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Stretch marks

Stretch marks, also known as striae or striae distensae, are a common dermatological condition characterized by linear, atrophic scars that form in the dermis due to rapid stretching or contraction of the skin, leading to breaks in collagen and elastin fibers.^[1] They typically appear as indented streaks or bands on areas such as the abdomen, breasts, hips, buttocks, thighs, upper arms, and lower back, and are not contagious or physically harmful but can cause cosmetic concern or emotional distress.^[2] Stretch marks often develop during periods of significant skin expansion, including pregnancy (affecting 43% to 88% of women, particularly in the third trimester), rapid weight gain or loss, puberty or adolescent growth spurts (prevalence 6% to 86%), bodybuilding, or prolonged corticosteroid use.^[1] Risk factors include female sex, family history, obesity (prevalence up to 43%), certain ethnic backgrounds (higher in Black women), smoking, and genetic disorders such as Marfan syndrome or Cushing syndrome, which weaken skin elasticity through hormonal or connective tissue abnormalities.^[1] Initially, fresh stretch marks (striae rubrae) appear as reddish, pinkish, purplish, or bluish inflamed lines that may itch or irritate, gradually fading over 6 to 12 months into pale, white, or silvery atrophic lines (striae albae) without treatment.^[2] Although stretch marks usually improve naturally over time, various treatments aim to reduce their visibility, including topical retinoids like tretinoin (applied for at least 6 months), laser therapy (such as pulsed dye or fractional lasers requiring 3 to 6 sessions), microneedling, dermabrasion, and radiofrequency, though evidence of efficacy is limited and complete eradication is uncommon, with potential side effects like skin irritation or pigmentation changes.^[1] Prevention strategies focus on gradual weight management, staying hydrated, consuming a nutrient-rich diet high in vitamins A, C, D, zinc, and protein to support collagen production, regular exercise to enhance circulation, and daily moisturization, but no method guarantees avoidance due to genetic and hormonal influences.^[2]

Clinical features

Signs

Stretch marks initially appear as reddish or purplish linear streaks known as striae rubra, characterized by inflammation and dilated blood vessels that contribute to their erythematous hue.^[3]^[1] These early lesions are slightly raised and may exhibit a flattened, thin skin surface with a pink to violaceous color.^[3]^[1] Over time, striae rubra evolve into mature pale, white, or silvery scars termed striae alba as the lesions fade and collagen remodels, typically over months to years.^[1]^[3] The mature form presents as hypopigmented, atrophic, and wrinkled linear scars that are less raised and more depressed than their initial stage.^[1]^[3] Stretch marks commonly occur on the abdomen, thighs, hips, buttocks, breasts, upper arms, and back, often aligning perpendicular to the direction of skin tension.^[4]^[1] They vary in width from 1 to 10 mm and in length up to several centimeters, with an indented or initially raised texture that flattens as they mature.^[3]^[4] Visibility of stretch marks differs by skin tone; they are often more conspicuous on lighter skin due to contrast with the surrounding pigmentation, while on darker skin tones, striae alba appear hypopigmented, enhancing their prominence.^[3]^[1] These marks frequently arise from rapid skin stretching, such as during pregnancy.^[4]

Symptoms

During the early phase of stretch mark formation, known as striae rubrae, individuals may experience mild itching, tingling, or a burning sensation in the affected areas, attributed to the inflammatory response triggered by rapid skin stretching.^[1]^[5]^[6] Affected skin can also exhibit tenderness or hypersensitivity during this active period, contributing to discomfort as the dermal layers adapt to tension.^[7]^[8] In contrast, mature stretch marks, or striae albae, are typically asymptomatic, with no ongoing sensory discomfort once the inflammatory phase resolves.^[1] Although rare, excessive scratching of itchy early stretch marks can lead to secondary infections, resulting in additional pain, swelling, or redness in the compromised skin.^[5]

Pathophysiology

Mechanism of formation

Stretch marks, or striae distensae, form when rapid mechanical stretching of the skin surpasses the elastic capacity of the dermis, resulting in structural failure of the connective tissue. This excessive tension, often perpendicular to the lines of stress, weakens the dermal framework and leads to the rupture of collagen and elastin fibers, creating linear breaks in the tissue.^[9]^[10] The process begins with progressive skin distention that overloads the extracellular matrix, causing fragmentation of elastic fibers and reduced synthesis of supportive proteins like procollagen and fibronectin.^[11] An inflammatory cascade follows the initial rupture, involving degranulation of mast cells and activation of macrophages, which release enzymes such as elastase and cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1). This response promotes elastolysis in the mid-dermis and stimulates fibroblast activity, leading to disorganized extracellular matrix remodeling and heightened inflammation.^[9]^[10] The mechanical tension also alters gene expression, downregulating genes for collagen and fibronectin while upregulating those involved in matrix disassembly, such as elastin-related genes and MMP1, further contributing to dermal instability.^[11]^[12] The formation progresses through distinct stages: an initial phase characterized by dermal thinning and subtle matrix weakening under tension; a formative stage marked by fiber rupture and acute inflammation, manifesting as erythematous lesions (striae rubrae); and a postformative remodeling stage where inflammation subsides, leading to scar-like atrophy with dense, parallel collagen bundles (striae albae).^[11]^[10] Hormonal factors, such as elevated glucocorticoids, may briefly exacerbate this process by inhibiting fibroblast proliferation and collagen production.^[9]

