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MPV

mpv is a free and open-source command-line forked from mplayer2 in 2012, incorporating code from and FFmpeg to deliver high-quality playback of video and audio files across multiple platforms including , Windows, macOS, and . It supports a broad range of formats, codecs, and subtitle types through hardware-accelerated decoding, Lua scripting for extensions, and advanced features like video shaders and precise frame timing, prioritizing configurability via text files over graphical user interfaces. Developed as a rewrite to address architectural limitations in its predecessors, mpv emphasizes modularity, efficiency, and minimal resource usage, making it particularly favored in technical communities for tasks like scripting automated playback or integrating with tools for video processing. Its release under the GNU General Public License has fostered widespread adoption, with ongoing updates—such as version 0.40.0 in 2024—introducing enhancements like improved console autocompletion and visual styling. Unlike bloated commercial alternatives, mpv avoids proprietary dependencies and bloat, enabling seamless handling of high-resolution content without unnecessary features, though this command-line focus requires familiarity with key bindings or external frontends for broader accessibility. Notable for its role in open-source video ecosystems, mpv powers applications like ports with gesture controls and has influenced media handling in Linux distributions, yet it lacks the polished defaults of user-friendly players, often necessitating user configuration for optimal results. Community-driven development via ensures rapid fixes and innovations, such as support for emerging codecs, but can lead to fragmented documentation reliant on manual pages and forums.

Vehicles

Road vehicles

Multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs), also known as minivans or people carriers, are passenger automobiles designed to transport 5 to 8 occupants while prioritizing interior space, flexibility, and versatility for both passengers and cargo. These vehicles typically feature configurations allowing reconfiguration of seating and storage, such as foldable or removable second- and third-row seats, making them suitable for family use, errands, or light commercial tasks. The modern MPV category originated in the United States with Chrysler's introduction of the first-generation minivans, the Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager, for the 1984 model year. These models combined the handling of a passenger car with the spaciousness of a van, replacing station wagons as the preferred family hauler and establishing the segment's core design principles of elevated ride height, wide sliding side doors for easy access, and ample cargo volume behind the third row. Over subsequent decades, the category evolved to include compact MPVs in the 1990s and 2000s, adapting to global markets with smaller footprints for urban environments, while larger variants incorporated advanced powertrains like hybrids. Contemporary MPVs emphasize modular interiors, power-operated sliding doors, and enhanced safety systems including multiple airbags, , and blind-spot monitoring. For instance, the 2025 employs a standard delivering 245 net horsepower from a 2.5-liter four-cylinder paired with electric , achieving up to 36 mpg combined and available all-wheel drive. Similarly, the 2025 Kia Carnival Hybrid introduces a 1.6-liter turbocharged producing 242 horsepower, paired with a six-speed and a small for improved efficiency over non-hybrid predecessors. The global MPV market, valued at $140.1 billion in 2025, is projected to reach $178.2 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual rate of 3.5%, fueled by demand for and electric variants that address concerns amid rising SUV popularity. This expansion persists despite SUV competition, particularly in developing regions where MPVs offer affordable spaciousness for extended families and emerging incentives support adoption. Non-hybrid MPVs generally exhibit higher fuel consumption than sedans due to their larger size, weight, and aerodynamic profile, often averaging 15-20 in combined driving versus 25-35 for comparable sedans. However, MPVs demonstrate superior occupant protection in multi-passenger scenarios, with their boxy structures and lower centers of gravity relative to SUVs reducing intrusion risks and providing better third-row survivability compared to sedans in frontal or side impacts.

Maritime vessels

Multi-purpose vessels (MPVs), also known as multi-purpose ships or MPP ships, are merchant ships engineered to carry a diverse array of cargoes on a single voyage, including containers, breakbulk, bulk goods, project cargo, heavy lifts, and oversized items such as steel products or wind turbine components. These vessels feature flexible hold configurations, often with modular decks, tween decks, and adjustable hatch covers to accommodate mixed loads, enabling both TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit) container capacity and grain/bulk space. They may be equipped with onboard cranes (geared) or rely on port facilities (ungeared), with deadweight tonnage (DWT) ranging from small coastal variants under 5,000 tonnes to oceangoing models exceeding 10,000 tonnes, such as a 13,736 DWT vessel measuring 135 meters in length overall and 23.5 meters in beam. In commercial shipping, MPVs serve versatile roles in trade routes requiring adaptability, particularly for general , offshore supply operations, and project logistics where port infrastructure is limited or cargoes vary unpredictably. Examples include Damen's offshore MPVs with shallow draughts for multi-task support in energy sectors, and general cargo ships handling breakbulk alongside Ro-Ro (roll-on/) elements for vehicles or equipment. These vessels compete with specialized types like pure bulk carriers or ships by offering operational flexibility, such as loading diverse goods without dedicated terminals, which supports efficiency in irregular or developing markets. Compared to purpose-built vessels like tankers or dedicated ships, MPVs provide advantages in cost-efficiency for mixed-cargo voyages, reducing the need for multiple specialized ships and enabling quicker adaptations to fluctuating trade demands, as evidenced by their use in transporting project cargoes like components. However, they may exhibit reduced optimization for high-volume single-cargo types or conditions, where specialized designs offer superior or speed, though their modular features and variable capacities mitigate such limitations in varied operational profiles. Recent builds incorporate energy-efficient propulsion systems to meet environmental regulations, enhancing adaptability for sustainable operations.

