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Tailslide

A tailslide is an aerobatic maneuver in which an aircraft climbs vertically at full power until it stalls, then slides backward tail-first, losing altitude before tipping over into a dive.^[1] The maneuver begins from level flight with a quarter-loop pull-up to establish a vertical up-line, maintaining full power to achieve a complete stop in the vertical attitude.^[2] Once stalled, the aircraft must visibly slide backward along its longitudinal axis before the nose tips over into a vertical down-line, with the exit following the same precision rules as the entry to ensure consistent radii and verticality.^[2] Tailslides require aircraft certified for aerobatics, as the stall and backward motion place significant stress on the airframe and demand skilled pilot input to avoid structural damage or loss of control.^[2] Variations of the tailslide include the wheels-down version, where the aircraft remains upright during the tip-over, and the wheels-up version, performed inverted with the wheels facing upward at the flip.^[2] Both carry a K-value of 15 in the Aresti Catalog, indicating moderate difficulty relative to other aerobatic figures.^[2] The tailslide tests a pilot's ability to manage airflow reversal and recover smoothly, making it a staple in advanced aerobatic sequences demonstrated by teams like the Baltic Bees.^[3]

Overview

Definition

The tailslide is an aerobatic maneuver in which an aircraft, pulled into a steep vertical climb, reaches a stall and subsequently descends tail-first in a backward slide.^[1] Performed from level flight, it involves a quarter-loop pull-up to establish the vertical climb at full power until forward momentum is depleted, at which point the aircraft loses all kinetic energy and begins sliding backward before the nose tips over for recovery into a vertical descent and return to level flight.^[4] Central to the tailslide are its defining traits: a sustained high angle of attack that precipitates the stall at the climb's apex, a pronounced backward sliding phase where the aircraft travels tail-first with reversed airflow across control surfaces—producing unconventional aerodynamic forces—and the demand for an aircraft with reinforced structural integrity to endure the resulting stresses without damage.^[4]^[5] During the slide, the aircraft must maintain a straight backward path for a visible distance, typically at least half its fuselage length, without unintended pitch, roll, or yaw variations.^[6] The tailslide differs from maneuvers like the loop, which traces a full circular trajectory in the vertical plane, or the hammerhead stall (also known as a stall turn), which pivots via rudder-induced yaw at the top without any backward sliding.^[4] Instead, it uniquely highlights the tail-first descent segment as the core element.^[4]

Execution Sequence

The execution of a basic tailslide begins with aircraft prerequisites that ensure safe performance of the maneuver. Suitable airplanes must have sufficient power to achieve the necessary vertical climb, along with a robust propeller and control linkages certified for aerobatics to endure the stresses encountered during the backward slide phase.^[7] The sequence starts from straight-and-level flight at full throttle. The pilot pulls back on the control stick to generate 3-4 G's of load factor, executing a smooth quarter-loop to transition into a vertical upright attitude with the wings level and horizon aligned with the wingtips.^[2]^[8] Next, the pilot maintains full power and holds the vertical climb, monitoring the airspeed indicator as it decreases toward zero while the pitch attitude approaches 90 degrees; at this point, the aircraft enters a stall, initiating the backward motion.^[4]^[6] As the stall develops, the pilot neutralizes elevator input to allow the nose to drop below the horizon, permitting the tail to slide backward under momentum for a visible distance of typically 10-20 feet (at least half the fuselage length to meet performance standards), while applying rudder as needed to counteract any yaw and keep the wings parallel to the horizon.^[6]^[4] For recovery, the pilot pushes forward on the stick and uses opposite rudder or aileron input to tip the nose downward into a vertical dive once the slide halts, then pulls smoothly through a quarter-loop to reestablish level flight at a safe recovery speed above stall.^[4] The aerodynamic stall in the vertical climb phase triggers this slide, as detailed in the Stall Mechanics section.^[4]

Aerodynamics and Physics

Stall Mechanics

In the tailslide maneuver, the initiating aerodynamic stall occurs when the smooth airflow over the wings separates due to the angle of attack exceeding the critical value, typically ranging from 16 to 20 degrees depending on the aircraft's design.^[9] This separation disrupts the pressure differential that generates lift, resulting in a rapid decrease in lift production and a sharp increase in drag as turbulent airflow forms vortices along the wing surfaces.^[9] During the vertical climb leading to the stall, the aircraft experiences progressive deceleration from the combined effects of gravity acting fully along the flight path and aerodynamic drag opposing forward motion, even at full throttle where thrust is directed upward but diminishes in effectiveness as speed drops.^[10] Parasitic drag decreases with reducing airspeed, but the unrelenting downward pull of weight ensures the net force remains downward, culminating in zero airspeed at the maneuver's apex.^[11] Post-stall, the aircraft hangs suspended for an instant as forward momentum ceases, with the pilot neutralizing controls to prevent premature recovery; this allows the tail to descend first under gravity's influence, transitioning into the backward slide rather than an immediate nose-down pitch.^[11] The position of the center of gravity plays a key role in this phase, as a forward CG enhances longitudinal stability by creating a restoring nose-down moment after the stall, aiding the controlled initiation of the tail-first descent without excessive oscillation.^[11]