Histological changes

Stretch marks, or striae distensae, exhibit distinct histological alterations primarily in the epidermis and dermis, reflecting the tissue's response to mechanical stress. The epidermis undergoes atrophy, becoming notably thinner compared to adjacent normal skin, with a loss of the normal undulating architecture. This is accompanied by flattening of the rete ridges, which are the downward projections of the epidermis into the dermis, leading to a smoother interface between the two layers.^[13]^[14] In the dermis, particularly in mature striae alba, collagen fibers show fragmentation and clumping, resulting in bundles that are thinner, more densely packed, and oriented parallel to the skin surface rather than the typical perpendicular arrangement. This disorganization reduces the skin's elasticity and contributes to the permanent scarring appearance. Elastic fibers beneath the epidermis are abnormal, often displaying a parallel orientation with breakage, retraction, and a fine, curled, haphazard arrangement, further diminishing dermal resilience. The extracellular matrix experiences an increase in glycosaminoglycans during early stages, which may aid in provisional repair, but overall shows decreased elastin content, exacerbating the loss of tissue flexibility.^[13]^[14]^[11] Early striae rubra are characterized by inflammatory infiltrates, including perivascular lymphocytic cuffing and mast cell degranulation in the mid-dermis, accompanied by edema and elastolysis. As lesions mature into striae alba, these inflammatory elements diminish, transitioning to fibrotic scarring with persistent atrophy and matrix remodeling, where components like fibronectin and fibrillin fail to restore normal structure. These changes are triggered by rupture of dermal structures due to excessive stretching, but the histological outcomes represent fixed pathological features.^[13]^[14]^[11]

Etiology and risk factors

Physical causes

Stretch marks, also known as striae distensae, arise from excessive mechanical stretching of the skin, which disrupts the dermal layer and leads to visible linear scars. This physical stress occurs when the skin expands rapidly beyond its elastic capacity, commonly triggered by physiological or lifestyle-related changes that cause distension in areas such as the abdomen, thighs, hips, breasts, and back.^[1] During pregnancy, abdominal distension from progressive uterine enlargement and fetal growth is a primary physical cause of stretch marks, often appearing on the abdomen, breasts, hips, and thighs as the skin accommodates the expanding uterus. This mechanical expansion typically begins in the second or third trimester, with the degree of stretching influenced by the rate and extent of abdominal growth.^[4] In puberty, rapid growth spurts in adolescents lead to skin stretching, particularly on the back, thighs, hips, and shoulders, as the body undergoes accelerated linear growth and tissue expansion. These marks are common in both boys and girls during this period, reflecting the skin's challenge in adapting to sudden increases in height and body mass.^[15]^[16]^[17] Weight gain or obesity contributes to stretch marks through the accumulation of adipose tissue, which causes skin expansion in regions like the hips, abdomen, buttocks, and upper arms. The faster and more substantial the weight gain, the greater the mechanical stress on the skin, increasing the likelihood of striae formation in these distended areas. Smoking also increases risk by damaging collagen and elastin fibers, reducing skin elasticity and making it more susceptible to stretching injuries.^[16]^[18]^[1] Intense bodybuilding or extreme exercise regimens can induce stretch marks via muscle hypertrophy, where rapid enlargement of muscle mass stretches the overlying skin, commonly affecting the shoulders, biceps, and thighs. This occurs particularly in individuals pursuing significant muscle gains through weight training, as the skin struggles to accommodate the swift volumetric increase in underlying tissues.^[19]^[16]^[20] Cushing's syndrome manifests physically with central obesity that leads to skin stretching and wide purple striae, primarily on the abdomen, thighs, breasts, and upper arms, due to the accumulation of fat in the trunk region. These marks result from the mechanical distension caused by this pattern of weight gain, distinguishing them from typical striae in appearance and location.^[21]^[22] These physical triggers interact with underlying genetic susceptibility to influence the severity and likelihood of stretch mark development.^[1]

