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Suplex

A suplex is an offensive throw in professional and amateur wrestling, executed by lifting an opponent from a standing or grounded position—typically by securing them around the waist—and falling backward to drive them into the mat with the wrestler's body weight.^[1] This move emphasizes explosive power and technique, often bridging the attacker's body for added impact or to pin the opponent.^[2] The suplex throw has roots in traditional wrestling styles dating back centuries in various cultures worldwide, including ancient forms in Greece, India, Africa, China, and Japan, but emerged as a fundamental technique in early 20th-century professional wrestling exhibitions, adapted from catch-as-catch-can and Greco-Roman styles.^[3] By the mid-20th century, the move gained prominence in North American and Japanese promotions, evolving into a staple of athletic displays that highlight strength and precision.^[3] Notable early innovators included wrestlers like Karl Gotch, who popularized the German suplex—a belly-to-back variation executed with a waistlock and bridging arch—after bringing it from European strong-style traditions in the 1960s.^[3] The suplex encompasses numerous variations, each distinguished by grip, elevation, and execution to suit different body types and match dynamics. Common types include the vertical suplex, where the opponent is hoisted overhead before being dropped; the belly-to-belly suplex, involving a front-facing lift and overhead throw; and the snap suplex, a quicker version relying on momentum rather than raw power.^[4] More advanced iterations, such as the superplex (performed from the top rope) or the fisherman suplex (with a leg hook for control), add risk and spectacle, often bridging into pins.^[4] In modern wrestling, suplexes symbolize dominance, as seen in Brock Lesnar's "Suplex City" persona, where chains of German suplexes overwhelmed opponents in WWE matches during the 2010s.^[5] Despite their effectiveness, proper execution is crucial to minimize injury, particularly to the neck and spine, underscoring the move's blend of artistry and athleticism in the sport.^[6]

Fundamentals

Definition and Characteristics

A suplex is a fundamental throw in wrestling where the attacker secures a clinch around the opponent's head, neck, or waist to lift them off the ground before arching backward to drive them onto their back with force.^[7] This maneuver relies on leverage and momentum rather than sheer upper-body strength alone, distinguishing it from simpler slams or lifts.^[6] Key characteristics of the suplex include its emphasis on explosive power derived from the hips and core, which generate the rotational force needed for the lift and subsequent slam.^[8]^[9] The technique delivers high-impact force primarily to the opponent's upper back and neck, potentially disrupting their posture and orientation upon landing.^[10] As a versatile offensive tool, it is often classified as a mat return move—transitioning action from a standing position to the ground—or a reversal to counter an incoming attack.^[11] Successful execution requires maintaining balance throughout the lift to control the opponent's trajectory and ensure a controlled descent, thereby reducing the risk of injury to both participants.^[10] Safe landing prioritizes absorption on the upper back and shoulders, avoiding direct pressure on the head or spine.^[10] Variations in lift height and arching angle underpin the foundational differences across suplex types, allowing adaptation to defensive postures or ring positioning.^[6]

Basic Execution Mechanics

The execution of a suplex follows a structured sequence of phases to ensure control and effectiveness. It begins in the preparation phase with the attacker securing a tight bodylock grip around the opponent's waist, either from the front or behind, while positioning their feet close to the opponent for stability. The attacker then bends at the knees to lower their center of gravity, signaling the lift. In the lifting phase, the hips are driven explosively—forward when facing the opponent or upward when behind—using the power from the legs to raise the opponent off the ground. This transitions to the projection phase, where the attacker arches their back fully to propel the opponent overhead, often turning the hips slightly for directional control. The completion phase involves falling backward in sync, releasing the grip midway to allow the opponent to land on their upper back while the attacker absorbs impact on their own shoulders. This description applies to suplexes using a bodylock grip; front facelock variants, detailed in later sections, follow similar principles but begin with a head clinch. Biomechanically, the suplex leverages the attacker's lower body and core for optimal force generation, with the legs providing the primary drive to overcome the opponent's weight during the lift. Core engagement stabilizes the torso, enabling a powerful back arch that converts linear hip thrust into rotational momentum for the overhead projection. Precise timing of the release maximizes the throw's speed and impact, rendering it explosive and hard to resist, as the rapid execution minimizes the opponent's ability to counter. Safety considerations are essential, as improper form can lead to spinal or neck injuries; performers must always use a padded mat and maintain awareness of surroundings to prevent falls outside the ring. The opponent should tuck their chin to avoid hyperextension, and the attacker must avoid partial back arches, opting for a full extension to distribute force evenly and reduce strain. In training, bump techniques—such as practicing falls from a standing position or using lighter partners—help build coordination, while preparatory drills like hip bridges enhance mobility without full throws. Common errors often stem from poor weight distribution, such as failing to drive through the heels during the lift, which causes the attacker to stall or lose balance mid-motion. Incomplete synchronization between partners can result in twisting upon landing, heightening injury risk, while excessive force without controlled release leads to uncontrolled impacts.