Airflow Reversal and Forces

During the slide phase of the tailslide maneuver, the aircraft encounters a complete reversal of airflow, with the relative wind directed from the tail toward the nose rather than the conventional nose-to-tail flow. This reversal occurs as the aircraft loses forward momentum at the apex of the vertical climb and begins falling backward, causing aerodynamic surfaces—particularly the horizontal stabilizer—to experience airflow from what was previously the trailing edge, now acting as the leading edge. As a result, control surfaces like the elevator face reversed loading, where deflections produce opposite moments to those in forward flight, effectively reducing its role to that of a trim tab with limited authority for primary pitch control.^[12]^[13] In propeller-equipped aircraft, this reversed relative wind can diminish propeller efficiency and introduce risks such as potential strikes if the nose drops abruptly during recovery at low altitudes. The forces acting on the aircraft during this phase are dominated by gravity, which accelerates the tail downward in the direction of the backward slide, while engine thrust—directed forward from the nose—now opposes the overall motion, attempting to counteract the descent. This interaction, combined with the stalled condition, generates negative G-loads as the aircraft transitions and the pilot pushes forward on the stick to initiate the nose-over, subjecting the airframe and pilot to significant upward acceleration relative to the cabin.^[14] Asymmetric drag from the wings and fuselage, if the slide deviates from perfect verticality, further induces yaw moments that can exacerbate instability.^[15] Control challenges are pronounced due to the reversed loads on linkages, which must be robustly designed to withstand deflections that could otherwise lead to structural damage or loss of authority. Ailerons and rudder effectiveness are substantially reduced in the low-speed, high-angle-of-attack environment of the slide, as airflow separation diminishes their ability to generate roll and yaw moments, necessitating precise, minimal inputs from the pilot to prevent entry into a flat spin.^[13]^[15] In modern jets equipped with thrust vectoring, such as the F-22 Raptor, these challenges are mitigated by the ability to vector engine thrust up to ±20 degrees in pitch, providing enhanced attitude control during the slide phase where conventional aerodynamic surfaces are ineffective. This capability maintains stability at extreme angles of attack exceeding 90 degrees, allowing for more controlled recovery and demonstrating significant improvements in post-stall maneuverability.^[16]^[17]

History

Early Origins

The tailslide maneuver has roots in early aviation experiments with stalls and vertical flight. In 1913, British aviator Will Moorhouse performed an early experiment in backward flight using a Blériot-type monoplane, climbing steeply, pulling the nose up fully, and stopping the engine, causing the plane to slide backwards briefly before yawing and diving.^[18] This incident highlighted early explorations of stall behavior but differed from the modern full-power tailslide. Such events underscored the control challenges of early wood-and-fabric aircraft, which often lacked structural integrity for intentional aerobatics.^[19] The term "tailslide" received formal recognition in aviation literature in 1916, amid pre-World War I interest in controlled aerobatic figures.^[1] Early exhibition pilots, including American aviator Lincoln Beachey, incorporated vertical stalls and recoveries into airshow routines during 1914–1915, using aircraft like the Curtiss pusher.^[20] These performances evolved from barnstorming at aviation meets, where fragile designs limited safe execution until reinforced monoplanes allowed more deliberate maneuvers.^[19] In the interwar period, glider aerobatics in Germany influenced stall techniques, adapting them for unpowered flight and informing powered aircraft.^[21] By the 1930s, German engineers at the Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug (DFS) designed the Habicht glider for aerobatics, debuting it at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, where pilots demonstrated vertical stalls previously seen mainly in powered planes.^[21] This bridged glider precision with aerobatic aviation demands.