Hormonal and genetic factors

Hormonal influences play a significant role in the development of stretch marks, or striae distensae (SD), by altering the skin's structural integrity and elasticity. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol produced by the adrenal glands, inhibit fibroblast function and reduce collagen synthesis, leading to weakened dermal extracellular matrix. Elevated glucocorticoid receptor expression in SD-affected skin contributes to this process by promoting protein degradation and skin atrophy, as observed in conditions like Cushing syndrome where higher incidence of SD occurs due to excess corticotrophin-releasing hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone.^[23]^[24] Fluctuations in sex hormones further exacerbate dermal fragility. During puberty, rapid growth spurts accompanied by surges in estrogen and other hormones diminish skin elasticity, making adolescents particularly susceptible to striae formation. In pregnancy, elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone affect collagen metabolism and skin pliability, contributing to the high prevalence of striae gravidarum by rendering the dermis more vulnerable to mechanical stress. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use mimics these effects through hormonal imbalances, promoting disproportionate muscle hypertrophy and subsequent striae, often on the shoulders and back.^[17]^[25]^[24]^[26] Genetic predisposition also underlies susceptibility to SD, with family history serving as a key risk factor that impairs fibroblast activity and collagen production. Genome-wide association studies have identified variants near the ELN gene, which encodes elastin—a critical component of elastic microfibrils in the dermis—as significantly associated with SD development, highlighting the role of inherited defects in skin resilience. Genetic factors also contribute to ethnic variations in prevalence, with studies showing higher incidence and severity in Black women compared to White women.^[1]^[27]^[1] Stretch marks are more prevalent in individuals with connective tissue disorders, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) and Marfan syndrome, where genetic mutations lead to inherent weaknesses in collagen, elastin, and fibrillin fibers, resulting in hyperextensible skin prone to striae even without extreme stretching. In hypermobile EDS, stretch marks appear alongside mild atrophic scarring due to these underlying defects.^[1]^[28]^[1] These hormonal and genetic elements often interact with physical stretching from weight changes to initiate SD formation.^[24]

Epidemiology

Prevalence

Stretch marks, also known as striae distensae, affect 50% to 90% of the general population at some point in their lives, making them one of the most common dermatological conditions.^[29] This wide range reflects variations across studies and populations, with the condition typically emerging between the ages of 5 and 50 due to periods of rapid skin stretching.^[29] In pregnant women, the prevalence is particularly high, ranging from 50% to 90%, with many cases developing during the third trimester as abdominal distension peaks.^[30] For instance, studies indicate that up to 90% of women may experience stretch marks known as striae gravidarum by the end of pregnancy, though exact figures vary by study methodology and population.^[31] Among adolescents, stretch marks occur in 70% of females and 40% of males during puberty-related growth spurts, with overall prevalence ranging from 6% to 86%.^[32]^[1] In adult men, the prevalence is lower, estimated at around 11%, and is often linked to factors like rapid muscle gain from weightlifting or significant weight changes.^[33] Individuals with a family history of stretch marks exhibit higher rates, underscoring a genetic predisposition.^[29]

Affected populations

Stretch marks primarily affect females more frequently than males, with women being approximately 2 to 3 times more prone due to physiological changes associated with pregnancy and hormonal fluctuations during reproductive years.^[1]^[4] This disparity is evident across various studies, where female-specific factors like gestation contribute significantly to higher occurrence rates.^[34] The condition peaks in two main age groups: adolescence, particularly between 12 and 18 years, when rapid growth spurts strain the skin, and the reproductive age range of 20 to 40 years, coinciding with pregnancy and potential weight fluctuations.^[1]^[4] Younger individuals in these periods experience accelerated dermal stretching, making them particularly susceptible.^[35] Ethnic variations show higher prevalence among Black, Hispanic, African American, and certain Asian populations, including East and South Asians, compared to those of European descent.^[36]^[1] However, stretch marks tend to be more prominent and visible on darker skin tones due to greater contrast with the hypopigmented scars.^[1]^[37] High-risk groups include athletes, especially those involved in bodybuilding or intense training leading to muscle hypertrophy, as well as obese individuals experiencing rapid weight gain (prevalence up to 43%).^[1]^[38]^[1] Individuals with connective tissue disorders, such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, are also disproportionately affected owing to inherent skin fragility.^[1]^[28] Stretch marks have been linked to genetic factors in families, with a history of the condition increasing susceptibility in relatives.^[4]^[35]

Diagnosis

Clinical assessment

The clinical assessment of stretch marks, also known as striae distensae, begins with a detailed patient history to identify potential triggers and risk factors. Clinicians inquire about recent rapid weight changes, pregnancy, puberty, or rapid muscle growth from activities like weightlifting, as these are common precipitants of skin stretching. Additionally, history of prolonged topical or systemic corticosteroid use is elicited, along with any underlying medical conditions such as Cushing syndrome or Marfan syndrome, and family history to assess genetic predisposition. Patients may report associated symptoms like pruritus or discomfort during the early phase.^[1]^[39] Visual inspection forms the cornerstone of evaluation, focusing on the characteristic linear, atrophic bands that appear in areas of mechanical tension, such as the abdomen, thighs, breasts, hips, buttocks, or flanks. These lesions are typically 1-10 mm wide and several centimeters long, oriented parallel to the skin's Langer lines, and may show irregular borders. Early lesions present as erythematous or violaceous streaks (striae rubrae), while mature ones fade to hypopigmented or pearly white scars (striae albae), reflecting the progression from inflammation to atrophy. The distribution and morphology help confirm the diagnosis without the need for further testing in most cases.^[1]^[39] Palpation complements visual examination by assessing the texture and depth of the lesions. In the active phase (striae rubrae), the skin may feel slightly raised with a fine wrinkling, whereas mature striae albae are palpably depressed and atrophic, often with a smooth, paper-like quality. This tactile evaluation aids in determining the lesion's maturity and extent, particularly in areas where visual cues are subtle due to skin pigmentation.^[1]^[39] Staging of stretch marks is primarily based on color and clinical maturity to inform prognosis and management decisions. Striae rubrae represent the inflammatory early stage, appearing red or purple due to vascular dilation and collagen disruption, and are more amenable to intervention. In contrast, striae albae indicate the chronic, healed phase with hypopigmentation and dermal thinning, which is generally more resistant to treatment. This classification relies on non-invasive observation and helps differentiate active from quiescent lesions.^[1]^[39] For enhanced evaluation, particularly in early or atypical cases, dermoscopy is employed as a non-invasive tool to visualize subtle vascular patterns and pigmentary changes. It reveals telangiectasias and increased melanization in striae rubrae, contrasting with the homogeneous hypopigmentation and loss of rete ridges in striae albae, thereby confirming the diagnosis and assessing lesion activity without tissue sampling.^[1]