Historical Background

Origins in Catch Wrestling

The suplex emerged within Lancashire-style catch-as-catch-can wrestling during the 1870s and 1880s as a dynamic counter to the style's emphasis on ground-based submissions and holds. Catch wrestling, originating in the industrial towns of East Lancashire, England, allowed competitors to "catch" any hold above or below the waist, promoting a hybrid of standing grapples and mat work that rewarded quick transitions. In this context, the suplex—a throw where the attacker lifts the opponent overhead by the waist or head and falls backward to slam them—proved effective for reversing ground attempts, enabling wrestlers to regain top position or score a pin without prolonged entanglement. The term 'suplex' derives from the French word 'souplesse,' meaning flexibility, reflecting the move's fluid execution in early wrestling styles.^[12] This technique drew significant influence from earlier folk wrestling traditions, particularly British backhold wrestling, which involved rear-waist grips leading to explosive throws, and American collar-and-elbow styles imported by traveling performers, where initial collar ties often escalated into high-amplitude takedowns. These roots provided the foundational mechanics for the suplex's lift-and-slam motion, adapting rigid folk forms into the more fluid, no-holds-barred nature of catch wrestling. By the 1880s, such throws were integral to Lancashire matches, blending the power of backhold projections with the opportunistic catching of collar-and-elbow to create a versatile counter-hold system.^[13]^[14]^[15] Early documentation of suplex-like throws appears in accounts of carnival wrestling circuits across Britain and America, where Lancashire catch wrestlers entertained crowds in traveling shows from the 1870s onward. These venues shifted the focus from pure submission grappling—common in local pub challenges—to theatrical, throw-dominant spectacles that highlighted aerial maneuvers for audience appeal, marking a pivotal transition in the style's technique repertoire. Wrestlers in these circuits often improvised suplex variations to escape or punish ground pursuits, solidifying the move's role in competitive and performative contexts.^[16]^[17]^[18] Prominent early practitioner Tom Cannon, born in Tyldesley, Lancashire in 1852, exemplified the suplex's integration into catch wrestling through his mastery of multiple styles. Competing from the 1870s in Lancashire catch, Greco-Roman, and mixed matches across the UK, US, and Australia, Cannon adapted overhead throws from Greco-Roman wrestling—where suplexes were a staple for upper-body control—into catch's permissive framework, emphasizing speed for pins. His 1899 organization of the first world catch-as-catch-can championship further disseminated these techniques, influencing a generation of carnival and touring wrestlers.^[14]^[19]^[20]

Evolution in Professional Wrestling

The suplex gained prominence in professional wrestling during the 1950s and 1960s through the technical mastery of Lou Thesz, a multi-time world champion who integrated the move into his repertoire as a fundamental element of chain wrestling sequences. Thesz, trained in catch-as-catch-can and Greco-Roman styles, popularized the belly-to-back suplex—often executed from a waistlock position—as a bridging pinfall technique in matches across North American territories, emphasizing precision and realism over theatrical flair. His adoption of the move helped elevate suplexes from niche amateur holds to essential tools in scripted bouts, influencing a generation of wrestlers who sought to blend athletic legitimacy with entertainment.^[21]^[22] In the 1960s and 1970s, Karl Gotch further advanced the suplex's role by introducing variations inspired by his training in Indian pehlwani wrestling, particularly the bridging German suplex, which he brought to American promotions like the American Wrestling Association and Japanese circuits. Gotch, dubbed the "God of Wrestling," used the move's explosive lift and arching pin to showcase superior conditioning, defeating opponents like André the Giant and training future stars such as Antonio Inoki and Verne Gagne. His emphasis on suplexes as high-impact finishers shifted perceptions, making them symbols of technical dominance in an era transitioning toward more global exchanges between territories.^[23]^[24] The technique proliferated in Japan during the 1970s, largely through New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), founded in 1972 by Inoki, who adopted Gotch's bridging German suplex as a cornerstone of the promotion's strong-style approach. NJPW matches highlighted suplexes with enhanced bridging for dramatic near-falls, as seen in Inoki's defenses against foreign challengers, fostering a culture of suplex innovation that blended catch wrestling roots with martial arts intensity. This era solidified suplexes as staples in Japanese strong style, influencing promotions like All Japan Pro Wrestling and setting the stage for intricate chain sequences.^[24]^[25] By the 1980s and 1990s, suplexes evolved in American promotions like the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW), incorporating high-flying hybrids such as the superplex from the top rope to amplify spectacle amid the wrestling boom. Wrestlers like Curt Hennig popularized rapid-fire German suplexes in technical showcases, while Shawn Michaels and Razor Ramon adapted the superplex for aerial drama, bridging athleticism with crowd-pleasing risks. This period's innovations carried into the 2000s, exemplified by Brock Lesnar's signature barrage of German suplexes in WWE, which revived the move's raw power in mainstream narratives.^[24]^[23]

Front Facelock Variants

Vertical Suplex

The vertical suplex is a fundamental front facelock throw in professional wrestling, executed by applying a front facelock grip while securing an underhook on the opponent's far arm to control their position.^[26] The wrestler then lifts the opponent vertically overhead using leg drive and core power, suspending them parallel to the mat before dropping straight back to drive the opponent's back into the canvas, often arching into a bridge for a potential pinfall.^[4] This move emphasizes raw strength, as performers frequently stall the lift to highlight athletic prowess, and it serves as a common setup for chaining into subsequent maneuvers like leg sweeps or submissions.^[27] Minor variations, such as a snap or running approach, adjust the momentum but retain the core vertical lift and drop.^[28] Bret Hart notably incorporated the vertical suplex into his technical arsenal during his WWF tenure in the 1990s, using it to demonstrate precision and storytelling in matches against rivals like Shawn Michaels and Mr. Perfect.^[29]