Key Developments and Performers

Following World War II, aerobatic competitions grew, leading to the formalization of figures like the tailslide in the Aresti Catalog during the 1960s. Tailslides were included in Family 6, enabling precision demonstrations in vertical climbs and stalls using aircraft like the Pitts Special. Advancements in aircraft construction, including stronger aluminum alloys, allowed longer vertical ascents and stable backward slides, reducing stress compared to wood-and-fabric designs.^[22] The International Aerobatic Club (IAC), founded in 1970 as part of the Experimental Aircraft Association, standardized and promoted competition aerobatics, integrating tailslides into sequences.^[23] A pivotal milestone occurred in the 1980s when Soviet test pilot Anatoly Kvochur demonstrated the tailslide's potential in jet fighters during the MiG-29's debut at the 1988 Farnborough International Airshow.^[24] Intending a standard vertical maneuver, Kvochur pulled the MiG-29 into a near-vertical climb to stall at approximately 3,000 feet, idled the throttles, and executed an inadvertent backward slide with a longitudinal roll for recovery, captivating audiences and highlighting the aircraft's post-stall control.^[25] This performance, later termed "Kvochur's Bell," popularized tailslide variants in military airshows and inspired high-performance jet adaptations.^[26] Notable performers have elevated the maneuver's profile. Hungarian aerobatic champion Péter Besenyei, a multiple FAI World Grand Prix winner, executed extended tailslides in the Extra 300 during international airshows around 2009.^[27] Similarly, the Russian Knights aerobatic team, flying Sukhoi Su-27s since the 1990s, refined jet tailslides for synchronized displays, leveraging the fighter's high thrust-to-weight ratio.^[28] The technological enablers centered on supermaneuverable designs of 1980s Soviet fourth-generation fighters like the Su-27 and MiG-29, featuring relaxed stability, powerful turbofan engines, and leading-edge extensions for sustained high-alpha flight without thrust vectoring.^[29] This expanded tailslides from propeller-plane routines to jet demonstrations in civilian and military contexts.^[26] In recent years, tailslides remain a key element in unlimited-class competitions, with pilots like those in the U.S. national team performing them in sequences as of the 2023 FAI World Aerobatic Championships.^[30]

Variations

Bell Maneuver

The Bell maneuver is a variant of the tailslide that incorporates a roll while returning to horizontal flight.^[31] Execution begins after the aircraft has stalled and slid backward tail-first in a vertical attitude, at which point the pilot applies aileron input to initiate the roll as the nose drops toward a vertical downline. The roll is synchronized with elevator input to maintain control during the recovery. This variant is performed in aerobatic aircraft such as the Pitts Special or Extra 300 series.^[31]

Kvochur's Bell

Kvochur's Bell (also known as "Kolokol," Russian for bell) is an advanced post-stall variant of the tailslide performed by jet aircraft. The aircraft climbs vertically until it stalls and reaches near-zero forward speed, then slides backward tail-first, creating a bell-shaped trajectory, before recovering with a roll on the longitudinal axis during descent.^[24]^[26] Execution begins with a high-power vertical pull-up to induce stall, followed by a controlled backward slide while the nose remains elevated. Recovery involves pitch and roll inputs to rotate into a diving attitude for stabilization. The maneuver demands precise control to avoid departure from controlled flight.^[24]^[26] The maneuver is named after Soviet test pilot Anatoly Kvochur, who accidentally executed an early version during a MiG-29 demonstration at the 1988 Farnborough Airshow, where the aircraft stalled vertically and slid backward in a bell curve path. This highlighted the MiG-29's supermaneuverability without thrust vectoring. The technique was later refined for intentional displays, including with the Su-27, and enhanced in thrust vectoring-equipped variants like the Su-35 for better stability during the slide.^[24]^[26] The maneuver is feasible on supermaneuverable fighters like the MiG-29 and Su-27, relying on aerodynamic design and pilot skill. Thrust vectoring, as in the F-22 or Su-35, improves control and safety, while non-vectoring designs like the F-16 can attempt it but with higher risk.^[32]^[26]

Applications and Risks

Aerobatic and Airshow Use

In aerobatic competitions governed by the International Aerobatic Club (IAC) and Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), the tailslide is integrated as a standard figure from Family 6 of the Aresti Catalog, encompassing variations such as 6.1.1 (wheels down, K-factor 15) and 6.2.1 (wheels up, K-factor 15), which denote the aircraft's orientation during the pivot.^[33] These figures require a vertical climb to stall, a visible backward slide along the flight path, and a pitch-over recovery into a vertical dive, with complementary rolls or spins optionally added from Family 9.^[4] Judging emphasizes precision in execution, starting from a base score of 10.0 per judge, with deductions for deviations such as non-vertical lines, insufficient slide visibility (indicating incomplete stall), or incorrect recovery direction (e.g., falling the wrong way, resulting in a zero score). Minor swings past vertical after the pivot are permitted without penalty, but judges penalize abrupt or uncontrolled movements that compromise the maneuver's clarity. In advanced categories like Unlimited, tailslides contribute significantly to sequence difficulty, rewarding pilots who maintain exact 90-degree pitch transitions and smooth energy management. Beyond competitions, the tailslide serves as a visually striking element in civilian airshows, often employed as a dramatic opener or closer to highlight pilot skill and aircraft capabilities. Its backward slide creates a mesmerizing illusion of defiance against gravity, captivating audiences in solo routines with piston-engine aircraft like the Extra 300 or in formation displays by aerobatic teams.^[4] The tailslide requires proficiency in foundational aerobatic maneuvers and is typically practiced under instructor supervision in structured training programs to develop the necessary control and awareness. Notable performances include a prolonged tailslide by Hungarian pilot Péter Besenyei in his Extra 300 during 2009 demonstrations, recognized for its extended backward phase that showcased exceptional aircraft control.^[34]

