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TX4

The TX4 is a purpose-built (taxicab) manufactured by London Taxi International (LTI) and later the London Taxi Company (LTC) from 2007 to 2017, serving as the successor to the TXII model and embodying the iconic of 's black cabs. Designed for urban operation, it features a distinctive retro styling with modern updates, including a 25-foot turning circle for navigating tight streets, spacious interiors compliant with the Public Carriage Office's requirements, and a low-floor with a passenger seat and optional . Introduced in October 2006 and entering production the following year at LTI's factory, the TX4 was developed at a cost of £5 million following over 1 million kilometers of testing to ensure durability and reliability in demanding service. Initially powered by a 2.5-litre meeting IV emissions standards, later variants adopted 5 and 6 compliance with options for manual or automatic transmissions, and in some markets, a 2.4-litre . The vehicle offered four trim levels—Driver, Bronze, Silver, and Gold—starting at £26,995, with features like anti-lock brakes, improved suspension for ride comfort, and a protective Plexiglas partition screen. Production faced challenges, including LTI's administration in 2013, after which Chinese automaker acquired the company and resumed manufacturing under LTC, exporting models to markets like and (as the Englon TX4). By 2017, stricter emissions regulations led to the TX4's discontinuation in favor of the electric-capable TX model, with a limited "Last of the Line" edition of 300 units produced as a farewell, marking the end of diesel-powered black cabs. Over its run, the TX4 solidified the black cab's legacy, with more than 130,000 units of various London taxi models produced since 1948, influencing global taxi design through its blend of tradition and functionality.

Development and History

Origins and Launch

The TX4 was developed by , a of Manganese Bronze Holdings, as the direct successor to the model, which had been in production since 2002 and traced its lineage back to the introduced in 1997. This evolution addressed the need for a modernized design capable of meeting stringent emissions standards and enhancing passenger accessibility, particularly for disabled individuals, in line with the UK's Public Service Vehicle Accessibility Regulations 2000 that mandated wheelchair-compatible features for all new London taxis by January 2001. Development of the TX4 spanned three years with an investment of approximately £5 million, focusing on prototyping a that retained the iconic retro styling of previous models while incorporating updated front-end previewed in . Extensive testing covered over 1 million kilometers, including rigorous trials on cobbled roads and extreme climate simulations at the , to ensure durability and compliance with the Public Carriage Office's requirements, such as a 25-foot turning circle. The TX4 was publicly unveiled on October 19, 2006, marking its formal launch ahead of production ramp-up. Full-scale manufacturing began in 2007 at LTI's facility, with the initial model featuring a Euro 4-compliant 2.5-liter engine designed to reduce emissions while maintaining the taxi's operational reliability. First customer deliveries in the UK commenced in early 2008, allowing the TX4 to enter service as the new standard for London's fleet.

Ownership and Production Changes

In October 2012, Manganese Bronze Holdings, the manufacturer of the TX4, entered due to ongoing financial difficulties, including a lack of profitability since 2007 and a major of vehicles that halted production. The company, which had been struggling with funding shortfalls and mechanical issues, appointed administrators from PricewaterhouseCoopers to oversee the process after failed attempts to secure new investment. In February 2013, Chinese automaker Automobile acquired the business and principal assets of Manganese Bronze Holdings for £11 million, rescuing the company from and renaming it The Taxi Company. The deal preserved over 100 jobs and retained key facilities, including the head office, production plant in , and a dealership in . TX4 production, which began in Coventry, UK, in 2007, continued there until 2017 under the new ownership, with the site serving as the primary assembly location for the UK market. A joint venture with also enabled production in , China, starting in 2008 through (later Shanghai Yinglun Dihua), focusing on the domestic Chinese market. From 2019 onward, remaining TX4 stock has been assembled in by Asia Cab Company under a cooperation agreement with Shanghai Yinglun Dihua, marking 's expansion into . Approximately 17,000 TX4 units were produced at the facility between 2007 and 2017, while additional units—estimated in the low thousands—were manufactured in for the market until around 2019. The acquisition ensured production continuity after the 2012 halt, with post-2013 investments leading to significant upgrades in manufacturing facilities and quality control processes at , including enhanced engineering standards that addressed prior reliability concerns.