Military vehicles

Military vehicles designated as MPV, or Multi-Purpose Vehicle, encompass a range of armored platforms optimized for troop transport, , command operations, and logistics in contested environments. These vehicles evolved from Cold War-era designs such as the U.S. , which served multi-role functions including infantry delivery and ambulance duties since its introduction in , to contemporary systems emphasizing modularity and survivability against improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and mines. Modern MPVs incorporate V-shaped hulls to deflect blast energy, bolt-on armor kits for mission-specific reconfiguration, and systems for off-road traversal over rough terrain at speeds exceeding 60 km/h. Integration with remote weapon stations, allowing mounting of machine guns or anti-tank missiles, enhances their utility in where rapid adaptation between , , and roles is critical. The U.S. Army's (AMPV), produced by , exemplifies tracked MPVs replacing legacy M113 variants, with production contracts awarded for low-rate initial production starting in 2018 and first unit deliveries occurring on March 14, 2023, to the 1st , 3rd . AMPV variants include general purpose carriers seating up to six personnel plus crew, medical treatment vehicles with surgical suites, and platforms equipped for networked battlefield management, all achieving operational ranges over 360 km. In international contexts, wheeled MPVs like ' MPV 4x4 provide blast protection against up to 10 kg equivalents under wheels, prioritizing mobility in explosive-prone areas for forces such as units. Similarly, ' MPV, a 4x4 mine-protected personnel carrier fielded by the since 2012, accommodates 13 personnel including crew and withstands high ballistic threats, supporting counter-insurgency logistics with payload capacities up to 3 tons. Deployments of MPV and analogous mine-resistant vehicles in and highlighted their reconfiguration for protection and route clearance, with U.S. forces procuring over 12,000 -class platforms between 2007 and 2012 to counter threats that accounted for approximately 70% of casualties. These vehicles enabled sustained operations by allowing quick swaps of modular components for or engineering roles, reducing exposure in high-ambush zones. Empirical data from Department of Defense assessments indicate MRAP/MPV occupants were about 14 times more likely to survive direct hits compared to those in unarmored or lightly protected vehicles. Early MPV models faced criticisms for vulnerabilities to advanced IEDs, such as deep-buried charges exceeding 14 kg , which prompted retrofits with enhanced underbelly plating and by 2008-2010. Despite such limitations, operational analyses showed casualty rates in blast events dropped to 6% for /MPV users versus 22% for up-armored Humvees, validating their causal role in preserving force integrity amid evolving threats. Trade-offs included reduced agility in settings due to exceeding 20 tons in some variants, yet overall gains outweighed penalties in IED-dense theaters.