Differential diagnosis

Stretch marks, also known as striae distensae, must be differentiated from other linear or atrophic skin conditions that may mimic their appearance, particularly in cases of atypical presentation or unusual locations.^[40] Linear morphea, a subtype of localized scleroderma, can present as linear lesions but is distinguished by the presence of sclerosis and induration, leading to thickened, bound-down skin, whereas stretch marks lack sclerosis and exhibit a parallel orientation following skin tension lines without induration.^[40]^[41] Keloids and hypertrophic scars are raised, often hyperpigmented lesions resulting from excessive collagen production following trauma, contrasting with the atrophic, hypopigmented, and flattened nature of stretch marks, which do not extend beyond their boundaries or exhibit hypertrophic features.^[40]^[42] Laceration scars or other traumatic scars typically arise from external injury, resulting in irregular, asymmetric lines without a history of skin stretching, whereas stretch marks develop symmetrically without trauma, often aligned with areas of rapid growth or expansion such as the abdomen or thighs.^[40]^[43] Other differentials include anetoderma, characterized by circumscribed areas of flaccid skin due to loss of dermal elastic tissue, often on the trunk; cutis laxa, featuring loose, sagging skin from generalized elastic fiber defects; and pseudoxanthoma elasticum, with yellowish papules and plaques from calcified elastic fibers, typically in flexural areas. These can be distinguished through clinical history, palpation for laxity or papules, and histopathology if needed.^[1]

Prevention

Lifestyle interventions

Maintaining gradual weight gain is a key lifestyle strategy to reduce the risk of stretch mark development, particularly during periods of natural body expansion such as pregnancy. Rapid weight fluctuations cause the skin to stretch abruptly, leading to tears in the dermis. Health experts recommend aiming for a steady increase of approximately 0.23 to 0.45 kg (0.5 to 1 lb) per week in the second and third trimesters for individuals with normal pre-pregnancy BMI, with adjustments based on BMI (e.g., less for overweight).^[44]^[45]^[46] This approach not only supports overall maternal health but also minimizes excessive tension on skin tissues prone to striae formation. A nutrient-rich diet plays an essential role in bolstering skin elasticity through the intake of specific vitamins and minerals. Consuming foods high in vitamins C and E, along with zinc, promotes collagen synthesis and protects skin cells from oxidative stress. For instance, vitamin C from citrus fruits and berries aids in collagen production for stronger dermal structure, while vitamin E from nuts and seeds serves as an antioxidant to maintain skin integrity; zinc, found in fish and eggs, further supports tissue repair and elasticity. Incorporating protein-rich foods like lean meats and legumes complements these nutrients by providing building blocks for skin proteins.^[45] Regular physical activity contributes to prevention by enhancing muscle tone and facilitating controlled weight management, thereby avoiding sudden expansions that strain the skin. Moderate exercises such as walking, yoga, or swimming help build underlying support without promoting extreme bulking, allowing the skin to adjust gradually to bodily changes. This practice is especially beneficial for individuals aware of their genetic predisposition to reduced skin resilience.^[45] Adequate hydration is vital for keeping skin supple and less susceptible to tearing under stress. Pregnant women are encouraged to consume 64 to 96 ounces (1.9 to 2.8 liters) of fluids daily to maintain hydration levels, which enhances overall skin flexibility. Complementing this, abstaining from smoking is critical, as tobacco use degrades collagen and elastin fibers, thereby heightening stretch mark vulnerability through diminished skin repair capacity.^[47]^[16]^[48] Supportive garments, including maternity belts, offer practical aid by providing abdominal support during pregnancy.^[49]