Design and Specifications

Exterior and Interior Features

The TX4 features a distinctive exterior design that pays homage to the iconic black cab heritage while incorporating modern updates for functionality and aesthetics. Measuring 4,580 in length, 1,800 in width (excluding mirrors), and with a of 2,886 , the vehicle maintains a compact yet spacious profile optimized for urban navigation. The front grille was redesigned to evoke the classic FX4 style, blending retro elements with contemporary lines for improved airflow and visual appeal. In the , TX4 taxis adhere to traditional black livery standards, ensuring uniformity and recognizability as licensed hackney carriages. Inside, the TX4 accommodates up to six or seven passengers depending on configuration, with foldable seats in the rear that allow flexible space usage for luggage or additional occupants. A hallmark of its design is the exceptionally tight 25-foot (7.62-meter) turning circle, enabling precise U-turns and maneuvers in congested environments. For , the interior includes an integral fold-out ramp and a standard swivel passenger seat, facilitating entry for users and complying with requirements under the UK's Disability Discrimination Act 1995. Safety is prioritized through EU-compliant adjustable headrests for all seating positions, enhancing protection against in collisions. The body structure incorporates an ultra-strong steel with bolt-on panels and reinforced elements, providing robust crash protection while meeting European safety standards. The TX4 has an approximate curb weight of 1,815 kg, contributing to its stable handling in varied conditions. Later models introduced aesthetic enhancements, including optional LED lighting for improved visibility and , particularly in puddle lamps and interior illumination. The Elegance trim elevates the cabin with premium materials such as upgraded and chrome accents, offering a more luxurious experience without compromising practicality.

Powertrain and Performance

The TX4 employs a rear-wheel-drive configuration, which contributes to its maneuverability in urban environments. In the market, the vehicle is primarily powered by a 2.5 L turbocharged producing 75 kW (101 hp) at 4,000 rpm and 240 Nm of torque at 1,800 rpm. Later models, introduced to meet Euro 6 emissions standards, feature a 2.8 L . For non-UK markets, particularly in , a 2.4 L 4G64 inline-four is offered, delivering 95 kW (129 hp). Power is transmitted through a five-speed manual or gearbox, with the option being a Chrysler-sourced for variants. The provides adequate for taxi duties, achieving a top speed of around 130 km/h and combined fuel economy of 8-9 L/100 km under standard testing conditions. These figures emphasize efficiency and low-end suited to frequent stops and starts in city traffic. The chassis design prioritizes durability and handling, incorporating independent front suspension with double wishbone setup and coil springs, along with front disc brakes and rear drum brakes. This setup, combined with a tight turning circle of 7.6 m, enables precise navigation through congested streets and tight spaces, such as forecourts.

Variants

Standard Models

The TX4 was introduced in 2007 by London Taxis International (LTI) with four trim levels: (base model), , Silver, and , featuring a 2.5-liter VM Motori turbo diesel engine compliant with Euro 4 emissions standards and basic interior amenities including cloth upholstery and manual climate control. These configurations emphasized durability for service, with , a five-speed manual or optional , and seating for up to seven passengers in a body style. Production of these initial variants continued until around 2013, prioritizing accessibility and compliance with regulations over luxury enhancements. In 2013, following Geely's acquisition of LTI and rebranding to the London Taxi Company, the TX4 lineup introduced distinct trim levels: the entry-level TX4 Style and the upgraded TX4 Elegance. The Style trim retained core diesel powertrain elements with standard features like and fabric seats, aimed at cost-conscious operators. The Elegance variant added premium touches, including leather upholstery, woodgrain accents on the , exterior trim, and enhanced audio systems, while maintaining the same engine options for improved passenger comfort without altering the fundamental utility. Both trims were available with manual or automatic transmissions, with the Elegance positioned as a mid-range option starting at higher pricing to reflect its interior refinements. Post-acquisition updates under focused on emissions compliance, transitioning the TX4 from Euro 4 to Euro 5 standards by 2013 through refined and exhaust systems on the 2.5-liter diesel. By 2015, further enhancements introduced a 2.8-liter diesel variant achieving Euro 6 compliance, reducing emissions by two-thirds compared to prior models via technology, while preserving performance similar to earlier variants. These changes applied across and trims, ensuring ongoing regulatory adherence without major redesigns to the or exterior. A notable special edition emerged in 2017 through collaboration with Kahn Design, producing a limited run of five "Last of the Line" TX4 units customized with luxury elements inspired by Rolls-Royce aesthetics, including two-tone paint, quilted Nappa leather interiors, piano black trim, and a starlight headliner. This edition retained the Euro 6-compliant 2.8-liter diesel engine but elevated the cabin with perforated seating and privacy glass, marking a bespoke farewell to conventional TX4 production before the shift to electric models.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Variant