Fallaway Suplex

The fallaway suplex (also known as release German suplex or overhead belly-to-back suplex) is a throwing technique in professional wrestling, typically executed from a belly-to-back waistlock position rather than a front facelock, though variations may incorporate facelock elements for setup. The move begins with the attacker securing a waistlock from behind the opponent, lifting them vertically overhead by bridging backward, and releasing the hold mid-execution to propel the opponent in an arching trajectory, landing flat on their back a short distance away.^[30] Execution involves the attacker bending at the knees, driving upward with the legs and hips to hoist the opponent overhead, before arching backward and releasing to create a higher, more explosive arc compared to retained suplexes, emphasizing momentum over direct impact control.^[30] A notable variation is the package fallaway suplex, in which the attacker hooks and tucks the opponent's near leg behind their own knee or under the arm during the waistlock phase, enhancing leverage for the lift while positioning the opponent's body in a folded "package" for immediate pin potential upon landing.^[30] Due to the release element, the fallaway suplex carries elevated risk for injury or reversal, as the opponent must execute a precise rotation to avoid head or neck trauma, making it a high-stakes maneuver often employed for dramatic emphasis in competitive matches rather than routine offense.^[4]

Fisherman Suplex

The Fisherman Suplex is a front facelock-based wrestling throw that incorporates a distinctive leg hook, allowing the attacker to transition seamlessly into a bridging pin for added offensive pressure. This move builds on the foundational front facelock by adding control over the opponent's lower body, making it a versatile technique in professional wrestling matches, with roots in catch wrestling traditions.^[4] The grip begins with the attacker securing the opponent in a front facelock, draping the opponent's near arm over their own shoulder for leverage, while using the free arm to hook the opponent's near leg from behind the knee in a cross-leg fashion.^[31] From this position, execution involves lifting the opponent overhead in a vertical suplex motion while firmly maintaining the leg hook to restrict movement, followed by the attacker falling backward to roll the opponent over and onto their back. The attacker then arches into a bridge, pinning the opponent's shoulders to the mat while keeping the leg trapped, which heightens the pin's security and often leads to a near-fall.^[32] A key technical nuance of the Fisherman Suplex is its dual-purpose design: the cross-leg hook not only prevents the opponent from escaping or countering during the lift by immobilizing one leg but also blends the explosive nature of a suplex throw with submission-like control, as the trapped leg limits the opponent's ability to kick out effectively during the pin attempt.^[33] This control element draws from catch wrestling influences, emphasizing precision to avoid counters.^[4] In a swinging variation, the wrestler adds rotational momentum mid-air after the initial lift, swinging the hooked opponent in an arc before driving them down, which amplifies the impact and disorientation while preserving the leg hook for the bridge.^[34] This adaptation, sometimes referred to in contexts overlapping with neckbreaker finishes, enhances the move's spectacle and has been employed by wrestlers seeking to build dramatic sequences.^[4]

Superplex

The superplex is a high-risk variation of the front facelock suplex executed from an elevated position on the top turnbuckle, combining the mechanics of a standard vertical suplex with aerial elements for dramatic impact.^[35] In this move, the attacker adapts the basic vertical suplex by positioning both wrestlers on the top rope, where the opponent is first perched in a front facelock to secure control before the lift.^[4] The setup begins with the opponent seated or standing on the top turnbuckle, locked in a front facelock by the attacker who climbs the ropes to join them. Execution involves the attacker bridging backward while lifting the opponent overhead, causing both to fall from the height of the top rope and slam onto the mat in a vertical suplex position, amplifying the force due to the added elevation.^[35] This maneuver demands precise timing and strength from the attacker, as well as trust and coordination from the opponent to ensure a safe landing.^[4] Due to the significant height involved—typically 8 to 10 feet above the ring—the superplex carries substantial risks, including botched landings that can result in neck, back, or head injuries for both participants if the fall is mistimed or the grip fails.^[4] Wrestlers have described the sensation as terrifying, likening it to "falling forever," particularly when modified for extreme environments like steel cages.^[4] Despite these dangers, it is often reserved as a high-impact finisher or signature spot in matches to build tension and showcase athleticism, rather than a routine technique.^[35] The superplex gained prominence in American promotions during the 1980s, with wrestlers like Barry Windham popularizing variations such as the float-over superplex. It became a staple in the 1990s WWF through performers like Shawn Michaels, who integrated it into his high-flying style to blend technical grappling with aerial innovation, notably in intense rivalries such as his bouts against Bret Hart where superplexes off the top rope heightened the match's drama.^[36]

Slingshot Suplex

The slingshot suplex is a dynamic front facelock variant in professional wrestling that leverages the ring ropes for additional momentum during execution, invented by Tully Blanchard in the 1980s as a signature finisher. To set up the move, the wrestler applies a standard front facelock grip to the opponent facing them, with the ropes positioned immediately behind the wrestler themselves.^[30] The wrestler then falls backward into the ropes, using the elastic rebound to propel forward while maintaining the facelock hold.^[37] In execution, the rebounding momentum assists the wrestler in lifting the opponent off the mat and overhead, culminating in a backward fall that drives the opponent down onto their back with significant force. This technique emphasizes explosive speed derived from the ropes, distinguishing it from static suplexes by incorporating athletic propulsion for a more fluid and impactful slam.^[38] The move's unique aspect lies in its seamless blend of velocity and power, allowing performers to chain it into rapid sequences without losing pacing, which makes it particularly suited for high-energy matches.^[37] The slingshot suplex gained prominence through wrestlers like Tully Blanchard, who employed it as a signature maneuver in the 1980s, often as a finisher to showcase technical precision.^[38] It has been popularized in cruiserweight divisions for its compatibility with agile, fast-paced styles, enabling quick transitions and highlighting performers' ability to execute high-impact throws amid fluid match flows, as seen in modern variations by athletes like Bandido.^[38]

