-ham-for-the-ages-is-the-law/
[40]
WHERE HAM FOR THE AGES IS THE LAW - Chicago Tribune
Dec 2, 1985 · While other country-style hams need only a matter of weeks to age fully, a Smithfield ham requires six months–at least. ”Even after the six- ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[41]
The making of country ham - The News Leader
May 29, 2014 · The reason Turner lets them cure for a year is for the flavor. They lose 20 percent of their water weight by May, meeting the U.S. Department of ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[42]
All You Ever Wanted to Learn About Country Ham - Maysville Online
Dec 4, 2021 · Country hams must have lost at least 18 percent of their green weight and contain at least four percent salt. The vast majority of the 18 ...
[43]
Virginia Peanuts, Seasoned Peanuts and Chocolate Covered from The Peanut Shop of Williamsburg
### Summary of Traditional Preparation Methods for Smithfield or Country Hams
[44]
Country Ham 'n All the Fixins - KQED
Feb 21, 2008 · Soak the ham for about 24 to 48 hours. Yep, you heard me right. And change the water as often as you can, maybe every 4 to 8 hours or so.
[45]
[PDF] Ham Simplified - Amazon S3
To prepare ham: Once you receive your uncooked Genuine Smithfield or Country Ham and are ready to prepare it, wash the ham thoroughly in warm water. Use ...
[46]
How To Cook a Ham Three Different Ways | Reynolds Brands
Apr 24, 2025 · Preheat the oven to 325°F and heat the ham for about 10 minutes per pound. If you prefer, you can also warm individual slices by using a skillet or microwave.
[47]
Hams and Food Safety
The leg bone and aitch (hip) bone remain. Ham, Smithfield: This is an aged, dry-cured ham made exclusively in Smithfield, Virginia. The use of the words "brand ...
[48]
Country Ham and Red Eye Gravy Recipe - What's Cooking America
11 minThe Isle of Wight Museum located in Smithfield, Virginia is home to the “World's Oldest Smithfield Ham.” Originally cured in 1902, this ham somehow escaped ...Missing: origins | Show results with:origins<|control11|><|separator|>
[49]
Virginia Country Ham Biscuits - The Seasoned Mom
Rating 4.0 (4) · 32 minA pride of Virginia culture, Country Ham Biscuits combine salty, cured meat with fluffy buttermilk biscuits -- a tasty Southern tradition!
[50]
Smithfield Ham - Cooking - eGullet Forums
Dec 15, 2002 · Smithfield hams can be simmered after soaking, or boiled. Some suggest a long, slow simmer. Simmer to remove salt, and slice very thin.Missing: traditional | Show results with:traditional
[51]
Smithfield Ham Baked with Madeira Recipe | Epicurious
Rating 3.4 (7) Aug 20, 2004 · Place ham on roasting rack set in heavy large roasting pan. Spread butter over ham. Sprinkle nutmeg over ham. Pour Madeira into pan. Bake ham ...
[52]
How should you cook a Smithfield spiral ham? - Quora
Mar 2, 2017 · Set that in a preheated, 325F oven (163C) and bake until the interior is 140F (60C). I would expect the time to range from 10 minutes to 15 ...How to reheat Smithfield's spiral hamHow to bake a spiral hamMore results from www.quora.com
[53]
Country Ham with Red Eye Gravy Recipe - Lana's Cooking
Rating 5.0 (14) · 20 minSep 16, 2024 · Serve over plain or cheese grits, split biscuits, or over the cooked ham. Notes. Choose slices from a good quality dry-cured Smithfield or ...Recipe Snapshot · What is Country Ham? · How to Make Country Ham...
[54]
The Best Ham Salad - The Country Cook
Rating 5.0 (261) · 20 minOct 6, 2024 · The best ham salad recipe only requires leftover ham, mayonnaise, celery, onion and perfectly combined seasonings! My most requested recipe!Leftover Ham Recipes · Ham Salad Pinwheels · Old-Fashioned Bologna Salad<|control11|><|separator|>
[55]
In Praise of Ham Biscuits - Virginia Living
Aug 4, 2022 · Virginia ham predates the biscuits by several centuries. In fact, the ham biscuit we know today is a turn-of-the-century innovation, the result ...
[56]
Virginia's Traditional Holiday Recipes
Oct 16, 2024 · Dishes like Hoppin' John, Virginia peanut soup, and Virginia ham bring together family and friends, creating lasting memories around the dinner ...
[57]
Column - 'Genuine Smithfield Ham' gone forever, or is it?
Feb 6, 2024 · It's true that Smithfield Foods was the only meat packer curing "Genuine" hams in recent decades. The company had bought out all the others. The ...
[58]
VCU helps digitally preserve the last Genuine Smithfield Ham
Sep 17, 2024 · In January, Smithfield Foods, the last such producer of Smithfield ham within the town limits, announced it would discontinue production of the ...
[59]
This Is How A Virginia Museum Got What It Calls 'The Last Ham'
Jan 20, 2025 · Thus, the company discontinued the product in 2024. Before getting rid of the whole supply, Smithfields donated the Last Ham to the Isle of ...
[60]
End of an era: Smithfield Foods discontinues Genuine Smithfield Ham
Jan 24, 2024 · Smithfield Foods has stopped producing the brand-name Genuine Smithfield Hams that have become synonymous with the company's namesake town.
[61]
Smithfield Ham - Walmart
4.3 5K · Free 90-day returnsSmithfield, Boneless Cooked Hickory Smoked Ham Steak, 97% Fat-Free, 1 to 2 Pounds. 20004.4 out of 5 Stars. 2000 reviews. Save with. Walmart Plus.Missing: hind leg
[62]
Smithfield Spirals Hickory Smoked Spiral Sliced Ham, 10.24 lb
Rating 3.8 (141) · Free delivery over $35 · 30-day returnsOne Smithfield Spirals Hickory Smoked Spiral Sliced Ham; Pre-sliced ham is hickory smoked for savory flavor; Smoked spiral ham made from high-quality pork ...Missing: umami | Show results with:umami
[63]
Smithfield Spirals Hickory Smoked Spiral Sliced Ham
Rating 3.6 (167) Hickory Smoked Spiral Sliced Ham with Bourbon, Honey and Orange Glaze A tender Smithfield ham finished with a warm, citrusy bourbon glaze—perfect for any ...Missing: hind | Show results with:hind
[64]
World's Oldest Edible Ham - Atlas Obscura
Aug 23, 2017 · The ham is housed in the Isle of Wight County Museum, which is also home to the world's oldest peanut. It occupies a climate-controlled display ...