Prophylactic treatments

Prophylactic treatments for stretch marks primarily involve topical applications and oral supplements aimed at improving skin elasticity and hydration to mitigate the risk of development, particularly in high-risk groups such as pregnant individuals or those with rapid growth phases. These interventions focus on enhancing collagen production and dermal integrity before visible marks appear. However, high-quality evidence for their effectiveness in preventing stretch marks is limited. Topical moisturizers containing centella asiatica extract have shown potential in reducing the incidence of stretch marks when applied regularly during pregnancy. A randomized controlled trial demonstrated that a cream with centella asiatica, alpha tocopherol, and collagen-elastin hydrolysates significantly lowered the occurrence of stretch marks compared to placebo, likely due to improved skin hydration and elasticity.^[50] Similarly, hyaluronic acid-based moisturizers enhance skin hydration and elasticity, which may help prevent stretch mark formation by maintaining dermal structure during periods of tension. Clinical observations indicate that hyaluronic acid application supports skin barrier function, reducing the likelihood of tears in susceptible areas.^[8] Tretinoin cream at 0.1% concentration may improve the appearance of early stretch marks in non-pregnant individuals by stimulating collagen synthesis. A clinical study found that tretinoin application over two months led to notable improvements in stretch mark severity scores by boosting collagen production. However, tretinoin is contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential fetal risks, and evidence for use before any marks appear is lacking.^[51]^[52] Oral supplements, including collagen peptides, offer modest benefits for skin elasticity based on randomized trials evaluating skin health outcomes. Daily ingestion of collagen peptides has been associated with enhanced skin elasticity and hydration, suggesting a potential role in supporting dermal matrix, though direct evidence for preventing stretch marks is limited. These supplements are particularly targeted at individuals with a family history of stretch marks. Vitamin E supplementation shows limited evidence for skin resilience, primarily from topical studies.^[53]^[50] Applications of bio-oil or cocoa butter are commonly used for prevention, but evidence indicates limited efficacy beyond placebo effects. A Cochrane systematic review of multiple trials concluded that cocoa butter and similar emollients do not significantly prevent stretch marks in pregnancy, despite their moisturizing properties. Bio-oil, containing vitamin E and plant oils, similarly lacks high-quality support for prophylactic use, with studies showing no substantial reduction in incidence.^[8]^[54]

Treatment

Treatments for stretch marks aim to improve appearance but generally have limited evidence from small clinical studies, with modest results (typically 20-75% improvement) and no complete eradication. Side effects may include skin irritation, redness, or pigmentation changes, and efficacy varies by mark maturity and skin type.

Topical therapies

Topical therapies for stretch marks primarily involve creams, ointments, and lotions applied directly to the skin to improve the appearance of existing lesions, with efficacy varying based on the maturity of the marks. These treatments target early reddish stretch marks (striae rubra) or mature white ones (striae alba) by promoting collagen synthesis, enhancing hydration, or exfoliating the surface. Selection often depends on lesion maturity assessed during clinical evaluation, though results are generally modest and require consistent application over several months. Retinoids, particularly tretinoin at concentrations of 0.025% to 0.1%, are among the most studied topical agents for stretch marks. Tretinoin stimulates collagen production in the dermis, leading to improved texture and reduced visibility of early striae rubra.^[51] Clinical trials have demonstrated significant enhancements in stretch mark appearance after nightly application for 3 to 6 months, with reductions in length and width of up to 14% and 8%, respectively, compared to vehicle controls. However, retinoids are contraindicated during pregnancy due to their teratogenic effects, which can pose risks to fetal development.^[55] For mature striae alba, hyaluronic acid formulations and silicone-based gels offer benefits through hydration and barrier protection. Low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid, often combined with amino acids, has been shown to enhance skin appearance and elasticity in stretch marks, with visible improvements noted 15 days after treatment and sustained at 6 months.^[56] Silicone gels create an occlusive layer that retains moisture, increases collagen levels, and reduces pigmentation, making them suitable for at-home use on older lesions.^[57] Centella asiatica extracts, derived from the medicinal plant, promote fibroblast proliferation and collagen remodeling, contributing to better skin firmness. Biological evaluations and clinical studies indicate that topical application can lead to 20-50% improvement in stretch mark appearance by enhancing dermal structure and reducing atrophy.^[58] These extracts are generally well-tolerated and provide a natural alternative for ongoing management. Chemical peels using glycolic acid at 20-70% concentrations represent another topical approach, particularly for superficial exfoliation. These peels stimulate epidermal renewal and collagen deposition, improving the overall texture of stretch marks when applied in a series of 4 to 6 sessions spaced weeks apart.^[59] Comparative studies confirm their safety and efficacy, though professional supervision is recommended to minimize irritation.^[59]