The fuel cell variant of the TX4 was an experimental zero-emission prototype developed under the HyTEC (Hydrogen Transport for European Cities) project, an EU FP7 initiative launched in 2011 to demonstrate -powered urban vehicles across , , and linked with . Five units were produced by converting the base TX4 chassis with () fuel cell systems supplied by Intelligent Energy, paired with a 100 kW for . These prototypes featured three carbon-fiber hydrogen storage tanks pressurized to 350 bar, holding 3.73 kg of , which enabled a driving range of 400 km (250 miles) per fill-up. Refueling required about 5 minutes at compatible stations, and the vehicles produced zero tailpipe emissions, relying on an onboard 30 kW air-cooled fuel cell to generate electricity from , supplemented by a 14 kWh lithium-polymer for peak acceleration and . The battery also supported limited plug-in charging for auxiliary power. Top speed was electronically limited to 130 km/h (81 mph), with a curb weight of 2,180 kg due to the added fuel cell and tank components. Deployment focused on environmental trials during the 2012 , where the five taxis transported non-fare-paying passengers, including VIPs, around and Olympic venues in Stratford, accumulating a total of approximately 4,000 km over short urban journeys. Refueling occurred at ' hydrogen station near , part of London's emerging network. The project received €1.98 million in funding, while earlier phases benefited from £5.5 million provided by the Technology Strategy Board and industry partners to advance integration into taxi designs.

Chinese-Specific Variants

The Englon TX4, a Chinese-market of the TX4 , was launched in 2008 through a between Automobile and the UK's Manganese Bronze Holdings, with Geely holding a 51% stake. Production began that year at Geely's facility, featuring a 2.4-liter producing 152 horsepower paired with either a five-speed manual or , alongside a 2.5-liter option for 102 horsepower. Tailored to meet regulatory standards, the model was classified as a seven-seat multi-purpose (MPV) rather than a dedicated , allowing broader civilian use while retaining the iconic black cab styling. Manufacturing continued at the plant until around 2017, aligning with the global phase-out of the TX4 platform in favor of newer models. A small initial batch was delivered to following approximately 30 imported units for use during the 2008 Olympics as official transport, with ongoing sales remaining modest through fleets and private buyers, supported by pricing starting at approximately 208,000 . Models incorporated Geely-sourced components, including basic features adapted from the parent company's lineup for local compatibility. Geely previewed further evolutions with the Englon TXN concept unveiled at the 2010 Beijing Auto Show, a luxury-oriented redesign of the TX4 emphasizing expanded dimensions—4,300 mm long, 1,800 mm wide, and 1,600 mm high—for enhanced passenger comfort in urban settings. This was followed by the SC7-RV in 2011, an derivative that shifted from taxi-specific design to a family-oriented saloon using 's existing platforms for cost efficiency and broader appeal, while echoing the TXN's updated aesthetics.

Markets and Deployment

United Kingdom Usage

The TX4 was the predominant vehicle in London's black cab fleet, serving as the purpose-built that complied with the Public Carriage Office (PCO) requirements under (TfL) for urban maneuverability and passenger accessibility. It featured a turning circle of 25 feet (7.6 meters), enabling U-turns in confined spaces like Savoy Court, a historic stipulation dating back over a century to facilitate access to key locations such as the . Additionally, the TX4 incorporated full wheelchair accessibility with a fold-out ramp and swivel passenger seat, meeting the mandatory standards introduced in 2002 for all newly licensed taxis to accommodate disabled passengers without additional charge. Introduced in 2007, the TX4 gradually integrated into the fleet, replacing older models such as the and , and became the most common black cab by the mid-2010s. By March 2015, approximately 9,655 TX4 units were in service, representing about 43% of London's total licensed fleet of 22,500 vehicles, marking a peak period for the model's adoption before the shift toward electric successors. The TX4 also adhered to evolving emissions standards, starting with Euro 4 compliance and upgrading to Euro 5 in 2012, with later variants achieving Euro 6 through engine modifications or retrofits to align with TfL's environmental regulations aimed at reducing urban . London black cab drivers operating the TX4 were required to pass the , a rigorous topographical test administered by TfL that demands memorization of over 25,000 streets within a six-mile radius of , along with 320 key routes and points of interest, typically taking three to four years to complete. Operationally, TX4 covered an average of approximately 130 kilometers daily in , reflecting the high-demand urban environment, while the model was also licensed for use in other UK cities such as , where it met local regulatory standards for public hire.