Belly-to-Back Variants

Standard Belly-to-Back Suplex

The standard belly-to-back suplex, technically referred to as a belly-to-back waist lock suplex, begins with the attacker positioning themselves directly behind the opponent in a neutral stance. The grip is established by wrapping both arms around the opponent's midsection in a double underhook, sliding the hands under the armpits and clasping them tightly at the waist to secure control and prevent escape. This waist lock provides leverage for the lift while maintaining the opponent's arms pinned to their sides.^[39] Execution involves the attacker dropping their hips low for stability, then explosively driving upward with the legs and hips to elevate the opponent off the ground. As the opponent's body arches over the attacker's head, the attacker falls backward onto the mat, simultaneously bridging their back by pressing the shoulders and head into the canvas. This bridging motion flips the opponent fully overhead, slamming them down onto their upper back, neck, and shoulders with controlled force. The technique relies on timing and core strength to ensure a smooth transition from lift to impact, minimizing risk to both performers.^[3] In the high-angle variation, the attacker exaggerates the back arch during the bridge, increasing the elevation and rotation of the opponent's body for a more vertical drop. This adjustment heightens the visual drama and impact, often resulting in the opponent landing at a sharper angle on their upper torso.^[6] This move functions as a foundational power technique in professional wrestling, showcasing the performer's athleticism while positioning the opponent vulnerably for follow-up pins, strikes, or submissions. Its simplicity makes it a core element in training regimens, building proficiency in body control and explosive lifting.^[39]

German Suplex

The German suplex is a dynamic belly-to-back waistlock throw in professional wrestling, distinguished by the attacker's ability to transition immediately into a bridging pin for a potential three-count victory. This move emphasizes explosive power and technical precision, allowing the performer to lift and arch the opponent overhead before slamming them onto their upper back or neck while maintaining control for the pin.^[6]^[40] To execute the German suplex, the wrestler positions themselves behind the opponent and secures a tight waistlock grip, interlocking the hands at the opponent's midsection just above the hips; underhooks may be incorporated by threading the arms under the opponent's armpits for added leverage and to prevent counter-escapes. With the opponent facing away, the attacker steps forward with the lead leg to block and unbalance them, then drives the hips upward in a powerful arching motion to elevate the opponent vertically overhead. As both fall backward, the attacker releases the waistlock upon impact but immediately arches the back and lifts the legs into a bridge, pressing the opponent's shoulders to the mat in a three-quarter pinning hold that combines impact with submission pressure.^[6]^[41] A popular variation involves chaining multiple German suplexes in succession, where the wrestler releases the pin after the first impact and immediately reapplies the waistlock to repeat the lift and throw, often executing two or three in rapid sequence to overwhelm the opponent and build momentum. This chaining technique heightens the move's dramatic effect and draining impact, as demonstrated in high-profile matches where performers deliver a series to symbolize dominance.^[42] The German suplex traces its modern form to Belgian wrestler Karl Gotch, who innovated the bridging variation in the 1960s during his influential tours in Japan, transforming a basic belly-to-back lift into a high-impact pinning maneuver that became a staple of strong-style wrestling. Gotch's version gained prominence through his training of Japanese stars and his matches in promotions like the Japan Wrestling Association, earning the move its name in his honor. It was later adopted and popularized in North American wrestling by performers such as Curt Hennig, who incorporated it into his technically flawless arsenal during the 1980s and 1990s, and Brock Lesnar, whose explosive chains of up to 16 consecutive Germans in 2014 elevated it to iconic status as the cornerstone of his "Suplex City" persona.^[40]^[42]^[43]

Dragon Suplex

The Dragon Suplex is a dynamic belly-to-back suplex variation that emphasizes control through an arm-trapping mechanism, distinguishing it from standard suplexes by incorporating a full nelson hold for enhanced immobilization during the lift and impact. Invented by Japanese wrestler Tatsumi Fujinami during his WWF Junior Heavyweight Championship match at Madison Square Garden on January 23, 1978, the technique quickly became a staple in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), where Fujinami, known as "The Dragon," used it to showcase technical prowess and bridging pins in high-stakes bouts.^[44]^[45] In execution, the wrestler positions themselves behind the opponent, securing a waist lock around the midsection for leverage while simultaneously applying the full nelson by threading both arms under the opponent's armpits and clasping hands behind the neck, trapping the arms upward and limiting defensive movement. With the grip maintained, the attacker bridges backward forcefully, elevating the opponent overhead and driving them downward onto the mat in a controlled arc, often culminating in a high bridge to pin the shoulders for a three-count or transitioning into a submission attempt via the sustained nelson pressure on the neck and shoulders. This arm-trapping setup provides superior control compared to a basic waist lock, allowing for precise rotation and impact, and has been adapted for elevated versions from the top rope to amplify risk and spectacle.^[3]