Procedural treatments

Procedural treatments for stretch marks, also known as striae distensae, encompass minimally invasive or device-based interventions performed by dermatologists to stimulate collagen remodeling and improve skin texture. These therapies are typically recommended for established striae, particularly striae alba, after clinical assessment determines the stage and severity, as they target dermal atrophy more effectively than topical approaches. Common options include laser therapies, microneedling combined with energy delivery, and injectables, often requiring multiple sessions with downtime due to potential erythema, edema, or crusting.^[20] Fractional laser therapy utilizes ablative or non-ablative lasers, such as CO2 or erbium:YAG (Er:YAG), to create microthermal zones that promote collagen remodeling and neocollagenesis in the dermis. The fractional CO2 laser vaporizes microscopic columns of tissue, stimulating fibroblast activity and epidermal renewal, which has been shown to yield good to excellent improvement in 75% of patients with striae alba after three sessions spaced 4-6 weeks apart.^[60] Similarly, the Er:YAG laser ablates superficial skin layers with less thermal damage than CO2, achieving clinical improvement in striae distensae through enhanced collagen deposition, with studies reporting moderate efficacy in reducing atrophy after 3-5 treatments.^[61] Overall, these lasers can result in 50-75% improvement in appearance for mature stretch marks, though results vary by skin type and lesion age, with darker phototypes at higher risk for post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.^[62]^[63] Microneedling with radiofrequency (RF) involves insulated needles that deliver controlled thermal energy to deeper dermal layers, inducing neocollagenesis and elastin production without significant epidermal injury, making it particularly effective for striae alba. This modality creates fractional injuries combined with RF heating to contract fibrous bands and improve texture, with clinical trials demonstrating superior outcomes when combined with fractional CO2 laser, showing marked reduction in stretch mark width and color after 3-4 sessions spaced 4-6 weeks apart.^[64] Nanofractional RF alone has been reported as highly effective with a favorable safety profile, achieving over 50% improvement in striae severity in randomized studies, and minimal downtime compared to ablative lasers.^[65]^[66] Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections derive from autologous blood centrifugation to concentrate growth factors, which are then injected or applied topically to enhance wound healing and tissue regeneration when combined with procedural modalities. PRP promotes angiogenesis and collagen synthesis, showing significant subjective and objective improvement in stretch mark appearance, with one review noting better efficacy in reducing severity when used adjunctively.^[67] When paired with microneedling, PRP yields synergistic effects by amplifying neocollagenesis, as evidenced by comparative studies where the combination outperformed microneedling monotherapy in patient satisfaction and clinical scoring for striae distensae after 4-6 sessions.^[67] This approach is well-tolerated, with low complication rates, though multiple treatments are needed for optimal results. Microdermabrasion employs mechanical exfoliation with abrasive crystals or diamond tips to resurface the superficial epidermis, suitable for mild stretch marks by promoting mild collagen stimulation and even skin tone. It is less invasive than lasers, with sessions typically every 1-2 weeks, but efficacy is limited for deeper atrophic striae, showing only about 20-25% improvement in appearance compared to more advanced therapies.^[68] When combined with PRP, microdermabrasion enhances outcomes through improved penetration and healing, though it remains a secondary option for superficial cases due to modest standalone results.^[20] Emerging therapies like pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy, sometimes termed variable electromagnetic field (V-EMF), provide non-thermal stimulation to fibroblasts via low-frequency pulses, fostering collagen reorganization without skin penetration. Recent 2020s studies indicate promise for stretch marks, with one clinical evaluation showing significant reduction in striae width and improved elasticity after 8-10 sessions using combined electromagnetic fields and negative pressure, offering a painless alternative with no downtime.^[69] Further research, including radiofrequency-integrated PEMF, supports its safety and subjective efficacy for striae treatment, though larger trials are needed to confirm long-term benefits.^[70]

History

Early descriptions

The earliest documented medical recognition of stretch marks, or striae, dates to 1773, when German obstetrician Johann Georg Roederer described linear skin changes on the abdomens of pregnant women, marking the first clinical observation of the condition.^[71] By the late 19th century, French physicians Eugène Troisier and Pierre Ménétrier provided the initial histological examination of striae in 1889, identifying atrophic dermal alterations characterized by thinned collagen fibers and parallel fissures perpendicular to the skin's tension lines.^[72] In 1936, Italian dermatologist Luigi Nardelli formalized the term "striae atrophicae" to denote these atrophic linear lesions, distinguishing them from other cutaneous scars based on their development during periods of rapid skin distension.^[17] Early 20th-century observations further linked stretch marks to endocrine dysfunction, notably in Harvey Cushing's 1912 description of what became known as Cushing's syndrome, where wide, violaceous abdominal and truncal striae were highlighted as a hallmark sign of hyperadrenal cortical activity.^[73]