Military Applications and Safety Concerns

In military aviation, the tailslide serves as a post-stall maneuver that enables rapid deceleration, potentially allowing fighter aircraft to evade radar-guided missiles by causing the incoming weapons to overshoot due to their sustained high velocity relative to the suddenly slowed target. This tactical application leverages the maneuver's ability to abruptly reduce forward momentum to near zero, disrupting the missile's guidance and closure rate. The maneuver has been demonstrated by the Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker series and its variants since the early 1990s in airshows, showcasing supermaneuverability beyond conventional flight envelopes.^[35] Safety concerns with the tailslide in fighter jets primarily stem from the reversed airflow over control surfaces during the backward slide phase, which imposes abnormal aerodynamic loads that can damage linkages, actuators, or rudders if they are forced against their stops by the relative wind. Uncontrolled yaw during the stall transition also heightens the risk of departing into an unrecoverable spin, particularly if the aircraft tips asymmetrically without prompt corrective input. In propeller-driven trainers occasionally used for aerobatic familiarization, there's an additional hazard of propeller strikes against the ground or fuselage during low-altitude recovery attempts, though this is less relevant to jet fighters.^[36] To mitigate these risks, military and aerobatic jets incorporate reinforced control surface linkages and hydraulic systems designed to withstand reversed loads and high-angle-of-attack stresses, as seen in designs like the Su-27 family. Pilot training protocols emphasize strict altitude minimums of 3,000 feet or higher to provide sufficient margin for spin recovery or attitude correction, with simulations and high-fidelity trainers reinforcing proper execution to prevent disorientation.^[15] Despite its evasion potential, the tailslide incurs significant energy loss from the vertical climb and stall, rendering it unsuitable for sustained dogfighting where maintaining speed and kinetic energy is critical for offensive positioning. Modern fly-by-wire systems in aircraft like the F-22 Raptor enhance post-stall recovery through automated stability augmentation and thrust vectoring, enabling safer execution, whereas platforms such as the F-35 have more limited post-stall capabilities due to design priorities favoring stealth and sensor fusion over extreme aerobatics. In variants employing thrust vectoring, such as the Su-27 derivatives, brief nozzle adjustments can aid in stabilizing the backward phase.^[32]

References

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These maneuvers involve bringing the airplane to a complete stop in a vertical attitude and then sliding back a visible amount. The airplane must then tip over ...
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The most challenging maneuver we perform? It's the Tailslide — a ...
a dramatic vertical climb that ends with the jet losing all speed, sliding backwards, and flipping nose-first into a dive.
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At some point in that slide backward, the nose of the airplane will flop toward the ground, putting the airplane in a vertical nose down attitude. From that ...Missing: aerodynamics | Show results with:aerodynamics
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The slide should descend straight back at least half the length of the fuselage without any pitch change before the swing-through starts.
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This chapter discusses the aerodynamics of flight—how design, weight, load factors, and gravity affect an aircraft during flight maneuvers. The four forces ...Missing: tailslide aerobatic
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Nearly all airplanes fly with the center of gravity ahead of the center of lift, and the horizontal stabilizer at a slightly negative angle of attack. This ...
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Feb 15, 2019 · In a tailslide, this means 'tail up'! Which will be served with the same elevator sense (provided there is enough 'negative' airflow, and ...
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Aug 12, 2023 · Reverse flow on control surfaces including the flaps reverses the direction of load. Control surfaces are designed with a mechanical advantage ...How to recover from a rapid pitch up in a jet? - Facebook0 knots airspeed without stalling? I'm pretty inexperienced in ...More results from www.facebook.com<|control11|><|separator|>
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IDEAL AIRFOIL FOR AEROBATICS ... TAILSLIDE (positive or stick back). 66. Page 75. CAUTION! 1) The Tailslide is one of the most critical aerobatic maneuvers!
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Oct 12, 2020 · The Tailslide. Tailslides make the most of gravity and basic aerodynamic principles. The pilot begins the maneuver in straight and level flight, ...
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