Tiger Suplex

The Tiger Suplex is a sophisticated belly-to-back suplex variation in professional wrestling, distinguished by its simultaneous control of the opponent's arm and leg to enhance both the throw's impact and pinning potential. The wrestler begins by positioning themselves behind the opponent, applying a hammerlock—twisting one of the opponent's arms up and behind their back—while hooking the opponent's near-side leg from the inside with their own leg. With the free arm, the wrestler secures a waist lock around the opponent's midsection, similar to a standard belly-to-back setup. From this grip, the wrestler lifts the opponent overhead by bridging backward forcefully, flipping them through the air to land on their upper back and neck while retaining the hammerlock and leg hook to prevent escape and roll directly into a bridging pin.^[46] This execution demands exceptional core strength, upper-body power for the arm control, and lower-body flexibility to maintain the leg hook during the lift and fall, making it one of the more technically challenging suplexes in the repertoire. The dual limb traps not only immobilize the opponent mid-air but also allow for a seamless transition to the mat, increasing the move's effectiveness in matches.^[46] The technique traces its roots to Mexican lucha libre, where it was innovated by Alfonso Dantés under the name Toque Tapatío in the mid-20th century. It gained worldwide prominence when Satoru Sayama, debuting as the original Tiger Mask in New Japan Pro-Wrestling on April 1, 1981, adapted and popularized it as the Tiger Suplex, integrating it into his high-flying, martial arts-influenced style that captivated audiences during NJPW's early 1980s boom.^[47]^[48]

Half Nelson Suplex

The half nelson suplex is a belly-to-back suplex variation in professional wrestling that employs a partial nelson hold for superior control over the opponent's head and upper body during the lift. The wrestler positions themselves behind the opponent, sliding one arm under the opponent's near armpit and placing the palm on the back of the opponent's neck to secure the half nelson grip, while clasping the opponent's waist with the opposite arm in a standard waistlock.^[49]^[50] Execution involves the wrestler arching backward while simultaneously lifting and twisting the opponent overhead, driving them down onto their upper back and neck in a bridging or seated position, often transitioning seamlessly into a cradle pin for a near-fall.^[50] This technique emphasizes leverage and timing, similar to standard bridging mechanics in suplexes, to maximize impact while minimizing strain on the executor's back. The three-quarter nelson suplex serves as an advanced extension, where the attacking arm fully encircles the opponent's head and shoulder for a quarter nelson on the far side, providing even tighter control and rotational force during the throw.^[30] In technical wrestling styles, the half nelson suplex is favored for its utility in mat-based transitions, allowing wrestlers to maintain dominance after the impact and set up ground-and-pound sequences or submissions.^[51] It is particularly effective against opponents of comparable size, as the nelson grip prevents counter-escapes during the lift, making it a staple in catch-as-catch-can and strong-style promotions.

Belly-to-Belly Variants

Overhead Belly-to-Belly Suplex

The overhead belly-to-belly suplex is a dynamic front-facing throw in professional wrestling and mixed martial arts, where the attacker secures a close-range grip on the opponent before explosively lifting them fully overhead and slamming them backward onto the mat. This technique emphasizes raw power and athleticism, distinguishing it from lower-impact throws by fully elevating the opponent to showcase the performer's strength.^[52] The grip typically begins in an over-under position, with one arm securing an overhook on the opponent's far arm and the other an underhook on the near arm, followed by locking the hands together at the waist to draw the opponent in tight and maintain control. This waist lock setup, often initiated from a collar tie clinch, allows the attacker to keep the opponent's hips aligned and close, preventing resistance during the lift.^[52] Execution involves a rapid sequence of steps: the attacker dips their shoulder to load the opponent, steps toward the overhook side to off-balance them, then pivots the hips perpendicular while squatting for leverage. An explosive hip drive arches the back and propels the opponent overhead, releasing them to land on their back with a resounding impact. This motion relies on core and lower-body power to generate the necessary force for the full overhead trajectory.^[52] A side variation incorporates a rotational turn toward the trapped arm during the lift, directing the opponent laterally for a modified impact angle that can enhance momentum or target specific positioning on the mat. The move's power emphasis makes it a staple for strong performers, and MMA fighter Chris Weidman, who deployed it effectively in his UFC debut for a decisive takedown.^[52]

Exploder Suplex

The Exploder Suplex is a dynamic belly-to-belly suplex variant distinguished by its emphasis on rotational force and explosive power, setting it apart from more static overhead throws.^[3] It derives from the fundamental belly-to-belly technique but incorporates a unique wrist manipulation to generate momentum for a high-velocity projection.^[4] To execute the move, the wrestler secures a wrist lock on the opponent, typically clutching the wrist behind the head for leverage, while simultaneously clinching the waist with the opposite arm to establish control.^[53] The performer then pulls sharply on the wrist to initiate a spin, "exploding" the opponent overhead in a fluid, whipping motion that amplifies the impact upon landing on the back.^[3] This wrist-driven rotation creates the signature high-speed arc, demanding precise timing and lower-body explosiveness to avoid compromising the throw's safety or effectiveness.^[4] The Exploder Suplex gained widespread recognition for its dramatic flair and blistering velocity, particularly through Eddie Guerrero's innovative application during his WCW tenure in the late 1990s, where it became a highlight of his high-flying cruiserweight matches.^[54]