Rail vehicles

Multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs) in rail contexts are self-propelled, modular railcars designed primarily for infrastructure , , and combined utility functions on railway networks. These units, often derived from platforms, enable operators to handle diverse tasks such as railhead treatment, weed control, drainage , and overhead without requiring separate dedicated fleets. Typically configured as one- or two-car sets with driving cabs at both ends and underfloor engines providing around 355 horsepower per unit, MPVs feature interchangeable flatbed modules (e.g., 10-foot or 20-foot sections) that can be adapted for specific workloads like measurement equipment or treatment applicators. The concept emerged in the late to enhance efficiency on underutilized or specialized rail lines, particularly in where rail networks faced increasing maintenance demands amid privatization and modernization. In the , ordered 25 two-car MPVs built by Windhoff between 1998 and 2001, based on the CargoSprinter design, to support departmental operations following the sector's . These vehicles addressed the limitations of repurposed passenger stock by offering purpose-built versatility, allowing rapid reconfiguration for tasks like seasonal leaf-blasting or geometry surveys, thereby minimizing downtime on active lines. Prominent examples include Network Rail's fleet of Windhoff MPVs in the UK, deployed for autumn leaf-fall mitigation using 19 units equipped with water jets and torque applicators on third-rail routes in regions like Kent and Sussex, and for weed suppression on heritage lines such as the Swanage Railway. In continental Europe, Deutsche Bahn certified the Windhoff MPV VentuS Type GAF in February 2025, featuring modular traction options including diesel engines or hybrid systems for construction and repair works. Railcare's MPV variant similarly supports battery-charging via overhead lines for eco-friendly track maintenance. These applications demonstrate MPVs' role in hybrid freight-maintenance operations, particularly on regional networks where full passenger or high-volume freight services are infrequent. Key advantages of MPVs lie in their adaptability and operational economics: the modular framework reduces on specialized equipment, enables self-propulsion to job sites without locomotives, and supports quick task-switching, which cost-benefit analyses show outweighs the need for segregated high-speed fleets in non-revenue maintenance scenarios. However, their top speeds—typically limited to 60-80 km/h for safety during works—make them unsuitable for integration with high-speed passenger trains, potentially constraining throughput on busy corridors. Despite this, empirical data from operators like indicate high utilization rates, with fleets re-engineered in 2025 for enhanced seasonal roles, affirming versatility for efficiency in regional and departmental rail ops.

Media software

mpv media player

mpv is a free and open-source command-line forked from mplayer2 and in 2013, prioritizing high-quality video rendering, scriptability, and broad compatibility over graphical user interfaces. Developed initially by contributor wm4 to address limitations in upstream projects, it emphasizes modular design for extensions via scripting, enabling custom behaviors like advanced subtitle handling and input remapping without introducing bloat. Unlike players, mpv avoids bundled codecs or unnecessary features, relying instead on system libraries for decoding, which contributes to its lightweight footprint. Key features include support for hardware-accelerated decoding via GPU APIs such as VAAPI, , and NVDEC across platforms, reducing CPU load for high-resolution playback up to 8K. It handles a wide array of formats, including HEVC, , and , with native subtitle rendering, tone mapping, and precise frame timing for minimal artifacts. Lua-based scripting allows runtime customization, such as dynamic scaling filters or playlist automation, while cross-platform builds target , Windows, macOS, and . Configuration occurs primarily through text files or command-line options, eschewing a default for embeddability in other applications. Development remains active under the mpv-player organization on , with version 0.40.0 released on March 25, 2025, incorporating code refactoring for option organization, bug fixes for resizing and Windows window restoration, and enhancements to support via direct rendering and metadata handling. Prior releases focused on performance optimizations and cleanups, maintaining compatibility with evolving hardware standards without accumulating deprecated code. In technical communities, mpv receives acclaim for its minimal resource usage and superior output quality compared to alternatives like , with user reports and benchmarks indicating lower CPU utilization during hardware-decoded playback of demanding files, though results vary by configuration and hardware. It avoids , appealing to users seeking precise control, but faces criticism for its command-line focus, which imposes a steep on novices reliant on graphical interfaces. Security-wise, while early versions had vulnerabilities like remote code execution via malformed (patched in 0.29.0), recent iterations show no major unaddressed exploits, benefiting from open-source scrutiny.

Medicine and science

Mean platelet volume

Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a hematological parameter that quantifies the average size of platelets in circulation, expressed in femtoliters (fL). It is routinely measured as part of a (CBC) using automated analyzers, which employ or optical (laser-based) methods to assess platelet volume distribution histograms and derive the mean value. These analyzers calculate MPV by dividing the plateletcrit (total platelet volume) by the platelet count, providing a direct indicator of platelet size variability across samples. The typical normal range for MPV in healthy adults is 7.5 to 11.5 , though values can vary slightly by , analyzer type, and demographics, with 95% of healthy individuals falling between 7.2 and 11.7 in large epidemiologic studies. Physiologically, MPV reflects platelet maturity and activity, as larger platelets are generally younger, more metabolically active, and possess greater aggregability and procoagulant potential due to increased granular content and surface receptor density; platelets are produced in the megakaryocytes and released into circulation with a lifespan of 7-10 days. Elevated MPV thus signals accelerated platelet turnover, often in response to increased demand for . Clinically, high MPV values (>11.5 fL) correlate with conditions involving enhanced platelet production or activation, such as cardiovascular diseases (e.g., risk via promotion), mellitus, and post-surgical recovery states, where meta-analyses link elevated MPV to adverse thrombotic outcomes. Conversely, low MPV (<7.5 fL) is associated with hypoproliferative states like , , or , indicating smaller, potentially less functional platelets due to impaired megakaryopoiesis. MPV also serves as a nonspecific marker of , with studies showing correlations to platelet aggregation in systemic inflammatory responses, though prospective data emphasize its role alongside other indices rather than isolation. Interpretation requires integration with absolute platelet count, as isolated MPV elevations or reductions can be misleading; for instance, high MPV with may reflect compensatory hyperactivity, while normal counts temper prognostic implications. Variability arises from pre-analytical factors, including sample storage in EDTA causing platelet swelling (up to 10-15% increase over time), instrument-specific differences (up to 25% inter-analyzer variation), and physiological stressors inducing transient changes, necessitating repeat testing for confirmation. Recent research, including 2023 analyses, highlights MPV's utility in screening but cautions against overreliance due to these confounders, recommending contextual evaluation over single readings.