Chinese Market

The between Holding Group and Manganese Bronze Holdings, the parent of the London Taxi Company, was established in 2006 to manufacture the TX4 in , with the Shanghai LTI Automobile Components Co. facility serving as the production site in . Production began in 2008, enabling localized of the vehicle to meet domestic for premium taxis and multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs). The TX4 entered the market in December 2008, positioned as a high-end option for urban fleets in cities like and , where its spacious interior and durable design appealed to commercial operators. Initial deployments included supplying vehicles for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, marking an early showcase of the model's adaptation to China's bustling metropolitan transport needs. Sales performance improved after Geely's complete acquisition of the London Taxi Company in , which bolstered domestic marketing efforts and integrated the TX4 into Geely's commercial lineup under the Englon brand. Annual sales surpassed 1,000 units in the years following, with year-to-date figures reaching 1,300 by July 2016, reflecting steady uptake among fleet operators amid Geely's expansion in China's sector. To align with local , the Chinese TX4 featured left-hand as standard, facilitating seamless into right-hand traffic environments.

International Exports

The TX4 taxi achieved notable international distribution beyond its primary UK and Chinese markets, with exports reaching over 40 countries by the end of production in 2017. These exports were facilitated by the London Taxi Company's global partnerships and adaptations to meet diverse regional requirements, emphasizing the vehicle's durable construction and accessibility features. In , the TX4 was introduced as part of the local taxi fleet in the early , where it served alongside other London-style cabs adopted since the for its spacious six-passenger configuration and . The model, often operated by major firms, contributed to the city's diverse offerings, though specific unit volumes remain limited compared to domestic production. represented an early European export market, particularly in , where TX4 units were deployed in services starting around 2007. Local operators praised the vehicle's robust chassis and turning circle for urban navigation, with examples like driver Wolfgang Slipek's LTI TX4 highlighting its integration into the city's fleet despite competition from standard sedans. Compliance with emissions standards was a key factor in its approval. Export versions of the TX4 underwent specific adaptations to suit non-diesel-preferring regions, including petrol engine options like the 2.4-liter unit in Asian markets for better compliance with local fuel preferences and lower emissions profiles. In right-hand drive countries such as and , the standard configuration was retained, but additional modifications—such as enhanced air-conditioning for hot climates and reinforced suspension for rougher roads—were implemented for markets like . For instance, a 2013 deal exported up to 200 units to , , following successful trials that validated these tweaks. A significant partnership in involved Thailand's Asia Cab, a supported by local industrial groups, which began assembling TX4 units locally in to serve the market and expand into the region. This CKD (completely knocked down) production helped overcome import tariffs and logistics challenges while tailoring the vehicle to regional needs like tropical durability. This CKD production, using kits from pre-2017 stock, has continued beyond 2017, enabling ongoing deployment in the region as of 2025.

Issues and Recalls

Fire Incidents

In 2008, early TX4 models experienced a series of engine bay fires, with 11 incidents reported across the —seven in between August and September, and four elsewhere—traced to fuel system breaches during overheating events. These fires primarily affected vehicles from the first six months of TX4 production starting in October 2006, equipped with the 2.5-liter . The root cause was identified as hot exhaust gases escaping from a cracked (EGR) pipe, which ignited bulkhead insulation and led to breaches in the adjacent fuel lines. This design flaw in the engine's was exacerbated by engine buildup during . An by Transport for London's Public Carriage Office (PCO), in collaboration with Taxis International (LTI) and independent experts, confirmed these findings after the eighth incident prompted immediate action. To mitigate the risks, LTI redesigned and modified the fuel systems, EGR pipes, and insulation in affected vehicles; these changes were applied to 681 early TX4 units by November 2008, with remaining early models updated by February 2009. The broader encompassed approximately 5,000 early TX4 nationwide, suspending operations for around 670 in alone. Insurance claims and recall costs for LTI and owners totaled over £4 million, covering vehicle repairs, lost earnings, and operational disruptions. Among the roughly 5,000 early units affected by , the 11-12 confirmed fires represented an incidence rate of approximately 1 in 417 to 455 vehicles, with no fatalities or injuries reported in any case. These incidents highlighted vulnerabilities in the TX4's initial but were fully addressed through the mandated modifications, preventing further occurrences in post-2008 models.