Northern Lights Suplex

The Northern Lights Suplex is a dynamic belly-to-belly throwing technique in professional wrestling, distinguished by its bridging pinfall potential and emphasis on rotational momentum. The wrestler initiates the move by securing a three-quarter facelock, positioning their head under the opponent's armpit to control the head and upper body, while simultaneously applying a waistlock with the opposite arm around the opponent's midsection. This dual grip allows for a controlled lift, where the opponent is elevated slightly to the side before being thrown backward over the wrestler's shoulder in a fluid arc.^[30] Upon impact, the executing wrestler rolls forward through the motion, transitioning into a bridge position with their back arched and shoulders pressing down on the opponent's chest to secure the pin. This rolling bridge not only amplifies the visual impact but also facilitates quick transitions into follow-up holds, making it ideal for high-paced matches. The technique demands precise timing and core strength to maintain balance during the lift and roll, often resulting in a near-fall due to its pinning orientation.^[55] The move originated in Japan, invented by wrestler Hiroshi Hase in the late 1980s while competing in New Japan Pro Wrestling, where his background in Greco-Roman wrestling influenced its development as a power-based throw.^[24] Hase drew inspiration from natural phenomena, naming it after the aurora borealis to evoke its sweeping, luminous motion. It debuted in his matches as a signature maneuver, blending amateur wrestling fundamentals with professional flair. In the early 2000s, the Northern Lights Suplex gained prominence in American independent wrestling through Bryan Danielson, who debuted its use in Ring of Honor (ROH) around 2002 during his acclaimed matches against opponents like Low Ki.^[56] Danielson, known for his technical prowess, employed the suplex in seamless chain wrestling sequences, linking it to submissions and counters to showcase athletic fluidity and strategic depth. This application helped elevate the move's status in Western promotions, where it became a staple for technicians emphasizing precision over brute force.

Capture Suplex

The capture suplex is a belly-to-belly variant of the suplex that emphasizes a leg-trapping mechanism to enhance control during the throw. The attacker faces the opponent, catches one leg and hooks it while grabbing their neck to establish a secure grip.^[30] In execution, the attacker then bridges backwards or turns 180° to slam the opponent to the mat, maintaining the leg hook and neck control for added impact and to limit counters.^[30] This setup combines the explosive throw of a suplex with targeted control, making it particularly effective in close-range exchanges.^[57] The move's versatility allows for seamless transitions into further offense, such as maintaining the leg trap for a follow-up hold, and it has been notably employed in independent wrestling circuits by performers seeking dynamic, high-impact maneuvers. For instance, wrestlers like Tazz popularized variations of the capture suplex in ECW promotions, showcasing its effectiveness in versatile offensive sequences (often called the Tazplex).^[30] In modern usage, it appears in indie and developmental scenes for its crowd-pleasing potential and adaptability.^[58]

Trapping Suplex

The trapping suplex is a belly-to-belly suplex variation in professional and amateur wrestling that prioritizes immobilizing the opponent's arms to enhance defensive control during the throw. The primary grip involves securing a double underhook, where the wrestler passes both arms under the opponent's arms from the front and locks their hands behind the opponent's back or at the waist for a tight clinch. This setup traps the opponent's arms downward, limiting their ability to push off, strike, or escape the hold.^[59] Execution begins with the wrestler bending their knees and driving their hips forward while lifting the trapped arms upward and outward, using explosive leg power to elevate the opponent off the ground. The wrestler then arches their back and bridges their body to flip the opponent overhead in a controlled arc, landing them on their back with the wrestler's body weight adding impact. This arm-trapping mechanism distinguishes it from standard overhead belly-to-belly suplexes, which rely on an open collar-and-waist grip without dedicated arm immobilization for defense. The resulting overhead trajectory ensures the opponent lands supine, often setting up follow-up pins or submissions.^[59] A notable variation is the butterfly suplex, which modifies the grip by using "butterfly hooks"—a deeper underhook where the wrestler's forearms press inward against the opponent's upper arms for broader entrapment and leverage. This allows for wider arm control, making it particularly effective against larger opponents by distributing the lift across the shoulders and back. The execution mirrors the standard form but emphasizes pulling the opponent's head down initially to facilitate the flip. Like the base move, the butterfly variation maintains arm security to prevent counterstrikes, ensuring safe execution in competitive settings.^[60]

Side and Inverted Variants

Gutwrench Suplex

The gutwrench suplex is a dynamic throwing technique employed in freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling, distinguished by its side positioning and rotational force to transition from a standing lock to a slamming takedown. The wrestler approaches the opponent from the side, securing a waist lock where the near arm extends in front of the opponent's torso—often positioned over the shoulder for added leverage—while the far arm wraps behind to clasp the near arm or the opponent's arm in a bar-like control, creating a tight encircling grip around the midsection.^[61] This setup allows for precise control of the opponent's center of gravity, emphasizing upper-body strength and hip drive to initiate the lift.^[4] Execution begins with the wrestler bridging their hips forward and upward, explosively lifting the opponent off the mat while simultaneously rotating their body to "wrench" the opponent through the air toward the side. The torque generated from this rotating lift propels the opponent overhead or to the mat, landing on their back with the wrestler's momentum driving the impact for potential exposure or points. This move demands exceptional core and back strength to handle the opponent's weight during the spin, often showcasing the performer's power in competitive settings.^[62] A notable variation is the Karelin lift, a full overhead spin executed from a grounded or defensive position, popularized by three-time Olympic gold medalist Alexander Karelin in Greco-Roman wrestling. In this adaptation, the wrestler applies the gutwrench grip from behind or the side while the opponent is prone, deadlifting them vertically before completing the rotational suplex to slam them down, highlighting Karelin's signature ability to counter sprawling defenses with raw torque against much larger heavyweights.^[63] This variation underscores the technique's versatility as a power showcase, requiring not only grip endurance but also the explosive force to elevate and twist an opponent weighing over 130 kg.^[64]