Modern understanding

In the early 20th century, the association between stretch marks (striae distensae) and excess corticosteroids was established through the description of Cushing's syndrome, where purple abdominal striae were identified as a hallmark feature due to elevated glucocorticoid levels from pituitary basophilism. This laid the foundation for understanding iatrogenic cases, as synthetic corticosteroids introduced in the 1940s and topical formulations in the 1950s were soon linked to similar dermal changes in patients receiving prolonged therapy, highlighting non-mechanical causes of striae formation.^[1] During the 1970s and 1980s, histological investigations advanced the understanding of striae pathology. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that striae consist of tightly packed, parallel collagen bundles oriented superficially in the dermis, resembling scar tissue with reduced elasticity and confirmed dermal atrophy, contrasting with the wavy, interwoven collagen in normal skin.^[74] These findings underscored the role of mechanical stress in disrupting extracellular matrix integrity, with electron microscopy demonstrating fragmented elastic fibers and fibroblast dysfunction in affected areas.^[75] In the 1990s, research shifted toward genetic influences on striae susceptibility, particularly in familial cases. Studies identified heritable factors contributing to connective tissue weakness, including decreased expression of collagen and fibronectin genes in striae tissue.^[76] Associations were noted in conditions involving collagen defects, such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. This era emphasized polygenic predisposition, setting the stage for later genome-wide analyses. From the 2000s to the 2020s, molecular studies elucidated key pathways in striae development, focusing on transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling in dermal fibrosis. Research showed dysregulated TGF-β expression leads to excessive extracellular matrix production and elastin degradation, contributing to the atrophic scars of mature striae alba.^[77] Concurrently, clinical trials advanced laser therapies, with fractional non-ablative lasers demonstrating improved collagen remodeling and clinical appearance in randomized controlled studies, achieving up to 50% reduction in striae width through targeted dermal stimulation.^[78]

Terminology

Medical nomenclature

In medical literature, stretch marks are formally classified under the term striae distensae, which denotes linear dermal scars resulting from mechanical stretching of the skin.^[1] This nomenclature emphasizes the distending or stretching mechanism underlying their formation, distinguishing them from other atrophic skin conditions.^[3] A specific subtype, striae gravidarum, is reserved for stretch marks arising during pregnancy, often on the abdomen, breasts, or thighs due to hormonal and mechanical factors associated with gestation.^[3] Stretch marks are further categorized by their clinical stage: striae rubrae describe the early, erythematous, and slightly raised phase with active inflammation, while striae albae refer to the mature, hypopigmented, and atrophic stage where the marks appear white and flattened.^[1]^[3] An alternative historical term, striae atrophicae (atrophic stripes), highlights the thinned and wrinkled skin texture and has been used in pathology to encompass these lesions, derived from early dermatological descriptions of skin atrophy.^[3] In the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), stretch marks are coded as L90.6 under striae atrophicae, classifying them within atrophic disorders of the skin.^[79]

Etymology

The term "stretch marks" emerged in the English vernacular during the 20th century as a descriptive phrase for visible skin scarring resulting from rapid stretching, with the earliest documented use appearing in 1960.^[80] In medical contexts, the foundational Latin term "striae" (plural of stria) originates from the verb striare, meaning "to groove" or "to furrow," and dates back to Roman times, where it described linear channels or indentations, including those on the skin. This root reflects the furrowed appearance of the lesions, and the word entered anatomical and dermatological usage in the 16th century to denote narrow stripes or grooves in various tissues.^[81] The compound term "striae distensae," translating to "stretched striae," was introduced in 19th-century dermatological literature to specify stretch-related skin marks, with "distensae" derived from the Latin distendere, meaning "to stretch out" or "to extend."^[10] Similarly, "striae gravidarum" for pregnancy-associated marks incorporates gravidarum, the genitive plural of gravidus (pregnant), highlighting the condition's link to gestation. Cross-culturally, the French word "vergetures" (stretch marks) stems from vergeté (streaked or marked), combined with the suffix -ure, and traces to verge (rod or twig), evoking the rod-like, linear striations on the skin.^[82]