Mechanical and Steering Faults

The TX4 taxi's 2.5-liter diesel engine has been subject to reliability issues, including breakdowns caused by starvation that leads to failures and journal cracking or seizure. These problems were particularly noted in vehicles produced between 2008 and 2012, often requiring full engine reconditioning or replacement to address severe wear exceeding manufacturer tolerances. Engine repairs in such cases typically involve dismantling to inspect and replace damaged components, with emphasis on maintaining proper levels and using synthetic oils to mitigate further degradation. Steering faults emerged as a significant concern in , when over 400 TX4 models were recalled due to failures in the hydraulic system, specifically a securing fluid pipes that could dislodge and cause erratic or loss of . Administrators for the manufacturer reported two incidents where drivers struggled to maintain but regained without , prompting an immediate sales suspension and production halt. The issue affected a total of 1,001 vehicles, including 600 unregistered units, and was resolved by installing new boxes, with the initial batch of 401 cabs returned to within two months. While the system utilized rack-and-pinion components, the primary defect stemmed from hydraulic integrity rather than the rack itself. Additional mechanical faults include slipping, often linked to wiring from moisture ingress or malfunctions during cold starts, which can prevent proper gear shifts and lead to stalling. Electrical glitches in the , such as intermittent amber engine management lights or failure of indicator and interior lighting, have also been reported, typically traced to wiring faults or open circuits in the system. These issues contribute to operational disruptions but are generally addressed through targeted repairs like connector sealing or checks. Long-term reliability of the TX4 declines after approximately 100,000 km, with increased maintenance requirements for the due to accumulated wear on components like the and . Based on MOT data analysis, the TX4 achieves a reliability of 505 out of , indicating slightly above-average performance for high-mileage use, though owners note more frequent interventions to sustain operability beyond this threshold.

Recalls and Company Administration

In September 2008, following a series of fires in early production models, Manganese Bronze Holdings initiated a recall of approximately 5,400 taxis in the UK to inspect and modify the fuel systems, aiming to prevent breaches that could lead to rapid fires; the operation was estimated to cost around £4 million. In October 2012, the company issued a global affecting 400 TX4 vehicles due to a fault in the steering box that could cause loss of control, requiring full replacement of the component; this action suspended sales and production of the model. The 2012 steering exacerbated Manganese Bronze's financial difficulties, including accumulated losses and recall-related expenses, leading to the company's entry into on 30 October 2012 under PricewaterhouseCoopers; production at the plant was halted for approximately six months. In early 2013, Chinese automaker Automobile Holdings acquired the business and assets of Manganese Bronze on a cash-free, debt-free basis for £11 million, providing the funding necessary to resolve outstanding recalls, extend warranties on existing TX4 vehicles, and restart production under the newly formed London Taxi Company.

Legacy and Private Use

End of Production and Successor

Production of the TX4 at the London Taxi Company's Coventry plant in the United Kingdom concluded in the summer of 2017, marking the end of diesel-powered black cab manufacturing there. The final units were assembled as part of a limited run before the facility shifted focus to electric vehicle production. Approximately 20,000 to 25,000 units were produced during its run from 2007 to 2017, including exports. Manufacturing continued in other regions under Geely's oversight, with the model phased out in by late 2018 after a decade of local assembly primarily for domestic fleets. Limited assembly began in in 2019 through a partnership with Asia Cab for export markets in , with operations continuing at least through 2021. The TX4's successor, the , entered production in 2018 and remains in manufacture as of 2025. This range-extended offers a total driving range exceeding 300 km while providing zero-emission capable operation for use, building on the TX4's design and iconic styling heritage. The transition from the TX4 was driven by regulatory demands, including Transport for London's mandate effective January 2018 requiring all newly licensed to be zero-emission capable, alongside broader shifts toward amid stricter emissions standards like the (ULEZ). Geely's substantial investments in sustainable technologies further supported the move to electric mobility at LEVC.

Private Ownership and Special Applications

The TX4 has been available for private purchase since its introduction in , allowing individuals to acquire the vehicle for personal use beyond commercial taxi operations. By 2017, a number of units had been sold to private buyers specifically for custom conversions, including transformations into campers and limousines, capitalizing on the model's spacious interior and robust build. These conversions often leverage the TX4's standard features, such as its extended and modular cabin layout, to create unique recreational or luxury vehicles. Notable private owners include British actor and comedian and supermodel , reflecting the vehicle's appeal to celebrities seeking its distinctive style and practicality. The TX4 has also appeared in various productions. Other high-profile figures have similarly owned TX4 models for private use, underscoring its status as a cultural symbol beyond professional fleets. In special applications, the TX4 is frequently modified for non-commercial purposes, such as transportation and guided tours, where its capacity for up to six passengers and turning circle suited to environments prove advantageous. Aftermarket specialists like offer luxury upgrades, including leather interiors, advanced systems, and paint finishes, transforming the TX4 into high-end personal vehicles priced up to £150,000 for limited-edition models. Private owners benefit from ongoing maintenance support, with parts readily available through Geely's as the parent company of Taxi Company, ensuring long-term reliability. In 2025, resale values for well-maintained TX4 units typically range from £10,000 to £20,000, depending on mileage, condition, and Euro emissions compliance.

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