Saito Suplex

The Saito Suplex is a high-impact throwing technique in professional wrestling, characterized by a side-facing grip that transitions into an arm trap for control. The wrestler begins by positioning themselves to the side of the opponent, applying a side headlock with one arm around the opponent's head while draping the opponent's near arm over their own shoulder to trap it securely. This setup allows the attacker to secure a waistlock with their free arm, maintaining leverage through the side hold mechanics.^[30] Execution involves the attacker using explosive hip drive to lift the opponent off the mat, falling backward while rotating their body to slam the opponent onto their upper back, with impact on the neck and shoulders. The motion emphasizes a twisting fall that drives the opponent's upper body downward, distinguishing it from straight-back suplexes by the angled drop and arm entrapment for added torque. This technique requires precise timing to avoid self-injury and ensure the opponent's safe landing on the upper back if modified for performance safety.^[30] The move was innovated by Japanese wrestler Masanori Saito, known as Mr. Saito, during his tenure in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) in the 1980s, where he popularized it as a signature maneuver amid his physically intense style. Saito, active from 1965 to 1999 across promotions including NJPW, AWA, and WCW, drew from his amateur wrestling background to refine this variation, earning it his namesake for its brutal efficiency in matches.^[65] Due to its focus on the neck and shoulders, the Saito Suplex carries significant risk of cervical injury, often used sparingly in modern wrestling to prioritize performer safety. Professional contexts emphasize padded rings and trained execution to mitigate whiplash or compression risks, though historical applications highlight its role in high-stakes bouts.^[66]

Inverted Suplex

The inverted suplex is a suplex variant executed from a rear position, beginning with the attacker applying an inverted facelock grip on the opponent. In this grip, the attacker stands behind the opponent and secures the opponent's head under their armpit, with the opponent's face turned away from the attacker's body, effectively locking the neck and upper torso in place for control.^[67] To execute the move, the attacker uses their free arm to grasp the opponent's waist or midsection, then lifts the opponent upward while arching their back to invert the body position, rotating the opponent so their stomach faces upward and head points toward the mat. The attacker falls backward or sits out, driving the opponent face-first into the mat, impacting the head and neck. This execution often allows for a seamless transition back into a grounded facelock submission hold following the impact.^[67] A common variation, known as the reverse slam, simplifies the technique by forgoing the full inversion; instead, the attacker lifts the opponent from the inverted facelock and directly drops them belly-down without the rotational flip, emphasizing a quicker, more straightforward impact to the prone position.^[68] The inverted suplex carries a notable risk profile, as the face-down landing exposes the opponent's unprotected head and neck to high-impact trauma, potentially leading to concussions or spinal strain, which contributes to its relative infrequency in competitive settings compared to back-suplex variants.

Side Suplex

The side suplex is a lateral waist throw in wrestling, also known as a sambo suplex or ura-nage. The attacker begins by standing face-to-face with the opponent, slightly to the side, tucks their head under the opponent's armpit, and applies a side waist lock grip, encircling the opponent's midsection while maintaining perpendicular positioning to facilitate a sideways lift. From this hold, the execution involves scooping the opponent upward using explosive leg drive and hip rotation, followed by a controlled fall to slam them sideways onto their back, emphasizing body control to ensure safe landing on the mat.^[69] A common variation incorporates a cravat grip alongside the waist lock, where the attacker applies a three-quarter facelock to crank the opponent's neck for additional leverage and control during the scoop and slam. This cravat suplex enhances stability in dynamic exchanges and has been employed in professional wrestling contexts, such as NXT UK matches where it transitions seamlessly into follow-up offense.^[70] Due to its reliance on fundamental side positioning and minimal technical complexity, the side suplex serves as an entry-level technique suitable for beginners, allowing practitioners to build core throwing mechanics before advancing to more intricate suplex forms.^[6]