Other uses

Multi-peptide vaccine

Multi-peptide consist of synthetic peptides derived from tumor-associated antigens or neoantigens, designed to stimulate T-cell responses against cancer cells by targeting multiple epitopes simultaneously. These typically include 5 to 12 peptides, often combined with adjuvants like Montanide ISA-51 or GM-CSF to enhance , and are administered subcutaneously or intradermally to promote by dendritic cells. Unlike whole-antigen , multi-peptide formulations allow for personalized selection based on HLA typing and tumor profiling, aiming to induce both + helper and + cytotoxic T-cell activation. Development of multi-peptide vaccines accelerated in the early as an alternative to single-peptide approaches, driven by recognition that tumors exhibit antigen heterogeneity and escape mechanisms. Early oncology trials focused on cancers like and , where tumor antigens such as NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A3, and PSA-derived peptides were prioritized for their overexpression in malignancies. By the mid-, phase I/II studies demonstrated feasibility, with vaccines eliciting detectable T-cell responses in 50-70% of advanced-stage patients, though clinical outcomes varied. Key examples include the IMA950 vaccine for , incorporating ten tumor-associated antigens, which in phase I/II trials induced multi-epitope T-cell responses in over 80% of patients when combined with poly-ICLC . In , the Mel44 trial evaluated 12-peptide vaccines post-resection, reporting relapse-free survival medians of 2.7 to 13.3 years depending on formulation, with stronger + responses to helper peptide-inclusive arms. For , multi-peptide trials targeting antigens like PAP and PSA have shown T-cell activation but modest extensions, often requiring integration with checkpoint inhibitors. Multi-peptide vaccines offer advantages over single- vaccines by providing broader coverage, reducing the risk of immune escape through antigen loss or downregulation, and enabling simultaneous stimulation of diverse T-cell subsets. This polyvalent approach mimics natural diversity, potentially yielding higher responses in heterogeneous cancers like . Empirical efficacy data indicate rates of 20-40% in unselected patients, as seen in phase II trials for head and neck where multi-peptide elicited antigen-specific T-cells in approximately 30% of cases, correlating with stable disease in responders. However, overall survival benefits remain limited without adjuvants or combination therapies, with median extensions of 3-6 months in advanced settings and no consistent long-term gains in phase III data. In resected high-risk , 10-year overall survival reached 65% in some cohorts, but attribution to alone is confounded by surgical . Despite these outcomes, multi-peptide face criticisms including high production costs due to custom synthesis and HLA-matching, variable from weak inherent adjuvanticity, and challenges in overcoming tumor immunosuppressive microenvironments. No multi-peptide has received broad FDA approval as of 2025, with ongoing trials emphasizing combinations to address these limitations; empirical data underscore the need for patient stratification by immune fitness over unsubstantiated optimism.

Miscellaneous acronyms

In organic chemistry, MPV refers to the , a catalytic process for converting carbonyl compounds to alcohols using secondary alcohols as hydrogen donors and aluminum alkoxides as catalysts, first described in 1925. This usage remains specialized within chemical literature and lacks broad adoption outside synthetic methodology contexts. In financial and accounting practices, MPV denotes Material Price Variance, calculated as the difference between the actual of materials and the standard price budgeted for , aiding . Similarly, it can signify Minimum Price Variation, the smallest allowable increment in stock pricing on exchanges, such as 0.01 USD for certain securities. In regulatory contexts, MPV stands for Maximum Permissible Value, applied to environmental limits like residues in food (e.g., thresholds set by agencies such as the ) or concentrations in water, beyond which exceedances trigger compliance actions. In industrial equipment, particularly HVAC systems, MPV designates Multi-Purpose Valves, such as those manufactured by Comfort Solutions, which integrate shutoff, balancing, and flow metering in a single unit for hydronic applications up to 150 . These interpretations are rare and field-specific, with minimal cross-domain recognition.