References

[1]
Striae Distensae - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf - NIH
May 19, 2025 · Striae distensae, or stretch marks, are a common dermatological condition characterized by linear, dermal scars that develop due to rapid skin stretching.
[2]
Stretch Marks: Causes, Treatment Options & Prevention
Stretch marks are a form of scarring that appear after your skin quickly stretches or shrinks. They often happen due to pregnancy, weight gain, weight loss and ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[3]
Stretch marks (striae) - DermNet
An early sign of stretch marks developing is when an area of skin becomes flattened and thin with a pink colour. This may also occasionally be itchy. Soon ...
[4]
Stretch marks - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic
Stretch marks (striae) are indented streaks that appear on the abdomen, breasts, hips, buttocks or other places on the body. They're common in pregnant women.Overview · Symptoms · When to see a doctor
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Itchy Stretch Marks: Causes, Treatments, Itch Relief, Prevention
Oct 22, 2018 · With dermal tearing, your nerves respond by creating the itchy sensations. This is also why your stretch marks might itch after you've lost ...
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Stretch marks may appear pink or purple at first and can cause itching or burning sensations. Treatments like tretinoin cream and laser treatments might help ...
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Because stretch marks are the result of breaks in your skin's connective tissue, they can cause pain or discomfort. They may also feel itchy as your body ...Missing: tingling | Show results with:tingling
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Stretch marks: Why they appear and how to get rid of them
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Feb 22, 2022 · Striae distensae are a reflection of "breaks" in the connective tissue. Skin distention may lead to excessive mast cell degranulation with ...
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Striae distensae, or stretch marks, are linear scars in the dermis which arise from rapid stretching of the skin over weakened connective tissue.
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Comprehensive pathogenesis and clinical therapy in striae distensae
Hormonal changes, overstretched skin, and structural and functional changes in the skin may be crucial factors in the development of SD. Therapy aims to ...
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368 Stretch induces inflammation and contributes to striae ...
The stretching induced an increase in IL6, IL8 and MMP1 levels, confirming the link between skin mechanical tension and inflammatory pathways. Immuno-histology ...
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Jun 28, 2023 · Stretch marks are often attributed to obesity, as they have an incidence of more than 50% in obese individuals. In the first part of this ...
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Feb 22, 2024 · When our bodies grow, our skin stretches to accommodate the growth. If skin is stretched too much, it can form scars known as stretch marks.
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Jun 7, 2023 · ... stretch marks on the skin. Cushing syndrome also can cause high blood pressure or bone loss. Sometimes, it can cause type 2 diabetes ...
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wide purple stretch marks, mainly on the abdomen, breasts, hips, and under the arms; weak muscles. Children with Cushing's syndrome tend to have obesity and ...
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Jul 11, 2013 · The causes of stretch marks are not well understood. Excessive skin distension (such as that which occurs during pregnancy, growth spurts in ...
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One feature seen across all types of EDS is skin hyperextensibility, which means the skin can stretch beyond the normal range.
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Dec 17, 2022 · There are various treatment strategies currently available for stretch marks, including topical preparations such as tretinoin and glycolic acid, and also ...Missing: evolution remodeling
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Proposed risk factors for the development of SG include family history, race, skin type, birthweight (BW), baseline body mass index (BMI), age, weight gain, ...
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Striae gravidarum (“stretch marks”) occur in 50% to 90% of pregnancies during the late second or third trimester. Mechanical stretching of the skin along with ...
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women, the average prevalence is 35 % and in adult males it is reported as 11 % [3]. ... Stretch marks (SM) feature visible linear scars developing on the ...
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Jun 23, 2025 · Stretch marks are very common scars that form when skin stretches quickly, often appearing during growth spurts, weight changes, or obesity.
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Mar 13, 2019 · Differential diagnosis includes: –Linear focal elastosis (elastotic striae) – palpable yellow striae rows on lower back; elderly men are most ...
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That said, the best way for pregnant women to prevent stretch marks is to gain pregnancy weight slowly and steadily. You can work with your healthcare provider ...Missing: gradual | Show results with:gradual
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Belly bands help distribute the weight of the baby across the back and abdomen, which may help relieve the pressure on the round ligaments and reduce pain. 2.
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Reviewer's conclusions: One particular cream appears to help prevent the development of stretch marks in pregnancy, but only for women who had previously ...
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Results: After 2 months, patients treated with tretinoin had significant improvements in severity scores of stretch marks compared with patients who received ...
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A long-term therapy with orally administered BCP leads to an improvement of cellulite and has a positive impact on skin health.
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Non-invasive techniques showed that the application of silicone gel increased collagen levels and reduced pigmentation compared with placebo. However, both ...
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The current study concluded that fractional photothermolysis via Fractional CO2 laser is an effective and safe method for treatment of striae alba in patients ...
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Evaluation of the effectiveness of erbium...
The clinical improvement of striae distensae can be obtained with the use of the Er: YAG fractional laser. The results of this study demonstrated the safety and ...
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Based on clinical cases and systematic reviews, both ablative and non-ablative fractional lasers caused moderate improvement in the appearance of distending ...
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Mar 18, 2021 · Results showed that both subjectively and objectively there was significant improvement of the appearance of stretch marks treated with PRP or ...
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the electromagnetic fields and negative pressure in the treatment of SM through a clinical and ...Missing: PEMF 2020
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Evaluation of Safety and Patient Subjective Efficacy of Using ...
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Troisier and Menetrier first described the clinical condition in 1889.1 In the early 1900s, it was observed that striae often were associated with such ...
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Striae proceed through stages quite similar to those in the evolution of scars. Most of the collagen bundles in the striae are highly stressed.
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The histopathology of striae distensae is disputed; different authorities give contradictory accounts of the microscopic changes, especially in elastic ...
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Striae distensae (stretch marks) and different modalities of therapy
Background: Striae distensea (SD; stretch marks) are a well-recognized, common skin condition that rarely causes any significant medical problems but are ...
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2026 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code L90.6: Striae atrophicae
ICD 10 code for Striae atrophicae. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code L90.6.
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The earliest known use of the noun stretch mark is in the 1960s. OED's earliest evidence for stretch mark is from 1960, in the writing of F. W. Goodrich. Nearby ...
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OED's earliest evidence for stria is from 1563, in the writing of John Shute, writer on architecture. stria is a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin stria. See ...
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Oct 2, 2020 · The term striae gravidarum (SG) refers to a kind of striae distensae (SD) that develops particularly during pregnancy.
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French. Etymology. From vergeté +‎ -ure. Pronunciation. IPA: /vɛʁ.ʒə.tyʁ ... Noun. vergeture f (plural vergetures). (chiefly in the plural) stretch ...