Applications in Other Sports

Amateur Wrestling Techniques

In Olympic-style freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling, the suplex is classified as a high-amplitude throw under United World Wrestling (UWW) rules, where it scores five classification points if it projects the opponent directly into a danger position, exposing their back to the mat for potential pinning. This scoring rewards the technical risk and control required, distinguishing it from lower-amplitude takedowns that yield only two or three points. The move's emphasis on elevation and rotation aligns with UWW's criteria for grand amplitude actions, prioritizing throws that demonstrate superior leverage and athleticism over grounded scrambles.^[71] Common forms of the suplex in amateur wrestling include transitions from foundational setups like the high crotch into a suplex lift, where the wrestler secures a high crotch grip on the opponent's thigh and torso, then drives upward with a back arch to flip them overhead onto their back. Another variant involves an ankle pick suplex, in which a low-level ankle grab disrupts the opponent's base before lifting and bridging to complete the throw, often used in freestyle to counter defensive stances. These techniques exploit momentary imbalances, requiring precise timing to avoid counters while maximizing exposure points.^[72] Training for suplex execution in amateur wrestling focuses on mat control to ensure safe landings and prevent stalling penalties, as UWW referees issue warnings or points deductions for passive attempts that delay action or risk injury without commitment. Drills emphasize body positioning, such as maintaining head pressure and hip drive, to land the opponent flat and avoid illegal slams that could disqualify the wrestler. This controlled approach builds endurance for repeated high-effort throws while adhering to rules that penalize unsafe or hesitant maneuvers.^[71] A prominent Olympic example is Alexander Karelin's gutwrench suplexes, often executed as the signature Karelin Lift—a reverse body lift from a grounded position that transitions into an overhead throw—used throughout his dominant career from the 1988 Seoul Games to the 2000 Sydney Olympics, securing three gold medals and establishing his unparalleled record in Greco-Roman super heavyweight. Karelin's application highlighted the suplex's potential for total control, frequently ending matches via exposure or technical superiority.^[63]

Use in Judo and Grappling

In judo, the suplex is primarily executed as ura nage, a rear-class throw (sutemi-waza) that lifts the opponent from behind and drives them backward onto the mat using the thrower's hips and arching back. This technique serves as an effective counter to an opponent's aggressive forward grips or attacks, redirecting their momentum rather than resisting it directly; for instance, it can neutralize a failed osoto gari (major outer reap) by transitioning into the lift and fall.^[73]^[74] Similar to uchi mata in its reliance on a lifting motion to unbalance the opponent, ura nage emphasizes explosive hip drive and timing, often applied when the opponent overcommits to a grip, allowing the thrower to circle behind and execute the suplex with minimal setup.^[75] The International Judo Federation recognizes ura nage as a standard technique, valued for its power in competitive settings where grip fighting is central. In grappling arts like Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ), suplex variations are adapted for guard retention and passing, particularly from bottom positions where the defender uses a hip bridge to generate upward force and off-balance the top opponent. This involves securing a body lock or underhook, bridging the hips explosively to lift the opponent, and rolling or slamming them to the side or back, effectively reversing the guard pass attempt and transitioning to top control.^[76] Such applications prioritize leverage over raw strength, making the suplex a dynamic escape tool in no-striking environments like BJJ tournaments, where maintaining positional dominance post-throw is key.^[77] In no-gi grappling tournaments, suplexes require modifications to mitigate neck strain risks, such as avoiding full bridging slams that could hyperextend the cervical spine; instead, practitioners emphasize controlled descents, head neutralization with underhooks, and partial lifts to comply with rules prohibiting direct head or neck impacts against the mat. Organizations like Grappling Industries allow suplexes provided they do not force the head downward, promoting safer entries via angled rolls or mat-assisted drops to reduce injury potential in high-velocity throws.^[78] These adjustments stem from broader concerns in no-gi formats, where slippery grips increase reliance on neck control, heightening strain compared to gi-based judo.^[79] The suplex's integration into judo and grappling traces briefly to historical catch wrestling influences, where early 19th-century techniques emphasized similar lifting throws in carnival-style contests.^[3]

Mixed Martial Arts Adaptations

In mixed martial arts, the suplex serves primarily as a dynamic clinch takedown, allowing fighters to counter incoming strikes by lifting and slamming opponents to the canvas for advantageous ground positioning. This adaptation draws from wrestling roots but integrates MMA's emphasis on blending throws with follow-up strikes or submissions, often against the cage to neutralize strikers. Pioneers like Ken Shamrock helped popularize the technique in the sport's formative years, employing it in Pancrase bouts during the mid-1990s to transition seamlessly into ground-and-pound or keylock submissions, as seen in his 1994 victory over Matt Hume via a northern lights suplex variation.^[80] Techniques such as the lateral drop suplex emphasize underhooks and rotational torque for control, enabling a fighter to drop the opponent sideways while maintaining top pressure for strikes upon impact. Another variation, the guillotine-choked suplex, combines the throw with a standing guillotine choke to disrupt the opponent's posture mid-lift, facilitating a slam that sets up ground-and-pound dominance; this high-risk maneuver requires precise timing to avoid counters but has been executed effectively in regional MMA events for quick transitions to mount. These methods highlight the suplex's role in disrupting rhythm against aggressive strikers, prioritizing explosive power over pure grappling purity. Notable applications include Ronda Rousey's UFC performances, where she blended judo-influenced throws akin to suplexes with immediate striking follow-ups, showcasing seamless integration of clinch work and offense. Such bouts underscored the technique's versatility in women's MMA, amplifying Rousey's dominance through rapid takedown-to-strike chains.^[81] Regulatory considerations limit suplex usage due to neck injury risks, with variations that drive opponents head- or neck-first into the mat classified as illegal slams under unified MMA rules, potentially resulting in disqualification. Some promotions, like ONE Championship, have banned all suplex variations outright since 2018 to prioritize fighter safety, citing the potential for spinal trauma. Fighters often train counters like the tani oshi—a judo valley drop—to neutralize suplex attempts by off-balancing the attacker mid-lift, emphasizing defensive awareness in clinch exchanges.^[82]^[34]

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